minocycline and Tooth-Discoloration

It is essential that every health care professional who is involved with the prescription or recommendation of drugs be fully aware of any resultant disorders that may arise as a side-effect. A range of drugs can affect the teeth. In this review article, drugs that have the potential to induce changes in teeth have been classified as those leading to tooth discoloration (intrinsic and extrinsic), physical damage to tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum), and alteration in tooth sensitivity.

Topics: Carbohydrates; Chlorhexidine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Minocycline; Mouthwashes; Root Resorption; Saliva; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Erosion; Toothache

Tetracyclines (TCN) were introduced in 1948 as broad-spectrum antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of many common infections in children and adults. One of the side-effects of tetracyclines is incorporation into tissues that are calcifying at the time of their administration. They have the ability to chelate calcium ions and to be incorporated into teeth, cartilage and bone, resulting in discoloration of both the primary and permanent dentitions. This permanent discoloration varies from yellow or gray to brown depending on the dose or the type of the drug received in relation to body weight. Minocycline hydrochloride, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline often used for the treatment of acne, has been shown to cause pigmentation of a variety of tissues including skin, thyroid, nails, sclera, teeth, conjunctiva and bone. Adult-onset tooth discoloration following long-term ingestion of tetracycline and minocycline has also been reported. The remarkable side-effect of minocycline on the oral cavity is the singular occurrence of "black bones", "black or green roots" and blue-gray to gray hue darkening of the crowns of permanent teeth. The prevalence of tetracycline and minocycline staining is 3-6%. The mechanism of minocycline staining is still unknown. Most of the reviewed literature consisted of case reports; longitudinal clinical trials are necessary to provide more information on the prevalence, severity, etiology and clinical presentation of tetracycline and TCN-derivative staining in the adult population.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Minocycline; Mouth Diseases; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Minocycline is the treatment of choice for acne vulgaris, the most common form of inflammatory acne, despite the increase in awareness of rare but significant side-effects. This paper discusses the undesirable side-effect of minocycline staining in permanent teeth.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Minocycline; Tooth Discoloration

Tetracycline staining of teeth during tooth development is well documented. We report here the rarer condition of tetracycline staining of adult teeth. This occurrence appears to involve enamel surface demineralization/remineralization and can produce staining clinically indistinguishable from that occurring during tooth development.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Remineralization

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration

On the basis of encouraging preliminary results, we conducted a randomized, controlled trial to determine whether minocycline reduces the risk of conversion from a first demyelinating event (also known as a clinically isolated syndrome) to multiple sclerosis.. During the period from January 2009 through July 2013, we randomly assigned participants who had had their first demyelinating symptoms within the previous 180 days to receive either 100 mg of minocycline, administered orally twice daily, or placebo. Administration of minocycline or placebo was continued until a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was established or until 24 months after randomization, whichever came first. The primary outcome was conversion to multiple sclerosis (diagnosed on the basis of the 2005 McDonald criteria) within 6 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes included conversion to multiple sclerosis within 24 months after randomization and changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6 months and 24 months (change in lesion volume on T. A total of 142 eligible participants underwent randomization at 12 Canadian multiple sclerosis clinics; 72 participants were assigned to the minocycline group and 70 to the placebo group. The mean age of the participants was 35.8 years, and 68.3% were women. The unadjusted risk of conversion to multiple sclerosis within 6 months after randomization was 61.0% in the placebo group and 33.4% in the minocycline group, a difference of 27.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4 to 43.9; P=0.001). After adjustment for the number of enhancing lesions at baseline, the difference in the risk of conversion to multiple sclerosis within 6 months after randomization was 18.5 percentage points (95% CI, 3.7 to 33.3; P=0.01); the unadjusted risk difference was not significant at the 24-month secondary outcome time point (P=0.06). All secondary MRI outcomes favored minocycline over placebo at 6 months but not at 24 months. Trial withdrawals and adverse events of rash, dizziness, and dental discoloration were more frequent among participants who received minocycline than among those who received placebo.. The risk of conversion from a clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis was significantly lower with minocycline than with placebo over 6 months but not over 24 months. (Funded by the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00666887 .).

Topics: Actuarial Analysis; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Progression; Dizziness; Double-Blind Method; Exanthema; Female; Humans; Intention to Treat Analysis; Life Tables; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Multiple Sclerosis; Risk; Tooth Discoloration

Pulp revascularization may be considered a promising alternative for traumatized necrotic immature teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate traumatized immature teeth treated with 2 protocols of pulp revascularization.. Twenty-three teeth of young patients (7-17 years old) with necrotic upper incisors caused by dental trauma were divided into 2 groups; one group was treated with triple antibiotic paste (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline) (TAP) (n = 12), and the other was medicated with combination of calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHP) (n = 11). Patients were treated and followed up for a period from 9-19 months in 2 dental institutions for evaluation of clinical and radiographic data.. Most of the teeth were affected by lateral luxation (47.8%). Clinical evaluation in group TAP showed significant reduction in spontaneous pain (P = .01), pain on horizontal percussion (P = .007), and pain on palpation (P = .03), whereas group CHP showed significant reduction in pain on vertical percussion (P = .03). Crown discoloration was observed significantly more in teeth of group TAP (83.3%) (P < .002). On radiographic exam, periapical repair was found in all TAP-treated teeth (P = .03). Similarly, the same findings were found for all teeth treated with CHP with exception of 1 tooth (P = .21). Apical closure was significantly observed in both groups (P < .05). Increase in root length was demonstrated in 5 teeth (41.7%) and 3 teeth (27.3%) of groups TAP and CHP, respectively. Thickening of lateral dentinal walls was observed in 5 teeth of each group.. Revascularization outcomes for traumatized patients treated with the tested protocols presented similar clinical and radiographic data. However, TAP caused esthetic problem leading to tooth discoloration, which can be considered a disadvantage when compared with CHP.

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Apexification; Calcium Hydroxide; Child; Chlorhexidine; Ciprofloxacin; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Dentin; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Periapical Tissue; Prospective Studies; Radiography, Bitewing; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Therapy; Tooth Apex; Tooth Avulsion; Tooth Discoloration; Toothache

A triple antibiotic mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline was used as an intracanal medicament in an attempt to disinfect the root canal system for revascularization of a tooth with a necrotic pulp. However, discoloration developed after applying the triple antibiotic mixture.. Six weeks after a triple antibiotic paste had been applied to the root canal of tooth #8 of a 7-year-old girl, the tooth showed a dark discoloration. An in vitro experiment with human extracted teeth was performed to determine which of the 3 antibiotics caused the tooth discoloration. Another experiment was then carried out to examine whether a currently used dentin bonding agent would prevent or reduce such discoloration. The degree of discoloration was assessed by using a colorimeter.. Among the components of the triple antibiotic paste, only minocycline caused the tooth discoloration. Moreover, the dentin bonding agent reduced the intensity of the discoloration but did not prevent it.. The possible esthetic problems with the tooth color should be considered when using minocycline as a canal medication.

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Ciprofloxacin; Colorimetry; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incisor; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Periapical Periodontitis; Root Canal Irrigants; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Crown; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Male; Minocycline; Pigmentation Disorders; Sclera; Scleral Diseases; Skin; Skin Diseases; Tooth Discoloration

To investigate teeth's antibiotic-induced color differences after bleaching using two different techniques.. The ∆E for all groups showed color differences exceeding the perceptibility threshold (∆E ˃ 3.7) at all time points except in the control and DAP groups. Minocycline-induced TAP showed the most severe coronal discoloration (32.42). When the ∆E was examined, thermo/photo bleaching (22.01 ± 8.23) caused more bleaching than walking bleaching (19.73 ± 5.73) at every time point (P = 0.19). No group returned to the original color after bleaching (P < 0.05).. Except for DAP, all antibiotic pastes caused discoloration. Internal bleaching with Nd-YAG laser can be useful for bleaching/removing this discoloration.. For clinically successful final appearances, understanding the effects of bleaching procedures on antibiotic paste discoloration is important.

Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefaclor; Ciprofloxacin; Doxycycline; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; In Vitro Techniques; Lasers, Solid-State; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Spectrophotometry; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Endodontic infections require the use of root canal dressings to reduce microorganisms, and studies of new intracanal medications are common. Two experimental intracanal medications that contain antibiotics and chlorhexidine have been proposed. However, given the composition of these medications, tooth discoloration with subsequent impacts on aesthetic parameters is a concern. The objective of this study is to evaluate tooth discoloration after the use of experimental intracanal medications for up to 180 days.. Thirty extracted bovine teeth were divided into 3 groups according to intracanal medication as follows: group I: experimental intracanal medication 1; group II: experimental intracanal medication 2; and group III: no medication (negative control). Color change was assessed using a spectrophotometer on day 0 (before the placement of the material); daily until the seventh day; and 8, 15, 60 and 180 days after removal of the medications. The values obtained were compared using ANOVA and Tukey's tests at a significance level of 5% (P<0.05).. Up to 60 days after the removal of the medication, the teeth did not exhibit color changes. However, at 180 days, compared with the other medications, experimental intracanal medication 2 significantly promoted tooth staining (P<0.05).. In contrast to experimental intracanal medication 2, intracanal medication 1 did not promote tooth discoloration.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Color; Doxycycline; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; In Vitro Techniques; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Root Canal Irrigants; Single-Blind Method; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

The optimal concentration for the use of endodontic topical antibiotics is not known. The aims of this study were to determine the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, minocycline, Augmentin (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC), and tigecycline against common endodontic pathogens and to evaluate ex vivo the antibacterial efficacy and discoloration effect of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), Augmentin, and tigecycline at different concentrations using a slow-release hydrogel scaffold.. Using the Epsilometer test method (Etest; bioMérieux USA, St Louis, MO), MICs and MBCs of selected antibiotics were determined against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus intermedius, and Enterococcus faecalis. Biofilms of these bacterial species were then grown in extracted single-rooted teeth anaerobically for 3 weeks. Root canals were filled with TAP, Augmentin, and tigecycline at concentrations of 1 or 0.1 mg/mL in a degradable hydrogel scaffold or pure TAP at 1 g/mL for 7 days. Coronal discoloration was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after dressing.. MIC/MBC data showed significant efficacy of tigecycline, Augmentin, and minocycline compared with the other antibiotics (P < .05). Significant differences were found when comparing the log10 colony-forming units of all experimental groups (P < .05). TAP at 1 g/mL had no bacterial growth but caused the greatest discoloration. Hydrogel mixtures with TAP, Augmentin, or tigecycline at 1 mg/mL significantly reduced bacterial growth and the number of positive samples compared with those at 0.1 mg/mL (P < .05) with minimal discoloration.. TAP, Augmentin, and tigecycline in a hydrogel at 1 mg/mL reduced bacterial growth significantly with minimal color change.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Dental Pulp Cavity; Enterococcus faecalis; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; Metronidazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Regenerative Endodontics; Root Canal Therapy; Streptococcus intermedius; Tigecycline; Tissue Scaffolds; Tooth Discoloration

To compare the bleaching efficacy of sodium perborate with different activation methods on crowns discolored by two different antibiotic pastes.. Eighty-five extracted human incisors were prepared to size #30 using ProTaper rotary instruments. After chemomechanical preparation and irrigation procedures, the specimens received triple antibiotic paste (TAP, n = 40), minocycline paste (MP, n = 40), or calcium hydroxide (n = 5, control group) and coronally sealed with temporary filling material. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained on day 0-week 4. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon sign test (P < 0.05). Sodium perborate was then inserted into the pulp chambers of discolored teeth (four subgroups, n = 10) and activated by heat or ultrasonically using two different frequencies and times. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained on days 3-7. Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test (P > 0.05).. Both groups showed statistically significant coronal discoloration at each time interval (P < 0.01), but their final shades did not significantly differ between the groups (P > 0.05). Although the MP subgroups exhibited more bleaching than the TAP subgroups on days 3 and 7, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The bleaching results for the sodium perborate activation techniques did not significantly differ among groups (P > 0.05).. Both antibiotic pastes induced crown discoloration that was reversible using all sodium perborate bleaching techniques.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bleaching Agents; Borates; Ciprofloxacin; Dental Pulp Cavity; Drug Combinations; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Incisor; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Random Allocation; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Ultrasonic Therapy

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of changing the sodium perborate-tetrahydrate (PBS-4) at a 4-day interval versus no change after 16 days of internal bleaching.. Two hundred and ten bovine enamel-dentin discs were discolored for 3.5 years with 14 different endodontic materials. All groups with a discoloring index of ∆E (mean) ≥ 5.5 were included in the present investigation: ApexCal (APCA), MTA white + blood (WMTA+BL), Portland cement + blood (PC+BL), blood (BL), MTA gray (GMTA), MTA gray + blood (GMTA+BL), Ledermix (LED), and triple antibiotic paste containing minocycline (3Mix). Fourteen specimens of each group were randomly assigned into two treatment groups: (1) no change of the PBS-4 (n = 7); (2) change of the PBS-4 every 4 days (n = 7). Color measurements were taken at 10 different time intervals and the L*a*b* values were recorded with a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade® compact).. In the group 3Mix, significantly better results were achieved by changing the bleaching agent every 4 days (P = 0.0049; q = 0.04), while the group WMTA+BL indicated better results by no change of the bleaching agent (P = 0.0222, q = 0.09). All remaining groups showed no statistical difference between the two treatment procedures.. Moderate discolorations can be successfully treated without changing the bleaching agent over a period of 16 days. Changing the sodium perborate-tetrahydrate every 4 days is preferred in case of severe discolored enamel-dentin discs only.. This approach may offer a reduced number of clinical appointments and a secondary cost reduction to the patient.

Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Animals; Borates; Calcium Compounds; Cattle; Ciprofloxacin; Demeclocycline; Dental Cements; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Drug Combinations; In Vitro Techniques; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Oxides; Random Allocation; Root Canal Filling Materials; Silicates; Spectrophotometry; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Triamcinolone Acetonide

Although intracanal application of the triple antibiotic paste (TAP) may offer advantages (eg, disinfection), this practice has been associated with significant drawbacks, including tooth discoloration. In this study, the color change of dentin was monitored during treatment with distinct TAP pastes and novel tubular-shaped 3-dimensional electrospun scaffolds containing minocycline (MINO) or doxycycline (DOX).. Two TAP pastes (TAPMINO [MINO, metronidazole, and ciprofloxacin] and TAPDOX [DOX, metronidazole, and ciprofloxacin]), 4 scaffold-based groups containing MINO or DOX at distinct concentrations, 1 antibiotic-free scaffold, and 1 untreated group (control) were investigated. Human canines were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction and tubular-shaped scaffolds or paste were placed into the root canals and sealed. Color measurements (CIEL(*)a(*)b(*) parameters) were performed at baseline and after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Color changes were expressed as ΔE(*) values. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were also performed on the specimens after treatment. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05).. All antibiotic-containing groups led to greater discoloration than the antibiotic-free groups. A severe discoloration occurred after 1 day. At the end of the experiment, antibiotic-treated samples exhibited crusts/agglomerates over the dentin surface, which totally or partially obliterated the dentinal tubules. The presence of MINO resulted in a greater color change than DOX.. Scaffolds containing MINO or DOX produced similar color change to dentin when compared with their respective TAP systems, although DOX-related discoloration was less pronounced.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentin; Doxycycline; Humans; Minocycline; Root Canal Preparation; Tooth Discoloration

To assess the discolouration of teeth with closed and open apices after placement of triple antibiotic paste (TAP, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline) in the pulp chamber and whether discolouration could be reversed by internal bleaching procedures.. Twenty extracted human mandibular premolars were divided into 2 groups (n = 10): teeth with closed apices (CA) and teeth with open apices (OA). After conventional access, the TAP was sealed in the pulp chamber for 3 weeks. The paste was removed by a rinse with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and a mixture of sodium perborate and distilled water was sealed in the pulp chamber for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The shade was measured by a spectrophotometer at six time periods: baseline (T0), after 3 weeks of placement of TAP (T1), after removal of TAP with a NaOCl rinse (T2) and after 1 (T3), 2 (T4) and 3 (T5) weeks of internal bleaching with sodium perborate paste. Data were collected based on the CIELAB-CIE1976 (L*a*b*) system and analysed using t-tests and anova.. A significant decrease in the mean values of L* (lightness) was observed after treatment with TAP (T1, P < 0.05). Considerable increases in these values after bleaching with sodium perborate (T3 < T4 < T5) were found in both groups. The only significant difference in the intergroup analysis was between T1 and T2, in which ΔE values in the OA group were higher (P = 0.04).. TAP discoloured the tooth structure, but discolouration could be reversed with sodium perborate paste. In general, teeth with closed and open apices had the same rates of discolouration and bleaching.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicuspid; Borates; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Combinations; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome

A 52-year-old man presented with a progressive grey-black pigmentation of facial skin, sclera and teeth. The cause was long-term ingestion of minocycline, as confirmed by history and skin biopsy. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation can be divided into four main patterns based on clinical appearance, distribution, light- and electron microscopic characteristics. Some patterns can manifest within weeks of initiating therapy. One must be alert to the early signs and warn the patient about the often cosmetically disturbing and persistent minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Facial Dermatoses; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Male; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Scleral Diseases; Tooth Discoloration

Minocycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline family, often prescribed in infective skin conditions such as acne and rosacea. Minocycline-induced staining of the sclerae, ears, oral mucosa and teeth are rare but troublesome conditions. If patients already have concerns about their appearance due to an unsightly skin condition, careful consideration ought to be given to using minocycline as it could worsen the status quo, should potentially irreversible blue staining occur. This report describes one case and highlights some of the other dangers of long-term minocycline use which may present themselves to dentists.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ear Diseases; Ear, External; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Pigmentation Disorders; Scleral Diseases; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ear Diseases; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Mouth Diseases; Pigmentation Disorders; Scleral Diseases; Tooth Discoloration

The aim of this study was to examine whether brownish crown and root discoloration of wisdom teeth was related to treatment of acne with tetracyclines. For this purpose, 17 discolored third molars from nine patients were embedded without being decalcified, ground along the tooth axis, and examined using fluorescence microscopy. A thorough medical history served to determine the start and duration of any administration of tetracyclines. This confirmed the use of drugs against acne containing minocycline in all cases except one. The microscopic analyses of all teeth revealed intensely fluorescent bands in the dentin, which corresponded to the mineralization front at the time of tetracycline intake. More or less uniform discoloration of the entire crown was seen in association with treatment against acne prior to the completion of crown formation at the age of about 15 years. This uniform staining can be attributed to incorporation of minerals during ongoing maturation of the occlusal enamel, which is concomitant with the formation of the cervical crown regions. When acne was treated between 15 and 22 years of age, only the roots of the third molars displayed annular discolorations, which seemed to result from the incorporation of tetracyclines into dentin, while fine fluorescent incremental lines in root cementum were too thin to be apparent clinically. Three accidentally removed interradicular bony septa revealed that tetracyclines incorporated into alveolar bone remained there for about 2 years, but thereafter disappeared as a result of physiological remodelling.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adolescent; Adult; Alveolar Process; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Minocycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Crown; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Root; Young Adult

To present a case report in which the pulp of two bilateral mandibular premolars with dens evaginatus were revascularized using a modified novel technique to avoid undesired crown discolouration.. Recently, regeneration of necrotic pulps has become an alternative conservative treatment option for young permanent teeth with immature roots and is a subject of great interest in the field of endodontics. This novel procedure exploits the full potential of the pulp for dentine deposition and produces a stronger mature root that is better able to withstand the forces than can result in fracture. However, the current protocol has potential clinical and biological complications. Amongst them, crown discolouration, development of resistant bacterial strains and allergic reaction to the intracanal medication. In the case presented, a modified technique to avoid undesired crown discolouration was applied sealing the dentinal tubules of the chamber, thus avoiding any contact between the tri-antibiotic paste and the dentinal walls.. * Sealing the dentinal tubules of the chamber prevents the undesirable crown discolouration produced by tri-antibiotic medication whilst maintaining the revascularization potential of the pulp. * Further research is warranted to seek an alternative infection control protocol capable of preventing possible allergic reactions and development of resistant strains of bacteria, as well as a biological material capable of inducing angiogenesis and allow a more predictable scaffold and tissue regeneration.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bicuspid; Child; Ciprofloxacin; Dental Fistula; Dental Pulp; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Metronidazole; Minocycline; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Periapical Periodontitis; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation; Root Canal Therapy; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Jaw Diseases; Minocycline; Pigmentation Disorders; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Aged; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Enamel; Forearm; Humans; Male; Minocycline; Pigmentation Disorders; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fluorescence; Humans; Minocycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Knee; Leg; Minocycline; Pigmentation Disorders; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Mouth Mucosa; Tooth Discoloration

It has been well acknowledged in recent literature that minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, causes discolorations in adult teeth and various other collagenous tissues. This article presents the most common patterns of minocycline staining in addition to comparing the staining patterns of other tetracycline analogs in the permanent dentition. It also reviews the literature's most prominent theories describing the process of minocycline discoloration, and evaluates their plausibility. It is a goal of this article to make dental practitioners aware of the possible effects of minocycline therapy and to highlight useful ways to treat or prevent these discolorations. Currently, conventional treatments include vital and nonvital bleaching, veneers, or crowns, depending on the severity of the discoloration. The literature shows that possible preventive efforts revolve around cessation of the drug or the use of large doses of vitamin C or other antioxidants in conjunction with minocycline therapy to prevent the formation of the pigment responsible for the staining.. Minocycline and other tetracycline analogs are well known for causing discoloration of developing teeth in children. However, practitioners must be aware of the tooth staining potential of minocycline in adult populations as well. Studies suggest that the concomitant use of vitamin C may help prevent adult-onset pigmentation caused by minocycline.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Tooth Discoloration

To report a case of scleral discoloration secondary to minocycline therapy.. Case report of a patient referred to a university-based cornea and external disease clinic.. The patient had been treated with oral minocycline therapy for adult facial acne for 12 years when she began to develop bilateral blue-gray discoloration of the sclera as well as of the teeth, hard palate, ears, nail beds, and skin.. Chronic systemic minocycline therapy may induce scleral pigmentary changes. The mechanism of discoloration and the long-term natural history upon cessation of minocycline are unclear.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Face; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Nail Diseases; Pigmentation Disorders; Scleral Diseases; Skin Pigmentation; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Aging; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Composite Resins; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Minocycline; Prosthesis Coloring; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Injuries

To describe a case of tooth discoloration in an adult after minocycline treatment for arthritis.. A 68-year-old white women presented with blue-black staining of her lower anterior teeth after 4 months of minocycline therapy for arthritis. Her other medications are not known to cause discoloration of teeth. While the patient continued taking minocycline, her dentist was not able to remove the discoloration. Within 1 month after discontinuation of the minocycline, the dentist was able to remove the discoloration entirely.. Minocycline, a synthetic derivative of tetracycline, has been shown to cause abnormal pigmentation of the skin, thyroid gland, nails, bone, sclera, and conjunctiva in adults. It also has been shown to cause tooth discoloration in a few patients. This case is unusual in that the tooth discoloration disappeared after discontinuing minocycline therapy.. This complication of minocycline is more commonly thought of in the pediatric population. However, clinicians need to be aware of this adverse drug reaction, as this agent may be used increasingly in the treatment of adults with arthritis.

Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Tooth Discoloration

Minocycline, a member of the tetracycline family of antibiotics, is widely used in the treatment of acne. Its use has been associated with intrinsic staining of adult human teeth, bones, and soft tissues. It causes blackening of the thyroid glands in both animals and humans. It has been determined that the pigment is the product of an oxidation reaction. Laboratory studies have shown that the pigment formation can be induced by exposure to ultraviolet light in the presence of air, and that an antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), can block its formation. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the antioxidant vitamin C could prevent the pigmentation of tissues of laboratory rats given minocycline. Based on other studies, one group of rats was given minocycline by stomach tube at a dose of 75 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week, for 6 weeks. A second experimental group was given the same regimen of minocycline plus a supplement of ascorbic acid at a level of 0.1% of the diet. A control group received no treatment at all; all rats were maintained on laboratory rats chow and water ad libitum. The rats were euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation. Nasomaxillary bones, including central incisors, and thyroid glands were removed and fixed with 10% buffered formalin. Bones and teeth showed no gross signs of staining and, therefore, were not processed further. Thyroid glands were visibly darker in the minocycline group; specimens from all three groups were processed histologically. Microscopic examination revealed extensive deposits of black pigment throughout the follicles of the minocycline group, whereas the group receiving both minocycline and vitamin C showed no sign of pigmentation and were indistinguishable from controls. It is suggested that patients on long-term minocycline medication be monitored for thyroid function.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Female; Minocycline; Oxidation-Reduction; Pigments, Biological; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thyroid Gland; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Proteins; Collagen; Hemoglobins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Minocycline; Protein Binding; Time Factors; Tooth Discoloration

Since 1979 the Dutch Centre for Monitoring of Adverse Reactions to Drugs received 37 reports of tooth discoloration, attributed to the use of drugs. It concerned sixteen males and 21 females with an average age of respectively twelve and 26 years. Most cases were attributed to the use of amoxicillin (n = 16) and doxycycline or minocycline (n = 7). Pseudo-discolorations are chiefly caused by antimicrobial agents, possibly by chromogenic precipitates in the pellicle or by overgrowth with chromogenic micro-organisms.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Netherlands; Penicillins; Tooth Discoloration

A 70-year-old man developed hyperpigmentation of his forearms, hands, fingernails, sclerae, ears, and teeth after 9 years of therapy with minocycline for acne rosacea. Minocycline is widely used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and uncommonly produces the side effect of hyperpigmentation. This effect does not appear to be dose-dependent and usually resolves within months to years after discontinuation of therapy. Discoloration of adult teeth, however, is generally permanent.

Topics: Aged; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Male; Minocycline; Pigmentation Disorders; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

A 25-year-old woman with gray striated staining on all teeth took minocycline for two years. Staining corresponded with the treatment time.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration

The association of bone, tooth, nail and scleral pigmentation in a patient treated for acne with minocycline was noted. Hyperpigmentation appeared in old scar tissue, but not that present from recent surgical procedures.

Topics: Bone Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Nail Diseases; Pigmentation Disorders; Skin Pigmentation; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Oral; Humans; Minocycline; Pigmentation Disorders; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration