midazolam and Postoperative Complications studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine is an effective alternative to attenuate coughing and hemodynamic changes with a low incidence of adverse events during emergence from anesthesia after partial and total laryngectomy."	9.34	Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam on cough and recovery quality after partial and total laryngectomy - a randomized controlled trial. ( Jia, J; Li, W; Lu, Y; Xu, R; Zhu, Y, 2020)
" This, however, does not result in a reduced incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia."	9.12	Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. ( Breschan, C; Jost, R; Likar, R; Platzer, M; Stettner, H, 2007)
"These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam."	9.12	Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. ( Auler, JO; Bandeira, D; Bertacchi, MF; Schmidt, AP; Simões, CM; Valinetti, EA, 2007)
"This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery."	9.08	Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Asano, M; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1995)
"It is not known whether hypoxia, associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures when midazolam sedation is used without narcotics, persists into the post-procedure recovery period."	9.07	The effects of flumazenil on alertness and hypoxia in elderly patients after ERCP. ( Bibbey, D; Green, JR; Haines, DJ, 1992)
"When compared with placebo, melatonin given as premedication (as tablets or sublingually) probably reduces preoperative anxiety in adults (measured 50 to 120 minutes after administration), which is potentially clinically relevant."	9.05	Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. ( Madsen, BK; Møller, AM; Rosenberg, J; Zetner, D, 2020)
" Dexmedetomidine significantly decreased the ICU LOS and ICU LOS after the occurrence of delirium compared to haloperidol (13."	7.83	Use of Dexmedetomidine in Liver Transplant Recipients With Postoperative Agitated Delirium. ( Choi, JY; Gwak, MS; Joh, JW; Kim, GS; Kim, JM; Kim, SJ; Ko, JS; Kwon, CH; Lee, S; Lee, SK; Park, JB, 2016)
" We present the case of a healthy 12-year-old girl who received preoperative midazolam with the desired anxiolytic effect, underwent a brief general anesthetic, and then exhibited postoperative delirium, consisting of a transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia."	7.81	Emergence delirium with transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia reversed by flumazenil in a pediatric patient. ( Cook-Sather, SD; DiPuppo, PM; Drobish, JK; Kelz, MB, 2015)
"Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine is an effective alternative to attenuate coughing and hemodynamic changes with a low incidence of adverse events during emergence from anesthesia after partial and total laryngectomy."	5.34	Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam on cough and recovery quality after partial and total laryngectomy - a randomized controlled trial. ( Jia, J; Li, W; Lu, Y; Xu, R; Zhu, Y, 2020)
"The aim of the study was to determine whether or not dexmedetomidine- (DEX-) based intravenous infusion in dental implantation can provide better sedation and postoperative analgesia via suppressing postoperative inflammation and oxidative stress."	5.20	Dexmedetomidine Analgesia Effects in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Surgery and Its Impact on Postoperative Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress. ( Cheung, CW; Li, S; Qian, L; Wu, Y; Yang, Y; Yao, Y; Yu, C, 2015)
"Intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam are equally effective in decreasing anxiety upon separation from parents; however, midazolam is superior in providing satisfactory conditions during mask induction."	5.16	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia. ( Akin, A; Aksu, R; Altuntas, R; Bayram, A; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Tosun, Z, 2012)
" This, however, does not result in a reduced incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia."	5.12	Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. ( Breschan, C; Jost, R; Likar, R; Platzer, M; Stettner, H, 2007)
"These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam."	5.12	Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. ( Auler, JO; Bandeira, D; Bertacchi, MF; Schmidt, AP; Simões, CM; Valinetti, EA, 2007)
"min-1), (2) the incidence of apnea and desaturation of oxygen (< 80%), (3) the degree of sedation, and (4) the serum levels of bilirubin and unbound bilirubin after surgery."	5.08	[Midazolam for anesthetic induction in neonates]. ( Iwasawa, K; Kadosaki, M; Kawakami, K; Mitono, H; Ohata, J; Saito, I, 1998)
"This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery."	5.08	Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Asano, M; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1995)
" Cardiac morbidity (postoperative myocardial ischemia, postoperative myocardial infarction, and perioperative sympathoadrenal stress response), respiratory morbidity (postextubation apnea, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, pulmonary shunting, oxygen consumption, atelectasis, and reintubation), hemodynamic values and vasoactive medication requirements, intraoperative awareness, postoperative cognitive function, 30 day mortality, and intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were compared between the two groups."	5.08	Morbidity outcome in early versus conventional tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a prospective randomized controlled trial. ( Asokumar, B; Carroll, J; Cheng, DC; David, T; Karski, J; Mickle, D; Nierenberg, H; Peniston, C; Raveendran, G; Roger, S; Sandler, A; Tong, J; Zelovitsky, J, 1996)
"It is not known whether hypoxia, associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures when midazolam sedation is used without narcotics, persists into the post-procedure recovery period."	5.07	The effects of flumazenil on alertness and hypoxia in elderly patients after ERCP. ( Bibbey, D; Green, JR; Haines, DJ, 1992)
"Droperidol can reduce the high incidence of vomiting after pediatric strabismus surgery; however, its use may be associated with sedation, delayed hospital discharge, dysphoria and extrapyramidal signs."	5.07	Antiemetic prophylaxis for strabismus surgery. ( Bonn, G; Clarke, W; Noël, LP; Rhine, E; Roberts, D; Splinter, W, 1994)
"The goal of this study was to assess the degree of postoperative anxiety flumazenil might provide in patients when used to reverse the sedation induced by midazolam."	5.06	[Does flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist used during the anesthesia recovery period, have an anxiogenic effect?]. ( Beauvoir, C; du Cailar, J; Pares-Herbute, N; Peschaud, JL, 1989)
"In a randomized study of 100 women (ASA 1-2) undergoing termination of pregnancy as outpatients, the combination of midazolam-fentanyl-nitrous oxide was compared with thiopentone-fentanyl-nitrous oxide."	5.05	Comparison between midazolam and thiopentone-based balanced anaesthesia for day-case surgery. ( Andersen, RS; Carl, P; Crawford, ME; Mikkelsen, BO, 1984)
"When compared with placebo, melatonin given as premedication (as tablets or sublingually) probably reduces preoperative anxiety in adults (measured 50 to 120 minutes after administration), which is potentially clinically relevant."	5.05	Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. ( Madsen, BK; Møller, AM; Rosenberg, J; Zetner, D, 2020)
"Dexmedetomidine is effective in decreasing anxiety upon separation from parents, decreasing postoperative agitation, and providing more effective postoperative analgesia when compared with midazolam."	4.91	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam as preanesthetic medication in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Borghi, G; Febres, D; Frati, E; Landoni, G; Pasin, L; Testa, V; Zangrillo, A, 2015)
" In this paper, we report on the dramatic, sudden resolution of PPCMS induced by midazolam administration in a boy who underwent posterior fossa surgery for choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle."	3.85	Sudden benzodiazepine-induced resolution of post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome: a clinical-SPECT study. ( Clerico, A; Liberatore, M; Nicita, F; Paiano, M; Papoff, P; Piccirilli, M; Schiavetti, A; Spalice, A; Ullo, M, 2017)
" Dexmedetomidine significantly decreased the ICU LOS and ICU LOS after the occurrence of delirium compared to haloperidol (13."	3.83	Use of Dexmedetomidine in Liver Transplant Recipients With Postoperative Agitated Delirium. ( Choi, JY; Gwak, MS; Joh, JW; Kim, GS; Kim, JM; Kim, SJ; Ko, JS; Kwon, CH; Lee, S; Lee, SK; Park, JB, 2016)
" We present the case of a healthy 12-year-old girl who received preoperative midazolam with the desired anxiolytic effect, underwent a brief general anesthetic, and then exhibited postoperative delirium, consisting of a transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia."	3.81	Emergence delirium with transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia reversed by flumazenil in a pediatric patient. ( Cook-Sather, SD; DiPuppo, PM; Drobish, JK; Kelz, MB, 2015)
"For the elimination of postoperative complications, which are evident in infants with congenital palatine and upper lip cleft after halothane anesthesia during standard premedication (Atropine, Dimedrol) the usage of agents of benzodiazepine group with anti-hypoxic effects is advised."	3.75	The positive effects of Midazolam on functional activity of white rat brain cells in conditions of halothane anesthesia. ( Bakuradze, E; Dzidziguri, D; Dzidziguri, L; Vadachkoria, Z, 2009)
"A 57-year-old male with a documented history of obstructive sleep apnea with loud snoring received deep intravenous sedation with midazolam, fentanyl, ketamine, and propofol infusion and a left interscalene brachial plexus nerve block for a left biceps tendon repair."	3.73	Uvular edema secondary to snoring under deep sedation. ( Gerhardt, MA; Miller, RJ, 2006)
"This conference reports a case of acute functional airway obstruction occurring in the postoperative anesthesia care unit, which was diagnosed by fiberoptic laryngoscopy and successfully treated with intravenous midazolam after other more common causes of stridor were ruled out."	3.72	Paradoxical vocal cord motion: an often misdiagnosed cause of postoperative stridor. ( Caruso, LJ; Larsen, B; Villariet, DB, 2004)
" For management of postoperative muscle spasm, an intravenous benzodiazepine was used (diazepam 0."	3.69	Pain management for children following selective dorsal rhizotomy. ( Geiduschek, JM; Haberkern, CM; Hays, RM; Jacobson, LE; McLaughlin, JF; Roberts, TS, 1994)
"Forty patients who had undergone coronary artery graft surgery and who required vasodilator therapy for postoperative hypertension were given infusions of either propofol (2,6,di-isopropylphenol) or midazolam, together with an infusion of morphine for analgesia while ventilation was controlled artificially."	3.68	Sedation after cardiac bypass surgery: comparison of propofol and midazolam in the presence of a computerized closed loop arterial pressure controller. ( Chaudhri, S; Kenny, GN, 1992)
"Recovery conditions, postoperative pain, and postoperative agitation were also recorded."	2.79	Intranasal dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication in children undergoing complete dental rehabilitation: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. ( Abdelhalim, AA; Al-Sarheed, MA; Sheta, SA, 2014)
"In patients with hemorrhagic shock, the infusion of hypertonic saline (7."	2.75	[Assessment of efficacy of hypertonic saline - hydroxyethylstarch in haemorrhagic shock]. ( Auffray, JP; Bouzana, F; Couret, D; Delahaye, D; Dourlens, L; Michelet, P; Perrin, G, 2010)
"In this study recovery profile, postoperative pain scores, incidence of adverse effects, and patient and surgeon satisfaction were compared between paravertebral block (PVB) and fast-track general anesthesia (GA) via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for outpatient IH."	2.75	Comparison of paravertebral block versus fast-track general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway in outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Akcaboy, EY; Akcaboy, ZN; Gogus, N, 2010)
"Sevoflurane anaesthesia was administered via a facemask (O2/N2O: 40/60)."	2.73	Oral clonidine vs midazolam in the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. ( De Groote, F; De Hert, S; De Villé, A; Dierick, A; Tazeroualti, N; Van der Linden, P, 2007)
"Midazolam was also associated with significant anterograde amnesia, both postoperatively and at 48 h, for information presented in the interval between premedication and surgery."	2.73	A randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effects of midazolam premedication on children's postoperative cognition. ( Asbury, AJ; Bowman, AW; Hosey, MT; Martin, K; Millar, K; Musiello, T; Welbury, RR, 2007)
"The incidence of immediate postoperative pain (0-2 h), as assessed by repeated Objective Pain Scale (OPS) scores, was chosen as the primary end-point of the study."	2.71	Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordenberg, L; Oddby, E; Ruthström, E; Zetterqvist, H, 2004)
"Remifentanil has a unique metabolic pathway that holds potential benefits for long-term sedation."	2.71	[Remifentanil-midazolam compared to sufentanil-midazolam for ICU long-term sedation]. ( Ait Kaci, F; Baillard, C; Cohen, Y; Cupa, M; Fosse, JP; Hoang, P; Karoubi, P; Le Toumelin, P, 2005)
"Monitoring for pain, sedation, postoperative nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and pruritus was performed by anesthesiologists blinded to the study allocation."	2.71	Caudal additives in pediatrics: a comparison among midazolam, ketamine, and neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine. ( Acharya, A; Kumar, P; Pan, AK; Rudra, A, 2005)
"Sevoflurane is a rapid-acting volatile anaesthetic agent frequently used in paediatric anaesthesia despite transient postoperative symptoms of cerebral excitation, particularly in preschool children."	2.71	Similar excitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in young children given rectal morphine or midazolam as premedication. ( Akeson, J; Malmgren, W, 2004)
" A lower dosage of each substance is necessary to maintain a better state of analgosedation."	2.67	[Analgesia and sedation in neurosurgical intensive care patients]. ( Brandt, L; el Gindi, M; Hundt, F, 1990)
"Bethanechol alone was better than a placebo (P less than 0."	2.66	The use of anxiolytic and parasympathomimetic agents in the treatment of postoperative urinary retention following anorectal surgery. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. ( Gottesman, L; Mazier, WP; Milsom, JW, 1989)
"2."	2.66	[Postoperative reversal of loss of vigilance following midazolam with the use of the antagonist flumazenil (Ro 15-1788). A comparative study with a placebo and the use of EEG-power spectra]. ( Fournell, A; Freye, E, 1988)
"Emergence delirium is defined as a cognitive disturbance during emergence from general anesthesia resulting in hallucinations, delusions and confusion manifested by agitation, restlessness, involuntary physical movement and extreme flailing in bed."	2.55	Effectiveness of preoperative intranasal dexmedetomidine, compared with oral midazolam, for the prevention of emergence delirium in the pediatric patient undergoing general anesthesia: a systematic review. ( Badeaux, J; Bonanno, LS; FitzSimons, J; Pierce, S, 2017)
"Midazolam premedication was administered to 782 (40%) patients (median [IQR] dose 2 [1,2] mg)."	2.44	The association between midazolam premedication and postoperative delirium - a retrospective cohort study. ( Cohen, B; Davydov, T; Iacubovici, L; Karol, D; Kiselevich, Y; Matot, I; Shaylor, R; Weiss, Y; Zarour, S, 2024)
"Sedation and restlessness in all patients were controlled by midazolam administered intravenously by the attending anaesthesiologist; these parameters were later objectively confirmed by recorded actigrams."	2.41	The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature. ( Flaishon, R; Ogorek, D; Szold, O; Weinbroum, AA, 2001)
"The present study shows that ERCP technique is safe under conscious sedation as it delivers balanced tranquillity."	1.48	Safety of Conscious Sedation in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography. ( Anwar, A; Kamani, L; Memon, AL, 2018)
" However, adverse events (AEs) may occur more frequently in patients with cirrhosis due to altered MDZ metabolism."	1.48	Safety and effectiveness of midazolam for cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopic variceal ligation. ( Jang, DK; Jo, HB; Kang, HW; Kim, JH; Koh, MS; Lee, JH; Lee, JK; Lim, YJ, 2018)
"Infant delirium is an under-recognized clinical entity in neonatal intensive care, and earlier identification and treatment could minimize morbidities associated with this condition."	1.46	A case of infant delirium in the neonatal intensive care unit. ( Bidegain, M; Cotten, CM; Edwards, LE; Hornik, CD; Hutchison, LB; Smith, PB, 2017)
" Sedative and analgesic dosing was not clinically significantly higher in obese patients than in non-obese patients."	1.43	Sedation for Bronchoscopy and Complications in Obese Patients. ( Bellinger, CR; Chatterjee, AB; Haponik, E; Khan, I, 2016)
" Adverse events are as follows."	1.43	Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Indicators of Safety Compromise following Colonoscopy in Clinical Practice. ( Borgaonkar, MR; Evans, B; Hickey, N; Lougheed, M; Marcoux, C; McGrath, J; O'Leary, M; Pace, D, 2016)
"Etiology of stenosis included lung cancer (46 patients) esophageal cancer (14 patients) and other malignancies (8 patients)."	1.38	The insertion of self expanding metal stents with flexible bronchoscopy under sedation for malignant tracheobronchial stenosis: a single-center retrospective analysis. ( Anderson, P; McGrath, EE; Warriner, D, 2012)
" The rate of adverse events with conscious sedation has not been previously assessed in the interventional spine procedure setting."	1.37	Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. ( Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)
" Eight patients developed adverse reactions, 3 of which required further evaluation in the emergency department."	1.37	Safety of deep sedation in an urban oral and maxillofacial surgery training program. ( Braidy, HF; Singh, P; Ziccardi, VB, 2011)
"Ebstein's anomaly is a rare congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve, often associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome."	1.35	[Anesthetic management for repair of Ebstein's anomaly with WPW syndrome]. ( Kawahito, S; Kawano, H; Kitahata, H; Nakamura, T; Okada, T; Oshita, S, 2009)
"The incidence of laryngospasm was lower in midazolam-remifentanil group (0%) in comparison with halothane-fentanyl group (6."	1.35	Reduced incidence of laryngospasm with remifentanil-midazolam anaesthesia compared to halothane-fentanyl. ( Ali, S, 2008)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate adverse events related to the use of anesthesia and anesthetic procedures associated with interventional radiology."	1.33	Adverse effects of anesthesia in interventional radiology. ( Derbent, A; Memiş, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Uyar, M; Yurtseven, T, 2005)
"Delirium is a common complication in the postoperative period of elderly patients treated for hip fractures."	1.33	Incidence, clinical features and subtypes of delirium in elderly patients treated for hip fractures. ( Eriksdotter Jonhagen, M; Santana Santos, F; Tadeu Velasco, I; Varli, F; Wahlund, LO, 2005)
"The seizures were initially treated with midazolam i."	1.32	Postoperative pseudoepileptic seizures in a known epileptic: complications in recovery. ( Chambers, N; Ng, L, 2003)
"Chronic anal fissure is the main cause of anal pain and is very common."	1.31	Open lateral sphincterotomy is still the best treatment for chronic anal fissure. ( Argov, S; Levandovsky, O, 2000)
"There was no previous history of seizures."	1.31	Bilateral frontal haemorrhages associated with continuous spinal analgesia. ( Buist, M; Burnes, J; Crofts, TR; Monagle, J, 2001)
"001) and the total dosage of both intraoperative sedative agents (p < 0."	1.30	Optimization of conscious sedation in plastic surgery. ( Few, JW; Fine, NA; Marcus, JR; Mustoe, TA; Tyrone, JW, 1999)
"Midazolam was initiated in an effort to resolve his agitation and the patient continued to receive frequent bolus injections, averaging 22 mg/d over 21 days."	1.28	Precipitation of benzodiazepine withdrawal following sudden discontinuation of midazolam. ( Finley, PR; Nolan, PE, 1989)
"Midazolam was given intravenously to 100 children over the age of 8 years to induce anaesthesia and a similar control group was anaesthetised with diazepam."	1.26	Midazolam in paediatric anaesthesia. ( Cole, WH, 1982)

Research

Studies (156)

Authors

Clinical Trials (28)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Preoperative Anxiety

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	19 (12.18)	18.7374
1990's	42 (26.92)	18.2507
2000's	49 (31.41)	29.6817
2010's	40 (25.64)	24.3611
2020's	6 (3.85)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Athanassoglou, V	1
Cozowicz, C	1
Zhong, H	1
Illescas, A	1
Poeran, J	1
Liu, J	1
Poultsides, L	1
Memtsoudis, SG	1
Sanchez, MV	1
Alicuben, ET	1
Luketich, JD	1
Sarkaria, IS	1
Zarour, S	1
Weiss, Y	1
Kiselevich, Y	1
Iacubovici, L	1
Karol, D	1
Shaylor, R	1
Davydov, T	1
Matot, I	1
Cohen, B	1
Yoshimura, M	1
Hidaka, Y	1
Morimoto, Y	1
Zhang, LY	1
Zhang, YH	1
Shen, J	1
Luo, Y	1
Xu, R	1
Zhu, Y	1
Lu, Y	1
Li, W	2
Jia, J	1
Madsen, BK	1
Zetner, D	1
Møller, AM	1
Rosenberg, J	1
Cevik, B	1
Tuncer, M	1
Erkal, KH	1
Eryildirim, B	1
Sarica, K	1
FitzSimons, J	1
Bonanno, LS	1
Pierce, S	1
Badeaux, J	1
Abdel-Ghaffar, HS	1
Kamal, SM	1
El Sherif, FA	1
Mohamed, SA	1
Schwartz, CM	1
Honsinger, K	1
Fischer, BA	1
Elmaraghy, CA	1
Jo, HB	1
Lee, JK	1
Jang, DK	1
Kang, HW	1
Kim, JH	1
Lim, YJ	1
Koh, MS	1
Lee, JH	1
Kamani, L	1
Memon, AL	1
Anwar, A	1
García, JLB	1
Sáenz, MC	1
Gavilán, EDP	1
Li, WX	1
Luo, RY	1
Chen, C	1
Li, X	1
Ao, JS	1
Liu, Y	1
Yin, YQ	1
Gart, MS	1
Ko, JH	1
Heyer, KS	1
Mustoe, TA	3
Sheta, SA	1
Al-Sarheed, MA	1
Abdelhalim, AA	1
Pasin, L	1
Febres, D	1
Testa, V	1
Frati, E	1
Borghi, G	1
Landoni, G	1
Zangrillo, A	1
Drobish, JK	1
Kelz, MB	1
DiPuppo, PM	1
Cook-Sather, SD	1
Li, S	1
Yang, Y	1
Yu, C	1
Yao, Y	1
Wu, Y	1
Qian, L	1
Cheung, CW	1
Ersoy, A	1
Kara, D	1
Ervatan, Z	1
Çakırgöz, M	1
Kıran, Ö	1
Choi, JY	1
Kim, JM	1
Kwon, CH	1
Joh, JW	1
Lee, S	1
Park, JB	1
Ko, JS	1
Gwak, MS	1
Kim, GS	1
Kim, SJ	1
Lee, SK	1
Codero, F	1
Vitalis, M	1
Thikra, S	1
Borgaonkar, MR	1
Pace, D	1
Lougheed, M	1
Marcoux, C	1
Evans, B	1
Hickey, N	1
O'Leary, M	1
McGrath, J	1
Khan, I	1
Chatterjee, AB	1
Bellinger, CR	1
Haponik, E	1
Nicita, F	1
Paiano, M	1
Liberatore, M	1
Spalice, A	1
Papoff, P	1
Ullo, M	1
Piccirilli, M	1
Clerico, A	1
Schiavetti, A	1
Edwards, LE	1
Hutchison, LB	1
Hornik, CD	1
Smith, PB	1
Cotten, CM	1
Bidegain, M	1
Ali, S	1
Rama-Maceiras, P	1
Gomar, C	1
Criado, A	1
Arízaga, A	1
Rodríguez, A	1
Marenco, ML	1
Domínguez-Fuentes, B	1
García-Gil, D	1
Romero-Palacios, A	1
Sánchez-Crespo, JM	1
García-Arjona, R	1
Navarro-Navarro, J	1
Schöffmann, G	1
Winter, P	1
Palme, R	1
Pollak, A	1
Trittenwein, G	1
Golej, J	1
Nakamura, T	1
Kawahito, S	1
Kawano, H	1
Okada, T	1
Kitahata, H	1
Oshita, S	1
Vadachkoria, Z	1
Dzidziguri, L	1
Bakuradze, E	1
Dzidziguri, D	1
Michelet, P	1
Bouzana, F	1
Couret, D	1
Delahaye, D	1
Perrin, G	1
Dourlens, L	1
Auffray, JP	1
Dahmani, S	1
Brasher, C	1
Stany, I	1
Golmard, J	1
Skhiri, A	1
Bruneau, B	1
Nivoche, Y	1
Constant, I	1
Murat, I	1
Cagiran, E	1
Eyigor, C	1
Sipahi, A	1
Koca, H	1
Balcioglu, T	1
Uyar, M	2
Kerem, E	1
Gokcen, B	1
Numan, K	1
Emre, I	1
Unal, E	1
Haluk, O	1
Leyla, S	1
Akcaboy, EY	1
Akcaboy, ZN	1
Gogus, N	1
Watanabe, K	1
Chin, K	1
Takahashi, K	1
Murata, M	1
Doi, H	1
Handa, T	1
Oga, T	1
Tsuboi, T	1
Ikeda, T	1
Nakahata, T	1
Sakata, R	1
Mishima, M	1
Chen, J	1
Hu, X	1
Wang, D	1
Sornsakrin, M	1
Helmke, K	1
Briem-Richter, A	1
Ganschow, R	1
Garip, H	1
Satılmış, T	1
Dergin, G	1
Uğurlu, F	1
Göker, K	1
Özcengiz, D	1
Gunes, Y	1
Ozmete, O	1
Litman, RS	1
Braidy, HF	1
Singh, P	1
Ziccardi, VB	1
Schaufele, MK	1
Marín, DR	1
Tate, JL	1
Simmons, AC	1
Zand, F	1
Allahyary, E	1
Hamidi, AR	1
McGrath, EE	1
Warriner, D	1
Anderson, P	1
Akin, A	1
Bayram, A	1
Esmaoglu, A	1
Tosun, Z	1
Aksu, R	1
Altuntas, R	1
Boyaci, A	1
Fujimoto, Y	1
Nomura, Y	1
Hirakawa, K	1
Hotta, A	1
Nakamoto, A	1
Yoshikawa, N	1
Ohira, N	1
Tatekawa, S	1
Rinehart, JB	1
Baker, B	1
Raphael, D	1
Colombo, R	2
Corona, A	1
Praga, F	1
Minari, C	1
Giannotti, C	1
Castelli, A	1
Raimondi, F	1
Howell, TK	1
Smith, S	1
Rushman, SC	1
Walker, RW	1
Radivan, F	1
Chu, YC	1
Tsai, SK	1
Chan, KH	1
Kao, SC	1
Liang, CH	1
Lin, SM	1
Bini, EJ	1
Firoozi, B	1
Choung, RJ	1
Ali, EM	1
Osman, M	1
Weinshel, EH	1
Lazzaroni, M	1
Bianchi Porro, G	1
Tamura, M	1
Nakamura, K	1
Kitamura, R	1
Kitagawa, S	1
Mori, N	1
Ueda, Y	1
Ng, L	1
Chambers, N	1
Pandya, AB	1
O'Leary, CE	1
Shorrab, AA	1
Atallah, MM	1
Kryger, ZB	1
Fine, NA	2
Mangi, Q	1
Ridgway, PF	1
Ibrahim, Z	1
Evoy, D	1
Ridgway, RF	1
Larsen, B	1
Caruso, LJ	1
Villariet, DB	1
Bowdle, TA	1
Malmgren, W	1
Akeson, J	2
Bergendahl, HT	1
Lönnqvist, PA	1
Eksborg, S	1
Ruthström, E	1
Nordenberg, L	1
Zetterqvist, H	1
Oddby, E	1
Calipel, S	1
Lucas-Polomeni, MM	1
Wodey, E	1
Ecoffey, C	1
Baillard, C	1
Cohen, Y	1
Le Toumelin, P	1
Karoubi, P	1
Hoang, P	1
Ait Kaci, F	1
Cupa, M	1
Fosse, JP	1
Derbent, A	1
Oran, I	1
Parildar, M	1
Yurtseven, T	1
Memiş, A	1
Kumar, P	1
Rudra, A	1
Pan, AK	1
Acharya, A	1
Santana Santos, F	1
Wahlund, LO	1
Varli, F	1
Tadeu Velasco, I	1
Eriksdotter Jonhagen, M	1
But, AK	1
Durmus, M	1
Toprak, HI	1
Ozturk, E	1
Demirbilek, S	1
Ersoy, MO	1
Miller, RJ	1
Gerhardt, MA	1
Salonia, A	1
Suardi, N	1
Crescenti, A	1
Rigatti, P	1
Montorsi, F	1
Asensio Martín, MJ	1
Pavón Benito, A	1
Salvador Bravo, M	1
García Pérez, G	1
Breschan, C	1
Platzer, M	1
Jost, R	1
Stettner, H	1
Likar, R	1
Tazeroualti, N	1
De Groote, F	1
De Hert, S	1
De Villé, A	1
Dierick, A	1
Van der Linden, P	1
Kachko, L	1
Simhi, E	1
Tzeitlin, E	1
Efrat, R	1
Tarabikin, E	1
Peled, E	1
Metzner, I	1
Katz, J	1
Schmidt, AP	1
Valinetti, EA	1
Bandeira, D	1
Bertacchi, MF	1
Simões, CM	1
Auler, JO	1
Millar, K	1
Asbury, AJ	1
Bowman, AW	1
Hosey, MT	1
Martin, K	1
Musiello, T	1
Welbury, RR	1
Hurlstone, DP	1
Atkinson, R	1
Sanders, DS	1
Thomson, M	1
Cross, SS	1
Brown, S	1
Flatt, NW	1
Novak, H	1
Karlsland Akeson, P	1
Crawford, ME	1
Carl, P	1
Andersen, RS	1
Mikkelsen, BO	1
Baber, R	1
Hobbes, A	1
Munro, IA	1
Purcell, G	1
Binstead, R	1
Cole, WH	1
Caldwell, CB	1
Gross, JB	1
White, PF	1
Ochiai, N	1
Okutani, R	1
Yoshimura, Y	1
Fu, K	1
Dijkman, B	1
den Dulk, K	1
Wellens, HJ	1
Splinter, W	1
Noël, LP	1
Roberts, D	1
Rhine, E	1
Bonn, G	1
Clarke, W	1
Kowalewski, RJ	1
MacAdams, CL	1
Eagle, CJ	1
Archer, DP	1
Bharadwaj, B	1
McCluskey, A	1
Meakin, GH	1
Cay, DL	1
Gross, M	1
Hess, M	1
Geiduschek, JM	1
Haberkern, CM	1
McLaughlin, JF	1
Jacobson, LE	1
Hays, RM	1
Roberts, TS	1
Di Florio, T	2
Goucke, R	1
Negus, BH	1
Street, NE	1
Mikawa, K	1
Nishina, K	1
Maekawa, N	1
Asano, M	1
Obara, H	1
Rose, JB	1
Brenn, BR	1
Corddry, DH	1
Thomas, PC	1
Padilla, SL	1
Dugan, K	1
Maruschak, V	1
Smith, RD	1
Zinder, H	1
Cheng, DC	3
Karski, J	1
Peniston, C	1
Asokumar, B	1
Raveendran, G	1
Carroll, J	1
Nierenberg, H	1
Roger, S	1
Mickle, D	1
Tong, J	1
Zelovitsky, J	1
David, T	1
Sandler, A	1
Behrens, R	1
Lang, T	1
Muschweck, H	1
Richter, T	1
Hofbeck, M	1
Galley, HF	1
Dubbels, AM	1
Webster, NR	1
Kawakami, K	1
Ohata, J	1
Kadosaki, M	1
Saito, I	1
Iwasawa, K	1
Mitono, H	1
Roberts, KW	1
Crnkovic, A	1
Steiniger, JR	1
Cregg, N	1
Karski, JM	2

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam on Airway Reflex and Recovery Quality During Emergence From General Anesthesia After Partial and Total Laryngectomy[NCT03918889]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-01	Enrolling by invitation
Premedication With Melatonin vs. Placebo in Patients Undergoing Interventional Pain Procedure[NCT02415309]	Phase 3	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
SurgerySMART: Studying Melatonin and Recovery in Teens[NCT06093477]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Anxiolytic and Analgesic Effects of Melatonin: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study[NCT02386319]	Phase 3	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Perioperative Analgesic and Anxiolytic Effect of Melatonin in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Laminectomy[NCT01126294]		84 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Recruiting
Use of Melatonin for Prevention of POCD After TURP Surgery Under Spinal Anesthesia for Elderly Patients[NCT03966950]		104 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-06-26	Recruiting
The Effect of MElatonin on Depression, Anxiety, CIrcadian and Sleep Disturbances in Patients After Acute Myocardial Syndrome[NCT02451293]	Phase 2/Phase 3	252 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-18	Completed
Premedication With Different Nebulized Ketamine,Dexmedetomidine Versus Midazolam in Oncologic Preschool Children[NCT02935959]	Phase 1/Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Rescue After Failed Pediatric Procedural Sedation: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04822064]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-22	Recruiting
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Procedural Sedation in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04820205]		136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-03	Recruiting
Ketofol vs Dexmedetomidine for Preventing Post-operative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Intestinal Obstruction Surgeries. A Randomized Controlled Study[NCT04816162]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-25	Completed
The Effects of Different Anesthesia Methods on Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders in the Elderly: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04488952]		350 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-08	Recruiting
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as Premedication for Suspension Laryngoscopy[NCT02108171]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Comparing Intranasal Dexmedetomidine With Oral Midazolam as Premedication for Older Children Undergoing General Anesthesia for Dental Rehabilitation[NCT02250703]	Phase 3	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
A Comparison of Virtual Reality Headset and Touch Screen Tablet for Minimizing Anxiety During Separation From Caregiver and Induction of Anesthesia in Children[NCT04414501]		94 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Completed
IN Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Closed Reductions for Distal Forearm Fractures. Timmons Z MD, Feudale B MD Children Presenting to the ED With Distal Forearm Extremity Fractures Often Require Re-alignment Under Conscious Sedation. T[NCT03466242]	Early Phase 1	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Not yet recruiting
Demonstration of OTC Naproxen Sodium's (Aleve's) Anti-inflammatory Action in Dental Implant Surgery Patients[NCT04694300]	Phase 4	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-02-07	Completed
Use of Sevoflurane, Midazolam and Ketamine in Children for Dental Sedation Treatment: Occurrence of Adverse Events[NCT02284204]	Phase 2	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
[NCT01506622]		222 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Evaluating Stress Response and Anxiety Score in Paediatric Patients Sedated With Intranasal Dexmedetomidine[NCT04526652]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
Cerebral Blood Flow During Propofol Anaesthesia[NCT02951273]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-12-08	Completed
Southern Medical University Clinical Research Project Initiative：Efficacy and Safety of a Multicomponent Physical Therapy Program in Mechanically Ventilated Patient With Sepsis[NCT03406494]		800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Music Utilization in Sedation and Induction in Colonoscopy[NCT04468048]		0 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-01-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to No participants)
How Effective Can a Simulator-Based Training Course For Beginners In Endoscopy Be Made?[NCT04898803]		32 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-08-03	Completed
Use of Intraoperative Clonidine for Prevention of Postoperative Agitation in Pedriatic Anesthesia With Sevoflurane.[NCT02181543]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial.[NCT02286674]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality to Reduce Pre-Operative Anxiety[NCT04268914]		450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-12-04	Suspended (stopped due to The AR technology we were using is now out of business and we are trying to use a different device.)
TAP) Block in Morbid Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Prospective,Randomized, Blinded Study[NCT01075087]		19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"The State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Construct: Current level of anxiety. Scale range: 20-40 (higher scores indicate higher level of current anxiety) Scores are calculated according to the STAI scoring manual by adding point from each item (possible point for each item is 1-4)." (NCT02386319)
Timeframe: 60 minutes preoperative

Number of Participants With Satisfaction Score <2

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Melatonin	27
Placebo	28

"Patient satisfaction scores using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) were collected when patients were discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).~Satisfaction score <2 was considered to be better for the patient" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Number of Participants With VAS >50

Intervention	participant (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	34
Placebo	25

Patients with postoperative analgesia in two groups. analgesic requests within 2 h after extubation were recorded. An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Intra-operative Awareness in Two Groups

Intervention	Number of Participants with VAS >50 (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	5
Placebo	15

Patients With intra-operative awareness in Two Groups. patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Nausea in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	0
Placebo	0

Patients With postoperative nausea in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Shivering in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo	3

Patients With postoperative shivering in Two Groups. the occurrence of postoperative shivering (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Vomiting in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo	4

Patients With postoperative vomiting in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	0
Placebo	1

"Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction.~The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	3	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3

"Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs.~The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	3	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	2	2	2

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	4	4	3	3	3	2	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	3	2	3	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	2

"4-point anxiety score:~= combative~= anxious~= calm~= amiable. Anxiety score >2 was considered to be better for the preoperative patients." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction
Dexmedetomidine	3	3
Placebo	3	3

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The heights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	163	155	182	169	160	150	170	158	160	165	167	170	160	167	150	162	170	160	157	160	150	151	160	176	165	172	152	174	156	167	154	155	156	157	157	167	167	161	174	173

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The heights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	163	171	177	170	168	155	160	165	165	163	162	157	160	159	157	168	168	160	162	165	170	161	160	154	157	150	156	155	160	173	169	165	162	155	155	164	163	162	160	154	172

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The weights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	kg (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	61	50	58	52	64	62	56	53	59	54	65	68	58	78	53	75	75	59	73	56	46	54	47.5	75	80	69	57	65	58	60	45	52	45	52	52	58	60	50	60	72

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The weights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	kg (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	54	67	80	80	65	49	60	55	73	59	71.5	59	57	55	59	53	45	53	58	78	65	69	47	61	50	40	55	51	50	71	69	79	60	54	47	51	60	60	57	61	78

"American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine.~ASA I: No organic, physiologic, biochemical or psychiatric disturbance ASA II: A patient with mild systemic disease that results in no functional limitation.~ASA III: A patient with severe systemic disease that results in functional impairment.~ASA IV: Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. ASA V: Moribund condition in a patient who is not expected to survive with or without the operation.~ASA VI: Declared brain death patient whose organs are being harvested for transplantation." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristics (Sex)of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	participant (Number)
	ASA I	ASA II	ASA III	ASA IV	ASA V	ASA VI
Dexmedetomidine	36	4	0	0	0	0
Placebo	38	3	0	0	0	0

Baseline characteristics (sex)of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine The sex of 81 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Male	Female
Dexmedetomidine	16	24
Placebo	13	28

Duration of minutes From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	112	40	52	56	50	49	45	45	105	53	47	105	45	32	55	52	46	81	46	41	52	55	101	54	45	43	33	78	60	88	63	62	69	141	74	73	61	62	55	58

Duration from intranasal drug administration to anesthesia intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	60	77	96	48	54	55	77	83	84	54	70	73	45	48	45	45	50	48	51	47	47	69	54	49	46	23	40	79	57	49	53	54	69	115	62	113	68	71	54	51	54

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	100	35	40	45	40	41	35	35	95	40	40	30	40	30	5	5	6	75	40	32	5	45	65	38	38	30	25	60	50	62	44	47	55	60	50	60	45	43	32	30

Duration from intranasal drug administration to arrival at operating room of patients receiving intranasal placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	50	45	60	30	45	45	65	75	78	35	60	60	40	0	33	35	0	40	35	45	40	55	40	40	18	15	30	35	0	40	5	40	45	27	50	40	52	45	40	40	40

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	42	28	87	53	16	73	36	30	27	24	49	35	29	37	27	31	34	36	48	31	53	37	29	31	35	80	49	52	45	30	28	17	36	50	24	31	26	25	44	72

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	45	33	26	37	45	34	18	37	54	48	40	29	31	32	158	38	41	30	28	28	43	35	40	28	34	69	40	56	43	78	54	38	88	38	31	106	29	31	21	49	60

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number58	Patient number57	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	19	14	61	34	4	50	22	15	13	10	27	13	9	19	9	7	18	20	34	10	30	24	16	16	61	18	29	27	25	11	12	7	21	33	9	15	9	7	29	45

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Extubation Time After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	30	19	10	13	29	14	5	18	20	56	19	12	11	10	132	18	16	11	9	16	25	12	18	9	13	48	21	30	25	60	29	18	58	19	17	90	10	16	8	31	28

The times from stopping anesthetic infusions to adequate ventilation, consciousness and extubation after intranasal dexmedetomidine or placebo administration (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 days

Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	min (Mean)
	Extubation time	consciousness time	adequate ventilation time
Dexmedetomidine	18.58	16.21	8.24
Placebo	17.16	14.74	7.87

Heart rate (HR) of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine. HR was monitored in the study. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
	Before intranasal drops	On arrival at operating room	At pre-induction	After tracheal intubation	After inserting operative laryngoscope	After removal of laryngoscope	On arrival at PACU	At emergency	After tracheal extubation	Before leaving PACU
Dexmedetomidine	71.75	66.93	65.63	70.62	75.48	71.76	67.14	67.81	64.24	65.52
Placebo	72.2	71.53	72	85.26	83.61	77.06	68.9	72.48	73.65	69.32

HR in the dexmedetomidine group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	62	62	93	70	53	75	62	55	59	68	60	88	66	64	69	61	48	55	76	80	70	72	64	68	63	54	54	63	83	73	68	66	61	53	64	55	67	71	62	65

HR in the dexmedetomidine group Before Intranasal Drugs . HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	73	68	80	80	67	70	69	70	75	80	75	87	73	60	90	73	58	66	80	85	71	79	69	75	76	61	70	55	97	68	65	65	67	80	55	62	69	80	55	69

HR in the placebo group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	76	85	63	80	53	79	62	72	70	59	74	73	90	82	78	61	92	85	54	66	75	60	94	72	85	87	81	61	72	53	70	72	78	75	70	69	62	69	66	55	72

HR in the placebo group Before Intranasal Drugs HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	65	77	61	80	67	75	55	65	78	57	76	85	69	71	75	65	100	83	55	72	75	75	120	59	89	90	74	63	88	56	75	63	82	80	65	63	64	65	63	55	72

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine after extubation.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	4	4	5	4	5	5	5	6	5	3	3

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	5	5	6	4	4	5	5	4	5	5	4	4	5	6	4	4	4	4	5	6	4	4	3	4	5	4	6	4	4	4	4	5	5	4	4	4	6	5	5	5

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo After extubation. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	4	4	5	5	4	3	4	3	6	3	3	3	4	5	5	4	5	4	4	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	4	5	4	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo at Pre-induction.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	6	6	5	6	6	5	6	5	5	6	6	5	5	4	6	6	6	6	6	5	6	5	5	6	5	6	6	4	6	6	4	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number81	Patient number78
Placebo	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (OAA/S) scores and 4 point anxiety score of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale:~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 days

Number of Participants With Anxiety Score >2

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction	After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	6	4	4
Placebo	6	6	4

"satisfaction using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 = anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) were collected before intranasal drugs and at pre-induction.~Anxiety score >2 was considered to be better for the patient." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction
Dexmedetomidine	25	39
Placebo	23	29

Bradycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) <45 bpm for more than 10 s. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Bradycardiac episode:Pre-induction	Bradycardiac episode:After intubation	Bradycardiac episode:Intra-operative	Bradycardiac episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	2	1	3	7
Placebo	0	1	5	5

Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 130% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Hypotension Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Hypertensive episode:Pre-induction	Hypertensive episode:After intubation	Hypertensive episode:Intra-operative	Hypertensive episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	1	6	6	14
Placebo	0	0	5	5

Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased more than 30% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Hypotensive episode:Pre-induction	Hypotensive episode:After intubation	Hypotensive episode:Post-induction	Hypotensive episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	0	3	3	1
Placebo	2	4	4	0

Tachycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) >100 bpm for more than 10 s. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Tachycardiac episode:Pre-induction	Tachycardiac episode:After intubation	Tachycardiac episode:Intra-operative	Tachycardiac episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	0	1	5	2
Placebo	0	8	11	9

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1.1	0.9	0.8	1.3	0.8	1.1	0.8	1.1	1	0.6	0.9	1	0.5	0.7	0.7	1.2	0.7	0.8	0.2	1.2	0.9	1.2	1.5	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	1.1	0.7	1.2	1.7	1.3	0.9	1.5	0.9	0.5

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1	0.8	0.7	1.1	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.2	1.1	0.7	1.1	1.3	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.6	1.1	1.5	1.2	0.9	1.2	0.8	0.4

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at emergence.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at extubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a target-controlled infusion (TCI) plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at emergence.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at extubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Satisfaction used a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable). (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal placebo. satisfaction was assessed using a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable). (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Systolic blood pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group

An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group

University of Michigan Sedation Scale

"Level of sedation at separation from parents and at the time of mask induction will be measured on a scale of 0 to 4 (University of Michigan Sedation Scale)~University of Michigan Sedation Scale:~0 -Awake/Alert~1 -Minimally Sedated: Tired/sleepy, appropriate response to verbal conversation and/or sounds.~2- Moderately Sedated: Somnolent/sleeping, easily aroused with light tactile stimulation.~3 - Deeply Sedated: Deep sleep, arousable only with significant physical stimulation.~4 - Unarousable~Moderately and Deeply sedated: Satisfactory Awake, minimally sedate, unarousable: Unsatisfactory" (NCT02250703)
Timeframe: Day 0:Just before the patient will be brought to the operating room

Association by Multiple Regression Between Changes in Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow, Mean Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output by Treatment of Anaesthesia-induced Hypotension.

"Association by multiple regression between changes in unilateral internal carotid artery blood flow [ml/min] as outcome variable and changes in mean arterial pressure [mmHg] and cardiac output [l/min] as covariates.~Internal carotid artery blood flow [ml/min] was assessed by duplex ultrasound. Mean arterial pressure [mmHg] was recorded by a transducer connected to an arterial line. Cardiac output [l/min] was evaluated by pulse contour analysis (Modelflow) that estimates cardiac output by analysis of the arterial pressure curve taking age, gender, height and weigth into account." (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Two measurements; one measurement during anaesthesia-induced hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg) before administration of phenylephrine and one measurement 3-5 min after administration of phenylephrine.

Changes in Cardiac Output From Baseline Before Induction of Anaesthesia.

Cardiac output [l/min] as evaluated continuously by pulse contour analysis of the arterial pressure curve (Modelflow). (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Continuous measurements from before induction of anaesthesia and until 2 hours after start of surgery.

Changes in Forehead Skin Blood Flow by Development of Mesenteric Traction Syndrome (MTS).

Forehead skin blood flow [PU] assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry as compared between those patients who develop mesenteric traction syndrome (defined as flushing within 60 min after the start of surgery) and those who do not. Laser Doppler flowmetry applies a laser placed on the forehead that penetrates the skin and is scattered with a Doppler shift by the red blood cells and return to a detector that evaluates the amount of backscattered light and Doppler shift. An effect of a MTS was evaluated by a repeated measure mixed model with the fixed effects time point, group according to development of MTS, and interaction between time and group. The reported result is the interaction factor for the time point 0 min after flushing and 20 min after the start of surgery in patients who did not develop MTS. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Six measurements during anaesthesia; 5 min before and after incision and 0, 20, 40, and 70 min after flushing and 20, 40, 60, and 90 min after the start of surgery in those patients who do not develop mesenteric traction syndrome.

Changes in Forehead Skin Oxygenation by Development of Mesenteric Traction Syndrome (MTS).

Forehead skin oxygenation [%] assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry as compared between those patients who develop a MTS (defined as flushing within 60 min after the start of surgery) and those who do not. An effect of a MTS was evaluated by a repeated measure mixed model with the fixed effects time point, group according to development of MTS, and interaction between time and group. The reported result is the interaction factor for the time point 0 min after flushing and 20 min after the start of surgery in patients who did not develop MTS. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Six measurements during anaesthesia; 5 min before and after incision and 0, 20, 40, and 70 min after flushing and 20, 40, 60, and 90 min after the start of surgery in those patients who do not develop mesenteric traction syndrome.

Changes in Frontal Lobe Oxygenation by Development of Mesenteric Traction Syndrome (MTS).

Near-infrared spectroscopy determined frontal lobe oxygenation [%] as compared between those patients who develop a MTS (defined as flushing within 60 min after the start of surgery) and those who do not. An effect of a MTS was evaluated by a repeated measure mixed model with the fixed effects time point, group according to development of MTS, and interaction between time and group. The reported result is the interaction factor for the time point 0 min after flushing and 20 min after the start of surgery in patients who did not develop MTS. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Six measurements during anaesthesia; 5 min before and after incision and 0, 20, 40, and 70 min after flushing and 20, 40, 60, and 90 min after the start of surgery in those patients who do not develop mesenteric traction syndrome.

Changes in Heart Rate From Baseline Before Induction of Anaesthesia.

Heart rate [bpm] as recorded continuously by a transducer connected to an arterial line. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Continuous measurements from before induction of anaesthesia and until 2 hours after start of surgery.

Changes in Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow by Development of Mesenteric Traction Syndrome (MTS).

Unilateral internal carotid artery blood flow [ml/min] assessed by duplex ultrasound as compared between those patients who develop a MTS (defined as flushing within 60 min after the start of surgery) and those who do not. An effect of a MTS was evaluated by a repeated measure mixed model with the fixed effects time point, group according to development of MTS, and interaction between time and group. The reported result is the interaction factor for the time point 0 min after flushing and 20 min after the start of surgery in patients who did not develop MTS. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Six measurements during anaesthesia; 5 min before and after incision and 0, 20, 40, and 70 min after flushing and 20, 40, 60, and 90 min after the start of surgery in those patients who do not develop mesenteric traction syndrome.

Changes in Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow by Induction of Anaesthesia.

Unilateral internal carotid artery blood flow [ml/min] assessed by duplex ultrasound. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Two measurements; one measurement 5-10 min before induction of anaesthesia and one measurement 5-20 min after induction of anaesthesia.

Changes in Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow by Treatment of Anaesthesia-induced Hypotension

Unilateral internal carotid artery blood flow [ml/min] assessed by duplex ultrasound. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Two measurements; one measurement during anaesthesia-induced hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg) before administration of phenylephrine and one measurement 3-5 min after administration of phenylephrine.

Changes in Mean Arterial Pressure From Baseline Before Induction of Anaesthesia.

Mean arterial pressure [mmHg] as recorded continuously by a transducer connected to an arterial line. (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Continuous measurements from before induction of anaesthesia and until 2 hours after start of surgery.

Changes in Stroke Volume From Baseline Before Induction of Anaesthesia.

Stroke volume [ml] as evaluated continuously by pulse contour analysis of the arterial pressure curve (Modelflow). (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Continuous measurements from before induction of anaesthesia and until 2 hours after start of surgery.

Changes in the CO2 Reactivity of the Internal Carotid Artery From Before to After Induction of Anaesthesia.

"Unilateral internal carotid artery blood flow [ml/min] assessed by duplex ultrasound and arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) [kPa] was evaluated by gas analysis. Changes in PaCO2 are guided by evaluation of end-tidal CO2 tension.~The CO2 reactivity to hypocapnia when awake and during anaesthesia is calculated as the percentage change in internal carotid artery blood flow per kPa change in PaCO2. The CO2 reactivity when awake and when anaesthetized is compared." (NCT02951273)
Timeframe: Four measurements; before induction of anaesthesia during normoventilation and during hyperventilation to reduce PaCO2 by 1.5 kPa and during anaesthesia at a PaCO2 at the value before induction of anaesthesia and 1.5 kPa below that value.

24 Hour Total Opioid Consumption.

24 Hour total opioid consumption translated into IV morphine equivalents. (NCT01075087)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Quality of Recovery 40 Score

Quality of Recovery 40 Score at 24 hours postoperative. (NCT01075087)
Timeframe: 24 hours post operatively

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Satisfactory sedation on separation from parents	Unsatisfactory sedation on separation from parents	Satisfactory sedation on transfer to OR table	Unsatisfactory sedation on transfer to OR table
Dexmedetomidine	25	11	22	14
Midazolam	15	22	12	25

Article	Year
Colon Interposition for Esophageal Cancer. Thoracic surgery clinics, 2022, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Colon; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Humans; Midazolam; Postoperative Complications	2022
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 12-08, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alprazolam; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bias; Clonidine; Drug Admi	2020
Effectiveness of preoperative intranasal dexmedetomidine, compared with oral midazolam, for the prevention of emergence delirium in the pediatric patient undergoing general anesthesia: a systematic review. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports, 2017, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia, General; Child; Child,	2017
Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam as preanesthetic medication in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Anxiety; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Postoperative Complicat	2015
Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta analysis of published studies. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clo	2010
Preparation, premedication and surveillance. Endoscopy, 2003, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cathartics; Conscious Sedation; Endoscopy, Dig	2003
Dislocation of the mandible. Surgical endoscopy, 2004, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Esophagus; Female; Gastroscopy; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Inj	2004
The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 18, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Aggression; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Female; Flumazenil;	2001