midazolam and Pain, Postoperative studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The addition of gabapentin to moderate sedation during D&E did not result in lower maximum recalled procedural pain."	9.69	Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Brant, AR; Floyd, S; Lotke, PS; Reeves, MF; Scott, RK; Tefera, E; Ye, PP, 2023)
"The aim of this study was to determine whether an infusion of dexmedetomidine prior to hernia repair in children provides better postoperative anxiety outcomes that a preoperative infusion of midazolam."	9.30	The comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam premedication on postoperative anxiety in children for hernia repair surgery: A randomized controlled trial. ( Du, Z; Guo, QL; Qu, SQ; Song, ZB; Wei, SW; Xiang, Z; Zhang, XY, 2019)
"To estimate the effect of oral midazolam on patient pain and anxiety perception during first-trimester surgical abortion."	9.20	An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Bayer, LL; Bednarek, PH; Edelman, AB; Fu, R; Jensen, JT; Lambert, WE; Miller, K; Nichols, MD, 2015)
"To determine whether dexmedetomidine sedation in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) could decrease agitation and delirium after free flap surgery."	9.20	Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gao, C; Li, Z; Liu, R; Yang, X, 2015)
"Dexmedetomidine was associated with the decreased postoperative fentanyl consumption, NVAS scores, and a decreased incidence of delirium."	9.17	Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. ( Aydogan, MS; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Karaman, A; Korkmaz, MF; Ozgül, U; Togal, T; Yucel, A, 2013)
" The frequency and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia were compared in 140 consecutive children (aged 3 months to 10 years) undergoing cleft lip and palate repair."	9.14	Complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in pediatric cleft lip and palate surgery: a randomized comparison study. ( Goranović, T; Knezević, P; Milić, M, 2010)
"These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam."	9.12	Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. ( Auler, JO; Bandeira, D; Bertacchi, MF; Schmidt, AP; Simões, CM; Valinetti, EA, 2007)
"This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery."	9.08	Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Asano, M; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1995)
"In our practice, patients undergoing bilateral cataract surgery complain of more significant pain after the 2nd eye surgery."	7.85	[Prevalence and causes of pain after cataract surgery: Comparison of 1st and 2nd eyes]. ( Amzallag, T; Gayadine-Harricham, Y, 2017)
"The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly smaller in both groups than predicted according to the patients' underlying risks (midazolam group: p = 0."	6.73	Midazolam vs ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomised controlled trial. ( Chen, A; Lai, HY; Lee, Y; Wang, JJ; Yang, YL, 2007)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	6.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
"The addition of gabapentin to moderate sedation during D&E did not result in lower maximum recalled procedural pain."	5.69	Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Brant, AR; Floyd, S; Lotke, PS; Reeves, MF; Scott, RK; Tefera, E; Ye, PP, 2023)
"Isoflurane was also included in stress parameter analysis."	5.43	Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. ( Hamann, M; Hüske, C; Kershaw, O; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2016)
"The aim of this study was to determine whether an infusion of dexmedetomidine prior to hernia repair in children provides better postoperative anxiety outcomes that a preoperative infusion of midazolam."	5.30	The comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam premedication on postoperative anxiety in children for hernia repair surgery: A randomized controlled trial. ( Du, Z; Guo, QL; Qu, SQ; Song, ZB; Wei, SW; Xiang, Z; Zhang, XY, 2019)
" Eighty-two females undergoing breast cancer surgery with propofol-remifentanil anesthesia were enrolled and randomized to receive midazolam 0."	5.24	Can quality of recovery be enhanced by premedication with midazolam?: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study in females undergoing breast surgery. ( Kim, MH; Kim, MS; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Seo, JH, 2017)
" Within the three study groups, no significant change was objectified in the anxiety level from baseline to separation from parents (mean change in mYPAS midazolam group: 2."	5.24	Childhood preoperative anxiolysis: Is sedation and distraction better than either alone? A prospective randomized study. ( Bringuier, S; Capdevila, X; Dadure, C; Lefauconnier, A; Raux, O; Sola, C, 2017)
"To determine whether dexmedetomidine sedation in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) could decrease agitation and delirium after free flap surgery."	5.20	Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gao, C; Li, Z; Liu, R; Yang, X, 2015)
"To estimate the effect of oral midazolam on patient pain and anxiety perception during first-trimester surgical abortion."	5.20	An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Bayer, LL; Bednarek, PH; Edelman, AB; Fu, R; Jensen, JT; Lambert, WE; Miller, K; Nichols, MD, 2015)
"Dexmedetomidine was associated with the decreased postoperative fentanyl consumption, NVAS scores, and a decreased incidence of delirium."	5.17	Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. ( Aydogan, MS; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Karaman, A; Korkmaz, MF; Ozgül, U; Togal, T; Yucel, A, 2013)
"Intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam are equally effective in decreasing anxiety upon separation from parents; however, midazolam is superior in providing satisfactory conditions during mask induction."	5.16	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia. ( Akin, A; Aksu, R; Altuntas, R; Bayram, A; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Tosun, Z, 2012)
" The frequency and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia were compared in 140 consecutive children (aged 3 months to 10 years) undergoing cleft lip and palate repair."	5.14	Complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in pediatric cleft lip and palate surgery: a randomized comparison study. ( Goranović, T; Knezević, P; Milić, M, 2010)
" Midazolam with bupivacaine prolongs the duration of analgesia when administered intrathecally but does not prevent hypotension."	5.13	Combination of low doses of intrathecal ketamine and midazolam with bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia in orthopaedic surgery. ( Batra, YK; Murali Krishna, T; Panda, NB; Rajeev, S, 2008)
"We tested the hypothesis that diprivan/ketamine (D/K) anesthesia would offer advantages compared to midazolam/ketamine (M/K) in patients undergoing minor gynecological surgery."	5.12	[Diprivan versus midazolam in combined anaesthesia with ketamin for minor gynecological surgery]. ( Partenov, P; Popov, I; Tablov, B; Tablov, V; Tsafarov, M, 2007)
"These findings indicate that children receiving clonidine or DEX preoperatively have similar levels of anxiety and sedation postoperatively as those receiving midazolam."	5.12	Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. ( Auler, JO; Bandeira, D; Bertacchi, MF; Schmidt, AP; Simões, CM; Valinetti, EA, 2007)
" In addition postoperative morphine requirement, anxiety, and vomiting were not affected by the music during general anesthesia."	5.12	The impact of music on postoperative pain and anxiety following cesarean section. ( Abul-Qasim, A; Ali, SM; Reza, N; Reza, TH; Saeed, K, 2007)
"To evaluate the effect of midazolam on the global perioperative experience, including patient satisfaction, postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative pain, and perioperative anxiety and amnesia."	5.11	Preoperative intravenous midazolam: benefits beyond anxiolysis. ( Bauer, KP; Dom, PM; O'Flaherty, JE; Ramirez, AM, 2004)
" In the postoperative period the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (ND: n = 8, HD: n = 2, midazolam: n = 6) and the use of pritramid were lower in the clonidine HD group (HD: 38."	5.10	[Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery]. ( Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)
" For induction of anesthesia, patients of the COM-group received 0,05 mg/kg BW midazolam und 1,0 mg/kg BW propofol, and anesthesia was maintained with 0,05 mg/kg BW/h midazolam (until 15 - 30 min before the end of the operation) together with propofol in decreasing doses of 10 - 5 - 2 mg/kg BW/h."	5.10	[Co-maintenance with propofol and midazolam: sympathoadrenergic reactions, hemodynamic effects, stress response, EEG and recovery]. ( Adams, HA; Bornscheuer, A; Hecker, H; Hermsen, M; Kirchhoff, K, 2002)
" The addition of alfentanil and or propofol to midazolam was evaluated with regard to hemodynamic variables, respiratory rate, pain, anxiety, sedation, postoperative recovery and patient satisfaction."	5.09	A comparison of midazolam, alfentanil and propofol for sedation in outpatient intraocular surgery. ( Chung, F; Fortier, J; Krishnathas, A; Marshall, SI; McHardy, FE, 2000)
"We have examined the use of presurgical morphine-midazolam combination in 80 children aged 2-10 y undergoing repair of hypospadias."	5.08	Morphine-midazolam combination doses for presurgical analgesia in children. ( Atallah, MM; Hammouda, GE; Saied, MM, 1997)
" A high incidence of pain with drug injection was noted among patients receiving propofol (80%)."	5.08	Propofol patient-controlled sedation during hip or knee arthroplasty in elderly patients. ( Ganapathy, S; Gelb, AW; Herrick, IA; Kirkby, J, 1997)
"This is a prospective randomized double-blind trial conducted to determine whether preoperative orally administered clonidine causes or potentiates postoperative vomiting in 140 children (3-12 yr) undergoing strabismus surgery."	5.08	Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. ( Asano, M; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1995)
" Our anesthetic protocol for strabismus surgery included postoperative nausea and vomiting prevention using dexamethasone and ondansetron."	3.91	Prospective evaluation of anesthetic protocols during pediatric ophthalmic surgery. ( Couret, C; Ducloyer, JB; Le Meur, G; Lebranchu, P; Lejus-Bourdeau, C; Magne, C; Weber, M, 2019)
"In our practice, patients undergoing bilateral cataract surgery complain of more significant pain after the 2nd eye surgery."	3.85	[Prevalence and causes of pain after cataract surgery: Comparison of 1st and 2nd eyes]. ( Amzallag, T; Gayadine-Harricham, Y, 2017)
" Significant difference was observed between EA and the control group in many aspects, such as sex, age, ASA classify, smoking history, history of cerebrovascular disease, preoperative anxiety, the use of midazolam, anesthesia means, postoperative pain, postoperative analgesia, presence of a tracheal tube, and presence of a urinary catheter."	3.81	[Analysis of risk factors for emergence agitation in adults undergoing general anesthesia for nasal surgery]. ( Liu, Z, 2015)
"Patients who received both midazolam and morphine experienced a more rapid decline in anxiety and used less opioid medication than those receiving morphine alone."	3.80	A placebo-controlled trial of midazolam as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery. ( Berbaum, ML; Day, MA; Mangieri, EA; Rich, MA; Thorn, BE, 2014)
" For management of postoperative muscle spasm, an intravenous benzodiazepine was used (diazepam 0."	3.69	Pain management for children following selective dorsal rhizotomy. ( Geiduschek, JM; Haberkern, CM; Hays, RM; Jacobson, LE; McLaughlin, JF; Roberts, TS, 1994)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional feline pain assessment scale - short form."	3.30	Randomised, prospective, blinded, clinical trial of opioid-free injectable anaesthesia with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ( Cheng, AJ; Garbin, M; Lutevele, N; Malo, A; Marangoni, S; Monteiro, BP; Ruel, HL; Steagall, PV; Watanabe, R, 2023)
"Secondary outcomes included postoperative nausea and pain occurrence and time to reach the discharge score."	2.94	Differences in midazolam premedication effects on recovery after short-duration ambulatory anesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane for gynecologic surgery in young patients: A randomized controlled trial. ( Kim, H; Park, SS; Shim, J, 2020)
"Pain was not better controlled with the addition of continuous infusions of morphine and midazolam when compared with intermittent dosing only."	2.87	Intermittent Versus Continuous and Intermittent Medications for Pain and Sedation After Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery; A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Brady, CM; Lefaiver, CA; Penk, JS; Steffensen, CM; Wittmayer, K, 2018)
" The time of stay in the recovery room and adverse events were reviewed through the nursing records."	2.87	Efficacy and safety of flumazenil injection for the reversal of midazolam sedation after elective outpatient endoscopy. ( Kim, JH; Lee, SP; Lee, SY; Park, HS; Shim, CS; Sung, IK, 2018)
"Melatonin has been proposed as a premedication alternative to midazolam, preceding anaesthesia induction."	2.82	Melatonin versus midazolam premedication in children undergoing surgery: A pilot study. ( Crisafi, C; D'Angelo, G; Gitto, E; Impellizzeri, P; Manti, S; Marseglia, L; Montalto, AS; Reiter, RJ; Romeo, C, 2016)
"Incidence of EA and postoperative pain scores were recorded at 10-min intervals in the postanaesthetic care unit (PACU)."	2.82	Comparison of effects of intravenous midazolam and ketamine on emergence agitation in children: Randomized controlled trial. ( Jung, JW; Kang, E; Kim, KM; Kim, YH; Ko, MJ; Lee, KH, 2016)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient safety, in terms of adverse events, alterations in blood pressure or oxygen saturation (SpO2) in two routine sedation procedures, with and without intravenous analgesia."	2.80	Safety of adjunct pre-emptive intravenous tramadol with midazolam sedation for third molar surgery. ( Eriksson, LB; Tegelberg, Å, 2015)
"Recovery conditions, postoperative pain, and postoperative agitation were also recorded."	2.79	Intranasal dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication in children undergoing complete dental rehabilitation: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. ( Abdelhalim, AA; Al-Sarheed, MA; Sheta, SA, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was evaluated with the 10-point Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale."	2.76	Effects of hydroxyzine-midazolam premedication on sevoflurane-induced paediatric emergence agitation: a prospective randomised clinical trial. ( Köner, O; Menda, F; Mercan, A; Sözübir, S; Türe, H, 2011)
"Tramadol has a better analgesic effect in third molar surgery than fentanyl and placebo."	2.76	A comparison of the effects of midazolam/fentanyl and midazolam/tramadol for conscious intravenous sedation during third molar extraction. ( Garip, H; Göker, K; Göktay, O; Gönül, O; Satilmiş, T, 2011)
"Midazolam has analgesic effects mediated by gamma aminobutyric acid-A receptors."	2.75	Quality of lidocaine analgesia with and without midazolam for intravenous regional anesthesia. ( Aly, A; Farouk, S, 2010)
"In this study recovery profile, postoperative pain scores, incidence of adverse effects, and patient and surgeon satisfaction were compared between paravertebral block (PVB) and fast-track general anesthesia (GA) via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for outpatient IH."	2.75	Comparison of paravertebral block versus fast-track general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway in outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Akcaboy, EY; Akcaboy, ZN; Gogus, N, 2010)
"Propofol was titrated to a level of deep sedation and propofol combined with midazolam was used for moderate sedation."	2.74	CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy decreases post-interventional pain in deeply sedated patients: a randomized controlled trial. ( Akan, B; Dirlea, D; Karner-Hanusch, J; Mikola, B; Mittlböck, M; Rieder, E; Riss, S; Weiser, FA, 2009)
"Midazolam not only has no side-effects but also has the advantages of sedation and amnesia."	2.74	Comparative study of postoperative analgesia and sedation after upper abdominal surgery with thoracic epidural administration of bupivacaine with/without midazolam. ( Kamdar, BM; Kaushal, V; Shroff, PP, 2009)
"Midazolam was associated with greater amnesia."	2.73	A comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in third molar surgery. ( Cheung, CW; Chiu, WK; Irwin, MG; Ng, KF; Wong, GT; Ying, CL, 2007)
"The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly smaller in both groups than predicted according to the patients' underlying risks (midazolam group: p = 0."	2.73	Midazolam vs ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomised controlled trial. ( Chen, A; Lai, HY; Lee, Y; Wang, JJ; Yang, YL, 2007)
"Midazolam was more frequently administered to patients receiving paracetamol suppositories, indicating that these children experienced more distress, possibly caused by pain."	2.73	Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of intravenous propacetamol vs rectal paracetamol in children after major craniofacial surgery. ( Anderson, BJ; Mathot, RA; Prins, SA; Searle, S; Tibboel, D; Van Dijk, M; Van Leeuwen, P, 2008)
"To compare the onset, duration and postoperative pain scores of supraclavicular block with bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine-midazolam combination."	2.73	Midazolam with bupivacaine for improving analgesia quality in brachial plexus block for upper limb surgeries. ( Arif, M; Khan, MN; Khan, S; Laiq, N, 2008)
"Morphine (M, 10 mg) was administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM)."	2.73	Serum and cerebrospinal fluid morphine pharmacokinetics after single doses of intravenous and intramuscular morphine after hip replacement surgery. ( Borchgrevink, PC; Dale, O; Klepstad, P; Nilsen, T; Thoner, J; Tveita, T, 2007)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	2.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
"To investigate the clinical efficacy of and complications arising from low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in comparison with the exclusive use of fentanyl in elderly patients."	2.72	[Low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in elderly patients]. ( Chen, YM; Liang, SW; Lin, CS, 2006)
"To assess postoperative pain regulation and pharmacokinetic effects of preoperative administration of ketamine and midazolam."	2.72	Improved postoperative analgesia with coadministration of preoperative epidural ketamine and midazolam. ( Wang, G; Wang, X; Xie, H, 2006)
"midazolam treatment (0."	2.71	Sedation with midazolam leads to reduced pain after dental surgery. ( Ong, CK; Seymour, RA; Tan, JM, 2004)
"Patients felt postoperative pain (t(C)), but they felt no pain at times t(A), t(B), and t(D)."	2.71	Release of beta-endorphin immunoreactive material under perioperative conditions into blood or cerebrospinal fluid: significance for postoperative pain? ( Bödeker, RH; Hempelmann, G; Matejec, R; Ruwoldt, R; Teschemacher, H, 2003)
"Sevoflurane is a rapid-acting volatile anaesthetic agent frequently used in paediatric anaesthesia despite transient postoperative symptoms of cerebral excitation, particularly in preschool children."	2.71	Similar excitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in young children given rectal morphine or midazolam as premedication. ( Akeson, J; Malmgren, W, 2004)
"The incidence of immediate postoperative pain (0-2 h), as assessed by repeated Objective Pain Scale (OPS) scores, was chosen as the primary end-point of the study."	2.71	Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordenberg, L; Oddby, E; Ruthström, E; Zetterqvist, H, 2004)
"Monitoring for pain, sedation, postoperative nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and pruritus was performed by anesthesiologists blinded to the study allocation."	2.71	Caudal additives in pediatrics: a comparison among midazolam, ketamine, and neostigmine coadministered with bupivacaine. ( Acharya, A; Kumar, P; Pan, AK; Rudra, A, 2005)
"Intrathecal midazolam acts synergically with other anesthetics to relieve surgical pain, and the drug combination may decrease complications attributable to each component drug."	2.71	Intrathecal midazolam combined with low-dose bupivacaine improves postoperative recovery in diabetic mellitus patients undergoing foot debridement. ( Hong, CC; Hung, CP; Lu, HF; Shiau, JM; Tseng, CC; Wu, YW, 2005)
"The level of anterograde amnesia tended to be higher in the midazolam group than in the clorazepate dipotassium group (4% versus 0% for anesthesia administration; 14% versus 4% for surgery), but the difference between groups was not significant."	2.71	Clorazepate dipotassium versus midazolam for premedication in clear corneal cataract surgery. ( Brockmann, C; Franke, GH; Krohner, H; Laube, T; Steuhl, KP, 2003)
"Dexmedetomidine in combination with morphine PCA provided better analgesia for ESWL and was associated with higher patients' and urologist's satisfaction when compared with a tramadol/midazolam PCA combination."	2.71	Dexmedetomidine in combination with morphine PCA provides superior analgesia for shockwave lithotripsy. ( Alhashemi, JA; Kaki, AM, 2004)
"Postoperative pain was assessed at regular intervals for 12 hours using an objective pain score."	2.70	A comparative study of caudal bupivacaine and midazolam-bupivacaine mixture for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing genitourinary surgery. ( Batra, YK; Grover, VK; Kajal, J; Mahajan, R, 2001)
"Midazolam was superior to clonidine as oral preanesthetic medication for these patients."	2.70	A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient. ( Fazi, L; Jantzen, EC; Kurth, CD; Rose, JB; Watcha, MF, 2001)
" Pharmacological strategies used in outpatient dental settings must be both safe and effective."	2.70	Comparing efficacy and safety of four intravenous sedation regimens in dental outpatients. ( Beirne, OR; Dionne, RA; Gonty, A; Moore, PA; Yagiela, JA; Zuniga, J, 2001)
"Most of the patients experienced little postoperative pain with more than 70% scoring less than 20 mm on a VAS-scale from 0-100 mm at any time during the postoperative period."	2.69	No effect of preoperative paracetamol and codeine suppositories for pain after termination of pregnancies in general anaesthesia. ( Dahl, V; Fjellanger, F; Raeder, JC, 2000)
"To determine whether age-dependent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations account for a more pronounced response to benzodiazepines among elderly patients."	2.69	Pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamic action of midazolam in young and elderly patients undergoing tooth extraction. ( Dilger, K; Klotz, U; Mikus, G; Platten, HP; Schweizer, E, 1998)
"This midazolam analgesia was found to enhance the effects of local anesthetics given in combination epidurally without any adverse effects."	2.69	Addition of intrathecal midazolam to bupivacaine produces better post-operative analgesia without prolonging recovery. ( Batra, YK; Chari, P; Dhillon, MS; Jain, K; Reddy, GM; Shaheen, B, 1999)
"Midazolam has been shown to have an analgesic effect by single shot epidural administration."	2.69	Midazolam improves postoperative epidural analgesia with continuous infusion of local anaesthetics. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T; Yokoyama, T, 1998)
"Midazolam was associated with impairment of performance on the TDT and DSST after premedication administration and 15 (TDT and DSST) and 30 (DSST) min after postanesthesia care unit (PACU) arrival."	2.68	Midazolam premedication increases sedation but does not prolong discharge times after brief outpatient general anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. ( Hussain, A; Richardson, MG; Wu, CL, 1997)
"Repeated use of DIBC for postoperative pain relief, changing the contents according to the severity of pain, might be a useful and cost saving method."	2.67	[Repeated use of Drug Infusion Balloon Catheter for postoperative pain management]. ( Kaneko, I; Koyama, K; Mori, K, 1994)
"Bupivacaine 0."	2.67	Combined spinal epidural block versus spinal and epidural block for orthopaedic surgery. ( Hallberg, S; Holmström, B; Laugaland, K; Rawal, N, 1993)
"It is concluded that intraoperative and postoperative pain treatment with epidurally administered bupivacaine plus sufentanil improved the recovery time, as well as pulmonary and cardiac outcome after CABG, when compared with IV postoperative pain treatment after intraoperative GA with sufentanil and midazolam."	2.67	Coronary artery bypass grafting using two different anesthetic techniques: Part 2: Postoperative outcome. ( Booij, LH; Gielen, MJ; Hasenbos, MA; Liem, TH, 1992)
"Propofol anaesthesia was compared with paracervical blockade in a prospective, randomized study of 59 abortion patients."	2.67	Propofol anaesthesia versus paracervical blockade with alfentanil and midazolam sedation for outpatient abortion. ( Raeder, JC, 1992)
"We studied the incidence of fasciculations and postoperative myalgias in 100 female outpatients who had laparoscopy under thiopentone, N2O, isoflurane anaesthesia."	2.67	Attenuation of suxamethonium myalgias. Effect of midazolam and vecuronium. ( Eisenkraft, JB; Herlich, A; Mingus, ML, 1990)
"Midazolam and propofol were compared in an open randomized study for postoperative sedation during 12 h of mechanical ventilation in 40 patients following coronary artery bypass grafting."	2.67	The use of midazolam versus propofol for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. ( Byttebier, G; Demeyere, R; Lauwers, P; Snellen, F; Van Aken, H, 1990)
"Diflunisal was given for postoperative pain relief."	2.67	Does midazolam sedation in oral surgery affect the potency or duration of diflunisal analgesia? ( Rodrigo, MR; Rosenquist, JB, 1990)
"5 mg/kg) allowed for a significant reduction in the mean dosage of midazolam required to produce satisfactory sedation when compared with trials where midazolam was used alone."	2.66	New intravenous sedative combinations in oral surgery: a comparative study of nalbuphine or pentazocine with midazolam. ( Hook, PC; Lavery, KM, 1988)
"Midazolam has some potential in pain control of patients undergoing knee arthroscopy."	2.55	The effect of midazolam on pain control after knee arthroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Chen, X; He, Z; Mou, X; Zhu, Y, 2017)
"Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist which has sedative, anxiolytic and analgesic properties."	2.50	Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children. ( Cyna, AM; Knight, N; Lambert, P; Middleton, P, 2014)
"Midazolam was used in 95 patients (56%), with an average dose of 35 (±14) μg/kg/h."	1.51	Postsurgery analgesic and sedative drug use in a French neonatal intensive care unit: A single-center retrospective cohort study. ( Benahmed-Canat, A; Canat, G; Claris, O; Kassai, B; Nguyen, KA; Paret, N; Plaisant, F; Rabilloud, M; Riche, B, 2019)
"Isoflurane was also included in stress parameter analysis."	1.43	Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. ( Hamann, M; Hüske, C; Kershaw, O; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2016)
"Preoperatively, 95% of the patients received morphine versus 100% postoperatively, with a median dosage of 10."	1.43	Infants Operated on for Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Towards Evidence-Based Pain Guidelines. ( Keyzer-Dekker, CM; Knibbe, CA; Meesters, NJ; Simons, SH; Tibboel, D; van Dijk, M, 2016)
"Forefoot surgery under ankle block alone may be safe and effective."	1.40	Safety and efficacy of forefoot surgery under ankle block anaesthesia. ( Kumar, CS; Pillai, A; Russell, DF, 2014)
"More propofol was administered in group P than in group PFM and PR."	1.37	[Eighty cases of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for inguinal hernia repairs using tumescent local anesthesia (TLA)]. ( Adachi, K; Hayasaka, T; Kameyama, E; Nakamura, T; Uchida, K; Yamada, M, 2011)
" We hypothesized that regional analgesia combined with avoidance of narcotics administered to children scheduled for lower abdominal or urologic procedures may be associated with a lower incidence of POV."	1.33	Regional analgesia combined with avoidance of narcotics may reduce the incidence of postoperative vomiting in children. ( Chuang, AZ; Farag, A; Govindaraj, R; Hanna, E; Khalil, SN, 2005)
"The minilap group had lower postoperative pain scores postoperatively."	1.31	Minilaparoscopic ovarian biopsy performed under conscious sedation in women with premature ovarian failure. ( Cappiello, F; Cirillo, D; Di Carlo, C; Nappi, C; Pellicano, M; Zullo, F, 2000)
"Midazolam has been reported to have a spinally mediated analgesic effect."	1.30	Continuous epidural administration of midazolam and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia. ( Hanaoka, K; Matsukawa, T; Nishiyama, T, 1999)
"A propofol infusion was chosen for anaesthesia to achieve early discharge and to reduce the incidence of postoperative emesis."	1.29	Propofol for pulsed dye laser treatments in paediatric outpatients. ( Charest, J; Vischoff, D, 1994)
"Midazolam level was lower than that of sedation level."	1.28	[Epidural administration of midazolam with saline or bupivacaine for postoperative pain]. ( Hirasaki, A; Kobayashi, O; Mikane, T; Nishiyama, T; Odaka, Y; Seto, K, 1991)

Research

Studies (205)

Authors

Clinical Trials (45)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants With Satisfaction Score <2

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	7 (3.41)	18.7374
1990's	46 (22.44)	18.2507
2000's	71 (34.63)	29.6817
2010's	73 (35.61)	24.3611
2020's	8 (3.90)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Abdelemam, RM	1
Fares, KM	1
Kamal, SM	1
Brant, AR	1
Reeves, MF	1
Ye, PP	1
Scott, RK	1
Floyd, S	1
Tefera, E	1
Lotke, PS	1
Malo, A	1
Cheng, AJ	1
Ruel, HL	1
Monteiro, BP	1
Lutevele, N	1
Marangoni, S	1
Garbin, M	1
Watanabe, R	1
Steagall, PV	1
Mohan, AM	1
Sharma, A	1
Goyal, S	1
Kothari, N	1
Vyas, R	1
Goel, AD	1
Sethi, P	1
Kumari, K	1
Bhatia, P	1
Hanser, A	1
Neunhoeffer, F	1
Hayer, T	1
Hofbeck, M	1
Schlensak, C	1
Mustafi, M	1
Kumpf, M	1
Michel, J	1
Lang, B	1
Zhang, L	1
Zhang, W	3
Lin, Y	1
Fu, Y	1
Chen, S	1
Alam, AM	1
Deeba, F	1
Matin, A	1
Ivy, R	1
Begum, N	1
Kim, H	1
Park, SS	1
Shim, J	1
Gayadine-Harricham, Y	1
Amzallag, T	1
Sola, C	1
Lefauconnier, A	1
Bringuier, S	1
Raux, O	1
Capdevila, X	1
Dadure, C	1
Soberón, JR	1
King, JJ	1
Penk, JS	1
Lefaiver, CA	1
Brady, CM	1
Steffensen, CM	1
Wittmayer, K	1
Chen, X	1
Mou, X	1
He, Z	1
Zhu, Y	1
Bonilla-García, JL	1
Cortiñas-Sáenz, M	1
Pozo-Gavilán, ED	1
Lee, SP	1
Sung, IK	1
Kim, JH	1
Lee, SY	1
Park, HS	1
Shim, CS	1
Ducloyer, JB	1
Couret, C	1
Magne, C	1
Lejus-Bourdeau, C	1
Weber, M	1
Le Meur, G	1
Lebranchu, P	1
Cabadas Avión, R	1
Baluja, A	1
Ojea Cendón, M	1
Leal Ruiloba, MS	1
Vázquez López, S	1
Rey Martínez, M	1
Magdalena López, P	1
Álvarez-Escudero, J	1
Shirmohammadie, M	1
Ebrahim Soltani, A	1
Arbabi, S	1
Nasseri, K	1
Benahmed-Canat, A	1
Plaisant, F	1
Riche, B	1
Rabilloud, M	1
Canat, G	1
Paret, N	1
Claris, O	1
Kassai, B	1
Nguyen, KA	1
Du, Z	1
Zhang, XY	1
Qu, SQ	1
Song, ZB	1
Wei, SW	1
Xiang, Z	1
Guo, QL	1
Truesdale, CM	1
Soulen, MC	1
Clark, TW	1
Mondschein, JI	1
Wehrenberg-Klee, E	1
Malkowicz, SB	1
Wein, AJ	1
Guzzo, TJ	1
Stavropoulos, SW	1
Aydogan, MS	1
Korkmaz, MF	1
Ozgül, U	1
Erdogan, MA	1
Yucel, A	1
Karaman, A	1
Togal, T	1
Durmus, M	1
Colak, C	1
Kavitha, J	1
Parida, S	1
Kundra, P	1
Srinivasan, R	1
Jarman, A	1
Duke, G	1
Reade, M	1
Casamento, A	1
Sheta, SA	1
Al-Sarheed, MA	1
Abdelhalim, AA	1
Guan, M	1
Wang, EB	1
Cui, NH	1
Liu, Y	1
Ding, B	1
Lambert, P	1
Cyna, AM	1
Knight, N	1
Middleton, P	1
Russell, DF	1
Pillai, A	1
Kumar, CS	1
Lobkova, N	1
Wolf, EW	1
Dewhirst, E	1
Fedel, G	1
Raman, V	1
Rice, J	1
Barry, N	1
Jatana, KR	1
Elmaraghy, C	1
Merz, M	1
Tobias, JD	1
Day, MA	1
Rich, MA	1
Thorn, BE	1
Berbaum, ML	1
Mangieri, EA	1
Surendar, MN	1
Pandey, RK	1
Saksena, AK	1
Kumar, R	1
Chandra, G	1
Williams, BA	2
Ibinson, JW	2
Mangione, MP	2
Scanlan, RL	1
Cohen, PZ	2
Modrak, RT	1
Tonarelli, EJ	1
Rakesh, H	1
Kmatz, AM	1
Ramanadham, SR	1
Costa, CR	1
Narasimhan, K	1
Coleman, JE	1
Rohrich, RJ	1
Majidi, A	1
Dinpanah, H	1
Ashoori, S	1
Motamed, H	1
Tabatabaey, A	1
Eriksson, LB	1
Tegelberg, Å	2
Yang, X	1
Li, Z	1
Gao, C	1
Liu, R	1
Dalton, BG	1
Gonzalez, KW	1
Millspaugh, DL	1
Desai, AA	1
Sharp, SW	1
St Peter, SD	1
Bayer, LL	1
Edelman, AB	1
Fu, R	1
Lambert, WE	1
Nichols, MD	1
Bednarek, PH	1
Miller, K	1
Jensen, JT	1
Gitto, E	1
Marseglia, L	1
D'Angelo, G	1
Manti, S	1
Crisafi, C	1
Montalto, AS	1
Impellizzeri, P	1
Reiter, RJ	1
Romeo, C	1
Sato, M	1
Shirakami, G	1
Fukuda, K	1
Peng, K	1
Liu, HY	1
Liu, SL	1
Ji, FH	1
Yakoob, MY	1
Shamim, MS	2
Kim, KM	1
Lee, KH	1
Kim, YH	1
Ko, MJ	1
Jung, JW	1
Kang, E	1
Liu, Z	1
Hüske, C	1
Sander, SE	1
Hamann, M	1
Kershaw, O	1
Richter, F	1
Richter, A	1
Harlin, SA	2
Grissom, RA	1
LeCroy, C	1
Pouliot, SM	1
Xiang, Y	1
Ye, W	1
Sun, N	1
Jin, X	1
Meesters, NJ	1
van Dijk, M	2
Knibbe, CA	1
Keyzer-Dekker, CM	1
Tibboel, D	2
Simons, SH	1
Baust, H	1
Glatz, U	1
Quabach, R	1
Sitina, M	1
Codero, F	1
Vitalis, M	1
Thikra, S	1
Maher, DP	1
Woo, P	1
Wong, W	1
Zhang, X	1
Yumul, R	1
Louy, C	1
Kim, MH	2
Kim, MS	1
Lee, JH	1
Seo, JH	1
Lee, JR	1
Larson, GE	1
McKeever, S	1
Ho, KM	1
Ismail, H	1
Batra, YK	5
Mahajan, R	2
Kumar, S	1
Rajeev, S	2
Singh Dhillon, M	1
Laiq, N	1
Khan, MN	1
Arif, M	1
Khan, S	1
Agrawal, D	1
Dilli, D	1
Dallar, Y	1
Sorgui, NH	1
Dahaba, AA	1
Mueller, G	1
Mattiassich, G	1
Rumpold-Seitlinger, G	1
Bornemann, H	1
Rehak, PH	1
Linck, G	1
Mischinger, HJ	1
Metzler, H	1
Ghai, B	1
Makkar, JK	1
Chari, P	2
Rao, KL	1
Campiglia, L	1
Cappellini, I	1
Consales, G	1
Borracci, T	1
Vitali, L	1
Gallerani, E	1
Boninsegni, P	1
Domenico Mediati, R	1
Raffaele De Gaudio, A	1
Shroff, PP	1
Kaushal, V	1
Kamdar, BM	1
Riss, S	1
Akan, B	1
Mikola, B	1
Rieder, E	1
Karner-Hanusch, J	1
Dirlea, D	1
Mittlböck, M	1
Weiser, FA	1
Chang, YZ	1
Kan, QC	1
Zhang, LR	1
Li, ZS	1
Lu, H	1
Wang, ZY	1
Chu, QJ	1
Zhang, J	1
Milić, M	1
Goranović, T	1
Knezević, P	1
Dahmani, S	1
Brasher, C	1
Stany, I	1
Golmard, J	1
Skhiri, A	1
Bruneau, B	1
Nivoche, Y	1
Constant, I	1
Murat, I	1
Huh, BK	1
Jung, S	1
White, W	1
Jeon, Y	1
Akcaboy, EY	1
Akcaboy, ZN	1
Gogus, N	1
O'Donnell, B	1
Riordan, J	1
Ahmad, I	1
Iohom, G	1
Farouk, S	1
Aly, A	1
Kamata, K	1
Hagihira, S	1
Komatsu, R	1
Ozaki, M	1
Yildiz, TS	1
Ozdamar, D	1
Arslan, I	1
Solak, M	1
Toker, K	1
Sahin, L	1
Gürkan, Y	1
Pérez, J	1
de Santos, P	1
Plaza, A	1
Mercadal, J	1
Hasani, A	1
Maloku, H	1
Sallahu, F	1
Gashi, V	1
Ozgen, SU	1
Garip, H	2
Satılmış, T	2
Dergin, G	1
Uğurlu, F	1
Göker, K	2
Göktay, O	1
Gönül, O	1
Talebi, H	1
Yazdi, B	1
Alizadeh, S	1
Moshiry, E	1
Nourozi, A	1
Eghtesadi-Araghi, P	1
Yen, YH	1
Lin, TF	1
Lin, CJ	1
Lee, YC	1
Lau, HP	1
Yeh, HM	1
Trivedi, V	1
Patel, N	1
Köner, O	1
Türe, H	1
Mercan, A	1
Menda, F	1
Sözübir, S	1
Shaikh, SI	1
Kantharaja, HE	1
Adachi, K	1
Kameyama, E	1
Yamada, M	1
Nakamura, T	1
Uchida, K	1
Hayasaka, T	1
Akin, A	1
Bayram, A	1
Esmaoglu, A	1
Tosun, Z	1
Aksu, R	1
Altuntas, R	1
Boyaci, A	1
Olischar, M	1
Davidson, AJ	1
Lee, KJ	1
Hunt, RW	1
Boschin, M	1
Ellger, B	1
van den Heuvel, I	1
Vowinkel, T	1
Langer, M	1
Hahnenkamp, K	1
Enam, SA	1
Tahir, MZ	1
Khan, M	1
Eriksson, L	1
Ozcan, S	1
Yilmaz, E	1
Buyukkocak, U	1
Basar, H	1
Apan, A	1
Cohen, IT	1
Drewsen, S	1
Hannallah, RS	1
Matejec, R	1
Ruwoldt, R	1
Bödeker, RH	1
Hempelmann, G	1
Teschemacher, H	1
Saito, M	1
Terao, Y	1
Fukusaki, M	1
Makita, T	1
Shibata, O	1
Sumikawa, K	1
Roelofse, J	1
Sungurtekin, H	1
Sungurtekin, U	1
Erdem, E	1
Kozierowski, T	1
Wołowicka, L	1
Małysz, A	1
Ruciński, M	1
Rzymski, S	1
Laube, T	1
Krohner, H	1
Franke, GH	1
Brockmann, C	1
Steuhl, KP	1
Shah, FR	1
Halbe, AR	1
Panchal, ID	1
Goodchild, CS	1
Grottke, O	1
Müller, J	1
Dietrich, PJ	1
Krause, TH	1
Wappler, F	1
Marriott, P	1
Laasch, HU	1
Wilbraham, L	1
Marriott, A	1
England, RE	1
Martin, DF	1
Alhashemi, JA	1
Kaki, AM	1
Ong, CK	1
Seymour, RA	1
Tan, JM	1
Bauer, KP	1
Dom, PM	1
Ramirez, AM	1
O'Flaherty, JE	1
Bano, F	1
Haider, S	1
Sultan, ST	1
Pang, MP	1
Wilkens, LR	1
On, SJ	1
McMullin, B	1
Friedberg, BL	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Gabapentin as an Adjunct for Pain Management During Dilation and Evacuation: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03635905]	Phase 4	130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-26	Completed
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as Premedication for Suspension Laryngoscopy[NCT02108171]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Comparing Intranasal Dexmedetomidine With Oral Midazolam as Premedication for Older Children Undergoing General Anesthesia for Dental Rehabilitation[NCT02250703]	Phase 3	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Rescue After Failed Pediatric Procedural Sedation: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04822064]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-22	Recruiting
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Procedural Sedation in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04820205]		136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-03	Recruiting
A Comparison of Virtual Reality Headset and Touch Screen Tablet for Minimizing Anxiety During Separation From Caregiver and Induction of Anesthesia in Children[NCT04414501]		94 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Completed
IN Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Closed Reductions for Distal Forearm Fractures. Timmons Z MD, Feudale B MD Children Presenting to the ED With Distal Forearm Extremity Fractures Often Require Re-alignment Under Conscious Sedation. T[NCT03466242]	Early Phase 1	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Not yet recruiting
Clonidine for Tourniquet-related Pain in Children: A Pilot Study[NCT04564430]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Recruiting
Dexmedetomidine as a Sole Premedication for BMT Placement in Children Undergoing Bilateral Myringotomy Tube Placement Surgery[NCT05903326]		276 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-02-11	Completed
Does the Preoperative Midazolam Dose Affect Postoperative Pain? - a Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial in Ambulatory Surgery[NCT03534895]	Phase 4	168 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Does Preoperative Midazolam Dose Affect Postoperative Pain? - a Multicentric Observational Study in Open Inguinal Hernia Repair[NCT03499730]		300 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-12	Completed
Nebulized Midazolam, Dexmedetomidine, and Their Combination in Sedation of Preschoolers Undergoing Dental Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03827408]	Phase 2	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-27	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of IN Midazolam vs IN Dexmedetomidine vs IN Ketamine Evaluating Length of Stay After Medication Administration and Anxiolysis During Minimal Procedures in Pediatric Population in Pediatric Emergency Department[NCT05934669]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
An Evaluation of Oral Midazolam for Anxiety and Pain in First-trimester Surgical Abortion: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01830881]	Phase 4	124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Magnesium Sulphate Versus Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Propofol Xylocaine Combination for Conscious Sedation During Chronic Subdural Haematoma Surgery. Comparative Study[NCT03548493]	Phase 2	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-10	Completed
Midazolam Effect on Agitation Postnasal Surgery: A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05165914]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Octreotide in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy Surgery: Effect on Blood Loss, Need for Vasoactive Drugs, Transfusion Requirements.[NCT06085976]	Phase 2	62 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-14	Recruiting
Is End Tidal CO2 Level Elevation During Upper Endoscopy With CO2 Gas Insufflation Physiologically Significant[NCT04541667]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-18	Completed
Water Exchange Versus Carbon Dioxide Insufflation to Improve Colonoscopy Screening - a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01633333]		473 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Non-Interventional Pharmacogenetic Study of Patient / Proxy Controlled Analgesia in Children Undergoing Surgery[NCT01731873]		182 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-01-17	Completed
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD): A New Modality to Assess Postoperative Agitation After a Single Bolus of Dexmedetomidine Versus Nalbuphine in Children With Cleft Palate Repair[NCT04928391]	Phase 3	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-20	Recruiting
Hydroxyzine Dihydrochloride Premedication is a Necessity for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Strabismus Surgery; An Observational Clinical Trial Controlled With Midazolam[NCT03806270]		45 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2018-10-01	Completed
Dyphenhidramine Effect on Prevention of Sevoflurane Induced Post Anesthesia Agitation in Pediatric[NCT02463929]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Evaluating Stress Response and Anxiety Score in Paediatric Patients Sedated With Intranasal Dexmedetomidine[NCT04526652]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
Effects of Clonidine and Midazolam Premedication on Bispectral Index and Recovery After Elective Surgery[NCT00638729]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
Effects of Premedication by Midazolam on Preoperative Anxiety for Emergency Surgery[NCT02213302]	Phase 4	59 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Anxiolysis for Emergency Department Procedures in Pediatric Patients Using Intranasal Ketamine Compared With Intranasal Midazolam: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03043430]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to Research manpower shortage)
Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant in Supraclavicular Block With Intravenous Dexamethasone After Supraclavicular Block in Patients Undergoing Forearm Surgeries[NCT04345588]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Compared to Midazolam for Symptom Control in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)[NCT01687751]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study design determined to be not likely feasible)
Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of Tramadol Wound Infiltration in Children Under Inguinal Hernioplasty. A Double-blind, Randomized Study.[NCT01943760]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
An Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01330459]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
An Evaluation of the Paracervical Block for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01094366]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Auricular Acupuncture as Adjunct for Pain Management During First Trimester Uterine Aspiration.[NCT03391986]		153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-09	Completed
Influence of Surgical Pleth Index-guided Analgesia Using Different Techniques on the Perioperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Vitreoretinal Surgery Under General Anaesthesia: Randomised, Controlled Trial[NCT02973581]		176 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
A Prospective, Randomised, Single-masked Comparison of Retrobulbar Anesthesia, Peribulbar Anesthesia and Topical Combined Subconjunctival(Two-step) Anesthesia in Posterior Vitrectomy[NCT03577574]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-08-02	Recruiting
A Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol for Use in Intravenous Sedation[NCT03255824]	Phase 4	144 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-20	Completed
A Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl Versus Midazolam and Remifentanil for Sedation in Patients Undergoing Ablation Procedures for Treatment of a Tachyarrhythmia[NCT03451227]		6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-01	Terminated (stopped due to Unable to recruit eligible participants)
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol-Remifentanil Conscious Sedation for Awake Craniotomy for Tumor Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01545297]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
The Effect of Turkish Classical Music on Postpartum Pain and Anxiety in Women Who Delivered Via Cesarean Section[NCT04111575]		126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-05	Completed
Combined General and Spinal Anesthesia vs. Combined General and Spinal Anesthesia With Neuromuscular Blockade for Operative Repair of Hip Fractures[NCT03226080]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-19	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study terminated with IRB on 20Feb2019 due to lack of enrollment.)
The Effect of Pre Surgery Dog Visits on Post Surgery Consumption of Pain Medication[NCT00452738]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to PI left university. Did not start study)
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality to Reduce Pre-Operative Anxiety[NCT04268914]		450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-12-04	Suspended (stopped due to The AR technology we were using is now out of business and we are trying to use a different device.)
Comparison Between Music Therapy and Intravenous Midazolam 0,02 mg/kgBW in Reducing Preoperative Anxiety: Study on Patient Undergoing Brachytherapy With Spinal Anesthesia[NCT03269929]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-01	Completed
Use of Intraoperative Clonidine for Prevention of Postoperative Agitation in Pedriatic Anesthesia With Sevoflurane.[NCT02181543]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
The Effects of Single-dose Rectal Midazolam Application on Post-operative Recovery, Sedation, and Analgesia in Children Given Caudal Anesthesia Plus Bupivacaine[NCT02127489]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-06-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"Patient satisfaction scores using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) were collected when patients were discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).~Satisfaction score <2 was considered to be better for the patient" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Number of Participants With VAS >50

Intervention	participant (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	34
Placebo	25

Patients with postoperative analgesia in two groups. analgesic requests within 2 h after extubation were recorded. An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Intra-operative Awareness in Two Groups

Intervention	Number of Participants with VAS >50 (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	5
Placebo	15

Patients With intra-operative awareness in Two Groups. patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Nausea in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	0
Placebo	0

Patients With postoperative nausea in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Shivering in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo	3

Patients With postoperative shivering in Two Groups. the occurrence of postoperative shivering (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Vomiting in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo	4

Patients With postoperative vomiting in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	0
Placebo	1

"Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction.~The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	3	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3

"Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs.~The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	3	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	2	2	2

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	4	4	3	3	3	2	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	3	2	3	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	2

"4-point anxiety score:~= combative~= anxious~= calm~= amiable. Anxiety score >2 was considered to be better for the preoperative patients." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction
Dexmedetomidine	3	3
Placebo	3	3

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The heights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	163	155	182	169	160	150	170	158	160	165	167	170	160	167	150	162	170	160	157	160	150	151	160	176	165	172	152	174	156	167	154	155	156	157	157	167	167	161	174	173

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The heights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	163	171	177	170	168	155	160	165	165	163	162	157	160	159	157	168	168	160	162	165	170	161	160	154	157	150	156	155	160	173	169	165	162	155	155	164	163	162	160	154	172

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The weights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	kg (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	61	50	58	52	64	62	56	53	59	54	65	68	58	78	53	75	75	59	73	56	46	54	47.5	75	80	69	57	65	58	60	45	52	45	52	52	58	60	50	60	72

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The weights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	kg (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	54	67	80	80	65	49	60	55	73	59	71.5	59	57	55	59	53	45	53	58	78	65	69	47	61	50	40	55	51	50	71	69	79	60	54	47	51	60	60	57	61	78

"American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine.~ASA I: No organic, physiologic, biochemical or psychiatric disturbance ASA II: A patient with mild systemic disease that results in no functional limitation.~ASA III: A patient with severe systemic disease that results in functional impairment.~ASA IV: Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. ASA V: Moribund condition in a patient who is not expected to survive with or without the operation.~ASA VI: Declared brain death patient whose organs are being harvested for transplantation." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristics (Sex)of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	participant (Number)
	ASA I	ASA II	ASA III	ASA IV	ASA V	ASA VI
Dexmedetomidine	36	4	0	0	0	0
Placebo	38	3	0	0	0	0

Baseline characteristics (sex)of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine The sex of 81 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Male	Female
Dexmedetomidine	16	24
Placebo	13	28

Duration of minutes From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	112	40	52	56	50	49	45	45	105	53	47	105	45	32	55	52	46	81	46	41	52	55	101	54	45	43	33	78	60	88	63	62	69	141	74	73	61	62	55	58

Duration from intranasal drug administration to anesthesia intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	60	77	96	48	54	55	77	83	84	54	70	73	45	48	45	45	50	48	51	47	47	69	54	49	46	23	40	79	57	49	53	54	69	115	62	113	68	71	54	51	54

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	100	35	40	45	40	41	35	35	95	40	40	30	40	30	5	5	6	75	40	32	5	45	65	38	38	30	25	60	50	62	44	47	55	60	50	60	45	43	32	30

Duration from intranasal drug administration to arrival at operating room of patients receiving intranasal placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	50	45	60	30	45	45	65	75	78	35	60	60	40	0	33	35	0	40	35	45	40	55	40	40	18	15	30	35	0	40	5	40	45	27	50	40	52	45	40	40	40

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	42	28	87	53	16	73	36	30	27	24	49	35	29	37	27	31	34	36	48	31	53	37	29	31	35	80	49	52	45	30	28	17	36	50	24	31	26	25	44	72

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	45	33	26	37	45	34	18	37	54	48	40	29	31	32	158	38	41	30	28	28	43	35	40	28	34	69	40	56	43	78	54	38	88	38	31	106	29	31	21	49	60

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number58	Patient number57	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	19	14	61	34	4	50	22	15	13	10	27	13	9	19	9	7	18	20	34	10	30	24	16	16	61	18	29	27	25	11	12	7	21	33	9	15	9	7	29	45

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Extubation Time After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	30	19	10	13	29	14	5	18	20	56	19	12	11	10	132	18	16	11	9	16	25	12	18	9	13	48	21	30	25	60	29	18	58	19	17	90	10	16	8	31	28

The times from stopping anesthetic infusions to adequate ventilation, consciousness and extubation after intranasal dexmedetomidine or placebo administration (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 days

Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	min (Mean)
	Extubation time	consciousness time	adequate ventilation time
Dexmedetomidine	18.58	16.21	8.24
Placebo	17.16	14.74	7.87

Heart rate (HR) of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine. HR was monitored in the study. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
	Before intranasal drops	On arrival at operating room	At pre-induction	After tracheal intubation	After inserting operative laryngoscope	After removal of laryngoscope	On arrival at PACU	At emergency	After tracheal extubation	Before leaving PACU
Dexmedetomidine	71.75	66.93	65.63	70.62	75.48	71.76	67.14	67.81	64.24	65.52
Placebo	72.2	71.53	72	85.26	83.61	77.06	68.9	72.48	73.65	69.32

HR in the dexmedetomidine group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	62	62	93	70	53	75	62	55	59	68	60	88	66	64	69	61	48	55	76	80	70	72	64	68	63	54	54	63	83	73	68	66	61	53	64	55	67	71	62	65

HR in the dexmedetomidine group Before Intranasal Drugs . HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	73	68	80	80	67	70	69	70	75	80	75	87	73	60	90	73	58	66	80	85	71	79	69	75	76	61	70	55	97	68	65	65	67	80	55	62	69	80	55	69

HR in the placebo group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	76	85	63	80	53	79	62	72	70	59	74	73	90	82	78	61	92	85	54	66	75	60	94	72	85	87	81	61	72	53	70	72	78	75	70	69	62	69	66	55	72

HR in the placebo group Before Intranasal Drugs HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	65	77	61	80	67	75	55	65	78	57	76	85	69	71	75	65	100	83	55	72	75	75	120	59	89	90	74	63	88	56	75	63	82	80	65	63	64	65	63	55	72

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine after extubation.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	4	4	5	4	5	5	5	6	5	3	3

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	5	5	6	4	4	5	5	4	5	5	4	4	5	6	4	4	4	4	5	6	4	4	3	4	5	4	6	4	4	4	4	5	5	4	4	4	6	5	5	5

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo After extubation. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	4	4	5	5	4	3	4	3	6	3	3	3	4	5	5	4	5	4	4	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	4	5	4	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo at Pre-induction.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	6	6	5	6	6	5	6	5	5	6	6	5	5	4	6	6	6	6	6	5	6	5	5	6	5	6	6	4	6	6	4	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number81	Patient number78
Placebo	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (OAA/S) scores and 4 point anxiety score of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale:~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 days

Number of Participants With Anxiety Score >2

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction	After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	6	4	4
Placebo	6	6	4

"satisfaction using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 = anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) were collected before intranasal drugs and at pre-induction.~Anxiety score >2 was considered to be better for the patient." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction
Dexmedetomidine	25	39
Placebo	23	29

Bradycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) <45 bpm for more than 10 s. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Bradycardiac episode:Pre-induction	Bradycardiac episode:After intubation	Bradycardiac episode:Intra-operative	Bradycardiac episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	2	1	3	7
Placebo	0	1	5	5

Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 130% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Hypotension Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Hypertensive episode:Pre-induction	Hypertensive episode:After intubation	Hypertensive episode:Intra-operative	Hypertensive episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	1	6	6	14
Placebo	0	0	5	5

Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased more than 30% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Hypotensive episode:Pre-induction	Hypotensive episode:After intubation	Hypotensive episode:Post-induction	Hypotensive episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	0	3	3	1
Placebo	2	4	4	0

Tachycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) >100 bpm for more than 10 s. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Tachycardiac episode:Pre-induction	Tachycardiac episode:After intubation	Tachycardiac episode:Intra-operative	Tachycardiac episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	0	1	5	2
Placebo	0	8	11	9

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1.1	0.9	0.8	1.3	0.8	1.1	0.8	1.1	1	0.6	0.9	1	0.5	0.7	0.7	1.2	0.7	0.8	0.2	1.2	0.9	1.2	1.5	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	1.1	0.7	1.2	1.7	1.3	0.9	1.5	0.9	0.5

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1	0.8	0.7	1.1	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.2	1.1	0.7	1.1	1.3	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.6	1.1	1.5	1.2	0.9	1.2	0.8	0.4

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1.9	2.1	1.7	2.3	1.1	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.7	0.7	1.2	2.1	1.9	1.2	1.7	2.3	1.7	1.7	1.2	2.5	1.7	1.7	2.5	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.9	1.7	1	1.2	1.9	1.3	1.9	2.3	1.7	2.3	1.9	1.7	0.6

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at emergence.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at extubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a target-controlled infusion (TCI) plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at emergence.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at extubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Satisfaction used a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable). (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal placebo. satisfaction was assessed using a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable). (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Systolic blood pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group

An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group

University of Michigan Sedation Scale

"Level of sedation at separation from parents and at the time of mask induction will be measured on a scale of 0 to 4 (University of Michigan Sedation Scale)~University of Michigan Sedation Scale:~0 -Awake/Alert~1 -Minimally Sedated: Tired/sleepy, appropriate response to verbal conversation and/or sounds.~2- Moderately Sedated: Somnolent/sleeping, easily aroused with light tactile stimulation.~3 - Deeply Sedated: Deep sleep, arousable only with significant physical stimulation.~4 - Unarousable~Moderately and Deeply sedated: Satisfactory Awake, minimally sedate, unarousable: Unsatisfactory" (NCT02250703)
Timeframe: Day 0:Just before the patient will be brought to the operating room

Subject Extent of Amnesia

To assess the extent of amnesia 1-3 days postoperatively as measured by 100mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being Remember Nothing and 100mm being Remember Everything. (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 1-3 days postoperatively

Subject Nausea 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Subject nausea will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being None and 100mm being Worst Imaginable (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Perception of Anxiety With Patient Positioning Procedure

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety prior to starting pelvic exam by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: prior to starting pelvic exam (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Subjects will be asked to rate pain at the time of cervical dilation by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: with cervical dilation (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Sleepiness 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Subject sleepiness will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being None and 100mm being Worst Imaginable (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Vital Signs (Heart Rate)

Subject heart rate will be assessed for the duration of the procedure (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: intraoperatively (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Vital Signs (Heart Rate) 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Subject vital signs (heart rate) will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Vital Signs (Oxygenation Saturation)

Subject oxygenation status will be assessed for the duration of the procedure (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: intraoperatively (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Vital Signs (Oxygenation Saturation) 30 Minutes Postprocedure

Subject vital signs (oxygenation saturation) will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject's Correct Identification of Receiving Midazolam or Placebo

Number of patient's who could correctly determine if they received study drug or placebo when asked (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Number of Participants With Need for Additional Postoperative Pain Medication

Subjects will be assessed 30 minutes postoperatively for need of additional pain medications. (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Patient Satisfaction With Pain and Anxiety 30 Minutes Postoperatively

To assess whether oral midazolam is associated with differences in overall patient satisfaction with pain and anxiety control and abortion experience at 30 min postoperatively as measured by a mm Visual Analog Scale with 0mm being Not At All Satisfied and 100mm being Very Satisfied (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes post-operatively

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Anxiety at Baseline

"To measure the mean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Form Y-1 for anxiety. State anxiety items include: I am tense; I am worried and I feel calm; I feel secure. Trait anxiety items include: I worry too much over something that really doesn't matter and I am content; I am a steady person. Each type of anxiety has its own 4-point scale of 20 different questions that are scored. The 4-point scale for S-anxiety is as follows: 1.) not at all, 2.) somewhat, 3.) moderately so, 4.) very much so. The 4-point scale for T-anxiety is as follows: 1.) almost never, 2.) sometimes, 3.) often, 4.) almost always. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicate greater anxiety. State anxiety items and Trait anxiety items were each summed in assessment to provide two total scores for each participant, a State anxiety score and a Trait anxiety score. Mean and standard deviation of total scores for each group are reported." (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: Baseline (upon entry into study)

Subject Anticipated Perception of Pain and Anxiety During Uterine Aspiration at Baseline

Subjects will be asked to rate their anticipated anxiety and pain at the time of uterine aspiration by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: Baseline (upon entry into study)

Subject Extent of Amnesia Using Amnesia Score

To assess the extent of amnesia 30 min postoperatively as measured by ability to recall procedure using 4-point scale (0 = unable to recall any proportion of the procedure, 1 = able to recall and describe some portions of the procedure, but overall has minimal recall of the procedure, 2 = able to recall and describe most of the procedure, but admits to inability to recall some portion of the procedure, 3 = able to recall and describe the entire procedure). (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperatively

Subject Extent of Sedation

Subject extent of sedation 30-60 minutes after premedication, just prior to procedure as measured by the 6-point Ramsay Scale (1 = patient anxious agitated, or restless; 2 = patient cooperative, oriented, and tranquil; 3 = patient asleep, responds to commands only; 4 = patient asleep, responds to gentle shaking, light glabellar tap, or loud auditory stimulus; 5 = patient asleep, responds to noxious stimuli such as firm nail bed pressure; 6 = patient asleep, has no response to firm nail bed pressure or other noxious stimuli) (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30-60 minutes after premedication

Subject Perception of Pain and Anxiety During Uterine Aspiration

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety and pain at the time of uterine aspiration by marking along a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: at time of uterine aspiration (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Perception of Pain and Anxiety Post Procedure

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety and pain 30 minutes post-operatively by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 30 minutes post operatively

Subject Perception of Pain and Anxiety Upon Entering Procedure Room

Subjects will be asked to rate anxiety and pain upon entering procedure room by marking along a mm Visual Analog Scale, with 0mm being No Pain/Anxiety and 100mm being Worst Imaginable Pain/Anxiety (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: upon entering procedure room (30-60 minutes after premedication)

Subject Satisfaction With Pain and Anxiety 1-3 Days Post Procedure

To assess whether oral midazolam is associated with differences in overall patient satisfaction with pain and anxiety control and abortion experience at 1-3 days postoperatively as measured by a mm VAS with 0mm being Not At All Satisfied and 100mm being Very Satisfied (NCT01830881)
Timeframe: 1-3 days post-operatively

Number of Participants Reporting Abdominal Pain

Pain rating scales using FLACC and VAS will be used to assess self reported pain before and after the procedure (NCT04541667)
Timeframe: This will be assessed before and after the procedure

Number of Procedures With Elevated End-tidal CO2 Levels

Compare the peak end-tidal CO2 levels (>/= 60 mmHg) observed during endoscopy in children managed with endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask airway using CO2 versus air (NCT04541667)
Timeframe: Measured from time of procedure start to time of procedure conclusion this lasts usually from 1-2.5 hours.

Heart Rate-1

"The lowest heart rate observed from EKG monitorization at the time-out after the anesthesia induction, and just before the surgery starts. Heart rate-1 is a data, not an assessing change, which is recoded during the time-out. The time-out is when the patient's name, the procedure, the surgent name is repeated before the operation starts." (NCT03806270)
Timeframe: "1 minute, at the time out, through study completion an average of 6 months"

Heart Rate-2

The heart rate observed from EKG monitorization at the time operator warns the investigator just before the traction of the orbital muscle. Heart rate-2 is a data, not an assessing change, which is recorded during the operation at the time operator warns. The heart rate observed from EKG monitorization, before every orbital muscle traction at the time the operator's warning before traction. (NCT03806270)
Timeframe: 1 minute, at the strabismus surgery operation, through study completion an average of 6 months

Heart Rate-3

The lowest heart rate observed from EKG monitorization, after every orbital muscle traction within 120 seconds. Heart rate-3 is a data, not an assessing change, which is recorded within 120 seconds after traction applied. (NCT03806270)
Timeframe: within 120 seconds after the orbital muscle traction, at the strabismus surgery operation, through study completion an average of 6 months

Number of Observed Oculocardiac Reflex(OCR)

The OCR is a heartbeat anomaly(bradycardia, any arrhythmia, or cardiac arrest) associated with traction applied to the extraocular muscles during strabismus surgery. The specific criteria were as follows: the lowest heart rate observed within 120 seconds from EKG monitorization, after every orbital muscle traction, was less than 20% of the heart rate observed directly preceding traction of the orbital muscle. Additionally, any kind of arrhythmia or cardiac arrest occurrence within 120 seconds after orbital muscle traction was also defined as an OCR. (NCT03806270)
Timeframe: 2 minutes, at the strabismus surgery operation after recording Heart Rate-3, through study completion an average of 6 months

Number of Orbital Muscles of the Participants With Different Considerations Taken With Respect to the Treatment of OCR

The investigator records every OCR treatment like; pausing surgery, atropin 20mcg/kg intravenous treatment or cardiac resuscitation. (NCT03806270)
Timeframe: within 5 minutes after defining the OCR occurrence, at the strabismus surgery operation, through study completion an average of 6 months

Need for Additional Intraoperative and/or Postoperative Pain Medication

To assess need for additional intraoperative and/or postoperative pain medication (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Patient Perception of Pain

To determine whether HC/APAP, given in addition to a standard regimen of ibuprofen, lorazepam, and PCB, affects patient pain perception at the time of uterine aspiration, as measured by distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The number 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: At time of uterine aspiration (baseline)

Patient Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS scale (VAS anchors: 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable) recorded after cervical dilation (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: During procedure (approximately 45-90 min after hydrocodone/acetaminophen or placebo, and within 5 minutes of procedure starting)

Postoperative Nausea

To assess whether HC/APAP is associated with nausea, measured on the 100 mm VAS, recorded 30 minutes postoperatively. VAS anchors: 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Satisfaction With Pain Control

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS (VAS anchors: 0 = unsatisfied, 100 mm = very satisfied) recorded 30 minutes after completion of the procedure. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Change in Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Placebo Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of placebo as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive placebo adhesives and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: prior to the procedure (baseline), at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Percentage of Patients Rated Good or Very Good on Satisfaction Survey in Overall Care - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Using a satisfaction survey (investigator-developed, 6 questions, each question is graded on a scale of 1-5, 1 being very poor and 5 being very good) to measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for improving satisfaction. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 5-10 minutes)

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during first trimester uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive auricular acupuncture and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). The VAS has no sub-scales. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Cooperation Scale

Surgeon satisfaction is measured by the Cooperation Scale. Minimum score of 0 and maximum of 9. Higher indicates a worse outcome (i.e., discomfort and movement) (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: 15 minutes following surgery

Hemodynamic Stability - Blood Pressure

"To compare the differences in hemodynamic stability using a D/M combination compared to the MFP combination. (In this study, a deviation from baseline by 20% or greater will be considered clinically significant)~a. Change in blood pressure (NIBP) (change ≥ 20%) Blood pressure is presented as mean arterial pressure" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Hemodynamic Stability - Heart Rate

"To compare the differences in hemodynamic stability using a D/M combination compared to the MFP combination. (In this study, a deviation from baseline of both the blood pressure and heart rate by 20% or greater will be considered clinically significant)~a. Change in heart rate (change ≥ 20 BPM)" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Patient Satisfaction

"Visual Analog Scale was used to measure overall satisfaction with the IV sedation and memory of the procedure.~The minimum score is 0 (not satisfied at all) to a maximum score of 100 (completely satisfied).~A higher score is a better outcome." (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: 30 minutes following surgery

Postoperative Recovery Time - Ambulation

"To assess whether a D/M combination increases postoperative recovery time when compared the MFP combination.~a. Time to ambulation (to recovery room) will be recorded" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: After the procedure until ambulation, up to 20 minutes

Postoperative Recovery Time - Duration of Procedure

"To assess whether a D/M combination increases postoperative recovery time when compared the MFP combination.~a. Duration of procedure will be recorded" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Postoperative Recovery Time - Time to Discharge

"To assess whether a D/M combination increases postoperative recovery time when compared the MFP combination.~a. Time to discharge or virtual discharge (comparative statistic) - Aldrete score of ≥ 9 or pre-procedure score is met The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 10. A higher score indicates wakefulness, hemodynamically stable, and able to ambulate.~ii. All subjects are required to stay a minimum of 30 minutes after the end of the procedure. Therefore, at least two postoperative vital sign readings will be obtained. If the subject meets discharge criteria prior to 30 minutes, this time will be the virtual discharge time" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: After the procedure until discharge, up to 45 minutes

Reaction to Administration of Local Anesthesia

"To compare the groups regarding movement of the patient during the first injection of local anesthesia during the IVS at time of injection measured using the Behavioral Pain Scale - Non-Intubated patients.~The minimum value is 3 and the maximum value is 12. Higher scores mean a worse outcome (i.e., more pain and movement on injection)" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the first injection of local anesthesia during surgery

Respiratory Depression - Oxygen Saturation

"To assess whether a D/M combination leads to a significant change in respiratory depression compared to the MFP combination.~a. Change in arterial oxygen saturation (as measured by pulse oximeter) i. number of events of ≤92%" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Respiratory Depression - Respiratory Rate

"To assess whether a D/M combination leads to a significant change in respiratory depression compared to the MFP combination.~a. Change in respiratory rate (change ≥ 20%)" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During the procedure, up to 40 minutes

Respiratory Events Requiring Intervention

To compare the groups regarding the number of respiratory events requiring intervention, described as: Chin lift/jaw thrust, Tongue thrust, Yankauer suctioning, Positive pressure oxygen administration, Placement of an oral or nasal airway. (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: During surgery

Surgeon Satisfaction - Survey

"Surgeon satisfaction was measured by the surgeon grading the Operating Conditions scale.~The minimum value was 0 and the maximum was 3. 0=very poor, 1=poor, 2=fair, 3=good" (NCT03255824)
Timeframe: 15 minutes following surgery

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Satisfactory sedation on separation from parents	Unsatisfactory sedation on separation from parents	Satisfactory sedation on transfer to OR table	Unsatisfactory sedation on transfer to OR table
Dexmedetomidine	25	11	22	14
Midazolam	15	22	12	25

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	91.5
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	61.3

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	56.6
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	45.4

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	73.0
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	69.3

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	40.1
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	56.6

Intervention	bmp (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	80
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	78.5

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	70.1
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	72

Intervention	percent saturation (Mean)
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	98.3
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	98.1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Ondansetron	Hydrocodone/acetaminophen
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	3	2
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	2	1

Intervention	mm on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (Mean)
	Satisfaction with anxiety control (100-mm VAS)	Satisfaction with pain control (100-mm VAS)
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	68.9	50.0
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	56.1	43.2

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	State anxiety level	Trait anxiety level
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	51.3	38.6
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	50.8	40.1

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Expected Anxiety	Expected Pain
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	74.2	69.2
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	77.5	67.2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Partial to complete amnesia (score 0,1,2)	No Amnesia (score 3)
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	31	30
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	16	45

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	1	2	3	4 or greater
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	10	51	1	0
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	11	50	0	0

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Pain with Aspiration	Anxiety with Aspiration
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	70.1	60.9
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	74.3	68.2

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Anxiety Post Procedure	Pain Post Procedure
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	14.4	37.1
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	20.9	34.7

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Anxiety at Room Entry	Pain at Room Entry
Midazolam and Ibuprofen	34.5	10.1
Placebo-cherry Syrup and Ibuprofen	51.4	17.5

Intervention	participants (Number)
Air for Luminal Inflation	14
Carbon Dioxide for Luminal Inflation	15

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
Midazolam	114.4
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride1/2	125.8
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine Dihydrochloride	122.3

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
Midazolam	110.4
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride1/2	125.3
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine Dihydrochloride	124.8

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
Midazolam	90.8
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride1/2	113.4
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine Dihydrochloride	117.9

Intervention	number of orbital muscle/s, OCR occured (Number)
	pausing surgery	atropin administration	cardiac resuscitation
Midazolam	13	2	0
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine Dihydrochloride	1	0	0
Midazolam&Hydroxyzine dihydrochloride1/2	6	0	0

Article	Year
A comparative evaluation of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in pediatric sedation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2020, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Midaz	2020
The effect of midazolam on pain control after knee arthroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2017, Nov-21, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Arthroscopy; Humans; Knee Joint; Midazolam; Pain Management; Pain, Postope	2017
Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Jan-28, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesics; Child; Clonidine; Fentanyl; Humans; Midazolam; Pai	2014
Performing elective surgery on the breastfeeding patient: a review of the literature. Foot & ankle specialist, 2014, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Biological Availability; Breast Feeding; Elective Surgical Procedures; Female; H	2014
Use of intrathecal midazolam to improve perioperative analgesia: a meta-analysis. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2008, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Analgesia; GABA Modulators; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Midazolam; Odds Ratio	2008
Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta analysis of published studies. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clo	2010
Overview of pharmacological aspects of sedation--Part I. SADJ : journal of the South African Dental Association = tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging, 2000, Volume: 55, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Dental; Child; Chloral Hydrate; Conscious Sedation; Dental Anxiety; Humans;	2000