morphine and Fetal-Death

Meconium passage in newborn infants is a developmentally programmed event normally occurring within the first 24 to 48 hours after birth. Intrauterine meconium passage in near-term or term fetuses has been associated with fetomaternal stress factors and/or infection, whereas meconium passage in postterm pregnancies has been attributed to gastrointestinal maturation. Despite these clinical impressions, little information is available on the mechanism(s) underlying the normal meconium passage that occurs immediately after birth or during the intrauterine period of fetal development. Birth itself is a stressful process and it is possible that fetal stress-mediated biochemical events may regulate the meconium passage occurring either during labor or after birth. Aspiration of meconium during intrauterine life may result in or contribute to meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), representing a continued leading cause of perinatal death. This article reviews aspects of meconium passage in utero, its consequences, and management.

Topics: Adult; Digestive System; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Development; Fetal Distress; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Obstetrics; Parturition; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Risk Factors; Syndrome

Topics: Cardiotocography; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Monitoring; Humans; Meconium; Medication Errors; Monitoring, Physiologic; Perinatal Care; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Birth Order; Carbon Dioxide; Delivery, Obstetric; Environmental Exposure; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Lactates; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Oxygen; Pregnancy; Respiration; Stress, Physiological; Swine; Swine Diseases; Temperature; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Autopsy; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Death; Hematoma; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Maternal Age; Meconium; Middle Aged; Obstetric Labor Complications; Obstetrical Forceps; Pregnancy; Umbilical Cord; Umbilical Veins

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnanediol; United Kingdom

To evaluate transcervical amnioinfusion for meconium stained amniotic fluid during labour.. Multicentre randomised controlled trial.. A large urban academic hospital. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring was not used.. Women in labour at term with moderate or thick meconium staining of the amniotic fluid.. Transcervical amnioinfusion of 500 mL saline over 30 minutes, then 500 mL at 30 drops per minute. The control group received routine care. Blinding of the intervention was not possible.. Caesarean section, meconium aspiration syndrome and perinatal mortality.. There was no difference in risk for caesarean section in the two groups (amnioinfusion 9.5% vs control 12.3%; RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.53-1.32). Meconium aspiration syndrome was significantly less frequent in the amnioinfusion group (3.1% vs 12.8%; RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.12-0.48), and there was a trend towards fewer perinatal deaths (1.2% vs 3.6%; RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.11-1.06).. Amnioinfusion is technically feasible in a developing country situation with limited intrapartum facilities. In this study amnioinfusion for meconium stained amniotic fluid was associated with striking improvements in perinatal outcome.. The presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Saline amnioinfusion during labor has been shown, in several clinical trials, to reduce the incidence of cesarean section and meconium aspiration syndrome. A randomized controlled trial conducted at Harare Maternity Hospital in Zimbabwe sought to confirm the benefits of amnioinfusion for meconium-stained amniotic fluid during labor for perinatal outcome. In the intervention group (n = 325), 500 ml of saline was transcervically amnioinfused over a 30-minute period, followed by 500 ml at 30 drops per minute for the duration of labor. The control group (n = 336) received routine obstetric care. The cesarean section rate was 9.5% in the intervention group and 12.3% in the control group (relative risk (RR), 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53-1.32). Meconium aspiration syndrome was significantly less frequent in the amnioinfusion group (3.1%) than the control group (12.8%) (RR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.48). The perinatal death rate was 1.2% in the amnioinfusion group and 3.6% among controls (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11-1.06). Also recorded in the amnioinfusion group were significant reductions in the following perinatal morbidity measures: 5-minute Apgar score below 7, neonatal intensive care admissions, neonatal ventilation, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The striking improvements in perinatal outcome recorded among women in the amnioinfusion group suggest the feasibility of more widespread use of this simple procedure in developing country settings without routine electronic fetal monitoring facilities.

Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Adult; Amnion; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Death; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care, Neonatal; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Sodium Chloride; Urban Health; Zimbabwe

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Endoscopy; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Prolonged

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obstetric outcomes and pathologic findings in women with sickle cell trait.. In this retrospective case control study, pregnant women with sickle cell trait were studied over a 4-year period (2001-2005). The women who were delivered at > 16 weeks of gestation were compared with a cohort group of subjects with normal hemoglobin levels, and the placentas were sent for pathologic evaluation.. A total of 180 pregnancies were studied with a like number of control patients. Subjects who had sickle cell trait demonstrated shorter average duration of pregnancy (233 +/- 45 days vs 255 +/- 34 days; P < .001) and lower birth weight (2114 +/- 1093 g vs 2672 +/- 942 g; P < .001). The rate of fetal death was significantly higher among study group patients (3.5% vs 9.7%; P = .015) when compared with the control group. Additionally, in study women, acute ascending amniotic infection and meconium histiocytosis were noted much more frequently. Sickling in the intervillous space and decidual vessels that were not associated with artifactual change was also found among patients sickle cell trait.. Patients with sickle cell trait appear to be at increased risk for fetal loss compared with women with normal hemoglobin levels, and placental abnormalities may play a causal role.

Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Acute Disease; Amnion; Birth Weight; Case-Control Studies; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Viability; Gestational Age; Histiocytosis; Humans; Incidence; Infections; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Retrospective Studies; Sickle Cell Trait

Meconium staining of the skin is a common event associated with fetal hypoxia, stillbirths, weak-born piglets, and neonatal mortality. Aspiration of meconium leads to meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between the degree of meconium staining of the skin at birth, meconium aspiration, and pulmonary changes in porcine neonates. A total of 353 farrowing sows and 3,693 born piglets were monitored during parturition and for 15 days after delivery. Umbilical cords were classified as normal or ruptured. Meconium staining in the skin was graded as nonstained, mildly, moderately, and severely stained. Mortality from birth to 15 days of age was 8.4%. The lungs from 60 meconium-stained piglets and 60 lungs from nonstained piglets were collected and microscopically examined for meconium aspiration and inflammation. Rupture of the umbilical cord was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in meconium-stained piglets. Microscopically, 32% and 40% of the lungs had evidence of meconium for the stained and nonstained groups, respectively. The microscopic grade of meconium aspiration and inflammatory cells was not different between nonstained and meconium-stained piglets. Aspiration of meconium induced a granulomatous response in the lungs. It was concluded that the grade of meconium staining is a good indicator of fetal hypoxia, but not a good predictor for meconium aspiration and MAS in piglets.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Fetal Death; Fetal Hypoxia; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lung; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Skin; Swine; Swine Diseases; Umbilical Cord

To evaluate the effect of 2 oxytocin products administered to sows at the onset of fetal expulsion on the integrity of umbilical cords, meconium staining, and piglet mortality.. 2099 neonatal pigs.. 180 parturient sows were randomly assigned to 3 stratified groups of 60 sows each. Two groups of sows were injected IM at the onset of fetal expulsion with 1 of 2 oxytocin commercial products (20, 40, or 50 U for sows weighing 120 to 150 kg, 151 to 250 kg, or > or = 251 kg, respectively). Control sows were treated IM with saline (0.9% NaCI) solution. Farrowing time, expulsion intervals, and numbers of stillborn and liveborn piglets were recorded for each sow. Piglets were evaluated for inspiratory effort, heart rates, and degree of meconium staining of skin (nonstained, and moderately or severely stained). Umbilical cords were classified as normal in appearance, edematous, congested, hemorrhagic, or ruptured.. Oxytocin-treated sows had a significant decrease in farrowing time and expulsion intervals and also had a significantly higher number of stillborn piglets per litter, compared with control sows. The number of piglets per litter with ruptured and hemorrhagic umbilical cords was significantly greater in oxytocin-treated sows, compared with control sows. In near-death stillborn piglets, oxytocin treatment significantly decreased inspiratory efforts at birth and increased the rate and severity of meconium staining, compared with saline treatment.. Oxytocin given to sows at the onset of fetal expulsion significantly increases the rate of fetal distress, anoxia, and intrapartum death in piglets.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Fetal Death; Heart Rate; Meconium; Oxytocin; Pregnancy; Random Allocation; Swine; Umbilical Cord

Conservative management of intrahepatic obstetric cholestasis is associated with a high stillbirth rate despite monitoring of fetal well-being with non-stress test and amniotic fluid volume assessment. Most cases of stillbirth are associated with meconium passage. We prospectively evaluated the effect of a management protocol inclusive of surveillance for presence of meconium and induction of labor at 37 weeks.. Between January 1989 and December 1997, all women with obstetric cholestasis underwent transcervical amnioscopy after 36 weeks for assessment of amniotic fluid color, in addition to standard monitoring of fetal well-being (semi-weekly non-stress test and amniotic fluid volume determinations). Amniocentesis for fetal lung maturity and amniotic fluid color assessment was performed before 36 weeks in severe cases. Labor was induced at 37 weeks or earlier in the presence of non-reassuring fetal testing, meconium, or severe maternal symptoms unresponsive to therapy with mature fetal lungs. The obstetric outcome of the group with cholestasis was compared with that of the general obstetric population at our Institution during the study period. The rate of fetal death in the study group was compared with that of series published within the last 20 years, which used expectancy and conventional monitoring of fetal well-being. Statistical analysis utilized Fisher's exact test, Chi-square, and Student's t-test with P value <0.05 or an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) not inclusive of the unity considered significant.. Obstetric cholestasis was diagnosed in 206/20,815 pregnant women (1%) at a median gestational age of 34 weeks (range 20-40). Delivery was prompted by non-reassuring fetal testing in four cases (2%). Meconium passage was documented in 33 cases (16%), in 11 of which before onset of labor and in 10 before 37 weeks. The rate of meconium passage before 37 weeks (17.9 versus 2.9%, OR=7.3; 95% CI 3.3, 16.0) was significantly higher in obstetric cholestasis than in the general obstetric population, whereas the cesarean section rate was similar in the two groups (15.1 versus 16.0%, OR=0.9; 95% CI 0.6, 1.4). The fetal death rate was significantly lower in the group managed with the current strategy than in the published series of obstetric cholestasis (0/218 versus 14/888, P=0.045).. In pregnancies complicated by obstetric cholestasis, a protocol inclusive of search for meconium and elective delivery at 37 weeks, in addition to standard monitoring of fetal well-being, can significantly reduce the stillbirth rate without increasing the cesarean delivery rate.

Topics: Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Amniotic Fluid; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Cholestasis, Intrahepatic; Cholestyramine Resin; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Monitoring; Fetoscopy; Gestational Age; Humans; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; S-Adenosylmethionine; Ursodeoxycholic Acid

To determine obstetrical risk factors and pregnancy outcome of fetuses with true knot of the umbilical cord.. Study population included 69,139 singleton deliveries occurring between the years 1990-1997. Data were retrieved from the database of the Soroka University Medical Center. Fetuses with malformations were excluded.. The incidence of true knots was 1.2% (841/69,139). In a multivariate analysis the following factors were found to be significantly associated with true knot of cord: grandmultiparity, chronic hypertension, hydramnios, patients who undergone genetic amniocentesis, male gender and cord problems (prolapse of cord and cord around the neck). The incidence of fetal distress and meconium stained amniotic fluid was significantly higher among patients with true knots of cord (7% versus 3.6%, P<0.001 and 22% versus 16%, respectively, P<0.0001). Moreover, there was a four-fold higher rate of antepartum fetal death among those fetuses (1.9% versus 0.5%, P<0.0001). In addition, fetuses with true knots of the umbilical cord were more often delivered by a cesarean section (130/841 versus 711/68,298, P<0.0001). The following obstetrical factors were found to be significantly correlated to true knots of the umbilical cord in a multiple logistic regression model: gestational diabetes, hydramnios, patients undergoing genetic amniocentesis, male fetuses.. Patients with hydramnios, who underwent genetic amniocentesis and those carrying male fetuses are at an increased risk for having true knots of the umbilical cord. Thus, careful sonographic and Doppler examinations should be seriously performed in these patients for detection of the complication of the umbilical cord.

Topics: Adult; Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Distress; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Meconium; Polyhydramnios; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Sex Characteristics; Torsion Abnormality; Umbilical Cord

A case of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome with intrauterine death of one twin and meconium peritonitis and intravascular disseminated coagulation in the other twin is reported. Meconium peritonitis follows to bowel perforation, caused by segmental severe hypoplasia of muscular layer. The Authors suggest that this structural alteration of bowel wall could be an expression of inequal distribution of some cells between the two twins, during embrional development.

Topics: Adult; Colon; Colonic Diseases; Diseases in Twins; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Fatal Outcome; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetofetal Transfusion; Hemoperitoneum; Humans; Ileal Diseases; Ileum; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Perforation; Meconium; Muscle, Smooth; Peritonitis; Polyhydramnios; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Twins, Monozygotic

To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) in women with preterm delivery.. The study population consisted of consecutive patients who arrived with intact membranes and delivered preterm, singleton neonates at the Soroka Medical Center between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1995. Only vertex presentation was included. Antepartum death was excluded from the study. Patients were classified according to the color of amniotic fluid into two groups: MSAF and clear amniotic fluid. Maternal puerperal complications were defined in our study as the presence of at least one of the next variables: clinical chorioamnionitis; major puerperal infection including endometritis, cesarean section or postpartum hemorrhage. Perinatal complications were defined in our study as: (1) intrapartum death (IPD) or postpartum death (PPD); (2) one or more of the following: 1-min Apgar score <3, 5-min Apgar score <7 or small for gestational age. Rates of perinatal complications were assessed at: (1) 24-27 weeks; (2) 28-31 weeks; (3) 32-36 weeks. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship of MSAF to perinatal complications and maternal morbidity in a multivariate model.. During the study period, a total of 96 566 deliveries occurred in our institution and 4872 (5.0%) deliveries were preterm. Among the women delivering preterm meeting eligibility criteria, 276 (5.7%) women had intrapartum MSAF. A higher rate of IPD and PPD was observed only between 32 and 36 weeks' gestation in patients with MSAF in comparison with patients with clear amniotic fluid [6.1% (14/230) vs. 2.1% (85/4045), respectively, P=0.0001]. A statistically significant higher rate of perinatal complications was found between 28 and 31 weeks' gestation, and even a higher rate was noted between 32 and 36 weeks' gestation in the MSAF group in comparison with patients with clear amniotic fluid [51% (18/35) vs. 27.2% (93/341), respectively, P=0.003; 20% (46/230) vs. 9.8% (396/4045), respectively, P=0.0004].. (1) MSAF is an independent risk factor for perinatal complications in preterm deliveries (OR=1.73, CI: 1.057-2.43, P=0.001; OR=2.35, CI:1.34-4.12, P=0.002, respectively). (2) MSAF was not found to be an independent risk factor for maternal morbidity.

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Apgar Score; Cesarean Section; Chorioamnionitis; Endometritis; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Infections; Logistic Models; Meconium; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders; Risk Factors

To evaluate the perinatal morbidity and mortality of fetuses diagnosed with gastroschisis at our Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center.. A retrospective review of a regional prenatal diagnostic center. Twenty-nine cases of gastroschisis which were diagnosed, managed, delivered and had corrective surgeries through the Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center were identified from 1985 to 1994. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were reviewed. Antepartum testing schemes were reviewed when available to determine whether morbidity or mortality could have potentially been prevented.. Meconium occurrence, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and oligohydramnios complicated 79%, 41% and 36% of the cases, respectively. The perinatal mortality of this series was 241/1000. Significant differences in perinatal mortality were noted when fetal testing was incorporated (200/1000 vs. 286/1000, P < or = 0.001).. Gastroschisis is associated with a high incidence of IUGR, meconium, oligohydramnios and high perinatal mortality. Antenatal testing appears to significantly lower perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis.

Topics: Abdominal Muscles; alpha-Fetoproteins; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetal Monitoring; Humans; Meconium; Oligohydramnios; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies

It is uncertain how often the passage of meconium in utero is a response to some event causing fetal distress as opposed to being simply the physiologic functioning of a maturing intestinal tract. The extent to which meconium may produce injury or inflammation in pulmonary and placental tissues after intrauterine exposure is also unclear. This study was a retrospective review of 123 cases, 79 stillborn and 44 liveborn less than one month of age, autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and showing histologic evidence of intrauterine meconium exposure by aspirated meconium or meconium macrophages in placental tissues. Of 55 cases with pulmonary inflammation, 13 (24%) had fetal pneumonia, 5 (9%) had postnatal bronchopneumonia, and 37 (67%) had inflammation secondary to meconium aspiration. There was inflammation of the umbilical cord in 31 (41%) of the 75 cases with available slides, 11 (15%) had funisitis associated with chorioamnionitis and 18 (58%) were secondary to meconium exposure. There were 19 cases with focal injury of cord vessels from meconium, two of which had cord ulceration. Inflammation of the membranes and chorionic plate was present in 24 (33%) of the 72 cases where it could be assessed, and was due to chorioamnionitis in 11 (46%) and to meconium in 13 (54%). In general, meconium-related inflammations was much less severe in the membranes than in the cord. There were 67 (54%) cases with definite or probable evidence of fetal distress. In 38 (48%) stillborns no cause of fetal death in utero was identified and in 18 (41%) liveborns there was no known prenatal problem. The results support the concept that meconium passage in utero may occur either as a response to fetal distress or as a physiologic process. Inflammation in the lung and placental tissues, and vascular injury in the umbilical cord may arise secondary to in utero exposure to meconium.

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Meconium; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome; Placenta; Placenta Diseases; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Umbilical Cord; Vascular Diseases

When blood or urine is unavailable, postmortem meconium or stool from infants or stillbirths can be used to detect drugs-of-abuse, thus providing datum in assessing drug-abuse exposure. Two case reports illustrate how drugs-of-abuse findings in post-mortem specimens were used to substantiate exposure prior to death or a history of maternal drug abuse. The first, a congenital hydrocephalus, born to a non-drug abusing mother, expired at the age of 41 days, had opiates in the stool by screening method, enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, confirmed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis. Investigation revealed that morphine had been administered for three days prior to death. The second was a stillbirth infant born to a drug abuser. Almost equal amounts of benzoylecgonine were found in different bowel segments, a finding consistent with admitted cocaine use throughout pregnancy.

Topics: Adult; Cocaine; Feces; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Morphine; Pregnancy; Substance-Related Disorders

Postmortem analysis of meconium from three human fetuses exposed to cocaine demonstrated the presence of cocaine in the meconium of a 17-week-old fetus and evidence that the concentration of cocaine in meconium is related to the amount and time of cocaine use by the mother during pregnancy. The latter observation was confirmed in a rat model.

Topics: Animals; Cocaine; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance-Related Disorders

Meconium peritonitis is a sterile, chemical peritonitis resulting from perforation of the bowel in perinatal life. In stillbirths meconium peritonitis is extremely rare. We report the autopsy findings in three fetuses ranging from 21-39 weeks gestation in which meconium peritonitis was identified. Maternal history in two cases was suggestive of possible fetal hypoxia. No family history of cystic fibrosis was discerned. One fetus was hydropic and abdominal calcifications were noted on postmortem radiograph. Gross evidence of meconium in the peritoneal cavity, visceral adhesions, and serosal nodules were noted in two fetuses. Nodules of calcified meconium seen by microscopy were the only clues to diagnosis in the third fetus. The discovery of meconium peritonitis at autopsy may be the only residual evidence of antecedent bowel perforation. We suggest that intrauterine hypoxia may play a role in the development of meconium peritonitis in some cases.

Topics: Adult; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Hypoxia; Humans; Hydrops Fetalis; Male; Meconium; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third

The nonstress test (NST) remains in widespread use for antepartum fetal surveillance. Our institutional experience with 14,028 patients and 38,645 tests over eight years reveals a fetal death rate of 2.6 per 1000 within seven days of a reactive NST. The autopsy findings of 53 fetal deaths are presented. The most common findings, in descending order of frequency, were meconium aspiration, perinatal infection, and abnormal umbilical cord position. These findings support changes we have made in our antepartum assessment protocols.

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Monitoring; Heart Rate, Fetal; Humans; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Meconium; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pregnancy; Umbilical Cord

Since the advent in recent years of midtrimester amniocentesis for genetic testing, there has been an increasing number of reports of occasional instances of meconium-stained amniotic fluid of uncertain prognostic significance. Previous reports have suggested a fetal mortality of 30%. With larger series now available for study, more accurate information on the incidence of this occurrence and its significance is presented. The present series consists of 4709 consecutive amniocenteses performed from 1978 to 1983, at two genetic testing centers in Portland, Oregon. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was found in 79 cases, for an incidence of 1.67%. Contrary to previously published reports, the fetal mortality was 5.06%. Thus the finding of meconium-stained amniotic fluid during midtrimester genetic amniocentesis may not carry the ominous prognosis that originally might have been predicted.

Topics: Adult; Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Genetic Testing; Gestational Age; Humans; Maternal Age; Meconium; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy, High-Risk; Staining and Labeling

Two hundred and eighteen cases of hemorrhagic endovasculitis (HEV), a recently recognized abnormality of human placentas, were identified from placentas submitted to the Michigan Placental Tissue Registry over a 2.5-year period. HEV appears to focus on fetal placental blood vessels with resultant fragmentation and destruction of fetal RBCs, hemorrhage into villous stroma, microthrombi in villous capillaries and non-exudative necrosis of medium sized chorionic vessels. Placentas without HEV submitted for evaluation from the same hospitals were selected for comparison. Women with HEV placentas were of similar age, race and parity as control women. The sex of the fetus of HEV cases was somewhat more often female (57% vs. 48%, P = 0.05). The presence of HEV appeared to have a deleterious effect on the outcome of pregnancy: 52% (112/218) of the HEV placentas were associated with stillborn infants, in contrast to only 22% (89/400) of control placentas. The difference in the proportion of stillbirths was greatest when the gestational age was 25 weeks or greater. Other significant positive associations with HEV included the presence of meconium staining, intrauterine growth retardation, smaller placentas, and maternal hypertension or toxemia. Pathologic findings associated with HEV were chronic villitis, erythroblastosis, thrombosis and cord abnormalities. No association was found with infant Apgar score or fetal anomalies. The association of HEV with a high proportion of stillbirths in the registry suggests that further understanding of this lesion might shed light on the problem of unexplained stillbirth.

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Male; Meconium; Placenta Diseases; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Registries; Risk; Vasculitis

Topics: Adult; Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second

The Authors examined perinatal outcome and presence of accelerations in cardiotocographic records in a group of patients showing meconium staining of amniotic fluid in labor, in comparison with the data of a control group. The first group showed an average Apgar between 1' and 5' and an average number of accelerations every 30' significantly lower than those of the control group. Moreover the study of accelerations confirmed that an average of more than 5 accelerations every 30' is a clear indicator of fetal well-being.

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Apgar Score; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Distress; Fetal Heart; Fetal Monitoring; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Pregnancy; Uterine Contraction

Three pregnancies in which indomethacin was given for several days to arrest premature delivery ended in oligohydramnion, meconium and perinatal death. These findings, together with previous information from animal experimentation and experience in humans reported on in the literature, show that indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, may interfere with the normal uteroplacental circulation, amniotic fluid production, renal functions and neonatal cardiopulmonary adaptation. The possible hazards of indomethacin treatment during the third trimester of pregnancy are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Indomethacin; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Distress; Humans; Hypoxanthines; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Inosine; Meconium; Pregnancy; Purines; Xanthines

Sixty-six patients with chronic hypertension were cared for during a total of 72 pregnancies. Patients were treated at home primarily by greater than or equal to 4 hours of bed rest daily in the left recumbent position. Only patients whose diastolic blood pressures remained greater than 110 mmHg were treated with hydralazine (Apresoline, Ciba). With this plan of treatment there were only 3 perinatal deaths for an uncorrected perinatal mortality of 4.1% (1.4% corrected). Twenty-nine percent of the patients had babies that were small for gestational age, 13.8% had positive oxytocin challenge tests, and 36.8% developed superimposed preeclampsia. When compared with the outcome of previous pregnancies, the program of bed rest lowered perinatal mortality from 16.8 to 8.8%. Thus, it is suggested that bed rest together with the avoidance of diuretics and the judicious use of hydralazine results in the most favorable fetal outcome.

Topics: Bed Rest; Birth Weight; Chronic Disease; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hydralazine; Hypertension; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Meconium; Oxytocin; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular

We have recently had eight cases of severe meconium aspiration syndrome which occurred despite clearing of the posterior pharynx of meconium after delivery of the head but before delivery of the body. Seven of the eight cases had documented fetal distress before delivery. Two stillborns with meconium aspiration are presented and illustrate that electronic fetal monitoring and aggressive obstetric intervention should be coupled with the suctioning technic to prevent significant mortality and morbidity associated with meconium-stained deliveries.

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Inhalation; Male; Meconium; Pregnancy; Respiration

Serial human placental lactogen (hPL) determinations were performed on 806 women with normal and abnormal pregnancies late in the pregnancy. These results were not reported to the clinicians involved. For the study population as a whole, low hPL levels did not effectively predict those adverse perinatal outcome variables evaluated. Further analysis revealed that this was true both for the normal and abnormal pregnancy groups. Our data do not support the routine use of antepartum hPL screening, as advocated by others, as a means of improving perinatal outcome. In certain at-risk patients, there was an association between low hPL values and the presence of 1 or more of the adverse outcome variables. However, these patients had been recognized clinically as having fetuses in jeopardy.

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Growth Retardation; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Meconium; Placental Lactogen; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Diagnosis; Risk

The importance of meconium passage as a sign of the third-trimester fetus in distress is well known. The significance of similar observations in the midtrimester fetus is much less certain. The increasing use of amniocentesis during the middle trimester for the diagnosis of genetic disease makes ascertainment of such data important. Ten instances of meconium-stained amniotic fluid in the last 514 amniocenteses performed at our institution for antenatal genetic diagnosis are reported. Seven pregnancies have ended at term with normal deliveries. Three pregnancies have terminated with fetal death. Meconium staining may be a sign of impending fetal death when passed during the second trimester. When accompanied by alpha-fetoprotein elevation two of three pregnancies terminated with fetal death.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Fetoproteins; Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Distress; Genetic Diseases, Inborn; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Age; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Distress; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Pregnancy

One hundred four postdate pregnancies were managed according to a well-defined protocol calling for weekly oxytocin challenge tests and urinary estriols three times per week. Although the perinatal mortality rate in these patients was not increased there was a significant increase in the incidence of neonatal morbidity and complications. The clinical syndrome of dysmaturity was seen in 20 per cent of the neonates. When meconium was present in the amniotic fluid the incidence of neonatal and fetal complications was higher. The cesarean section rate was twice the normal rate, with nonprogression of labor being the commonest indication. It is recommended that: (1) pregnancies carried beyond 42 weeks do not require termination simply because they are post dates; (2) all postdate patients should be monitored during labor; (3) trained personnel to initiate neonatal resuscitation should be present at each postdate delivery.

Topics: Amniocentesis; Cesarean Section; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Heart; Fetal Monitoring; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Oxytocin; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Risk

The significance of MSAL as a sign of fetal distress is controversial. To better assess this condition, we present a classification of MSAL based on the timing and quantity of meconium passed and divided into early light, early heavy, and late passage of MSAL. By means of this classification with a problem-oriented risk assessment system, 2,933 pregnancies were prospectively evaluated during labor. The incidence of meconium passage was 22 per cent, of which early light constituted 53.6 per cent, early heavy 25.2 per cent, and late passage 21.2 per cent. Early heavy MSAL is associated with increased fetal and neonatal morbidity and death, and with a number of antecedent obstetric problems. Late passage of MSAL encountered no perinatal losses, but is associated with increased neonatal morbidity occurring late in labor. Early light MSAL, constituting over half of all our meconium group of patients, is not associated with any increased intrapartum or neonatal morbidity or death. This classification of MSAL is an effective tool for risk assessment during labor.

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Birth Weight; Classification; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Inhalation; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Risk; Syndrome; Time Factors

Meconium was present on the fleece of 114 newborn lambs in sixty-two per cent of the cases. It was observed in forty per cent of the firstlings of primiparae, whereas the highest proportion (eighty-two per cent) was seen in the group of the lambs of pluriparous ewes, which were born later. A short normal gestation period (less than 144 days), a low birth-weight (less than 4.0 kg.) and a short period of parturition appear to result in a reduced incidence of the presence of meconium.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Birth Weight; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Labor Presentation; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Pregnancy; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

The value of the contraction stress test (CST), although well documented in late pregnancy, has been questioned earlier in gestation. We have evaluated the reliability of the CST in 102 patients tested before 33 weeks' gestation. Eighteen patients with a positive CST had a significantly higher incidence of abnormal urinary estriol excretion (60% of patients), low Apgar scores (44%), growth retardation (39%), and perinatal mortality (277/1000) than did 84 women without a positive CST. Two stillbirths and 3 neonatal deaths occurred in the positive CST group. None of the neonatal losses was due to unnecessary premature intervention. Four patients with a positive CST showed no signs of fetal compromise, a false positive rate of 22%. Delivery was safely delayed an average of 6.1 weeks in patients without a positive CST. These findings demonstrate the predictive value of the CST and support its clinical application early in the third trimester.

Topics: Apgar Score; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Prenatal Diagnosis; Retrospective Studies; Uterine Contraction

A prospective study of 1000 consecutive primigravidae was conducted to assess the relevance of the colour of the liquor to the welfare of the child. The results showed that clear liquor early in labour virtually ensures the birth of a healthy infant, provided the duration of labour is limited and delivery is effected without trauma; and, conversely, that meconium--or no liquor--marks the fetus who may suffer death or brain damage during normal labour. Special techniques were reserved for the second group of cases.

Topics: Female; Fetal Blood; Fetal Death; Fetal Monitoring; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies

A controlled study for the management of antepartum meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) detected by amnioscopy performed in a total of 508 patients is presented. The incidence of antepartum MSAF was 2.2%, while intrapartum MSAF was found in 15% of cases. A significant incidence of depressed neonates was found in the latter group. Patients with antepartum MSAF had no perinatal losses, whether managed expectantly or by oxytocin induction. Immediate operative intervention (ie, cesarean section) is not warranted. Observations on FHR patterns, fetal pH, and Apgar scores of these patients are presented.

Topics: Apgar Score; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Distress; Fetal Heart; Fetoscopy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Care; Prenatal Diagnosis

Topics: Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Bilirubin; Creatinine; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Humans; Meconium; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic

A five-year review of 127 elderly patients (35 years of age and over), in their first pregnancies, defines the risk to the fetus in terms of perinatal death and neonatal morbidity. With the equivalent of a perinatal mortality rate of 94/1,000, an 11 per cent incidence of small-for-dates infants, and a neonatal morbidity rate of 18 per cent, there would still appear to be a need for an increased awareness of the fetal risks in this group and an increased emphasia on their prevention. Areas of management in prenatal care and labor which might reduce these figures are defined.

Topics: Adult; Apgar Score; Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Congenital Abnormalities; Delivery, Obstetric; Extraction, Obstetrical; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Follow-Up Studies; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature; Labor, Induced; Labor, Obstetric; Maternal Age; Meconium; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Prolonged

Over the last 4 years at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, Women's Hospital, clinical interest in antepartum fetal monitoring has increased considerably. As a result of approximately 1,500 tests in some 600 patients at high risk for placental insufficiency, we have reached several conclusions regarding the methods for antepartum fetal monitoring, criteria for interpretation of the results obtained, and the role of antepartum monitoring information in clinical management. In this paper, the results of "stress" monitoring (monitoring in the presence of uterine contractions) are presented. The term "oxytocin challenge test" is used in reference to "stressed" monitoring even though sometimes the contractions were spontaneous, or without oxytocin stimulation.

Topics: Cesarean Section; Electrocardiography; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Heart; Heart Rate; Hemoglobinopathies; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Monitoring, Physiologic; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Oxytocin; Phonocardiography; Placenta Diseases; Placenta Previa; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Prenatal Diagnosis; Ultrasonography; Uterus

Topics: Adolescent; Amniotic Fluid; Electrocardiography; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Monitoring, Physiologic; Obstetric Labor Complications; Oxytocin; Pregnancy

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Haplorhini; Histocytochemistry; Ileum; Inclusion Bodies; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Lymph Nodes; Macaca mulatta; Meconium; Microscopy, Electron; Papio; Pigments, Biological; Pregnancy; Pyrroles

Topics: Albumins; Amniotic Fluid; Apgar Score; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Calcium; Cholesterol; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Glucose; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Meconium; Nitrogen; Parity; Phosphorus; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Urea; Uric Acid

Topics: Abruptio Placentae; Acidosis; Amniotic Fluid; Apgar Score; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetoscopy; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Induced; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Body Weight; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Gestational Age; Humans; Meconium; Nutrition Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Birth Weight; Cholestasis; Female; Fetal Death; Follow-Up Studies; Gestational Age; Hepatitis A; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Jaundice; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pruritus; Recurrence

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Caudate Nucleus; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Inhalation; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prognosis; Radiography; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn

Topics: Adult; Amnion; Amniotic Fluid; Apgar Score; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetoscopy; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Prolonged

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Meconium; Placenta Previa; Pregnancy

Topics: Apgar Score; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Gestational Age; Heart Rate; Hospitals, Community; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Obstetric; Maryland; Meconium; Monitoring, Physiologic; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Uterine Inertia

Topics: Anthropometry; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Birth Weight; Child Development; Congenital Abnormalities; Emaciation; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Meconium; Nails; Neurologic Manifestations; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Sleep Wake Disorders; Social Behavior; Thumb; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cholesterol; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Meconium; Methods; Placenta Diseases; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vernix Caseosa

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Gestational Age; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Oxytocin; Phosphatidylcholines; Pregnancy; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; Sphingomyelins; Ultrasonography

Topics: Abruptio Placentae; Amnion; Amniotic Fluid; Apgar Score; Endoscopy; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetoscopy; Humans; Hypoxia; Meconium; Placenta Previa; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Prolonged

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Apgar Score; Birth Weight; Computers; Cyanosis; Electrocardiography; Extraction, Obstetrical; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Heart; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Labor Presentation; Labor, Obstetric; Male; Maternal Age; Meconium; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Twins

Topics: Aminopeptidases; Amniotic Fluid; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Humans; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Meconium; Photometry; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Prolonged

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Health Surveys; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Methods; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Antibodies; Bilirubin; Blood; Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine; Diagnostic Errors; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Gestational Age; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Methods; Pigments, Biological; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; Spectrophotometry; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Adult; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Perforation; Intestine, Small; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Peritonitis; Pregnancy

Topics: Adult; Autopsy; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics

Topics: Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Monitoring, Physiologic; Obstetrics; Pregnancy

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Australia; Estriol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor Presentation; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Prolonged; Punctures

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriuria; Birth Weight; Female; Fetal Death; Germany, West; Hematuria; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meconium; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pyelonephritis

Topics: Adult; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Germany, West; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Monitoring, Physiologic; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hypoxia; Jaundice; Meconium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meconium; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Topics: Adult; Amnion; Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine; Chromium Isotopes; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Methods; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Punctures; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; Thermography

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant Mortality; Labor, Induced; Meconium; Methods; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Prolonged

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Color; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newborn; London; Lung; Meconium; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkalosis; Amniotic Fluid; Blood Chemical Analysis; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypoxia; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy

Topics: Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Meconium; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pregnancy

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Blood; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Heart; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Pregnancy; Scalp; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid; Amniotic Fluid; Anencephaly; Biomedical Research; Chromium Isotopes; Deglutition; Erythrocytes; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Polyhydramnios; Pregnancy; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Blood Circulation; Classification; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Distress; Fetal Heart; Fetal Hemoglobin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meconium; Metabolism; Pathology; Placenta; Pregnancy

Topics: Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor Presentation; Labor, Obstetric; Meconium; Pregnancy

Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Bradycardia; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Distress; Fetal Heart; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Placenta; Pregnancy