morphine and Respiratory-Insufficiency

Approximately 1 in 10 pregnancies is affected by meconium passage at delivery, which can result in meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). MAS can cause respiratory complications and, very rarely, death. Antibiotics have been prescribed for neonates exposed to meconium in amniotic fluid, with the intention of preventing infection due to potential bacterial contaminants.. We conducted this review to assess the efficacy and safety of antibiotics for:1. prevention of infection, morbidity, and mortality among infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) who are asymptomatic at birth; and2. prevention of infection, morbidity, and mortality among infants born through MSAF who have signs and symptoms compatible with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).. We performed a literature search using the following databases: MEDLINE (1966 to July 2016); Embase (1980 to July 2016); the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1982 to July 2016); and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 7) in the Cochrane Library. We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists of retrieved articles.. We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared antibiotics administered via any route versus placebo or no treatment for prevention of infection among neonates exposed to MSAF, or who developed MAS. We excluded cohort, case control, and any other non-randomised studies and applied no language restrictions. We included studies of term and preterm infants, and we included studies examining use of any antibacterial antibiotics. We included studies that reported on any outcomes of interest.. We assessed the methodological quality of included trials by reviewing information provided in study reports and obtained by personal communication with study authors. We extracted data on relevant outcomes, estimated effect size, and reported values as risk ratios (RRs), risk differences (RDs), and mean differences (MDs), as appropriate. We conducted subgroup analyses for treatment of MAS and for prophylaxis (asymptomatic neonates exposed to meconium).. Four randomised controlled studies including a total of 695 participants were eligible for inclusion. Three studies evaluated neonates with MAS, and one study assessed asymptomatic neonates exposed to meconium in amniotic fluid. These studies exhibited varying degrees of methodological rigour: Two studies were at low risk of bias, and two were at unclear risk. We graded evidence derived from these studies as low quality. We downgraded overall evidence owing to the large number of participants lost to follow-up in one trial, the small sample sizes of all trials, and unclear methodological details provided for two trials.The primary outcome was risk of early- and late-onset neonatal sepsis. Antibiotics did not decrease the risk of sepsis in neonates with a diagnosis of MAS (RR 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 8.96; RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.03; 445 participants, three studies; I² = 0%) nor in asymptomatic neonates exposed to meconium in amniotic fluid (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.34; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.04; 250 participants, one study; I² = 0%). Results show no significant differences in mortality or duration of stay in hospital between groups given antibiotics and control groups of symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. One study in asymptomatic neonates reported a significant reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation for the control group compared with the antibiotic group (MD 0.26, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.37; 250 participants, one study; I² = 0%).. Upon review of available evidence, we found no differences in infection rates following antibiotic treatment among neonates born through meconium-stained fluid and those with meconium aspiration syndrome. The overall quality of evidence is low owing to the small number of included studies. Well-controlled studies of adequate power are needed.

Topics: Amikacin; Amniotic Fluid; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Length of Stay; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Neonatal Sepsis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency

Meconium-stained amniotic fluid occurs in approximately 12% of live births. In approximately one third of these infants meconium is present below the vocal cords. However, meconium aspiration syndrome develops in only 2 of every 1000 live-born infants. Ninety-five percent of infants with inhaled meconium clear the lungs spontaneously. Recent investigations have suggested that a reexamination of our assumptions about the etiology of meconium aspiration syndrome is in order. Several authors have provided evidence that support the hypothesis that it is not the inhaled meconium which produces the primary pathologic condition of meconium aspiration syndrome but rather it is fetal asphyxia that is the etiologic agent. Asphyxia in utero produces pulmonary vasospasm and hyperreactivity of the pulmonary vessels. With severe asphyxia the fetal lungs undergo pulmonary vascular damage with pulmonary hypertension. The damaged lungs are then unable to clear the meconium. In the most severe cases there is right-to-left shunting and persistent fetal circulation with subsequent fetal death. The incidence of meconium aspiration may thus be essentially unaffected by current obstetric and pediatric interventions at birth. For the asphyxiated or distressed infant we recommend suctioning at birth and tracheal intubation. In the healthy fetus observation may be sufficient.

Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Fetal Distress; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Respiratory Insufficiency; Syndrome

Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Bacterial Infections; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Fetal Diseases; Hepatitis, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Nephritis; Pregnancy; Respiratory Insufficiency; Seizures; Syndrome; Virus Diseases

A prospective controlled randomized study of the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to treat newborns with respiratory failure was carried out using the "randomized play-the-winner" statistical method. In this method the chance of randomly assigning an infant to one treatment or the other is influenced by the outcome of treatment of each patient in the study. If one treatment is more successful, more patients are randomly assigned to that treatment. A group of 12 infants with birth weight greater than 2 kg met objective criteria for high mortality risk. One patient was randomly assigned to conventional treatment (that patient died); 11 patients were randomly chosen for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (all survived). Intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in one of 11 surviving children. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation allows lung rest and improves survival compared to conventional ventilator therapy in newborn infants with severe respiratory failure.

Topics: Birth Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Extracorporeal Circulation; Follow-Up Studies; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Oxygenators, Membrane; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Prospective Studies; Pulmonary Veins; Random Allocation; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Insufficiency

In this work, we are interested to study the implication of -509C/T polymorphism, located in the promoter region of TGFB1 (transforming growth factor β1), in the phenotypic variability of CF patients.. The present study enrolled 111 CF patients and 100 healthy control subjects. The study of the -509C/T polymorphism was performed using PCR-RFLP method.. We found that patients carried non-F508del homozygous mutation with TT genotype was associated to lung symptoms (P=0.04). This association was not found in the sub-groups of patients with F508del at homozygous state P=0.145. No association was found between this polymorphism and the variability of digestive, pancreatic and ileus meconial symptoms.. On the basis of our results, the -509C/T polymorphism of the TGFB1 gene seems to be a modulator factor of cystic fibrosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Diabetes Mellitus; Digestive System Diseases; Female; Humans; Ileus; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Pancreatitis; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Respiratory Insufficiency; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Young Adult

Aminomorphinans are a relatively young class of opioid drugs among which substances of high in vitro efficacy and favorable in vivo action are found. We report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 6β-acylaminomorphinans. 6β-Morphinamine and 6β-codeinamine were stereoselectively synthesized by Mitsunobu reaction. The aminomorphinans were subsequently acylated with diversely substituted cinnamic acids. In vitro binding studies on cinnamoyl morphinamines showed moderate affinity for all opiate receptors with some selectivity for mu opioid receptors, while cinnamoyl codeinamines only showed affinity for mu opioid receptors. In vivo analgesia studies showed significant analgesic activity of 6β-cinnamoylmorphinamine mediated by mu and delta receptors. The lead compound was found to be roughly equipotent to morphine (ED₅₀ 3.13 ± 1.09 mg/kg) but devoid of the dangerous side-effect respiratory depression, a major issue associated with traditional opioid therapy.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hot Temperature; Mice; Molecular Structure; Morphinans; Morphine; Narcotic Antagonists; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Receptors, Opioid; Respiratory Insufficiency; Structure-Activity Relationship; Time Factors

The aim of this report is to determine clinical characteristics and outcome of Cystic Fibrosis (CF).. Cases of CF managed at Infantile Medicine A Department in Children's Hospital of Tunis during 13 years (1994-2006) were reviewed.. 16 children had CF. They were 8 males and 8 females. 13 patients were consanguineous and four had similar familial cases. The mean age at diagnosis was 19 months (10 days, 13 years). 3/4 of patients were symptomatic within the first trimester of life. Revealing symptoms were: obstructive bronchopathy associated to chronic diarrhea (n=6), edema-anemia-hypotrophy-hypoproteinemia syndrome (n=3), meconium ileus (n=4), bronchiectasis (n=2) and chronic diarrhea (n=1). The diagnosis was confirmed by sweat test and genotypic data. The F508 del was the most frequent mutation (54%). Clinical outcome was characterized by the occurrence of respiratory and nutritional complications: acute respiratory failure (n=6), chronic respiratory failure (n=3), chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (n=6) at a medium age of 3.8 years, recurrent haemoptysis (n=2), pleural effusion (n=2), a malnutrition (n =10) and diabetes associated to puberty delay in one patient. Seven patients died at mean age of 4.4 years (6 months, 17.3 years). Among surviving patients, six had no compromised nutritional status or lung function. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in three families.. CF is characterized by earliest onset and severity of symptoms. Therapeutic insufficiency is the main cause of precocious complications and poor prognosis in our series.

Topics: Adolescent; Bronchiectasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Consanguinity; Cystic Fibrosis; Diarrhea; Female; Genotype; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Ileus; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Obstruction; Male; Meconium; Mutation; Nutritional Status; Prognosis; Respiratory Insufficiency; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis; Sweat

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) remains a relevant cause of neonatal respiratory failure and is characterized by severe impairment of pulmonary gas exchange, surfactant inactivation, and pronounced inflammatory changes. Surfactant administration has been shown as an effective treatment strategy in MAS. The present study aimed at investigating the impact of a recombinant surfactant protein (SP)-C-based surfactant on pulmonary gas exchange and lung function in this model of neonatal lung injury. Furthermore, SP-B and -C were determined on the transcriptional and protein level.. Laboratory experiment.. University laboratory.. Twenty three newborn piglets (median age 6 days, weight 1900-2500 g).. Piglets were intubated and mechanically ventilated and then received 20% sterile meconium (5 mL/kg) for induction of lung injury. After 30 mins, animals were randomized for control (n = 7, MAS controls), recombinant SP-C surfactant (n = 8), or natural surfactant (n = 8). Surfactant preparations were administered as an intratracheal bolus (75 mg/kg), and animals were ventilated for another 330 mins. Nonventilated newborn piglets at term (n = 28; median weight 1484 g, range 720-1990 g) served as a healthy reference group (healthy controls).. Lung function variables, arterial blood gas samples, and lung tissues were obtained. Expression of SP-B and -C messenger RNA was quantified in left lung lobe tissue using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed in tissue samples of the right lung lobe. Compared with healthy controls, SP-B messenger RNA expression was significantly increased in MAS (p < .02), whereas SP-C messenger RNA expression was found to be significantly reduced (p < .001). SP concentrations, however, were not significantly different. Although a significant improvement of gas exchange and lung function was observed after surfactant administration in both groups, surfactant messenger RNA expression and protein concentrations were not significantly altered. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed severe pulmonary ultrastructural changes after meconium aspiration improving after surfactant treatment.. Impairment of lung function in MAS, associated with marked changes in SP messenger RNA expression, can be sufficiently treated using recombinant SP-C-based or natural surfactant. Despite improved lung function and gas exchange as well as pulmonary ultrastructure after treatment, pulmonary SP messenger RNA expression and concentrations remained significantly affected, giving important insight into the time course following surfactant treatment in MAS.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Base Sequence; Blood Gas Analysis; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Molecular Sequence Data; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C; Pulmonary Surfactants; Random Allocation; Recombinant Proteins; Reference Values; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Insufficiency; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Sensitivity and Specificity; Swine

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C; Pulmonary Surfactants; Random Allocation; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Insufficiency; Sensitivity and Specificity; Swine

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a lifesaving therapy for neonatal pulmonary hypertension but carries a significant risk for transfusion-related complications. Packed red blood cell (PRBC) and platelet exposure were quantified and reviewed in 17 ECMO survivors prior (Group I, n = 9) and subsequent to (Group II, n = 8) changes in transfusion protocols. Blood product requirements included ECMO circuit priming, maintenance of haematocrit > 0.40 or platelet count > 50 x 10(9)/l, and colloid volume expansion. Group I was exposed to 13.8 +/- 10.2 (x +/- SD) different PRBC units. In Group II, multiple transfusions from single donor units decreased exposure 71% to 3.9 +/- 0.7 units (P < 0.05). Decreases in blood withdrawn (11%) and transfusion volume (7%) were coincident with a 15% reduction in mean bypass time. Platelet volume transfusion decreased from 159 +/- 213 to 93 +/- 64 ml using volume-reduced platelet packs. Total transfusion exposure decreased 59% from 20.8 +/- 17.8 units to 8.6 +/- 2.4 donor units. No transfusion complications occurred during the aggregate 1,926 h on bypass. We conclude that neonates on ECMO have a significant transfusion exposure risk increasing with prolonged duration of ECMO therapy. In addition we noted that concentrated platelet packs decreased transfusion volume by 41%, and multiple PRBC transfusions from single donor units decreased donor exposure by 71% while both strategies decreased the overall transfusion exposure risk by 59%.

Topics: Blood Component Transfusion; Blood Transfusion; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Infant, Newborn; Inhalation; Male; Meconium; Platelet Transfusion; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Insufficiency; Retrospective Studies; Risk; Sepsis; Transfusion Reaction

We report the successful treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation of two Dutch neonates with severe respiratory insufficiency, due to meconium aspiration syndrome and persistent fetal circulation respectively. During this procedure part of the cardiac output is led outside the body via a venous cannula in the right atrium, oxygenated in a membrane oxygenator, rewarmed to the patient's body temperature in a heat exchanger and returned to the patient via a cannula in the carotid artery debouching into the aortic arch.

Topics: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency

The authors report a case of respiratory distress secondary to inhalation of meconial amniotic fluid treated by mechanical ventilation, which was complicated by severe interstitial emphysema. Treatment by pleurotomy allowed a favorable evolution. The various therapies of interstitial emphysema of the neonate, in particular surgical technics are described.

Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency

Chest radiographic findings in three neonates with respiratory failure secondary to meconium aspiration treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are described. The degree of pulmonary opacification on the chest radiographs failed to correlate with the patients' clinical status as measured by the arterial oxygen levels but correlated well with the peak airway pressure (PAP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) settings on the mechanical ventilator. Because a variable portion of the arterial blood oxygenation is performed by the extracorporeal membrane oxygenator and unusually large fluctuations in airway pressure settings can occur in these patients while on ECMO, it is important to realize that the chest radiograph may not be an accurate predictor of the patients' clinical status.

Topics: Extracorporeal Circulation; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inhalation; Lung; Male; Meconium; Oxygenators, Membrane; Radiography; Respiratory Insufficiency

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pregnancy; Respiratory Insufficiency; Syndrome

The successful management of 15 infants suffering from persistence of fetal pulmonary circulation and in severe respiratory failure is presented. The treatment regimen focused on minimizing barotrauma. Infants were intubated nasotracheally and ventilated with intermittent mandatory ventilation. Peak inspiratory pressures were determined by the clinical assessment of chest excursion. Ventilator settings and fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) were selected to maintain a PaO2 between 50 and 70 mm Hg; PaCO2 was not a controlling parameter and was allowed to increase as high as 60 mm Hg. Hyperventilation and muscle relaxants were not used. High ventilator rate was used in ten infants who required high inspiratory pressure to maintain chest excursion, with a favorable response in five. Tolazoline was given to 14 infants of whom ten showed an improvement in oxygenation; dopamine was given to three infants who were oliguric. All infants survived, and only one infant developed chronic lung disease which was defined by the infant's need for supplemental oxygen beyond 30 days of life.

Topics: Birth Weight; Dopamine; Humans; Hyperventilation; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Meconium; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Insufficiency; Tolazoline

Aspiration of meconium by the fetus at or near delivery may be associated with high infant morbidity and mortality. The meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is often preventable, yet cases of MAS continue to occur. This paper describes the pathophysiology of MAS. The development of MAS involves passage of meconium by a compromised fetus and the subsequent aspiration of that meconium. Respiratory tract obstruction, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis may all result. Treatment of MAS is primarily supportive, and high mortality rates have been reported with the more severe cases. There is good evidence that careful suctioning of the infant's upper respiratory tract can in most cases prevent MAS. The suctioning, performed while the infant's head is still on the mother's perineum and prior to the first inspirations, is both a safe and effective preventive procedure.

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Female; Fetal Hypoxia; Fetus; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pregnancy; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory System; Suction; Syndrome

Sixteen neonatal patients diagnosed as having the meconium aspiration syndrome were selected for management with extracorporeal circulation with a membrane oxygenator (ECMO) with 8 survivors over 4 yr. All patients weighed greater than 2 kg. Each was placed in the 100% mortality group according to a Neonatal Pulmonary Insufficiency Index (NPII) based on hourly pH and FiO2 determinations. The typical patient course on ECMO was stabilization for the first 12 hr then improvement on high bypass flow rates for 12-24 hr to maintain a pAO2 for 50-60 mm Hg with minimal ventilator settings with an FiO2 of 0.3-0.4. Bypass flow rates were reduced to maintain adequate pAO2 with similar ventilator settings for another 24 hr. Survivors were taken off bypass and decannulated while on similar ventilator settings. Nonsurvivors did stabilize or improve but usually exhibited symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage by 48 hr. Intracranial hemorrhage appeared to be related to the degree of prebypass acidosis. Successful ECMO support reduced the expected mortality from severe meconium aspiration from 100% to 50%. Early institution of ECMO, before acidosis worsens, seems to be indicated to reduce the morbidity of conventional ventilator management and to prevent intracranial hemorrhage from severe prebypass acidosis. Long term followup indicates that these patients have progressed satisfactorily according to developmental testing for as long as 4 yr.

Topics: Catheterization; Extracorporeal Circulation; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Meconium; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Respiratory Insufficiency

Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inhalation; Meconium; Pregnancy; Respiration; Respiratory Insufficiency; Suction; Syndrome

Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Inhalation; Meconium; Respiration; Respiratory Insufficiency

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a perinatal problem which requires the full cooperation and coordination of obstetrical and pediatric personnel if it is to be avoided. Prompt, efficient delivery room management can minimize the sequelae of aspirated meconium. However, those infants who develop severe meconium aspiration syndrome are best managed in neonatal intensive care units where they can be closely monitored and vigorously treated.

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Inhalation; Meconium; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Radiography; Respiration; Respiratory Insufficiency; Sheep; Suction; Syndrome; Trachea

Sixteen moribund newborn infants with respiratory failure were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 1 to 8 days. Cannulation via the right jugular vein and carotid artery was used to establish venoarterial-cardiopulmonary bypass. High flow (80 percent of cardiac output) allowed decreasing FIO2 and airway pressure. Diagnoses and results were as follows: respiratory distress syndrome, four patients (two improved, one survived); meconium aspiration syndrome, eight patients (four improved, three survived); persistent fetal circulation (some with diaphragmatic hernia), four patients (three improved, two survived). Intracranial bleeding occurred in 43 percent, accounting for most of the deaths. In a parallel series of 21 infants treated with conventional ventilator therapy, the mortality rate was 90 percent and intracranial bleeding occurred in 57 percent. ECMO provided life support and gains time in newborn respiratory failure. In high mortality risk infants, the rate of survival is higher and intracranial bleeding lower with ECMO than with optimal ventilator management.

Topics: Cerebral Hemorrhage; Extracorporeal Circulation; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Oxygenators, Membrane; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Insufficiency; Thrombocytopenia

Topics: Apgar Score; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Inhalation; Intubation, Intratracheal; Meconium; Pharynx; Radiography; Respiratory Insufficiency; Therapeutic Irrigation; Trachea

Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Abnormalities, Multiple; Colon; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Female; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestine, Small; Meconium; Prostheses and Implants; Respiratory Insufficiency; Transposition of Great Vessels

Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Meconium; Nitrogen; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pulmonary Alveoli; Respiratory Insufficiency; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio

Topics: Age Factors; Apnea; Birth Weight; Body Temperature; Female; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Inhalation; Male; Meconium; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Insufficiency; Time Factors

Topics: Biopsy; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Hyaline Membrane Disease; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Inhalation; Lung; Male; Meconium; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Radiography; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Respiratory Insufficiency; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio

Topics: Acetylcysteine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchi; Bronchial Diseases; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Digestive System; Drainage; Fecal Impaction; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Intestinal Obstruction; Liver Cirrhosis; Lung; Lung Diseases; Meconium; Mucus; Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Therapy; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Salivary Glands; Sweat