morphine and Edema

This report focuses on the relationship of placental pathology to unfavorable pregnancy outcome. Relevant literature is cited and data from the author's investigations are reported and tabulated. The reader will find detailed information on placental lesions that have not been completely investigated or discussed previously. Particular considerations include placental meconium staining, edema, acute and chronic intrauterine infections, placental fetal vasculopathy with fetal nucleated red blood cells, and chorangiosis or other placental dysmaturity. These pathologic changes often signify the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy and other developmental disorders. Almost 90% of neurodevelopmental disorders are initiated before the intrapartum period. Prenatal asphyxia or severe chronic fetal hypoxia are probably present therein. Most investigations of these afflictions are invalid because they do not include placental study with well-designed epidemiologic methods. The pathologic placental findings that are most strongly associated with perinatal asphyxia include chronic ischemic changes, fetal nucleated red blood cells, intravillous hemorrhage, fetal fibrin vascular intimal cushions, meconium staining, and placental intervillous fibrin. Chorioamnionitis is a pathologic entity rather than a clinical syndrome as defined by obstetricians. When it causes severe prematurity, chorioamnionitis is also associated with cerebral palsy.

Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Chorioamnionitis; Edema; Erythrocytes; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Specimen Handling

Pain is the most common reason a patient sees a physician. Nevertheless, the use of typical painkillers is not completely effective in controlling all pain syndromes; therefore further attempts have been made to develop improved analgesic drugs. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antinociceptive properties of physalins B (1), D (2), F (3), and G (4) isolated from Physalis angulata in inflammatory and centrally mediated pain tests in mice. Systemic pretreatment with 1-4 produced dose-related antinociceptive effects on the writhing and formalin tests, traditional screening tools for the assessment of analgesic drugs. On the other hand, only 3 inhibited inflammatory parameters such as hyperalgesia, edema, and local production of TNF-α following induction with complete Freund's adjuvant. Treatment with 1, 3, and 4 produced an antinociceptive effect on the tail flick test, suggesting a centrally mediated antinociception. Reinforcing this idea, 2-4 enhanced the mice latency reaction time during the hot plate test. Mice treated with physalins did not demonstrate motor performance alterations. These results suggest that 1-4 present antinociceptive properties associated with central, but not anti-inflammatory, events and indicate a new pharmacological property of physalins.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Freund's Adjuvant; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mice; Molecular Structure; Pain; Pain Measurement; Physalis; Secosteroids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Since inflammation and oxidation play a key role in the pathophysiology of neonatal meconium aspiration syndrome, various anti-inflammatory drugs have been tested in the treatment. This study evaluated whether the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 inhibitor olprinone can alleviate meconium-induced inflammation and oxidative lung injury. Oxygen-ventilated rabbits intratracheally received 4 ml/kg of meconium (25 mg/ml) or saline. Thirty minutes after meconium/saline instillation, meconium-instilled animals were treated by intravenous olprinone (0.2 mg/kg) or were left without treatment. All animals were oxygen-ventilated for an additional 5 h. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of the left lungs was performed and differential leukocyte count in the sediment was estimated. The right lungs were used to determine lung edema by wet/dry weight ratio, as well as to detect oxidative damage to the lungs. In the lung tissue homogenate, total antioxidant status (TAS) was determined. In isolated lung mitochondria, the thiol group content, conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), dityrosine, lysine-lipid peroxidation products, and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) were estimated. To evaluate the effects of meconium instillation and olprinone treatment on the systemic level, TBARS and TAS were determined in the blood plasma, as well. Meconium instillation increased the relative numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in the BAL fluid, increased edema formation and concentrations of oxidation markers, and decreased TAS. Treatment with olprinone reduced the numbers of polymorphonuclears in the BAL fluid, decreased the formation of most oxidation markers in the lungs, reduced lung edema and prevented a decrease in TAS in the lung homogenate compared to non-treated animals. In the blood plasma, olprinone decreased TBARS and increased TAS compared to the non-treated group. Conclusion, the selective PDE3 inhibitor olprinone has shown potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in the meconium-induced oxidative lung injury.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Humans; Imidazoles; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Lung Injury; Meconium; Mitochondria; Oxidative Stress; Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors; Pyridones; Rabbits

We have synthesized a series of new β-carboline-tripeptide conjugates, and examined their anti-inflammatory properties in a mouse model of xylene-induced ear edema. The analgesic capacity of these compounds was further evaluated in a rodent tail flick assay. Our results indicate that β-carboline conjugate 4a manifests potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity while exerting a protective effect against mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carbolines; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Male; Mesenteric Arteries; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Models, Molecular; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Molecular Structure; Oligopeptides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Stereoisomerism; Xylenes

To discover analgesics for treating chronic pain 17 novel Schiff's bases, N,N'-(Z-allylidene-1,3-diyl)bisamino acid methyl esters were prepared from 1,1,3,3,-tetramethoxypropane and amino acid methyl esters. On tail-flick mouse model 20 micromol/kg of these Schiff's bases were orally administered, the analgesic action started 30 min after administration, reached the maximum 120 min after administration, and at 180 min this action was still observed. On a xylene-induced ear edema mouse model 20 micromol/kg of these Schiff's bases exhibited desirable anti-inflammation. Thus the present Schiff's bases are able to treat chronic pain from inflammation. The effect of the side chains of the amino acid residues of these Schiff's bases on the analgesic activity was explained with 3D QSAR.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Ear; Edema; Esters; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Pain; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Schiff Bases; Stereoisomerism; Xylenes

In this paper, we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of pyrazine N-acylhydrazone (NAH) derivatives (2a-s) designed as novel analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug candidates. This series was planned by molecular simplification of prototype 1 (LASSBio-1018), previously described as a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Derivatives 2a-s were evaluated in several animal models of pain and inflammation, standing-out compound 2o (2-N'-[(E)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) methylidene]-2-pyrazinecarbohydrazide; LASSBio-1181), that was also active in a murine model of chronic inflammation (i.e., adjuvant-induced arthritis test in rats) and can be considered a new analgesic and anti-inflammatory lead for drug development.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis; Ear; Edema; Female; Freund's Adjuvant; Hydrazones; Male; Mice; Pain; Peritonitis; Pyrazines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Zymosan

Acetic acid hydrazide containing 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolinone (4) was synthesized by the condensation of 2-(5-methyl-2-benzoxazolinone-3-yl)acetate with hydrazine hydrate. Thiosemicarbazide derivatives (5a-5d) were afforded by the reaction of corresponding compound 4 with substituted isothiocyanates. The cyclization of compounds 5a-5d in the presence of triethylamine resulted in the formation of compounds 6a-6d containing 1,2,4-triazole ring. On the other hand, the treatment of compounds 5a-5d with orthophosphoric acid caused the conversion of side chain of compounds 5a-5d into 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring: thus, compounds 7a-7c were obtained. The treatment of compound 4 with aromatic aldehydes resulted in the formation of arylidene hydrazides as cis-trans conformers (8a-8e). The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectral and elemental analysis. While most compounds were exhibiting high activity in the analgesic-anti-inflammatory field, most of them were found to be inactive against bacteria and fungi.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Benzoxazoles; Crystallography, X-Ray; Edema; Hindlimb; Hydrazones; Methylation; Mice; Microbial Viability; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Semicarbazides; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiadiazoles; Triazoles

Topics: Adult; Edema; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Meconium; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Ultrasonography

Topics: Adult; Cysts; Edema; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Radiography

Topics: Edema; Electrophoresis; Female; Fetofetal Transfusion; Gestational Age; Growth Disorders; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meconium; Pregnancy; Transferrin; Trypsin