midazolam and Pregnancy studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The addition of gabapentin to moderate sedation during D&E did not result in lower maximum recalled procedural pain."	9.69	Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Brant, AR; Floyd, S; Lotke, PS; Reeves, MF; Scott, RK; Tefera, E; Ye, PP, 2023)
"To compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) caused by hemabate in postpartum hemorrhage during cesarean delivery."	9.34	A Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Hemabate in Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Hu, B; Li, X; Shi, J; Tan, L; Zhou, H; Zou, X, 2020)
"Although oral midazolam reduces preprocedural anxiety, it does not reduce pain or anxiety with uterine aspiration during first-trimester surgical abortions."	9.20	An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Bayer, LL; Bednarek, PH; Edelman, AB; Fu, R; Jensen, JT; Lambert, WE; Miller, K; Nichols, MD, 2015)
"Forty women with eclampsia requiring termination of pregnancy by caesarean delivery were randomized in to 2 groups of 20 to receive either midazolam or dexmedetomidine."	9.14	Comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation of eclampsia patients in the intensive care unit. ( Akin, A; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Ulgey, A, 2009)
"The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of pregnancy on CYP3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activities, as measured by disposition of midazolam and digoxin, respectively."	9.13	Effects of pregnancy on CYP3A and P-glycoprotein activities as measured by disposition of midazolam and digoxin: a University of Washington specialized center of research study. ( Buchanan, ML; Carr, DB; Easterling, TR; Fishbein, DP; Hebert, MF; Kirby, B; Rutherford, T; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD, 2008)
"BACKGROUND Recurrent seizure in patients with magnesium sulfate-treated eclampsia is very rare and requires meticulous management due to poor prognosis."	7.88	Recurrent Seizures in 2 Patients with Magnesium Sulfate-Treated Eclampsia at a Secondary Hospital. ( Achmadi, A; Aldika Akbar, MI; Harsono, AAH; Joewono, HT, 2018)
"Aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of flumazenil when used for recovery after midazolam-induced sedation in short acting, out-patient procedure like interruption of early pregnancy."	7.68	[The use of midazolam and flumazenil for short-term anesthesia in terminating an early pregnancy]. ( Borisov, B; Georgiev, S; Iankov, A; Smilov, I, 1993)
"This study compared the clinical effects of midazolam with methohexital when these agents were administered intravenously by intermittent injection in 20 outpatients undergoing suction termination of pregnancy."	7.67	Anesthesia for termination of pregnancy: midazolam compared with methohexital. ( Ramasubramanian, R; Sachar, RM; Verma, R, 1985)
"The addition of gabapentin to moderate sedation during D&E did not result in lower maximum recalled procedural pain."	5.69	Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Brant, AR; Floyd, S; Lotke, PS; Reeves, MF; Scott, RK; Tefera, E; Ye, PP, 2023)
"Midazolam was administered to 6-week-old BALB/c male mice under hypoxic conditions and pregnant C57BL/6N mice under normoxic conditions."	5.42	Midazolam inhibits the hypoxia-induced up-regulation of erythropoietin in the central nervous system. ( Daijo, H; Fukuda, K; Harada, H; Kai, S; Matsuyama, T; Tanaka, T; Tatsumi, K, 2015)
" We have developed a whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to explore the effects of pregnancy on pharmacokinetics."	5.35	Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of midazolam disposition during pregnancy. ( Andrew, MA; Hebert, MF; Vicini, P, 2008)
"To compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) caused by hemabate in postpartum hemorrhage during cesarean delivery."	5.34	A Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Hemabate in Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Hu, B; Li, X; Shi, J; Tan, L; Zhou, H; Zou, X, 2020)
"Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used for conscious sedation for a variety of procedures."	5.33	[Facial edema and pruritus after intravenous injection of midazolam]. ( Kudoh, I; Ohmura, A; Uchimura, A; Yogo, H, 2006)
"Myocardial infarction is a rare and lethal event during pregnancy with an incidence of 1 in 10,000 pregnancies."	5.28	Anaesthetic management of a parturient with myocardial infarction related to cocaine use. ( Chen, K; Forrester, RM; Glassenberg, R; Liu, SS; Murphy, GS, 1992)
"Intravenous sedation is a better choice than inhaled nitrous oxide for pain control in second-trimester abortion."	5.27	Nitrous Oxide Compared With Intravenous Sedation for Second-Trimester Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Espey, E; Pitotti, J; Sheeder, J; Singh, RH; Teal, S; Thaxton, L, 2018)
"Although oral midazolam reduces preprocedural anxiety, it does not reduce pain or anxiety with uterine aspiration during first-trimester surgical abortions."	5.20	An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Bayer, LL; Bednarek, PH; Edelman, AB; Fu, R; Jensen, JT; Lambert, WE; Miller, K; Nichols, MD, 2015)
"The results of this study suggest that (a) etomidate is much safer than propofol for first-trimester surgical abortions and (b) using a lower dose of etomidate, supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam, is more beneficial than the use of etomidate with or without fentanyl in reducing adverse effects like myoclonus and postoperative nausea and vomiting."	5.17	A comparison of anesthetic regimens using etomidate and propofol in patients undergoing first-trimester abortions: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. ( Chu, S; Deng, F; Wu, J; Wu, Z; Xia, G; Yao, S, 2013)
"Forty women with eclampsia requiring termination of pregnancy by caesarean delivery were randomized in to 2 groups of 20 to receive either midazolam or dexmedetomidine."	5.14	Comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation of eclampsia patients in the intensive care unit. ( Akin, A; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Ulgey, A, 2009)
" In addition postoperative morphine requirement, anxiety, and vomiting were not affected by the music during general anesthesia."	5.12	The impact of music on postoperative pain and anxiety following cesarean section. ( Abul-Qasim, A; Ali, SM; Reza, N; Reza, TH; Saeed, K, 2007)
"Patients with uncomplicated incomplete abortions (uterine size equivalent to a pregnancy of 14 weeks' duration or less) can undergo evacuation safely and effectively under fentanyl and midazolam and have a significantly smaller chance of requiring a blood transfusion."	5.07	Is ward evacuation for uncomplicated incomplete abortion under systemic analgesia safe and effective? A randomised clinical trial. ( De Jonge, ET; Makin, JD; Pattinson, RC; Venter, CP, 1994)
"A new anesthetic method (fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil) was compared with a previously administered anesthetic regimen (pethidine-diazepam-ketamine) in two groups of 25 women, each of whom underwent termination of pregnancy."	5.06	Fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil anesthesia for induced abortion. ( Garamvölgyi, G; Hamar, O; Kálmán, A, 1989)
"In a randomized study of 100 women (ASA 1-2) undergoing pregnancy termination as outpatients, the combination of midazolam-fentanyl-nitrous oxide was compared with thiopentone-fentanyl-nitrous oxide."	5.05	Comparison between midazolam and thiopentone-based balanced anaesthesia for day-case surgery. ( Andersen, RS; Carl, P; Crawford, ME; Mikkelsen, BO, 1984)
" Multiple demographic and psychosocial factors, as well as perhaps provider bias, play into both a patient's perception of pain and the dosage of fentanyl and midazolam they receive during abortion procedures."	4.31	The association of patient age, race, and demographic features on reported pain and sedation dosing during procedural abortion: A retrospective cohort study. ( Howard, M; Lee, J; Makar, E; Pace, L, 2023)
"The use of midazolam in early stages of pregnancy has resulted in a high incidence of birth defects; however, the underlying reason is unknown."	3.88	Relationship between low midazolam metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A in mice and the high incidence of birth defects. ( Hatogai, J; Iimura, R; Kitaoka, S; Kusunoki, Y; Nakai, M; Oba, K; Ochiai, W; Sugiyama, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2018)
"BACKGROUND Recurrent seizure in patients with magnesium sulfate-treated eclampsia is very rare and requires meticulous management due to poor prognosis."	3.88	Recurrent Seizures in 2 Patients with Magnesium Sulfate-Treated Eclampsia at a Secondary Hospital. ( Achmadi, A; Aldika Akbar, MI; Harsono, AAH; Joewono, HT, 2018)
"The p-PBPK model predicted the PK changes of three model compounds (namely caffeine, metoprolol and midazolam) for CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 during pregnancy within twofold of observed values."	3.78	A pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic (p-PBPK) model for disposition of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. ( Abduljalil, K; Gaohua, L; Jamei, M; Johnson, TN; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)
"During her first pregnancy, a 37-year-old woman with idiopathic generalised epilepsy that was adequately controlled with lamotrigine experienced a series of epileptic seizures following an elective caesarean section."	3.73	[Epileptic seizures during childbirth in a patient with idiopathic generalised epilepsy]. ( Bloem, BR; Renier, WO; Voermans, NC; Zwarts, MJ, 2005)
" The successful use of midazolam to treat psychomotor agitation in this patient is also reported."	3.68	[Aseptic meningitis following spinal anesthesia. Report of a case]. ( Bugedo, G; Muñoz, H; Valenzuela, J, 1991)
"This was a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial in which women undergoing first-trimester surgical abortion received fentanyl and midazolam dosed per either an algorithm or clinic standard."	2.87	A randomized comparison of intravenous sedation using a dosing algorithm compared to standard care during first-trimester surgical abortion. ( Braaten, KP; Fortin, J; Goldberg, AB; Maurer, R; Urman, RD, 2018)
"Most of the patients experienced little postoperative pain with more than 70% scoring less than 20 mm on a VAS-scale from 0-100 mm at any time during the postoperative period."	2.69	No effect of preoperative paracetamol and codeine suppositories for pain after termination of pregnancies in general anaesthesia. ( Dahl, V; Fjellanger, F; Raeder, JC, 2000)
"Propofol anesthesia was compared with paracervical block in a prospective, randomized study of 59 abortion patients."	2.67	Propofol anaesthesia versus paracervical blockade with alfentanil and midazolam sedation for outpatient abortion. ( Raeder, JC, 1992)
"Midazolam appears to be a suitable alternative to thiopental for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia for elective cesarean section."	2.66	A randomized comparison between midazolam and thiopental for elective cesarean section anesthesia. I. Mothers. ( Bach, V; Carl, P; Crawford, ME; Mikkelsen, BO; Ravlo, O; Werner, M, 1989)
"Midazolam 0."	2.65	Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia. ( Cartwright, PD; Pingel, SM, 1984)
"Minor traumatic injuries are common in pregnancy, often subsequently requiring painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures."	2.49	Safety of procedural sedation in pregnancy. ( Koren, G; Neuman, G, 2013)
" Main outcomes recorded were dosage of lidocaine administered and amount of conscious sedation (midazolam and fentanyl) administered for pain management."	2.46	A review of physician anaesthesia prescribing practices in an abortion clinic in British Columbia. ( Fitzsimmons, BP; Hodgson, ZG; MacKay-Dunn, MH; Mo, D, 2010)
"To assess sedation medication dosage differences between patients with and without opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion."	1.62	Pain medication requirements in patients with opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion: An exploratory study. ( Ramanadhan, S; Srikanth, P; White, KO; Woodhams, E, 2021)
"Midazolam is known to cause anterograde amnesia; however, the possibility of retrograde amnesia has also been raised."	1.62	Immediate retrograde amnesia induced by midazolam: A prospective, non-randomised cohort study. ( Do, SH; Hwang, JW; Koung Yi, I; Lim, D; Na, HS; Nam, SW; Sohn, HM, 2021)
"Pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease."	1.62	A Case Report of Sedation Strategy for a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation After Cesarean Section. ( Cheng, Z; Li, B; Liao, X; Wen, J, 2021)
" These data are important for informing adult and pediatric dosing recommendations for NA-induced seizures."	1.51	Evaluation of first-line anticonvulsants to treat nerve agent-induced seizures and prevent neuropathology in adult and pediatric rats. ( Ardinger, C; Dunn, E; Haines, K; Lee-Stubbs, R; Matson, L; McCarren, H; McDonough, J; Miller-Smith, S; Whitten, K, 2019)
"Midazolam was the most used drug accounting for 49% of the nine drugs regimens observed."	1.51	Premedication practices for delivery room intubations in premature infants in France: Results from the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study. ( Ancel, PY; Benhammou, V; Beuchée, A; Carbajal, R; Courtois, E; Durrmeyer, X; Milesi, C; Tourneux, P; Walter-Nicolet, E, 2019)
"Quantitative information on gestation-specific changes in enzyme activity available in the literature was incorporated in a pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the pharmacokinetics of eight drugs metabolized via one or multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes was predicted."	1.48	A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Pregnant Women to Predict the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Metabolized Via Several Enzymatic Pathways. ( Coboeken, K; Dallmann, A; Eissing, T; Hempel, G; Ince, I, 2018)
"Eclampsia is specifically addressed by 85% (28/33) of agencies."	1.46	Prehospital Care for the Adult and Pediatric Seizure Patient: Current Evidence-based Recommendations. ( Brown, JF; Gausche-Hill, M; Gilbert, GH; Koenig, KL; Lemieux, JM; Rudnick, EM; Salvucci, AA; Silverman, EC; Sporer, KA, 2017)
"Infant delirium is an under-recognized clinical entity in neonatal intensive care, and earlier identification and treatment could minimize morbidities associated with this condition."	1.46	A case of infant delirium in the neonatal intensive care unit. ( Bidegain, M; Cotten, CM; Edwards, LE; Hornik, CD; Hutchison, LB; Smith, PB, 2017)
" Therefore, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to estimate fetal drug exposure throughout pregnancy."	1.46	Development of a Novel Maternal-Fetal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model II: Verification of the model for passive placental permeability drugs. ( Unadkat, JD; Zhang, Z, 2017)
"Spinal myoclonus following neuraxial anesthesia is rare."	1.43	Myoclonus-like involuntary movements following cesarean delivery epidural anesthesia. ( Hong, EP; Kang, HY; Kang, JM; Lee, SM; Lee, SW; Park, SW; Sim, YH, 2016)
"Midazolam was administered to 6-week-old BALB/c male mice under hypoxic conditions and pregnant C57BL/6N mice under normoxic conditions."	1.42	Midazolam inhibits the hypoxia-induced up-regulation of erythropoietin in the central nervous system. ( Daijo, H; Fukuda, K; Harada, H; Kai, S; Matsuyama, T; Tanaka, T; Tatsumi, K, 2015)
"Previously published pharmacokinetic parameters can be used to develop maturation models that address gaps in current knowledge regarding the influence of age on a drug's disposition."	1.37	A maturation model for midazolam clearance. ( Anderson, BJ; Larsson, P, 2011)
"Although FS in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients has been reported, the effect of FS has not been evaluated sufficiently."	1.37	Influence of fetal stabilization on postnatal status of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. ( Hishiki, T; Mitsunaga, T; Omoto, A; Osada, H; Saito, T; Sato, Y; Terui, K; Yoshida, H, 2011)
"A 15 cm hepatic hydatid cyst was diagnosed in a multigravida in 16 weeks of pregnancy and was managed percutaneously under sedation."	1.33	Sedation for percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst in a pregnant patient. ( Balkan, BK; Capar, E; Iyilikci, L, 2006)
"Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used for conscious sedation for a variety of procedures."	1.33	[Facial edema and pruritus after intravenous injection of midazolam]. ( Kudoh, I; Ohmura, A; Uchimura, A; Yogo, H, 2006)
"Von Hippel Lindau disease is characterized by diffuse haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system (CNS) and viscera."	1.29	Caesarean section and phaeochromocytoma resection in a patient with Von Hippel Lindau disease. ( Benjamin, A; Joffe, D; Robbins, R, 1993)
"Myocardial infarction is a rare and lethal event during pregnancy with an incidence of 1 in 10,000 pregnancies."	1.28	Anaesthetic management of a parturient with myocardial infarction related to cocaine use. ( Chen, K; Forrester, RM; Glassenberg, R; Liu, SS; Murphy, GS, 1992)
" The serum levels of the parent drug and its active metabolites were determined in six cases by a radioreceptor assay and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of these levels by a two-compartment open model."	1.27	Pharmacokinetics and sedative effect of midazolam in connection with caesarean section performed under epidural analgesia. ( Aaltonen, L; Aärimaa, L; Erkkola, R; Kanto, J, 1984)
"Midazolam was given in a single 15-mg oral dose as a sedative the evening before elective cesarean section."	1.27	Placental transfer and maternal midazolam kinetics. ( Erkkola, R; Himberg, JJ; Kangas, L; Kanto, J; Sjövall, S, 1983)
"Midazolam is a short-acting sedative-anxiolytic agent with a rapid onset of action especially useful for patients operated on under local anesthesia."	1.27	The usefulness of radioreceptor assay and gas liquid chromatography in pharmacokinetic studies on midazolam. ( Aaltonen, L; Himberg, JJ; Kanto, J; Vuori, A, 1985)
"Midazolam has a half-life of about two hours and can be applied simultaneously with oxytocin by motor driven syringe."	1.26	[Intranatal Administration of midazolam (author's transl)]. ( Gitsch, E; Philipp, K; Schönbauer, M, 1982)

Research

Studies (131)

Authors

Clinical Trials (12)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Administered Additional Pain Medications

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	22 (16.79)	18.7374
1990's	25 (19.08)	18.2507
2000's	34 (25.95)	29.6817
2010's	37 (28.24)	24.3611
2020's	13 (9.92)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Hung, TY	1
Huang, YS	1
Lin, YC	1
Chin, J	1
McGrath, M	1
Lokken, E	1
Upegui, CD	1
Prager, S	1
Micks, E	1
Slomski, A	1
Brant, AR	1
Reeves, MF	1
Ye, PP	1
Scott, RK	1
Floyd, S	1
Tefera, E	1
Lotke, PS	1
Pace, L	1
Howard, M	1
Makar, E	1
Lee, J	1
Shin, DW	1
Kim, Y	1
Hong, B	1
Yoon, SH	1
Lim, CS	1
Youn, S	1
Kennedy, JP	1
Crociata, A	1
Burgess, A	1
Miller, K	2
Escobar-Botero, AM	1
Hasham, F	1
Hu, B	1
Zhou, H	1
Zou, X	1
Shi, J	1
Li, X	1
Tan, L	1
Alam, AM	1
Deeba, F	1
Matin, A	1
Ivy, R	1
Begum, N	1
Liao, X	1
Cheng, Z	1
Wen, J	1
Li, B	1
Rodrigues, AD	1
van Dyk, M	1
Sorich, MJ	1
Fahmy, A	1
Useckaite, Z	1
Newman, LA	1
Kapetas, AJ	1
Mounzer, R	1
Wood, LS	1
Johnson, JG	1
Rowland, A	1
Sohn, HM	1
Na, HS	1
Lim, D	1
Koung Yi, I	1
Nam, SW	1
Do, SH	1
Hwang, JW	1
Ramanadhan, S	1
Woodhams, E	1
Srikanth, P	1
White, KO	1
Gutierrez, J	1
Sepulveda, W	1
Ramirez, R	1
Acosta, G	1
Ambiado, S	1
Silverman, EC	1
Sporer, KA	1
Lemieux, JM	1
Brown, JF	1
Koenig, KL	1
Gausche-Hill, M	1
Rudnick, EM	1
Salvucci, AA	1
Gilbert, GH	1
Tsukamoto, A	1
Konishi, Y	1
Kawakami, T	1
Koibuchi, C	1
Sato, R	1
Kanai, E	1
Inomata, T	1
Horwitz, G	1
Roncari, D	1
Braaten, KP	2
Maurer, R	2
Fortin, J	2
Goldberg, AB	3
Dallmann, A	1
Ince, I	1
Coboeken, K	1
Eissing, T	1
Hempel, G	1
Urman, RD	1
Kitaoka, S	1
Hatogai, J	1
Iimura, R	1
Yamamoto, Y	1
Oba, K	1
Nakai, M	1
Kusunoki, Y	1
Ochiai, W	1
Sugiyama, K	1
Harsono, AAH	1
Achmadi, A	1
Aldika Akbar, MI	1
Joewono, HT	1
Thaxton, L	1
Pitotti, J	1
Espey, E	1
Teal, S	1
Sheeder, J	1
Singh, RH	1
Ibrahim, M	1
Gomaa, E	1
Walter-Nicolet, E	1
Courtois, E	1
Milesi, C	1
Ancel, PY	1
Beuchée, A	1
Tourneux, P	1
Benhammou, V	1
Carbajal, R	1
Durrmeyer, X	1
Matson, L	1
Dunn, E	1
Haines, K	1
Miller-Smith, S	1
Lee-Stubbs, R	1
Whitten, K	1
Ardinger, C	1
McCarren, H	1
McDonough, J	1
Neuman, G	1
Koren, G	1
Adams, R	1
Brown, GT	1
Davidson, M	1
Fisher, E	1
Mathisen, J	1
Thomson, G	1
Webster, NR	2
Jakob, SM	1
Ruokonen, E	1
Takala, J	1
Vyhlidal, CA	1
Pearce, RE	1
Gaedigk, R	1
Calamia, JC	1
Shuster, DL	1
Thummel, KE	2
Leeder, JS	1
Matsuyama, T	1
Tanaka, T	1
Tatsumi, K	1
Daijo, H	1
Kai, S	1
Harada, H	1
Fukuda, K	1
Bayer, LL	1
Edelman, AB	1
Fu, R	1
Lambert, WE	1
Nichols, MD	1
Bednarek, PH	1
Jensen, JT	1
Han, G	1
Li, L	1
Tian, Y	1
Xue, H	1
Zhao, P	1
Danielak-Nowak, M	1
Musioł, E	1
Arct-Danielak, D	1
Duda, I	1
Ludwik, K	1
Baust, H	1
Glatz, U	1
Quabach, R	1
Sitina, M	1
Kang, HY	1
Lee, SW	1
Hong, EP	1
Sim, YH	1
Lee, SM	1
Park, SW	1
Kang, JM	1
Zhang, Z	1
Unadkat, JD	3
Edwards, LE	1
Hutchison, LB	1
Hornik, CD	1
Smith, PB	1
Cotten, CM	1
Bidegain, M	1
Morimoto, Y	1
Yoshimura, M	1
Orita, H	1
Matayoshi, H	1
Nagamizo, D	1
Sakabe, T	1
Nakata, M	1
Domínguez-Fuentes, B	1
García-Gil, D	1
Romero-Palacios, A	1
Sánchez-Crespo, JM	1
García-Arjona, R	1
Navarro-Navarro, J	1
Wilson, LC	1
Chen, BA	1
Creinin, MD	2
Andrew, MA	1
Hebert, MF	2
Vicini, P	1
Varela, JA	1
Penide, L	1
Abad, A	1
Benito, J	1
Navia, J	1
Esmaoglu, A	1
Ulgey, A	1
Akin, A	1
Boyaci, A	1
Zhang, H	1
Wu, X	1
Naraharisetti, SB	1
Chung, F	1
Whittington, D	1
Mirfazaelian, A	1
Lee, DH	1
Kwon, IC	1
Shahriari, A	1
Khooshideh, M	1
Heidari, MH	1
Fitzsimmons, BP	1
MacKay-Dunn, MH	1
Mo, D	1
Hodgson, ZG	1
Zhou, R	1
Wang, S	1
Zhu, X	1
Anderson, BJ	1
Larsson, P	1
Terui, K	1
Omoto, A	1
Osada, H	1
Hishiki, T	1
Saito, T	1
Sato, Y	1
Mitsunaga, T	1
Yoshida, H	1
Akhtaruzzaman, AK	1
Banik, D	1
Akhtar, MF	1
Roy, J	1
Haque, MF	1
Hye, MA	1
Baidya, DK	1
Trikha, A	1
Menon, S	1
Garg, R	1
Stoll, WD	1
Hebbar, L	1
Marica, LS	1
Harman, F	1
Hasturk, AE	1
Yaman, M	1
Arca, T	1
Kilinc, K	1
Sargon, MF	1
Kaptanoglu, E	1
Gaohua, L	1
Abduljalil, K	1
Jamei, M	1
Johnson, TN	1
Rostami-Hodjegan, A	1
Wiebe, ER	1
Byczko, B	1
Kaczorowski, J	1
McLane, AL	1
Chaudhari, T	1
Robertson, M	1
Ellwood, D	1
Simpson, E	1
Kecskes, Z	1
Kent, AL	1
Wu, J	1
Yao, S	1
Wu, Z	2
Chu, S	1
Xia, G	1
Deng, F	1
Loughrey, JP	1
Tsen, LC	1
Ge, SJ	1
Zhuang, XL	1
Wang, YT	1
Wang, ZD	1
Li, HT	1
Ray, BK	1
Vallejo, MC	1
Shannon, KT	1
Mandell, GL	1
Kaul, B	1
Ramanathan, S	1
Luna, SP	1
Cassu, RN	1
Castro, GB	1
Teixeira Neto, FJ	1
Silva Júnior, JR	1
Lopes, MD	1
Nelson, TW	1
Kuczkowski, KM	1
Tucker, AP	1
Mezzatesta, J	1
Nadeson, R	1
Goodchild, CS	1
Lopes, DV	1
Caruso, RR	1
Castro, NG	1
Costa, PR	1
da Silva, AJ	1
Noël, F	1
McClaine, RJ	1
Uemura, K	1
de la Fuente, SG	1
Manson, RJ	1
Booth, JV	1
White, WD	1
Campbell, KA	1
McClaine, DJ	1
Benni, PB	1
Eubanks, WS	1
Reynolds, JD	1
Voermans, NC	1
Zwarts, MJ	1
Renier, WO	1
Bloem, BR	1
Mehrotra, R	1
Frölich, MA	1
Burchfield, DJ	1
Euliano, TY	1
Caton, D	1
Iyilikci, L	2
Balkan, BK	1
Capar, E	1
Uchimura, A	1
Yogo, H	1
Kudoh, I	1
Ohmura, A	1
Allen, RH	1
Kumar, D	1
Fitzmaurice, G	1
Lifford, KL	1
Costa-Farré, C	1
García-Martínez, A	1
Segura, D	1
Monreal, L	1
Akarsu, M	1
Kocaayan, E	1
Topalak, O	1
Collier, CB	1
Nacitarhan, C	1
Sadan, G	1
Kayacan, N	1
Ertugrul, F	1
Arici, G	1
Karsli, B	1
Erman, M	1
Reza, N	1
Ali, SM	1
Saeed, K	1
Abul-Qasim, A	1
Reza, TH	1
Tarhan, O	1
Canbay, O	1
Celebi, N	1
Uzun, S	1
Sahin, A	1
Coşkun, F	1
Aypar, U	1
Easterling, TR	1
Kirby, B	1
Carr, DB	1
Buchanan, ML	1
Rutherford, T	1
Fishbein, DP	1
Marc, I	1
Rainville, P	1
Masse, B	1
Verreault, R	1
Vaillancourt, L	1
Vallée, E	1
Dodin, S	1
Vree, TB	1
Reekers-Ketting, JJ	1
Fragen, RJ	1
Arts, TH	1
Crawford, ME	3
Carl, P	4
Andersen, RS	1
Mikkelsen, BO	4
Kanto, J	3
Aaltonen, L	2
Erkkola, R	2
Aärimaa, L	1
Cartwright, PD	1
Pingel, SM	1
Conklin, KA	1
Graham, CW	1
Murad, S	1
Randall, FM	1
Katz, RL	1
Cabalum, T	1
Lieb, SM	1
Brinkman, CR	1
Sjövall, S	1
Himberg, JJ	2
Kangas, L	1
Berggren, L	1
Eriksson, I	1
Gitsch, E	1
Philipp, K	1
Schönbauer, M	1
Soussis, I	1
Boyd, O	1
Paraschos, T	1
Duffy, S	1
Bower, S	1
Troughton, P	1
Lowe, J	1
Grounds, R	1
Brimacombe, J	1
De Jonge, ET	1
Pattinson, RC	1
Makin, JD	1
Venter, CP	1
Smilov, I	3
Iankov, A	1
Georgiev, S	1
Borisov, B	1
Joffe, D	1
Robbins, R	1
Benjamin, A	1
Lirzin, JD	1
Jorrot, JC	1
Romdhane, K	1
Conseiller, C	1
Padilla, SL	1
Dugan, K	1
Maruschak, V	1
Smith, RD	1
Zinder, H	1
Valentine, JM	1
Lyons, G	1
Bellamy, MC	1
Okutomi, T	1
Nomoto, K	1
Nakamura, K	1
Goto, F	1
Kurz, A	1
Xiong, J	1
Sessler, DI	1
Plattner, O	1
Christensen, R	1
Dechert, M	1
Ikeda, T	1
Milki, AA	1
Tazuke, SI	1
Nonaka, A	1
Kashimoto, S	1
Imamura, M	1
Furuya, A	1
Kumazawa, T	1
Mercier, FJ	1
Benhamou, D	1
Takano, M	1
Takano, Y	1
Sato, I	1
Speirs, M	1
Howells, H	1
Dahl, V	1
Fjellanger, F	1
Raeder, JC	2
Radev, RN	1
Maneva, NP	1
Khristova, KhI	1
Tsvetkov, V	1
Dimitrov, GD	1
Sen, A	1
Rudra, A	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Ketamine Versus Fentanyl for Surgical Abortions: A Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial[NCT04871425]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-27	Completed
Gabapentin as an Adjunct for Pain Management During Dilation and Evacuation: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03635905]	Phase 4	130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-26	Completed
Nitrous Oxide Versus Intravenous Sedation for Anesthesia[NCT02755090]		39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Efficacy of Midazolam Addition to Local Anesthetic in Peribulbar Block. Randomized, Controlled Trial[NCT03397069]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Comparative Study on Development of Paradoxical Excitement Response During Sedation Using Dexmedetomidine or Propofol in Hazardous Alcohol Drinkers[NCT02197403]	Phase 4	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Recruiting
An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-trimester Surgical Abortion: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01830881]	Phase 4	124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Midazolam as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Quadratus Lumborum Block After Caesarean Section; Does it Offer Better Pain Control? a Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial[NCT05261672]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-15	Recruiting
An Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01330459]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
An Evaluation of the Paracervical Block for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01094366]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Auricular Acupuncture as Adjunct for Pain Management During First Trimester Uterine Aspiration.[NCT03391986]		153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-09	Completed
The Effect of Turkish Classical Music on Postpartum Pain and Anxiety in Women Who Delivered Via Cesarean Section[NCT04111575]		126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-05	Completed
Compare the Side Effects and Differences Awake Level of Propofol by Using Three TCI Formula of Anesthesia in TVOR Patients[NCT00760253]		118 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

After the procedure, research personnel will ask anesthetist what medications, if any, they gave outside of the study protocol (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: Immediately postoperatively

Provider Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the VAS

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ketamine	23
Fentanyl	30

After the procedure, research personnel will assess provider's satisfaction with patient's anesthesia on a 100mm visual analog scale. The minimum score is 0mm and the maximum score if 100mm, with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: Immediately postoperatively

Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the ISAS

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	90
Fentanyl	86.8

After the procedure, either at time of discharge (if less than 30 minutes) or at 30 minutes (if not yet discharged), research personnel will assess the participant's satisfaction with anesthesia using the Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale. This is a validated perioperative anesthesia satisfaction scale with a minimum score of -3 and a maximum score of +3 with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: At discharge or 30 minutes after the procedure

Postoperative Pain Assessed by the VAS

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	2.4
Fentanyl	2.2

Patients will complete 2 followup surveys asking about their postoperative pain after discharge. This will be assessed on a 100mm visual analog scale. The minimum score is 0mm and the maximum score if 100mm, with higher scores indicating higher pain levels. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperatively and 7 days postoperatively

Satisfaction With Anesthesia (Iowa Satisfaction With Anesthesia Scale [ISAS])

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Pain post-op day 1	Pain post-op day 7
Fentanyl	22	19.1
Ketamine	24.5	18.2

The Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale (ISAS) was given to women following a surgical abortion. The ISAS score is the mean of 11 responses to questions regarding satisfaction with anesthesia and has a score range of -3 (disagree strongly) to 3 (agree strongly). (NCT02755090)
Timeframe: Assessed 30 minutes after procedure completion.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score for Maximum Procedural Pain

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide and IV Saline	0.7
Standard Care Group (IV Sedation and Oxygen)	1.8

To compare women's maximum procedural pain measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) during a surgical abortion between 12 weeks 0 days to 16 weeks 0 days gestational age between women randomized to nitrous oxide versus intravenous sedation. A score of 0 represents no pain and a score of 100 represents pain as bad as it could be. (NCT02755090)
Timeframe: Assessed immediately following completion of the procedure (as defined as removal of the speculum)

Subject Extent of Amnesia

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide and IV Saline	54.1
Standard Care Group (IV Sedation and Oxygen)	34.0

To assess the extent of amnesia 1-3 days postoperatively as measured by 100mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being Remember Nothing and 100mm being Remember Everything. (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 1-3 days postoperatively

Subject Nausea 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	91.5
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	61.3

Subject nausea will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being None and 100mm being Worst Imaginable (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Perception of Anxiety With Patient Positioning Procedure

Intervention	100-mm visual analog sclae for nausea (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	9.5
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	3.5

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety prior to starting pelvic exam by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: prior to starting pelvic exam (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	56.6
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	45.4

Subjects will be asked to rate pain at the time of cervical dilation by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: with cervical dilation (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Sleepiness 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	73.0
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	69.3

Subject sleepiness will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being None and 100mm being Worst Imaginable (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Vital Signs (Heart Rate)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	40.1
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	56.6

Subject heart rate will be assessed for the duration of the procedure (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: intraoperatively (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Vital Signs (Heart Rate) 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Intervention	bmp (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	80
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	78.5

Subject vital signs (heart rate) will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Vital Signs (Oxygenation Saturation)

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	70.1
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	72

Subject oxygenation status will be assessed for the duration of the procedure (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: intraoperatively (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Vital Signs (Oxygenation Saturation) 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Intervention	percent saturation (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	98.3
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	98.1

Subject vital signs (oxygenation saturation) will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject's Correct Identification of Receiving Midazolam or Placebo

Intervention	percent saturation (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	98.3
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	98.1

Number of patient's who could correctly determine if they received study drug or placebo when asked (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Number of Participants With Need for Additional Postoperative Pain Medication

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	43
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	48

Subjects will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively for need of additional pain medications. (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Patient Satisfaction With Pain and Anxiety 30 Minutes Postoperatively

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Ondansetron	Hydrocodone/acetaminophen
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	3	2
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	2	1

To assess whether oral midazolam is associated with differences in overall patient satisfaction with pain and anxiety control and abortion experience at 30 min postoperatively as measured by a mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being Not At All Satisfied and 100mm being Very Satisfied (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes post-operatively

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Anxiety at Baseline

Intervention	mm on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (Mean)
	Satisfaction with anxiety control (100-mm VAS)	Satisfaction with pain control (100-mm VAS)
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	68.9	50.0
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	56.1	43.2

"To measure the mean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Form Y-1 for anxiety. State anxiety items include: I am tense; I am worried and I feel calm; I feel secure. Trait anxiety items include: I worry too much over something that really doesn't matter and I am content; I am a steady person. Each type of anxiety has its own 4-point scale of 20 different questions that are scored. The 4-point scale for S-anxiety is as follows: 1.) not at all, 2.) somewhat, 3.) moderately so, 4.) very much so. The 4-point scale for T-anxiety is as follows: 1.) almost never, 2.) sometimes, 3.) often, 4.) almost always. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicate greater anxiety. State anxiety items and Trait anxiety items were each summed in assessment to provide two total scores for each participant, a State anxiety score and a Trait anxiety score. Mean and standard deviation of total scores for each group are reported." (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: Baseline (upon entry into study)

Subject Anticipated Perception of Pain and Anxiety During Uterine Aspiration at Baseline

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	State anxiety level	Trait anxiety level
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	51.3	38.6
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	50.8	40.1

Subjects will be asked to rate their anticipated anxiety and pain at the time of uterine aspiration by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: Baseline (upon entry into study)

Subject Extent of Amnesia Using Amnesia Score

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Expected Anxiety	Expected Pain
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	74.2	69.2
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	77.5	67.2

To assess the extent of amnesia 30 min postoperatively as measured by ability to recall procedure using 4-point scale (0 = unable to recall any proportion of the procedure, 1 = able to recall and describe some portions of the procedure, but overall has minimal recall of the procedure, 2 = able to recall and describe most of the procedure, but admits to inability to recall some portion of the procedure, 3 = able to recall and describe the entire procedure). (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Extent of Sedation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Partial to complete amnesia (score 0,1,2)	No Amnesia (score 3)
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	31	30
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	16	45

Subject extent of sedation 30-60 minutes after premedication, just prior to procedure as measured by the 6-point Ramsay Scale (1 = patient anxious agitated, or restless; 2 = patient cooperative, oriented, and tranquil; 3 = patient asleep, responds to commands only; 4 = patient asleep, responds to gentle shaking, light glabellar tap, or loud auditory stimulus; 5 = patient asleep, responds to noxious stimuli such as firm nail bed pressure; 6 = patient asleep, has no response to firm nail bed pressure or other noxious stimuli) (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30-60 minutes after premedication

Subject Perception of Pain and Anxiety During Uterine Aspiration

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	1	2	3	4 or greater
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	10	51	1	0
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	11	50	0	0

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety and pain at the time of uterine aspiration by marking along a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: at time of uterine aspiration (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Perception of Pain and Anxiety Post Procedure

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Pain with Aspiration	Anxiety with Aspiration
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	70.1	60.9
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	74.3	68.2

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety and pain 30 minutes post-operatively by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes post operatively

Subject Perception of Pain and Anxiety Upon Entering Procedure Room

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Anxiety Post Procedure	Pain Post Procedure
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	14.4	37.1
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	20.9	34.7

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety and pain upon entering procedure room by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: upon entering procedure room (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Satisfaction With Pain and Anxiety 1-3 Days Post Procedure

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Anxiety at Room Entry	Pain at Room Entry
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	34.5	10.1
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	51.4	17.5

To assess whether oral midazolam is associated with differences in overall patient satisfaction with pain and anxiety control and abortion experience at 1-3 days postoperatively as measured by a mm VAS with 0mm being Not At All Satisfied and 100mm being Very Satisfied (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 1-3 days post-operatively

Need for Additional Intraoperative and/or Postoperative Pain Medication

Intervention	mm on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (Mean)
	Satisfaction with anxiety control (100-mm VAS)	Satisfaction with pain control (100-mm VAS)
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	64.7	48.2
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	50.2	36.6

To assess need for additional intraoperative and/or postoperative pain medication (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Patient Perception of Pain

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	0
Placebo	0

To determine whether HC/APAP, given in addition to a standard regimen of ibuprofen, lorazepam, and PCB, affects patient pain perception at the time of uterine aspiration, as measured by distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The number 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: At time of uterine aspiration (baseline)

Patient Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	65.7
Placebo	63.1

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS scale (VAS anchors: 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable) recorded after cervical dilation (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: During procedure (approximately 45-90 min after hydrocodone/acetaminophen or placebo, and within 5 minutes of procedure starting)

Postoperative Nausea

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	47.2
Placebo	43.9

To assess whether HC/APAP is associated with nausea, measured on the 100 mm VAS, recorded 30 minutes postoperatively. VAS anchors: 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Satisfaction With Pain Control

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	19.4
Placebo	11.4

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS (VAS anchors: 0 = unsatisfied, 100 mm = very satisfied) recorded 30 minutes after completion of the procedure. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Change in Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Placebo Versus Routine Care

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	74.8
Placebo	67.3

Measure effectiveness of placebo as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive placebo adhesives and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: prior to the procedure (baseline), at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Percentage of Patients Rated Good or Very Good on Satisfaction Survey in Overall Care - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Adhesives	70.0
Routine Care	71.0

Using a satisfaction survey (investigator-developed, 6 questions, each question is graded on a scale of 1-5, 1 being very poor and 5 being very good) to measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for improving satisfaction. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 5-10 minutes)

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Pyonex Needles	94
Routine Care	76

Measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during first trimester uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive auricular acupuncture and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). The VAS has no sub-scales. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Article	Year
Maternal and neonatal outcomes with the addition of intrathecal midazolam as an adjuvant to spinal anesthesia in cesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2022, Volume: 80 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; Pregna	2022
Safety of procedural sedation in pregnancy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2013, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Emergencies; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketamine; Midazolam; Piperi	2013
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine compared with midazolam for sedation in adult intensive care patients: a systematic review. British journal of anaesthesia, 2013, Volume: 111, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypnotics a	2013
A review of physician anaesthesia prescribing practices in an abortion clinic in British Columbia. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2010, Volume: 32, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; British C	2010
Promising non-narcotic analgesic techniques for labour. Bailliere's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 1998, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Midazolam;	1998
[Dormicum, aneksat and their use in obstetrical and gynecological operations]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1990, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Female; Flumazenil; Genital Diseases, Female;	1990

Article	Year
Ketamine Compared With Fentanyl for Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2022, 09-01, Volume: 140, Issue:3 Topics: Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ketamine; Midazolam; Pain; Pregnancy	2022
Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Contraception, 2023, Volume: 118 Topics: Dilatation; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Gabapentin; Humans; Midazolam; Nausea; Pain; Pain	2023
Effect of fentanyl on nausea and vomiting in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled study. The Journal of international medical research, 2019, Volume: 47, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Female; Fentanyl; Hemodynamics; Humans; Midazolam; Post	2019
A Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Hemabate in Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Drug design, development and therapy, 2020, Volume: 14 Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Midazolam; Postop	2020
The Additive Effects of Midazolam in Sub Arachnoid Block in Elective Caesarian Section: A Randomized Control Trial. Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ, 2020, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female;	2020
A randomized comparison of intravenous sedation using a dosing algorithm compared to standard care during first-trimester surgical abortion. Contraception, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Algorithms; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Body Mass Index; Conscious Sedation;	2018
Nitrous Oxide Compared With Intravenous Sedation for Second-Trimester Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2018, Volume: 132, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics,	2018
Efficacy of midazolam addition to local anesthetic in peribulbar block : Randomized controlled trial. Der Anaesthesist, 2019, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Local; Cataract Extraction; Fema	2019
An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2015, Volume: 126, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety	2015
Influences of Different Doses of Midazolam on Mother and Fetus in Fetoscopic Surgery for Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome. Pharmacology, 2015, Volume: 96, Issue:3-4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anxiety; Female; Fetal Monitoring; Fetofetal Transfusion; Fetoscopy;	2015
A comparison of subhypnotic doses of propofol and midazolam during spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy, 2016, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cesarean S	2016
Comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation of eclampsia patients in the intensive care unit. Journal of critical care, 2009, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Dexmedetomidine; Eclampsia; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedativ	2009
Magnesium sulphate has beneficial effects as an adjuvant during general anaesthesia for Caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Atra	2009
Prevention of nausea and vomiting in caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia with midazolam or metoclopramide? JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2009, Volume: 59, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Antiemetics; Cesarean Section; Chi-Square Distribution; Doubl	2009
Prolonged analgesia by adding midazolam and hyperbaric bupivacaine in subarachnoid block for lower uterine caesarian section. Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean S	2010
A comparison of anesthetic regimens using etomidate and propofol in patients undergoing first-trimester abortions: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. Contraception, 2013, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Ane	2013
Intrathecal midazolam II: combination with intrathecal fentanyl for labor pain. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Chi-Square Distribution; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fentanyl; H	2004
A single dose of fentanyl and midazolam prior to Cesarean section have no adverse neonatal effects. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Apgar Score;	2006
The impact of music on postoperative pain and anxiety following cesarean section. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antiemetics; Anxiety; Cesarean	2007
Subhypnotic doses of midazolam prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Minerva anestesiologica, 2007, Volume: 73, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Seda	2007
Effects of pregnancy on CYP3A and P-glycoprotein activities as measured by disposition of midazolam and digoxin: a University of Washington specialized center of research study. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2008, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Area Under Curve; ATP	2008
Hypnotic analgesia intervention during first-trimester pregnancy termination: an open randomized trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2008, Volume: 199, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnosis, Anesthetic; Hypno	2008
Comparison between midazolam and thiopentone-based balanced anaesthesia for day-case surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 1984, Volume: 56, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anest	1984
Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 1984, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; Female; Humans; Ke	1984
Midazolam for induction of anaesthesia in outpatients: a comparison with thiopentone. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1981, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthe	1981
Follicular fluid levels of midazolam, fentanyl, and alfentanil during transvaginal oocyte retrieval. Fertility and sterility, 1995, Volume: 64, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Alfentanil; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Fentanyl; Fertilization; Follicular Fluid; Humans; Hy	1995
Is ward evacuation for uncomplicated incomplete abortion under systemic analgesia safe and effective? A randomised clinical trial. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1994, Volume: 84, Issue:8 Pt 1 Topics: Abortion, Incomplete; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Blood Loss, Surgical; Blo	1994
[Postoperative respiratory depression following ambulatory anesthesia for abortion. Evolution of the ventilatory response to CO2 following the use of propofol alone or in association with different opioids: comparison with midazolam in the same situation] Cahiers d'anesthesiologie, 1993, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Alfentanil; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesi	1993
The effect of intrathecal midazolam on post-operative pain. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 13, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics,	1996
No effect of preoperative paracetamol and codeine suppositories for pain after termination of pregnancies in general anaesthesia. European journal of pain (London, England), 2000, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Acetaminophen; Adult; Alfentanil; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; A	2000
Intrathecal midazolam for postoperative pain relief in caesarean section delivery. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 2001, Volume: 99, Issue:12 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Lidocaine; Midaz	2001
The sedative effect of intravenous injection of low dose midazolam during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Ma zui xue za zhi = Anaesthesiologica Sinica, 1992, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; In	1992
Propofol anaesthesia versus paracervical blockade with alfentanil and midazolam sedation for outpatient abortion. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Alfentanil; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anest	1992
The effect of orally administered diazepam and midazolam on plasma beta-endorphin, ACTH and preoperative anxiety. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1991, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Affect; Analysis of Variance; Anxiety; beta-Endorphin; Diazepam;	1991
Discomfort after outpatient abortion using paracervical block: a comparison between two opioids and one non-opioid drug for premedication. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 1990, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Anesthesia, Local; Anxiety; Female; Humans; Meperidine; M	1990
Fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil anesthesia for induced abortion. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1989, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Diazep	1989
A randomized comparison between midazolam and thiopental for elective cesarean section anesthesia. I. Mothers. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1989, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Midazolam; Pregnancy;	1989
A randomized comparison between midazolam and thiopental for elective cesarean section anesthesia: III. Placental transfer and elimination in neonates. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1989, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Feta	1989
Ro 15-1788 for postoperative recovery. A randomised clinical trial in patients undergoing minor surgical procedures under midazolam anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 1986, Volume: 41, Issue:10 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia Recovery Period; An	1986
Comparison of midazolam and thiopental for rapid sequence anesthetic induction for elective cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1987, Volume: 66, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Blood Gas Analysis; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Midazola	1987

Article	Year
Ketamine Noninferior to Fentanyl for Surgical Abortion Sedation. JAMA, 2022, 09-27, Volume: 328, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Conscious Sedation; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ket	2022
The association of patient age, race, and demographic features on reported pain and sedation dosing during procedural abortion: A retrospective cohort study. Contraception, 2023, Volume: 123 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Conscious Sedation; Demography; Female; Fentanyl; Hum	2023
Anesthetic management for cesarean delivery for a parturient with metaphyseal dysplasia and hypophosphatemic rickets. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2020, Volume: 43 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local;	2020
A Case Report of Sedation Strategy for a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation After Cesarean Section. The heart surgery forum, 2021, 01-14, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Cesarean Section; Combined Modality Therapy; COVID-19; Dexmedetomidine; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxyg	2021
Exploring the Use of Serum-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles as Liquid Biopsy to Study the Induction of Hepatic Cytochromes P450 and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2021, Volume: 110, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dextromethorphan; Enzyme Induction; Extrace	2021
Immediate retrograde amnesia induced by midazolam: A prospective, non-randomised cohort study. International journal of clinical practice, 2021, Volume: 75, Issue:11 Topics: Amnesia, Retrograde; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Pregnancy;	2021
Pain medication requirements in patients with opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion: An exploratory study. Contraception, 2021, Volume: 104, Issue:4 Topics: Conscious Sedation; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Opioid-Related Dis	2021
Fetal Bladder Rupture as a Complication of Adjunctive Therapy in Severe Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. Fetal and pediatric pathology, 2022, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; COVID-19; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Midazolam; Pregnancy	2022
Prehospital Care for the Adult and Pediatric Seizure Patient: Current Evidence-based Recommendations. The western journal of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Ca	2017
Pharmacological properties of various anesthetic protocols in 10-day-old neonatal rats. Experimental animals, 2017, Oct-30, Volume: 66, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Butorphanol; Dose-Response Relationshi	2017
Moderate intravenous sedation for first trimester surgical abortion: a comparison of adverse outcomes between obese and normal-weight women. Contraception, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Body Mass Index; Child; Conscious Se	2018
A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Pregnant Women to Predict the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Metabolized Via Several Enzymatic Pathways. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2018, Volume: 57, Issue:6 Topics: Caffeine; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Diazepam; Female; Granisetron; Humans; Metoprolol; Metroni	2018
Relationship between low midazolam metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A in mice and the high incidence of birth defects. The Journal of toxicological sciences, 2018, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Congenital Abnormalities; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives;	2018
Recurrent Seizures in 2 Patients with Magnesium Sulfate-Treated Eclampsia at a Secondary Hospital. The American journal of case reports, 2018, Sep-25, Volume: 19 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cesarean Section; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Magnesium S	2018
Premedication practices for delivery room intubations in premature infants in France: Results from the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study. PloS one, 2019, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: Birth Weight; Cohort Studies; Delivery Rooms; Female; France; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newbo	2019
Evaluation of first-line anticonvulsants to treat nerve agent-induced seizures and prevent neuropathology in adult and pediatric rats. Neurotoxicology, 2019, Volume: 74 Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Elect	2019
Efficacy of dexmedetomidine compared with midazolam for sedation in adult intensive care patients. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:3 Topics: Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Pregnancy	2014
Reply from the author. British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 112, Issue:3 Topics: Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Pregnancy	2014
Variability in Expression of CYP3A5 in Human Fetal Liver. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2015, Volume: 43, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Alleles; Biotransformation; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Fetus; Genet	2015
Midazolam inhibits the hypoxia-induced up-regulation of erythropoietin in the central nervous system. European journal of pharmacology, 2015, Aug-15, Volume: 761 Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Disease M	2015
[Not Available]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 2016, Volume: 51, Issue:5 Topics: Cesarean Section; Chronic Pain; Europe; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypothermia, Induce	2016
Myoclonus-like involuntary movements following cesarean delivery epidural anesthesia. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2016, Volume: 34 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Ob	2016
Development of a Novel Maternal-Fetal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model II: Verification of the model for passive placental permeability drugs. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2017, Volume: 45, Issue:8 Topics: Female; Fetus; Humans; Kinetics; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Midazolam; Models, Biological; Permeabilit	2017
A case of infant delirium in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine, 2017, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Amines; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cardiac Catheterization; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid	2017
[Anesthesia management for fetoscopic treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 57, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Female; Fentanyl; Fetofetal Transfusion; Fetoscopy; Hum	2008
[Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy in a patient with postpartum eclampsia]. Medicina intensiva, 2008, Volume: 32, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Antihypertensive Agents; Brain; Brain Edema; Cesarean Section; Diazepam; Dru	2008
Low-dose fentanyl and midazolam in outpatient surgical abortion up to 18 weeks of gestation. Contraception, 2009, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Cohort Studies; Conscious Sedation; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics an	2009
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of midazolam disposition during pregnancy. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2008, Volume: 2008 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Computer Simulation; Female; Fetus; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Metabolic	2008
[Pneumomediastinum and extensive subcutaneous emphysema after normal labor]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2008, Volume: 55, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Chest Pain; Dyspnea; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mediastinal Emphysema; Midazola	2008
Pregnancy does not increase CYP3A or P-glycoprotein activity in the non-human primate, Macaca nemestrina. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2009, Volume: 330, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Cytochrome P-450	2009
Prenatal ethanol exposure attenuates GABAergic inhibition in basolateral amygdala leading to neuronal hyperexcitability and anxiety-like behavior of adult rat offspring. Neuroscience, 2010, Oct-27, Volume: 170, Issue:3 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Anxiety; Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Ethano	2010
A maturation model for midazolam clearance. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2011, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Algorithms; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Hypn	2011
Influence of fetal stabilization on postnatal status of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatric surgery international, 2011, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cesarean Section; Female; Fentanyl; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Distress; Fetal	2011
Anaesthetic management of emergency caesarean section in a patient with seizures and likely raised intracranial pressure due to tuberculous meningitis. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2011, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androstanols; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Ant	2011
Anesthetic management of a pregnant patient with multiple pterygium syndrome (Escobar type). International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetic	2012
Neuroprotective effects of propofol, thiopental, etomidate, and midazolam in fetal rat brain in ischemia-reperfusion model. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Embryo, Mammalian; Etomidate; Female; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mic	2012
A pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic (p-PBPK) model for disposition of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2012, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Caffeine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Drug Desi	2012
Can we safely avoid fasting before abortions with low-dose procedural sedation? A retrospective cohort chart review of anesthesia-related complications in 47,748 abortions. Contraception, 2013, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Confidence Intervals; Conscio	2013
Maternal ventilation and sedation for H1N1 influenza resulting in fetal bladder rupture and urinary ascites. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 2013, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Ascites; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype;	2013
Human immunodeficiency virus in pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine, 2002, Oct-10, Volume: 347, Issue:15 Topics: Contraindications; Drug Interactions; Female; GABA Modulators; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibito	2002
Changes in the rapidly extracted auditory evoked potentials index and the bispectral index during sedation induced by propofol or midazolam under epidural block. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials, Au	2002
Amniotic fluid embolism with second trimester pregnancy termination: a case report. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2004, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Cardiopulmonary Resusc	2004
Effects of four anaesthetic protocols on the neurological and cardiorespiratory variables of puppies born by caesarean section. The Veterinary record, 2004, Mar-27, Volume: 154, Issue:13 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cesare	2004
Trauma in pregnancy: anesthetic management of a parturient with hypotensive shock and trauma to the gravid uterus. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:5 Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Female	2004
Characterization of a new synthetic isoflavonoid with inverse agonist activity at the central benzodiazepine receptor. European journal of pharmacology, 2004, Jul-14, Volume: 495, Issue:2-3 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bicuculline; Binding, Competitive; Brain; Dose-Response Relationship,	2004
General anesthesia improves fetal cerebral oxygenation without evidence of subsequent neuronal injury. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Ani	2005
[Epileptic seizures during childbirth in a patient with idiopathic generalised epilepsy]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2005, Jun-18, Volume: 149, Issue:25 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Cesarean Section; Clonazepam; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Generalized; Epi	2005
General anesthesia for a patient with alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2005, Volume: 52, Issue:10 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Fema	2005
Sedation for percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst in a pregnant patient. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2006, Volume: 274, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypn	2006
[Facial edema and pruritus after intravenous injection of midazolam]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 55, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Conscious Sedation; Edema; Fac	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Pain management of first-trimester surgical abortion: effects of selection of local anesthesia with and without lorazepam or intravenous sedation. Contraception, 2006, Volume: 74, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Analgesia; Anesthetics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ibuprofen; Lorazepam; Mi	2006
Anesthesia case of the month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2006, Dec-15, Volume: 229, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atrial Fibrillation; Electrocardiography; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ketam	2006
Sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a pregnant patient. Journal of anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Re	2007
Unplanned 'unconsciousness' at Caesarean section: hysteria or drug reaction? International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amides; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, L	2007
The effects of opioids, local anesthetics and adjuvants on isolated pregnant rat uterine muscles. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2007, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Alfentanil; Amides; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Anim	2007
Placental transfer of midazolam and its metabolite 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1984, Volume: 63, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics; Animals; Benzodiazepines; Female; Fetal Blood; Half-Life; Kine	1984
Pharmacokinetics and sedative effect of midazolam in connection with caesarean section performed under epidural analgesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1984, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Benzodiazepines; Cesarean Section;	1984
Midazolam and diazepam: maternal and fetal effects in the pregnant ewe. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1980, Volume: 56, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepines; Blood; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Diazepam; Female; Fetal Heart; Fetu	1980
Placental transfer and maternal midazolam kinetics. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1983, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Benzodiazepines; Cesarean Section; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; K	1983
[Intranatal Administration of midazolam (author's transl)]. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie, 1982, Volume: 186, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Benzodiazepines; Female; Humans; Labor, Obstetric; Midazolam;	1982
Midazolam and parenteral nutrition in the management of life-threatening hyperemesis gravidarum in a diabetic patient. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1995, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antiemetics; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Esophagitis; Female; Gastropar	1995
[The use of midazolam and flumazenil for short-term anesthesia in terminating an early pregnancy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Drug Evaluation; Female; Flumazenil; Humans; Mida	1993
Caesarean section and phaeochromocytoma resection in a patient with Von Hippel Lindau disease. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1993, Volume: 40, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous	1993
Laparoscopically assisted gamete intrafallopian transfer with local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Fertility and sterility, 1996, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Fallopian Tubes; Female; Gamete Intrafallopian T	1996
Nitric oxide metabolite in pregnant women before and after delivery. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 1997, Volume: 76, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Diazepam; Female; Fetus; Humans; Labor, Obstetric;	1997
Isoflurane produces marked and nonlinear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1997, Mar-15, Volume: 813 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Fe	1997
Office laparoscopy under local anesthesia for gamete intrafallopian transfer: technique and tolerance. Fertility and sterility, 1997, Volume: 68, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cohort Studies;	1997
Mechanism of the negative inotropic effect of midazolam and diazepam in cultured foetal mouse cardiac myocytes. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1997, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl e	1997
[The effect of midazolam on the memory during cesarean section and the modulation by flumazenil]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Amnesia, Retrograde; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Ant	1999
Benzodiazepines at Caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 2000, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Contraindications; Female; Humans;	2000
[Consciousness during anesthesia for cesarean section]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1999, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cesarean Section; Consciousness; Female; Humans; Midaz	1999
Anaesthetic management of a parturient with myocardial infarction related to cocaine use. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1992, Volume: 39, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Crack Cocaine; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; La	1992
Effects of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepine-related drugs on early development and adult social behaviour in Swiss mice--I. Agonists. General pharmacology, 1991, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Chlordiazepoxide; Female; Growth; Mice;	1991
Effects of sera from patients given various anesthetics on preimplantation mouse embryo development in vitro. Journal of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer : IVF, 1991, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics; Animals; Blastocyst; Cells, Cultured; Drug Combinations; Emb	1991
[Aseptic meningitis following spinal anesthesia. Report of a case]. Revista medica de Chile, 1991, Volume: 119, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Meningitis, As	1991
[Anesthesia with dormicum-aneksat in obstetrical-gynecological operations]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1990, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical;	1990
[Analgesia-sedation using ketamine and benzodiazepines in mini-abortion]. Ceskoslovenska gynekologie, 1989, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia; Diazepam; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Midazolam; Preg	1989
Measurement of midazolam and alpha-hydroxymidazolam by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Journal of chromatography, 1986, Jul-11, Volume: 380, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepines; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography, Gas; Electrochemistry; Fema	1986
[Ambulatory anesthesia and induced abortion. Comparative study of propofol-alfentanyl and ketamine-midazolam combinations]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1987, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Alfentanil; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia Recovery Period; An	1987
The usefulness of radioreceptor assay and gas liquid chromatography in pharmacokinetic studies on midazolam. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, 1985, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Benzodiazepines; Chromatography, Gas; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Kinetics; Male	1985
Anesthesia for termination of pregnancy: midazolam compared with methohexital. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1985, Volume: 64, Issue:8 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Benzodiazepines; Female;	1985
Midazolam in obstetric anesthesia--a reply. Anesthesiology, 1988, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Female; Humans; Midazolam; Pregnancy	1988
Midazolam in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 1987, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn;	1987
A comparison of the early pharmacokinetics of midazolam in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Anaesthesia, 1987, Volume: 42, Issue:10 Topics: Apgar Score; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Infant, Newborn; Labor, Obstetric; Mida	1987
Is midazolam desirable for sedation in parturients. Anesthesiology, 1986, Volume: 65, Issue:4 Topics: Amnesia; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Labor, Obstetric; Midazolam; Pre	1986

midazolam and Pregnancy