moxidectin and Scabies

The scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, is an obligate ectoparasite of humans. It has been a source of distress for humanity since antiquity. The troublesome mite is emerging triumphant over current acaricidal agents with reports of emerging resistance and treatment failures. Scabies in endemic areas and crusted scabies offer additional management challenges. Exploration of indigenous plants and better understanding of mite biology and pathogenesis provide opportunities for the development of novel agents for this common pest. We review the recent diverse approaches to scabies, including the use of novel plant products with a better safety profile, translating the use of moxidectin from veterinary practice to human scabies, vaccination, immunotherapy, and development of drugs that directly target mite molecules.

Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Insecticides; Macrolides; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Scabies; Vaccines

For a number of reasons, several of the more 'traditional' ectoparasiticides in the small animal veterinarian's armoury have been withdrawn over the past few years. New, safer products which are long-acting and easier to apply than the conventional dips, rinses and aerosol sprays of the past have replaced them. However, relatively few such novel acaricidal preparations have become commercially available. Consequently, practitioners and researchers frequently experiment with the drugs they have at their disposal to assess their efficacy against a variety of target acarids when used at different dosages and/or via different routes of administration, compared with those recommended by the manufacturer. This paper reviews the anecdotal and peer-reviewed reports describing the use of modern acaricides in dogs and cats that have recently appeared in the veterinary literature. It should be stressed, however, that no medicine should be prescribed for extra-label use without the informed consent of the owner.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Pyrazoles; Scabies; Toluidines

Infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei in dogs is a debilitating disease if left untreated and is transmissible to humans. Two field studies were conducted to confirm the efficacy of orally administered sarolaner in combination with moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio. Client-owned dogs with S. scabiei infestation were enrolled and received 2 monthly treatments. In the first, small-scale study, 12 dogs each were allocated randomly to treatment with either placebo or Simparica Trio. In the small-scale study, 2 monthly doses of Simparica Trio. Two-monthly doses of Simparica Trio

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Mite Infestations; Pyrantel; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Tablets; Treatment Outcome

To determine the efficacy of a 12.5 per cent spot-on formulation of pyriprole (Prac-Tic; Novartis Animal Health) and that of a combination of 10 per cent imidacloprid and 2.5 per cent moxidectin (Advocate; Bayer Animal Health) against Sarcoptes scabiei on dogs, 20 naturally infested adult dogs were ranked according to their pretreatment mite counts, allocated to one of two groups and housed individually in pens. Two spot-on treatments with each product, 30 days apart, were administered. Mite counts and clinical assessments were performed on each dog two days before treatment, and 28, 60 and 90 days after treatment. Efficacy was measured on the basis of the presence or absence of live mites. Except for day 60 following treatment, on which a single dog in the group treated with pyriprole was positive, no live mites were found on the treated dogs during the assessments on days 28, 60 and 90. Thus, efficacy measured on the basis of this finding (day 90 assessment) was 100 per cent. On final assessment, all dogs treated with pyriprole had 100 per cent resolution of papules, but crusts resembling healing lesions were still present on two dogs. Those treated with imidacloprid and moxidectin had 100 per cent resolution of papules and crusts. Hair regrowth, to greater than 90 per cent of pretreatment hair cover, was observed on all 20 dogs.

Topics: Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Macrolides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Scabies; Treatment Outcome

Thirty ewes naturally infected with Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis, were allocated into three groups of 10 animals each. Animals in groups B and C were treated on day 0 and on days 0 and +10, respectively, with moxidectin 1% injectable at a dose of 0.2mg moxidectin/kg body weight (BW). Group A remained untreated. Seven days before treatment, the geometric mean of Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis per square centimeter of skin in groups A, B and C were not significantly different. From the day of treatment to the end of the trial, the average number of mites/cm(2) increased in untreated animals and decreased in groups B and C, but these values were higher for group C. Active lesions produced by S. scabiei var. ovis consistently increased during the trial in the untreated animals; in group B the minimum count occurred on day +56 this reduction being more evident in group C (no lesions on days +49 and +56). Also in this group, the number of cured animals was 100%, therefore, the application of two treatments with moxidectin (group C) showed higher efficacy than a single treatment (group B). Body condition score decreased in the three experimental groups along the trial. All animals were individually weighed on days -1, +28 and at the end of the trial. No adverse reactions were observed in the animals treated with 0.2mg moxidectin/kg BW.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insecticides; Macrolides; Safety; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Skin; Treatment Outcome

The efficacy of moxidectin 1% injectable for cattle was evaluated in dogs and rabbits with naturally acquired sarcoptic, demodectic or psoroptic mites. Twenty-two dogs with generalised demodicosis were orally treated with 0.4mg/kg moxidectin daily. Forty-one dogs suffering from sarcoptic mange were treated with 0.2-0.25mg/kg moxidectin either orally or subcutaneously every week for three to six times. Seven rabbits were treated orally with 0.2mg/kg moxidectin twice 10 days apart. Of the 22 dogs with demodicosis, 14% were stopped treatment because of side effects, 14% were lost and of the remaining 72% all were cured (mean therapy duration 2.4 months). Thirty-seven of the sarcoptic mange-infected dogs finished treatment and were cured. In 17% of dogs, side effects were noted. All seven rabbits treated for psoroptic mange were cured and did not show any side effect. Our results indicate that moxidectin is effective and a good alternative for the treatment of demodicosis and scabies in dogs and psoroptic mange in rabbits. Side effects seem to occur more frequently if applied subcutaneously, therefore the oral route should be preferred.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Rabbits; Scabies

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insecticides; Macrolides; Scabies; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; United Kingdom; Wales

Field efficacy of moxidectin, a macrocyclic lactone endectocide, was evaluated in cattle naturally infested with Chorioptes bovis and Sarcoptes scabiei. Eight animals were allocated to two groups of four animals each, based on parasitological and clinical status. Animals of the treated group received one subcutaneous injection of injectable moxidectin at 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight on Day 0. Individuals of the control group received emergency treatment of a single injection of moxidectin at 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight on Day 28. Efficacy was assessed by (a) taking skin samples from each animal on Days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 and observing the numbers of viable mite stages and species and (b) clinical examination of animals on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 with the percentage of affected body surface calculated for each animal on Days 0, 28 and 56. On the basis of the geometric means from treated and control animals, the percentage reductions in the total numbers of living C. bovis mites on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28 were 69, 87, more than 99 and 98, respectively. However, at the end of the trial, only two animals were negative for C. bovis. The percentage reductions in the total numbers of S. scabiei on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28 were 93, 100, 100 and 100, respectively. Clinical indices of the treated animals showed a sharp decrease in the affected body surface area from a mean of 43.6% on Day 0 to 0.9% and 0% on Days 28 and 56, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Insecticides; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Skin

Current treatments for sarcoptic mange in rabbits mainly include administration of avermectines every 10-30 days. Recently, a single oral dose of fluralaner has been shown to be effective to treat sarcoptic mange in 12 pet rabbits over a three-month period.. To retrospectively assess the efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto Plus) for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits.. Ten client-owned rabbits diagnosed with sarcoptic mange.. An application of fluralaner plus moxidectin at an average dose of 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was administered topically once. Parasitological and dermatological examination was carried out weekly for one month and monthly for three months.. The median age at diagnosis was 15 (range 3-48) months. Based on the age of onset, there were three juvenile (<6-month-old) and seven adult-onset cases. Of those, four were generalized (head, feet and/or genital area) and six were localized form (head only). The combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions within 21 days. Recurrence was not observed 90 days post-treatment. Relapse was not observed in one case followed up for a further four months and two rabbits followed up for a further six months. The other pets were lost to follow-up.. These results indicated that a single dose of a formulation containing fluralaner plus moxidectin, at 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was effective for the treatment of naturally occurring sarcoptic mange in rabbits.. Les traitements actuels de la gale sarcoptique chez le lapin comprennent principalement l'administration d'avermectines tous les 10 à 30 jours. Récemment, une dose orale unique de fluralaner s'est avérée efficace pour traiter la gale sarcoptique chez 12 lapins de compagnie sur une période de trois mois.. Évaluer rétrospectivement l'efficacité d'une combinaison ponctuelle de fluralaner et de moxidectine pour le traitement de la gale sarcoptique chez le lapin.. Dix lapins de propriétaire, diagnostiqués avec la gale sarcoptique. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Une application de fluralaner plus moxidectine à une dose moyenne respective de 25 mg/kg et 1,24 mg/kg, a été administrée par voie topique une fois. Un examen parasitologique et dermatologique a été réalisé hebdomadairement pendant un mois et mensuellement pendant trois mois. RÉSULTATS: L'âge médian au moment du diagnostic était de 15 mois (extrêmes 3-48). Selon l'âge d'apparition, il y a eu trois cas juvéniles (<6 mois) et sept cas adultes. Parmi ceux-ci, quatre étaient généralisés (tête, pieds et/ou région génitale) et six étaient localisés (tête uniquement). L'association du fluralaner et de la moxidectine a entraîné une éradication à 100 % des acariens et une résolution complète de toutes les lésions cutanées en 21 jours. Aucune récidive n'a été observée 90 jours après le traitement. Aucune rechute n'a été observée dans un cas suivi pendant quatre mois supplémentaires et deux lapins suivis pendant six mois supplémentaires. Les autres animaux ont été perdus de vue.. Ces résultats ont indiqué qu'une dose unique d'une formulation contenant du fluralaner plus de la moxidectine, à 25 mg/kg et 1,24 mg/kg, respectivement, était efficace pour le traitement de la gale sarcoptique chez le lapin.. INTRODUCCIÓN: Los tratamientos actuales para la sarna sarcóptica en conejos incluyen principalmente la administración de avermectinas cada 10 a 30 días. Recientemente, se ha demostrado que una sola dosis oral de fluralaner es eficaz para tratar la sarna sarcóptica en 12 conejos domésticos durante un período de tres meses.. Evaluar retrospectivamente la eficacia de una combinación de fluralaner más moxidectina para el tratamiento de la sarna sarcóptica en conejos.. Diez conejos propietarios particulares diagnosticados con sarna sarcóptica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se administró tópicamente una vez una aplicación de fluralaner más moxidectina a una dosis promedio de 25 mg/kg y 1,24 mg/kg, respectivamente. El examen parasitológico y dermatológico se realizó semanalmente durante un mes y mensualmente durante tres meses.. La mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 15 meses (rango 3-48). Según la edad de inicio, hubo tres casos de inicio en menores (<6 meses) y siete en adultos. De ellos, cuatro fueron generalizados (cabeza, pies y/o área genital) y seis fueron de forma localizada (solo cabeza). La combinación de fluralaner más moxidectina dio como resultado la erradicación del 100 % de los ácaros y la resolución completa de todas las lesiones cutáneas en 21 días. No se observó recidiva 90 días después del tratamiento. No se observó recaída en un caso seguido durante cuatro meses más y dos conejos seguidos durante seis meses adicionales. Las otras mascotas se perdieron durante el seguimiento. CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: estos resultados indicaron que una dosis única de una formulación que contenía fluralaner más moxidectina, a 25 mg/kg y 1,24 mg/kg, respectivamente, fue eficaz para el tratamiento de la sarna sarcóptica natural en conejos.. Geläufige Behandlungen der Sarkoptesräude beim Kaninchen bestehen hauptsächlich aus Avermektinen, die alle 10-30 Tage verabreicht werden. Unlängst wurde gezeigt, dass eine einzige Dosis Fluralaner wirksam war, um eine Sarkoptesräude bei 12 Heimkaninchen über eine Periode von drei Monaten zu tilgen.. Eine retrospektive Erfassung der Wirksamkeit von Spot-on Kombinationen bestehend aus Fluralaner und Moxidektin zur Behandlung der Sarkoptesräude beim Kaninchen.. Zehen Kaninchen in Privatbesitz, die mit einer Sarkoptesräude diagnostiziert worden waren.. Eine Applikation von Fluralaner und Moxidektin bei einer durchschnittlichen Dosis von 25 mg/kg bzw 1,24 mg/kg wurde topisch einmalig verabreicht. Eine parasitologische und dermatologische Untersuchung wurde einen Monat lang einmal wöchentlich und danach drei Monate lang einmal pro Monat durchgeführt.. Das mediane Alter bei der Diagnose lag bei 15 (Reichweite 3-48) Monate. Basierend auf dem Alter beim Auftreten, gab es drei juvenile Fälle (<6-Monate alte) und sieben Fälle bei erwachsenen Kaninchen. Von diesen zeigten vier eine generalisierte Form (Kopf, Füße und/oder Genitalgegend) und sechs eine lokalisierte Form (nur am Kopf). Die Kombination von Fluralaner und Moxidektin bewirkte eine 100%ige Auslöschung der Milben und eine komplette Abheilung aller Hautveränderungen innerhalb von 21 Tagen. Es wurde kein Wiederauftreten in einer 90-tägigen Phase nach der Behandlung beobachtet. Es wurde kein Rückfall beobachtet bei einem Fall, der vier weitere Monate beobachtet wurde und bei zwei Kaninchen, die weitere sechs Monate beobachtet wurden. Die anderen Heimtiere konnten nicht weiterverfolgt werden.. Diese Ergebnisse zeigten, dass eine einzige Dosis einer Formulierung, die Fluralaner und Moxidektin bei einer Dosierung von 25 mg/kg bzw 1,24 mg/kg bei der Behandlung von natürlich auftretender Sarkoptesräude beim Kaninchen wirksam war.. 背景: ウサギの疥癬に対する現在の治療法は，主にアベルメクチンを10~30日おきに投与することである。最近、12羽のウサギを対象に、フルララネルの単回経口投与が3ヶ月間、疥癬の治療に有効であることが示された。 目的: 本研究の目的は、ウサギの疥癬に対するフルララネル+モキシデクチンのスポットオン併用療法の有効性をレトロスペクティブに検討することであった。 対象動物: 疥癬と診断されたオーナー所有ウサギ10匹。 材料および方法: フルララネルおよびモキシデクチンをそれぞれ平均25 mg/kgおよび1.24 mg/kgの用量で1回局所的に塗布投与した。寄生虫学的検査および皮膚科学的検査を1ヶ月目は毎週、その後3ヶ月間までは毎月行った。 結果: 診断時年齢の中央値は15(範囲3-48)カ月であった。発症年齢からみると、若年性(生後6カ月未満)3例、成体発症7例であった。そのうち、全身型(頭部、足部および/または生殖器部)が4例、局所型(頭部のみ)が6例であった。フルララネル+モキシデクチンの併用により，21日以内にダニを100%駆除し，すべての皮膚病変を完全に消失させることができた。治療後90日目に再発は認められなかった。さらに4ヶ月間追跡調査した1例と、6ヶ月間追跡調査した2羽のウサギで再発が認められなかった。他のペットは追跡調査不能となった。 結論と臨床的関連性: 以上の結果より、ウサギの自然発生性疥癬に対して、フルララネル25 mg/kgおよびモキシデクチン1.24 mg/kgを含む製剤の単回投与が有効であることが示唆された。.. 背景: 目前兔疥螨病的治疗方法主要包括每10-30天给予阿维菌素。最近，单次口服氟雷拉纳已被证明可在三个月内有效治疗12只宠物兔的疥螨病。 目的: 回顾性评估氟雷拉纳加莫昔克丁联合外部治疗兔疥螨病的疗效。 动物: 10只客户拥有的诊断为疥螨病的家兔。 材料和方法: 应用氟雷拉纳加莫昔克丁，平均剂量分别为 25 mg/kg 和1.24 mg/kg，外部给药1次。每周进行寄生虫学和皮肤病学检查，持续一个月，每月进行一次，持续三个月。 结果: 诊断时的中位年龄为15(范围3-48)个月。根据发病年龄，有3例幼年(<6月龄)和7例成年发病病例。其中，4例为全身性(头部、爪部和/或生殖器区域)，6例为局部形式(仅头部)。氟雷拉纳加莫昔克丁联合治疗可使螨虫100%根除，所有病变在21天内完全消退。治疗后90天未观察到复发。再随访4个月的1例未见复发，再随访6个月的2只兔未见复发。其他宠物失访。 结论和临床相关性: 这些结果表明，分别以 25 mg/kg 和1.24 mg/kg的剂量单次给予含氟雷拉纳和莫昔克丁的制剂可有效治疗家兔中自然发生的疥螨病。.. Os tratamentos existentes atualmente para sarna sarcóptica em coelhos incluem a administração de avermectinas a cada 10-30 dias. Recentemente, uma dose única de fluralaner se mostrou eficaz para tratar a sarna sarcóptica em 12 coelhos de estimação por um período de três meses.. Avaliar retrospectivamente a eficácia de uma combinação spot on de fluralaner e moxidectina para o tratamento da sarna sarcóptica em coelhos.. Dez coelhos de clientes diagnosticados com sarna sarcóptica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Uma aplicação de fluralaner com moxidectina a uma dose média de 25 mg/kg e 1,24 mg/kg, respectivamente, foi administrada topicamente uma vez. Exames dermatológico e parasitológico foram realizados semanalmente por um mês e mensalmente por três meses.. A idade mediana do diagnóstico foi 15 (3-48) meses. Baseado na idade ao surgimento dos sintomas, houve três casos juvenis (<6 meses de idade) e sete casos de aparecimento em fase adulta. Destes, quatro foram generalizados (cabeça, pés e/ou área genital) e seis foram formas localizadas (apenas na cabeça). A combinação de fluralaner com moxidectina resultou em 100% de erradicação dos ácaros e resolução completa de todas as lesões cutâneas em 21 dias. Não foi observada recorrência em 90 dias após o tratamento. Não observou-se recidiva em um caso em que foi realizado o acompanhamento por quatro meses adicionais após o tratamento e dois coelhos foram acompanhados por mais seis meses. Os pesquisadores perderam o contato com todos os outros animais até o presente momento. CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Os resultados indicam que uma dose única de uma formulação contendo fluralaner e moxidectina, na dose de 25 mg/kg e 1,24 mg/kg, respectivamente, foi eficaz para o tratamento de sarna sarcóptica de ocorrência natural em coelhos.

Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Rabbits; Retrospective Studies; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies

Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Decision Making; Female; Humans; Ivermectin; Lactation; Macrolides; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Scabies; Skin; Tunisia

Wombats suffer from sarcoptic mange, a mite infection that ultimately leads to their death from secondary infections. In 2017, wildlife carers were granted legal approval to treat bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) for sarcoptic mange in the field using 4 mL of topical Cydectin® per adult wombat. However, (limited) scientific field trials suggest approved protocols are inadequate which has been supported anecdotally by wildlife carers. Elucidating carer experience is key to holistically advancing understandings of sarcoptic mange treatment. We interviewed 18 wildlife carers regarding the use of Cydectin® to treat free-ranging adult wombats infected with sarcoptic mange which uncovered 43 detailed case studies for examination. Case studies revealed that wildlife carers have used 10-200-mL doses of topical Cydectin® to treat wombats to recovery. These results suggest there is no best-fit for treating wombats in the field, due to individual differences in observed levels of sarcoptic mange severity and differences in wombat behavior. Furthermore, wildlife carers suggested pour-on Cydectin® appeared non-toxic to wombats at rates as high as 200 mL per treatment. We recommend scientific trials should be undertaken to determine the impact and efficacy of the varying treatment regimens, including low and high doses of topical Cydectin® on bare-nosed wombats. This information is required for regulating authorities, and subsequently wildlife carers, and managers, to make fully informed decisions about wombat sarcoptic mange treatment.

Topics: Acaricides; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Wild; Australia; Caregivers; Macrolides; Marsupialia; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies

An outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in a herd of llamas and alpacas in the Black Forrest (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany). The diagnosis was made by clinical picture and detection of mites in skin scrapings and ear swabs. At the beginning numerous of Sarcoptes mites were found in the scraping samples. The llamas and alpacas were treated subcutaneously with 0,2 mg/kg bodyweight moxidectin every three weeks (2 mL per llama, 1,5 mL per alpaca). Because of the slow recovery of the South American Camelids it was necessary to repeat the treatment eight times. On days 0, 42, 84, 126, and 168, all animals were examined clinically, and epidermal debris were collected from both auricular areas and other body regions for microscopic examination. The alpacas recovered rapidly and mite counts declined steadily. Llamas showed a slower remission of mite counts and clinical condition. For complete healing of crusting skin reactions, and pruritus six months of treatment were necessary. Therapy of sarcoptic mange in South American Camelids with macrocyclic lactons usually takes a long duration of time.

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Camelids, New World; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Macrolides; Male; Scabies

Scabies is considered one of the commonest dermatological diseases that has a global health burden. Current treatment with ivermectin (IVM) is insufficient and potential drug resistance was noticed. Moxidectin (MOX), with a better pharmacological profile may be a promising alternative. The efficacy of moxidectin against Sarcoptes scabiei was assessed both in vitro and in vivo in comparison with ivermectin. For the in vitro assay, both drugs were used in two concentrations (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml). For the in vivo assay, twenty rabbits infected with Sarcoptes scabiei were divided into three groups: untreated, moxidectin-treated and ivermectin-treated with the same dose of 0.3 mg/kg once. Another four rabbits were used as a normal control non-infected group. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by clinical assessment, parasitological evaluation and histopathological examination of skin samples using Hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue for mast cell staining. Immune response was also assessed by immunohistochemical staining of CD3 T cells in skin samples. Our results showed that moxidectin had a high efficacy (100%) in killing mites when used in both concentrations (50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml) in the in vitro assay. Concerning the in vivo assay, on day 14 post-treatment, all MOX-treated rabbits were mite-free with full clinical cure by the end of the study (D21) showing (100%) reduction of mites count. Also, marked improvement in the epidermis with absence of mites in skin samples were shown. Poor clinical and parasitological improvements were noted in the ivermectin-treated rabbits, when given as a single dose with a percentage reduction (60.67%) in the 2nd week and progressive increase in lesions and mites count in the 3rd week post-treatment. Regarding the immune response, MOX-treated group showed mild infiltration with both mast cells and CD3 T cells in comparison to severe infiltration with both types of cells in the untreated and IVM-treated group. On conclusion, our results demonstrated that a single dose of MOX was more effective than IVM, supporting MOX as a valuable therapeutic approach for scabies therapy.

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Biopsy, Needle; Ear, External; Immunohistochemistry; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Male; Rabbits; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Skin

Moxidectin is under consideration for development as a treatment for human scabies. As some arthropods show decreased sensitivity to moxidectin relative to ivermectin, it was important to assess this for

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Female; Humans; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Male; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Survival Analysis

Topics: Acaricides; Administration, Oral; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Repositioning; Humans; Macrolides; Scabies

Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions globally; however it is a largely underexplored and truly neglected infectious disease. Foremost, improvement in the management of this public health burden is imperative. Current treatments with topical agents and/or oral ivermectin (IVM) are insufficient and drug resistance is emerging. Moxidectin (MOX), with more advantageous pharmacological profiles may be a promising alternative.. Using a porcine scabies model, 12 pigs were randomly assigned to receive orally either MOX (0.3 mg/kg once), IVM (0.2 mg/kg twice) or no treatment. We evaluated treatment efficacies by assessing mite count, clinical lesions, pruritus and ELISA-determined anti-S. scabiei IgG antibodies reductions. Plasma and skin pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. At day 14 post-treatment, all four MOX-treated but only two IVM-treated pigs were mite-free. MOX efficacy was 100% and remained unchanged until study-end (D47), compared to 62% (range 26-100%) for IVM, with one IVM-treated pig remaining infected until D47. Clinical scabies lesions, pruritus and anti-S. scabiei IgG antibodies had completely disappeared in all MOX-treated but only 75% of IVM-treated pigs. MOX persisted ~9 times longer than IVM in plasma and skin, thereby covering the mite's entire life cycle and enabling long-lasting efficacy.. Our data demonstrate that oral single-dose MOX was more effective than two consecutive IVM-doses, supporting MOX as potential therapeutic approach for scabies.

Topics: Acaricides; Administration, Oral; Animals; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Humans; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Models, Animal; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Swine

Sarcoptes scabiei infestation is rare in cats.. To report the clinical presentations and treatments of cats infested with S. scabiei.. Five cats that presented with progressive and nonresponsive crusting lesions on the concave and convex aspects of the pinnae are included in this series. Other dermatological manifestations recorded were crusts on the bridge of the nose (five of five), crusty pododermatitis (three of five), crusty lesions on the tail (one of five) and pruritic erythematous papules on the arms and/or thighs of the owners (five of five). None of the cats was living in a household with a dog.. Sarcoptic (S. scabiei) mange was diagnosed based on the identification of S. scabiei in deep skin scrapings. A spot-on application of 1.0% moxidectin and 10% imidacloprid (0.1 mL/kg) was administered every 2 weeks for three applications. All cats were re-evaluated at the time of treatment.. All five cats and their owners improved after the first application and reached clinical remission after the third application. Deep skin scrapings from all cats were negative for S. scabiei after the first application. No clinical adverse effects or abnormalities on routine blood tests were noted during the study period. No reinfestation was reported during the follow-up period of 6 months after treatment.. Although sarcoptic mange is rare in cats, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with crusting lesions on the pinnae and nose and crusty pododermatitis. A spot-on preparation of moxidectin and imidacloprid was used successfully to treat cats with S. scabiei infestation.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Drug Combinations; Female; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Macrolides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Scabies; Taiwan

Sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. wombati, could be a significant threat to populations of southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons; SHNW) in Australia. Treatment is currently based on the off-label use of various parasiticidal drugs, with limited clinical efficacy trials. Our primary aim was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a macrocyclic lactone, moxidectin, to assist in the development of effective treatment protocols. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in four female SHNW following a single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin. Blood samples were collected for 38 days following injection (August-September 2008), for analysis using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The mean peak plasma concentration occurred at 13.6 hr, with a mean peak plasma level of 98.6 ng/ml. The mean elimination half-life was 5.03 days, resulting in a mean area under the curve of 377 ng.day/ml. The peak plasma moxidectin concentration was higher than that seen in livestock species but the plasma elimination half-life was shorter. This study suggests that a single injection of 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin may not be sufficient to clear a mange infection in this species.

Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Area Under Curve; Australia; Female; Half-Life; Injections, Subcutaneous; Macrolides; Marsupialia; Scabies

Topics: Animals; Female; Insecticides; Macrolides; Scabies; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Skin; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Alopecia; Animals; Female; Guinea Pigs; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Keratosis; Macrolides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Rodent Diseases; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Skin

Forty-eight dairy ewes and 45 lambs naturally infested with sarcoptic mange, were divided into three equal groups and treated with moxidectin 1% inj. sol. at a dose rate of 0.2 mg moxidectin kg(-1) bodyweight once or twice ten days apart. During the study, the skin lesions were scored and the number of mites recovered in facial skin scrapings from the animals were recorded. Moxidectin was found to be effective against ovine sarcoptic mange, when given twice; the percentage reduction of mites was 100% (p < 0.0001) and the skin lesions disappeared completely (p = 0.0001). In sheep treated once only, the percentage reduction of mites varied from 75% to 92%. Treated ewes produced up to 22.4% more milk than the infested ones (p = 0.0001). Treated lambs had up to 15% greater final weight and up to 23.7% more growth than infested controls (p = 0.0001). It is concluded that two injections of moxidectin 1% inj. sol. at a dose rate of 0.2 mg kg(-1) bodyweight, given ten days apart, were effective against ovine sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, it is considered that sarcoptic mange adversely affects the production of the infested animals.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Weight; Female; Injections; Insecticides; Lactation; Macrolides; Milk; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Skin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Macrolides; Sarcoptes scabiei; Scabies; Sheep

Field efficacy of moxidectin injectable was evaluated in sheep naturally infected with both Psoroptes ovis and Sarcoptes ovis mange. Three groups of fifteen ewes were selected from the flock based on parasitological and clinical status. Group 1 remained as untreated controls. Group 2 animals received a subcutaneous injection of moxidectin at 0.2 mg/kg body weight on Day 0; Group 3 animals received 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin twice on Day 0 and Day 7. Efficacy was assessed by taking skin scrapings from each animal on Days -4, 0, 7, 14, 28 and 35 post treatment (P.T.) and counting viable mite stages and species. In both treated groups the signs of itching disappeared within seven days P.T. Rapid clinical improvement was associated with reduction in numbers of mites compared with initial score which was over 90%. However, in skin scrapings on Day 7 P.T. several live mites of both species were present. The second injection of moxidectin removed all living mites and skin scrapings from group 3 animals that were negative for all mites on days 14, 28 and 35. The weight gain on average in group 2 was 2.0 kg and in group 3 2.7 kg, during the 35 days of trial. Untreated control animals have lost on average 3.1 kg from the weight at start of trial. All untreated animals remained positive and suffered from intensive scratching, anorexia and moist active skin lesions. Therefore they were given an emergency moxidectin treatment on days 35 and 37 each animal receiving 0.2 mg/kg b.w., subcutaneously. Moxidectin in both tested doses was well tolerated and no local reaction on injection sites was observed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Insecticides; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Scabies; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

Field efficacy of injectable moxidectin was evaluated in sheep naturally infested with both Psoroptes ovis and Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis mange. Three groups of 15 ewes were selected from the flock based on parasitological and clinical status. Group 1 remained as untreated controls; Group 2 animals received a subcutaneous injection of moxidectin at 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight on Day 1; Group 3 animals received 0.2 mg kg-1 moxidectin twice on Day 1 and Day 7. Efficacy was assessed by taking skin scrapings from each animal on Days -4, 0, 7, 14, 28 and 35 post-treatment and counting viable mite stages and species. In both treated groups the signs of itching disappeared within 7 days post-treatment. Rapid clinical improvement was associated with reduction in numbers of mites compared with initial score which was over 90%. However, in skin scrapings on Day 7 post-treatment several live mites of both species were present. The second injection of moxidectin removed all living mites, and skin scrapings from Group 3 animals were negative for all mites on Days 14, 28 and 35. The weight gain on average was 2.0 kg in Group 2 and 2.7 kg in Group 3 during the 35 days of trial. Untreated control animals lost on average 3.1 kg from their weight at the start of the trial. All untreated animals remained positive and suffered from intensive scratching, anorexia and moist, active skin lesions. They were given an emergency moxidectin treatment on Days 35 and 42, each animal receiving 0.2 mg kg-1 body weight, subcutaneously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Drug Evaluation; Insecticides; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Scabies; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Weight Gain