mobic and Acute-Pain

Disbudding is a common procedure practiced in the dairy industry and is known to cause pain when performed without pain control. Dairy producers who disbud calves with caustic paste are less likely to provide pain control than those using cautery. Little research has been conducted on pain control for caustic paste disbudding and no studies have specifically examined calves under 9 d of age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of local anesthesia and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesia on indicators of pain and inflammation in dairy calves disbudded using caustic paste. One hundred forty Holstein heifer calves 1 to 9 d of age were enrolled in 28 blocks and randomly allocated to 1 of 5 treatments: sham control (SH); positive control (POS); lidocaine cornual nerve block (LC); meloxicam (MEL); and lidocaine cornual nerve block plus meloxicam (LCM). We measured outcomes including serum cortisol and haptoglobin, pressure sensitivity, and lying behavior. Data were analyzed using mixed linear regression models with treatment as a fixed effect, baseline values as a covariate, and trial block as a random effect. Compared with the POS group, the LCM group had reduced serum cortisol at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min post-disbudding; cortisol values were not different between LC, LCM, and SH calves at these time points. At 60, 90, 120, and 180 min post-disbudding, LCM calves had reduced cortisol compared with LC calves, whereas, values did not differ between LCM and SH calves at these time points. At 3 to 4 d post-disbudding, the LCM group tended to have reduced haptoglobin, but no differences were found between groups at 180 min and 7 d post-disbudding. At 60, 90, and 120 min post-disbudding, LC and LCM treated calves had decreased pressure sensitivity compared with other groups. No differences were seen in pressure sensitivity between groups at 180 min, 3 to 4 or 7 d post-disbudding. No differences in lying behavior were found between treatment groups on any of the 7 d following disbudding. These findings demonstrate that the combination of a local anesthetic with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is beneficial for reducing indicators of pain and inflammation in young calves disbudded with caustic paste.

Topics: Acute Pain; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animal Welfare; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Caustics; Cautery; Dairying; Female; Horns; Lidocaine; Meloxicam; Nerve Block; Ointments

To evaluate the efficacy of oral meloxicam, topical anaesthetic cream and cautery iron in mitigating acute nociceptive responses of pigs to tail docking.. A prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study.. A total of 40 healthy Large WhitexLandrace pigs aged 21±1 days, weighing 6.1±0.9 kg.. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n=10 per treatment): CONTROL: docked using clippers without analgesia; MEL: docked using clippers after administration of oral meloxicam; EMLA: docked using clippers after application of topical anaesthetic cream; and CAUT: docked using a cautery iron without analgesia. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Following induction, end-tidal halothane was stabilized at 0.95-1.05% and electroencephalograph (EEG) recording commenced. After 5 minutes of baseline data collection, tail docking was performed and recording continued for a further 10 minutes. The EEG summary variables median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (P. Prior application of EMLA cream abolished EEG indicators of nociception in pigs docked using clippers. Docking using a cautery iron without analgesia ameliorated EEG indicators of nociception, relative to using clippers without analgesia. Prior administration of EMLA cream or the use of cautery instead of clippers may reduce the acute pain experienced by pigs undergoing tail docking.

Topics: Acute Pain; Administration, Oral; Amputation, Surgical; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Electroencephalography; Female; Male; Meloxicam; Sus scrofa; Tail; Thiazines; Thiazoles

Breast cancer surgery is known to cause severe acute postoperative pain, which can persist for a long time. We administered nefopam preventively to patients undergoing lumpectomy with axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy, and evaluated its efficacy on acute and chronic postoperative pain.Enrolled patients were assigned to the nefopam (n = 41) or the control (n = 42) group. Before initiating the operation, 20 mg of nefopam was given to the patients of the nefopam group, and normal saline was used in the control group. Ketorolac was given at the end of surgery, and meloxicam was prescribed in the postoperative period to all patients in both groups. Pain was assessed using a numerical rating scale (NRS), and the rescue analgesic drug was given when the NRS was >5. Implementation of postoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), or hormone therapy was evaluated.The NRS of postoperative pain was significantly lower in the nefopam than in the control group in the postanesthetic care unit (4.5 ± 2.2 vs 5.7 ± 1.5, respectively; P = 0.01), at postoperative 6 h (3.0 ± 1.6 vs 4.5 ± 1.3, respectively; P < 0.001), and at postoperative 24 h (3.1 ± 1.1 vs 3.8 ± 1.5, respectively; P = 0.01) with reduced use of rescue analgesic drugs. Significantly fewer patients suffered from chronic postoperative pain in the nefopam than in the control group at postoperative 3 months (36.6% vs 59.5%, P = 0.04). Considering only the cohort without postoperative adjuvant RT, the difference in the proportion of patients reporting chronic pain increased (23.5% in the nefopam group vs 61.5% in the control group, P = 0.04).Preventive nefopam was helpful in reducing the acute postoperative pain, with reduced use of rescue analgesic drugs, and it contributed to reduced occurrence of chronic pain at postoperative 3 months after breast cancer surgery.

Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Axilla; Breast Neoplasms; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; Chronic Pain; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Ketorolac; Mastectomy, Segmental; Meloxicam; Middle Aged; Nefopam; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Preoperative Care; Prospective Studies; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Thiazines; Thiazoles

To evaluate the safety of etoricoxib in patients with acute nonspecific back pain associated with the high risk of cardiovascular events (CVE) in clinical practice.. The open prospective follow-up by a simple randomization method included 80 patients, including 49 women and 31 men (mean 60.8±4.7 years). The patients were randomized into 4 groups of 20 persons each: 1) etoricoxib 90 mg/day; 2) nimesulide 100 mg/day; 3) diclofenac 100 mg/day; 4) meloxicam 15 mg/day. The investigation lasted 90±4.5 days. The interim evaluation criteria (study points) were pain changes using a visual analog scale (VAS); blood pressure (BP) changes; diurnal BP rhythm; and changes in coagulation hemostatic parameters and blood biochemical markers. The primary evaluation criteria (study endpoints) were the incidence of CVE in the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).. The patients with acute back pain were shown to have a high incidence of comorbidities during outpatient care. The administration of NSAIDs resulted in a significant reduction in the magnitude and intensity of pain syndrome according to VAS in all the groups just on day 3 of therapy with a more marked analgesia in patients receiving etoricoxib and diclofenac. All the groups exhibited an increase in average daily systolic and diastolic BP with the most favorable profile in Group 1 patients. The intake of etoricoxib and other NSAIDs provided no evidence for changes in hemostatic parameters and biochemical markers during 10 weeks. The safety of etoricoxib was comparable with that of NSAIDs in its effect on the plasma hemostatic system.. Unlike nimesulide, diclofenac, and meloxicam, etoricoxib was characterized by a rapid steady-state analgesic effect with a less pronounced action on diurnal BP rhythm. Within 3 months after treatment, no acute CVE was recorded in the patients taking etoricoxib.. Цель исследования. Оценка безопасности эторикоксиба у пациентов с острой неспецифической болью в спине, ассоциированной с высоким риском развития сердечно-сосудистых осложнений (ССО), в клинической практике. Материалы и методы. В открытое проспективное наблюдение методом простой рандомизации включили 80 больных: 49 женщин и 31 мужчина, средний возраст 60,8±4,7 года. Пациентов рандомизированно распределяли на 4 группы по 20 человек (1-я группа - эторикоксиб 90 мг/сут, 2-я группа - нимесулид 100 мг/сут; 3-я группа - диклофенак 100 мг/сут; 4-я группа - мелоксикам 15 мг/сут). Продолжительность исследования составила 90±4,5 дня. Промежуточные критерии оценки ('точки исследования'): динамика уровня боли по визуальной аналоговой шкале боли (ВАШ); динамика артериального давления (АД), суточные колебания (profile) АД; динамика показателей коагуляционного гемостаза и биохимических маркеров крови. Основные критерии оценки ('конечные точки исследования'): частота развития ССО на фоне приема нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов (НПВП). Результаты. Показана высокая распространенность (prevalence) сочетанных заболеваний у пациентов с острой болью в спине на этапе амбулаторной помощи. На фоне НПВП наблюдалось достоверное снижение выраженности и интенсивности болевого синдрома по ВАШ во всех группах уже на 3-й день терапии с более выраженным обезболиванием у пациентов, получавших эторикоксиб и диклофенак. Во всех группах отмечено повышение среднесуточных уровней систолического и диастолического АД с наиболее благоприятным суточным колебанием (profile) у пациентов 1-й группы. Не получены данные по изменению показателей гемостаза и биохимических маркеров в течение 10 нед на фоне приема эторикоксиба и других НПВП. Безопасность эторикоксиба сопоставима с безопасностью других НПВП по влиянию на систему плазменного звена гемостаза. Заключение. Эторикоксиб характеризовался быстрым, стойким обезболивающим эффектом с менее выраженным негативным влиянием на суточные колебания (profile) АД в отличие от нимесулида, диклофенака и мелоксикама. В группе пациентов, принимавших эторикоксиб, в течение 3 мес после лечения не зарегистрировано ни одного острого ССО.

Topics: Acute Pain; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Back Pain; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Diclofenac; Etoricoxib; Female; Humans; Male; Meloxicam; Middle Aged; Pyridines; Sulfonamides; Sulfones; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Acute Pain; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bursitis; C-Reactive Protein; Calcinosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Meloxicam; Middle Aged; Shoulder Pain; Tendinopathy

Rutin, naturally occurring flavonoid, has reported to cover interesting multiple pharmacological properties. This study evaluated rutin or/and meloxicam effects in paw inflammation induced by formalin in mice. Mice were divided into four groups: I-Formalin group, II-Rutin 60 mg/kg (p.o.), III-Meloxicam 10 mg/kg (p.o.), plus IV-Combined rutin and meloxicam. Therapies were administered once a day for 7 days. The curative effects were assessed on inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Both rutin and/or meloxicam induced marked improvement in paw licking time on the 1st day and by combined treatment only on the 3rd day as well reduction in paw edema% on the 3rd day. Moreover, noticeable progress in liver malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities as well decline in paw interleukin-1β level and extent of apoptosis. The results spot light on the good influence of combined rutin and meloxicam in formalin-induced mice paw inflammation to a better extent than either rutin or meloxicam lonely.

Topics: Acute Pain; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Behavior, Animal; Cellulitis; Connective Tissue; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edema; L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; Liver; Male; Meloxicam; Mice; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Random Allocation; Rutin; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiazines; Thiazoles

In Western Canada, approximately half of the calves produced are castrated before 1 wk of age. Therefore, it is important to identify effective analgesic drugs to mitigate pain associated with castration and consequently improve animal welfare. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single s.c. dose of meloxicam at mitigating pain associated with knife and band castration in 1-wk-old calves. Seventy-two Angus crossbred bull calves (47.3 ± 6.70 kg of body weight (BW), 1 wk old) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design where main factors included castration method-sham (CT), band (BA) or knife (KN) castration- and medication-lactate ringer (NM) or 0.5 mg/kg BW of meloxicam (M). Measurements included different physiological and behavioral parameters. Samples were collected on day -1, immediately before castration (T0); and 60, 90, and 120 min and 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after castration except for visual analog scale (VAS) which was collected at the time of castration. The salivary cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.04) in KN and BA calves than CT calves 60 min after castration, while 90 min after castration BA had greater concentrations than CT calves. Substance P concentrations were greater (P = 0.04) in NM calves than M calves on d 3 and 7 after castration. The serum amyloid-A (SAA) concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in KN calves than BA and CT calves on days 0, 2, and 3, while BA calves had greater SAA concentrations on day 7 than KN and CT calves. The visual analog scores were greater (P < 0.01) in KN calves than BA, and in BA compared to CT calves. The KN calves tail flicked more (P < 0.01) than BA and CT calves, and NM calves tail flicked more (P = 0.03) than M calves. No castration or medication effect (P > 0.10) was observed for stride length, walking, standing, lying ventral, eating, foot stamping, head turning, lying and standing percentage, performance, platelets, or body temperature. Overall, knife castrated calves exhibited a greater acute pain response than band castrated calves. Meloxicam was able to reduce substance P concentrations, white blood cell counts and number of tail flicks after castration, suggesting that the drug was able to mitigate acute pain to some extent. However, meloxicam did not have an effect on the other physiological and behavioral parameters assessed.

Topics: Acute Pain; Analgesics; Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Canada; Cattle; Eating; Hydrocortisone; Male; Meloxicam; Orchiectomy; Pain Measurement; Substance P; Thiazines; Thiazoles

The aim of this study was to assess knife castration and knife castration + branding in 2-mo-old calves, and the effect of a single dose of s.c. meloxicam at mitigating pain indicators. Seventy-one Angus crossbred bull calves (128 ± 18.5 kg of BW) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design where main factors included procedure: sham (control calves, CT; n = 23), knife (KN; n = 24) or knife + branding (BK; n = 24), and medication: single s.c. administration of lactated ringer solution (NM; n = 35) or a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg of s.c. meloxicam (M; n = 36). Physiological samples were collected at T0, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 after procedure, whereas behavioral observations were evaluated at 2 to 4 h and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after procedure. A procedure × time effect (P < 0.01) was observed for cortisol, where KN and BK calves had greater (P ≤ 0.01) cortisol concentrations than CT calves 60 min after the procedure, whereas BK calves had the greatest (P < 0.05) cortisol concentrations, followed by KN calves and by CT calves 90, 120, and 180 min after the procedure. A procedure × time effect (P = 0.01) was observed for tail flicks, where KN and BK calves had a greater (P < 0.05) number of tail flicks than CT calves on days 1 and 3, whereas BK calves had the greatest number of tail flicks, followed by KN calves, and then by CT calves on day 2. Haptoglobin had a procedure × medication × time interaction (P = 0.05), where BK-NM calves had greater haptoglobin concentrations than BK-M, KN-M, and CT calves on days 1 and 3, whereas BK-NM and KN-NM calves had greater haptoglobin concentrations than BK-M, KN-M, and CT calves on day 2 after the procedure. Lying duration and tail flicks had a medication effect (P = 0.04; P < 0.01) where M calves had greater (P < 0.05) lying duration and lower (P < 0.05) number of tail flicks than NM calves 2 to 4 h after procedure. No medication effects (P > 0.10) were observed for salivary cortisol, substance P, and scrotal temperature minutes after the procedure or for cortisol, substance P, serum amyloid-A, stride length, or behavioral observations days after the procedure. Overall, BK calves presented greater physiological and behavioral indicators of acute pain than KN calves, suggesting that the combination of knife castration + branding was more painful. Meloxicam administered s.c. was effective at reducing physiological and behavioral indicators of acute pain associated with knife castration and knife castra

Topics: Acute Pain; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Haptoglobins; Hydrocortisone; Male; Meloxicam; Orchiectomy; Pain Measurement; Red Meat; Scrotum; Substance P

The development of new treatments for inflammation and pain continues to be of high interest, since long-acting effect is critical for patients. The present study investigated whether the polymeric nanocapsules, a drug delivery system, have pharmacological effect on acute nociceptive and inflammatory models in mice.. Swiss mice (20-25 g) were previously pre-treated with meloxicam-loaded nanocapsules (M-NC) or free meloxicam (M-F) or suspension without drug (B-NC), at a dose of 5 mg/kg (per oral) at different times (0.5-120 h). Antinociceptive and antiedematogenic effects were evaluated by chemical (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, nociception and paw edema induced by formalin and glutamate, croton oil-induced ear edema) and thermal (tail immersion and hot-plate) tests.. M-NC reduced the licking time- and paw edema-induced by glutamate and formalin, while M-F did not have an effect. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and croton oil-induced ear edema, analysis of time-course revealed that M-NC showed a response more prolonged than M-F. In the hot-plate test, a thermal test, the time-course analysis indicated a similar increase in the latency response to thermal stimuli of M-NC and M-F, while in the tail-immersion test M-F had an effect at 0.5 h and M-NC at 24 h.. Polymeric nanoparticles had antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiedematogenic effects in the formalin and glutamate tests, and prolonged the effect in acetic acid and croton oil tests, but not in thermal tests, supporting the idea that the inflammatory process in tissues facilitates the vectoring of polymeric nanoparticles.

Topics: Acute Pain; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Croton Oil; Ear; Edema; Extremities; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Male; Meloxicam; Mice; Nanocapsules; Nociception; Pain Measurement; Thiazines; Thiazoles

We found that carprofen and meloxicam under 3 environmental conditions (ambient dark, ambient light, and 4 °C) remained stable for at least 7 d. We then evaluated the oral pharmacokinetics of meloxicam (20 mg/kg) and carprofen (10 mg/kg) in male C57BL/6 mice after oral gavage or administration in the drinking water. Mice did not drink meloxicam-medicated water but readily consumed carprofen-medicated water, consuming an average of 14.19 mL carprofen-medicated water per 100 g body weight daily; mice drank more during the dark phase than during the light phase. Plasma analyzed by HPLC (meloxicam) and tandem mass spectrometry (carprofen) revealed that the peak meloxicam and carprofen concentrations were 16.7 and 20.3 μg/mL and occurred at 4 and 2 h after oral gavage, respectively. Similar blood levels were achieved after 12 h access to the carprofen-medicated water bottle. At 24 h after oral gavage, the drugs were not detectable in plasma. Meloxicam plasma AUC, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent oral clearance were 160.4 mg/L × h, 7.4 h, 0.36 L/kg, and 0.125 mL/h × kg, respectively. Carprofen plasma AUC, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent oral clearance were 160.8 mg/L × h, 7.4 h, 0.42 L/kg, and 0.062 mL/h × kg, respectively. No gross or microscopic evidence of toxicity was seen in any mouse. Our findings indicate that carprofen can be administered in drinking water to mice and that medicated water bottles should be placed 12 to 24 h prior to painful procedures.

Topics: Acute Pain; Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carbazoles; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drinking Behavior; Drug Stability; Half-Life; Male; Meloxicam; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Water

Cannulation of the common carotid artery for chronic, continuous radiotelemetric recording of aortic hemodynamic properties in mice is a highly invasive recovery surgery. Radiotelemetric recording, by its continuous nature, gives the most accurate measurements of hemodynamic variables in experimental animals, and is widely used in the study of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. The American Heart Association has recommended data acquisition by radiotelemetric recording but did not provide guidelines regarding postoperative analgesic support. We assessed hemodynamic parameters, locomotor activity, food intake, and weight loss in radiotransmitter-implanted CD1 female mice receiving analgesic support during the first 48 h after surgery. The efficacy of analgesic support from the NSAID meloxicam was compared with that of the widely used opioid agonist buprenorphine and the related compound, tramadol. Meloxicam-treated mice recovered lost body weight more rapidly than did tramadol-or buprenorphine-treated mice. Furthermore, meloxicam-treated mice maintained circadian rhythm after surgery and had tighter regulation of mean arterial pressure than did tramadol- or buprenorphine-treated mice. Meloxicam was also superior with regard to food intake, locomotor activity, and limiting variance in hemodynamic parameters. This study indicates that when compared with buprenorphine and tramadol, meloxicam should be the postoperative analgesic of choice for radiotelemeter implantation in mice.

Topics: Acute Pain; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Behavior, Animal; Buprenorphine; Eating; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Meloxicam; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Postoperative Period; Random Allocation; Telemetry; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Tramadol