midazolam and Delirium studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Delirium: A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To investigate the influence of the midazolam sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU)."	9.20	[The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients]. ( An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)
"To determine whether dexmedetomidine sedation in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) could decrease agitation and delirium after free flap surgery."	9.20	Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gao, C; Li, Z; Liu, R; Yang, X, 2015)
"Dexmedetomidine was associated with the decreased postoperative fentanyl consumption, NVAS scores, and a decreased incidence of delirium."	9.17	Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. ( Aydogan, MS; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Karaman, A; Korkmaz, MF; Ozgül, U; Togal, T; Yucel, A, 2013)
" This, however, does not result in a reduced incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia."	9.12	Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. ( Breschan, C; Jost, R; Likar, R; Platzer, M; Stettner, H, 2007)
"5 micrograms/kg dexmedetomidine is effective in attenuating the cardiostimulatory and postanesthetic delirium effects of ketamine."	9.08	Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates ketamine-induced cardiostimulatory effects and postanesthetic delirium. ( Levänen, J; Mäkelä, ML; Scheinin, H, 1995)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials that observed the effect of midazolam and clonidine on preventing EA in children after their emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia."	8.89	Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, D, 2013)
"To observe the association between exposure to midazolam within 24 hours prior to delirium assessment and the risk of delirium."	8.12	Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. ( Chen, JH; Hu, AM; Shi, HJ; Yuan, RX; Zhang, JZ, 2022)
"This was a prospective observational cohort pilot study identifying the prevalence of delirium pre-procedure and incidence of delirium post-procedure in elderly endoscopy patients receiving midazolam."	8.02	A prospective observational cohort pilot study of the association between midazolam use and delirium in elderly endoscopy patients. ( Chapman, G; Fernando, J; Hayman, M; Lee, D; Petersen, F; Tomkins, K; Wu, M, 2021)
"Premedication using midazolam was not associated with higher incidence of delirium on the first postoperative day in older patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery."	8.02	Midazolam Premedication Immediately Before Surgery Is Not Associated With Early Postoperative Delirium. ( Leung, JM; Min, J; Sands, LP; Wang, ML, 2021)
" Dexmedetomidine significantly decreased the ICU LOS and ICU LOS after the occurrence of delirium compared to haloperidol (13."	7.83	Use of Dexmedetomidine in Liver Transplant Recipients With Postoperative Agitated Delirium. ( Choi, JY; Gwak, MS; Joh, JW; Kim, GS; Kim, JM; Kim, SJ; Ko, JS; Kwon, CH; Lee, S; Lee, SK; Park, JB, 2016)
" We present the case of a healthy 12-year-old girl who received preoperative midazolam with the desired anxiolytic effect, underwent a brief general anesthetic, and then exhibited postoperative delirium, consisting of a transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia."	7.81	Emergence delirium with transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia reversed by flumazenil in a pediatric patient. ( Cook-Sather, SD; DiPuppo, PM; Drobish, JK; Kelz, MB, 2015)
"Time to first coma was associated with fentanyl and midazolam doses (p=0."	7.79	Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. ( Cossette, M; Leger, C; Michaud, V; Skrobik, Y; Turgeon, J, 2013)
"This study examined the relationship between nurses' pro re nata administration of midazolam hydrochloride to cardiac surgery patients and the development of post-operative delirium."	7.78	The association between nurse-administered midazolam following cardiac surgery and incident delirium: an observational study. ( Fernandes, C; Galdas, PM; Gallaher, J; Jillings, C; Manning, D; Ratner, PA; Taipale, PG, 2012)
"Dexmedetomidine may help to eliminate the emergence of agitation and can be a good treatment choice for the delirium state after cardiac surgery."	7.77	Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. ( Aykac, Z; Can, Y; Coruh, T; Kehlibar, T; Ozler, A; Tarhan, A; Yapici, F; Yapici, N, 2011)
" Although delirium caused by midazolam or propofol in different patients has been reported, the present case represents a delirium that developed from both drugs in the same patient, possibly because of the patient's smaller tolerance to midazolam and propofol."	7.73	Delirium during intravenous sedation with midazolam alone and with propofol in dental treatment. ( Inada, H; Jinno, S; Kohase, H; Mohri-Ikuzawa, Y; Takahashi, N; Umino, M, 2006)
"We report a case of emergence delirium in a 26-month-old girl after she received oral midazolam to achieve conscious sedation."	7.69	Emergence delirium in a child given oral midazolam for conscious sedation. ( Doyle, WL; Perrin, L, 1994)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	6.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
"When midazolam was administered for the treatment of severe agitation it reduced the severity but did not abolish agitation."	6.70	[Prevention of "post-sevoflurane delirium" with midazolam]. ( Bressem, M; Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Wiebalck, A, 2001)
"Midazolam is a widely used short-acting benzodiazepine."	5.72	Midazolam impacts acetyl-And butyrylcholinesterase genes: An epigenetic explanation for postoperative delirium? ( Adamzik, M; Bazzi, M; Bazzi, Z; Bergmann, L; Holtkamp, C; Koos, B; Nowak, H; Orlowski, J; Rahmel, T; Rump, K; Thon, P; Unterberg, M, 2022)
"Combined with recent evidence, compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine decreased the risk of delirium, mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, as well as reduced patient costs."	5.41	A comparation of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Ding, X; Jiang, W; Liu, C; Liu, X; Wei, X; Wen, J; Xu, Y, 2023)
" Emergency surgery, more doses of midazolam, and fentanyl may be independent risk factors for SAD in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis."	5.34	Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for sepsis-associated delirium in patients with mechanical ventilation: A sub-analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. ( Kawazoe, Y; Miyamoto, K; Mizobata, Y; Morimoto, T; Ohta, Y; Yamamoto, T; Yamamura, H, 2020)
" Within the three study groups, no significant change was objectified in the anxiety level from baseline to separation from parents (mean change in mYPAS midazolam group: 2."	5.24	Childhood preoperative anxiolysis: Is sedation and distraction better than either alone? A prospective randomized study. ( Bringuier, S; Capdevila, X; Dadure, C; Lefauconnier, A; Raux, O; Sola, C, 2017)
" Dexmedetomidine was associated with a significant increase in extubation quality compared with midazolam, reflected in the prevalence of delirium after extubation (20% (8/40) vs 45% (18/40)), respectively (p= 0."	5.22	Clinical study of midazolam sequential with dexmedetomidine for agitated patients undergoing weaning to implement light sedation in intensive care unit. ( Gao, XJ; Li, J; Li, T; Li, ZB; Lu, X; Xu, L; Zhang, J, 2016)
"To determine whether dexmedetomidine sedation in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) could decrease agitation and delirium after free flap surgery."	5.20	Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gao, C; Li, Z; Liu, R; Yang, X, 2015)
"The sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in the ICU patients treated with ventilator bundle treatment are satisfactory, and it can shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation, extubation time and length of ICU stay, reduce the incidence of delirium."	5.20	[A study of using dexmedetomidine in ventilator bundle treatment in an ICU]. ( Dong, C; Li, J; Song, R; Yang, J, 2015)
"To investigate the influence of the midazolam sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU)."	5.20	[The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients]. ( An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)
"Dexmedetomidine was associated with the decreased postoperative fentanyl consumption, NVAS scores, and a decreased incidence of delirium."	5.17	Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. ( Aydogan, MS; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Karaman, A; Korkmaz, MF; Ozgül, U; Togal, T; Yucel, A, 2013)
" Secondary end points included prevalence and duration of delirium, use of fentanyl and open-label midazolam, and nursing assessments."	5.14	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. ( Bokesch, PM; Byrne, DW; Ceraso, D; Ely, EW; Koura, F; Margolis, BD; Riker, RR; Rocha, MG; Shehabi, Y; Whitten, P; Wisemandle, W, 2009)
" This, however, does not result in a reduced incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia."	5.12	Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children. ( Breschan, C; Jost, R; Likar, R; Platzer, M; Stettner, H, 2007)
"5 micrograms/kg dexmedetomidine is effective in attenuating the cardiostimulatory and postanesthetic delirium effects of ketamine."	5.08	Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates ketamine-induced cardiostimulatory effects and postanesthetic delirium. ( Levänen, J; Mäkelä, ML; Scheinin, H, 1995)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials that observed the effect of midazolam and clonidine on preventing EA in children after their emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia."	4.89	Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, D, 2013)
"To observe the association between exposure to midazolam within 24 hours prior to delirium assessment and the risk of delirium."	4.12	Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. ( Chen, JH; Hu, AM; Shi, HJ; Yuan, RX; Zhang, JZ, 2022)
"This was a prospective observational cohort pilot study identifying the prevalence of delirium pre-procedure and incidence of delirium post-procedure in elderly endoscopy patients receiving midazolam."	4.02	A prospective observational cohort pilot study of the association between midazolam use and delirium in elderly endoscopy patients. ( Chapman, G; Fernando, J; Hayman, M; Lee, D; Petersen, F; Tomkins, K; Wu, M, 2021)
"Premedication using midazolam was not associated with higher incidence of delirium on the first postoperative day in older patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery."	4.02	Midazolam Premedication Immediately Before Surgery Is Not Associated With Early Postoperative Delirium. ( Leung, JM; Min, J; Sands, LP; Wang, ML, 2021)
" Late awakening was more frequent with midazolam (58% vs 45%) and was associated with higher rates of delirium (62% vs 39%) and unfavorable 3-months outcome (27% vs 12%; all p = 0."	3.91	Late Awakening in Survivors of Postanoxic Coma: Early Neurophysiologic Predictors and Association With ICU and Long-Term Neurologic Recovery. ( Eckert, P; Miroz, JP; Oddo, M; Rey, A; Rossetti, AO, 2019)
"These experiments identify a novel role for PER2 during a midazolam- or constant light-induced delirium-like state, highlight the importance of hippocampal PER2 expression for cognitive function, and suggest the PER2 enhancer nobiletin as potential therapy in delirium-like conditions associated with circadian disruption."	3.88	The Period 2 Enhancer Nobiletin as Novel Therapy in Murine Models of Circadian Disruption Resembling Delirium. ( Eckle, T; Gile, J; Scott, B, 2018)
" Fentanyl, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine were the first choices of agents for analgesic, sedation, and delirium treatment."	3.85	A National Multicenter Survey on Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Intensive Care Units in China. ( Hu, B; Li, JG; Peng, ZY; Rao, X; Wang, J; Zhou, WH, 2017)
"Older age, higher SOFA score, regular smoking, and higher maintenance dose of midazolam and fentanyl when patients met sequential criteria were independent risk factors of delirium in sequential sedation patients."	3.85	Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Units. ( Kang, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, P; Wang, Z; Xu, B; Yang, J; Zhou, Y, 2017)
" Dexmedetomidine significantly decreased the ICU LOS and ICU LOS after the occurrence of delirium compared to haloperidol (13."	3.83	Use of Dexmedetomidine in Liver Transplant Recipients With Postoperative Agitated Delirium. ( Choi, JY; Gwak, MS; Joh, JW; Kim, GS; Kim, JM; Kim, SJ; Ko, JS; Kwon, CH; Lee, S; Lee, SK; Park, JB, 2016)
"The World Health Organization recommends that anxiety, depression, agitation and delirium at end of life should be treated with drugs such as lorazepam, diazepam, midazolam and haloperidol."	3.83	Look again at psychedelic drugs. ( Cameron, R, 2016)
" We present the case of a healthy 12-year-old girl who received preoperative midazolam with the desired anxiolytic effect, underwent a brief general anesthetic, and then exhibited postoperative delirium, consisting of a transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia."	3.81	Emergence delirium with transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia reversed by flumazenil in a pediatric patient. ( Cook-Sather, SD; DiPuppo, PM; Drobish, JK; Kelz, MB, 2015)
" Midazolam, a benzodiazepine commonly administered to children for anxiolysis, may precipitate paradoxical agitation and delirium, a rare but alarming effect that warrants prompt identification and treatment."	3.81	Successful flumazenil reversal of paradoxical reaction to midazolam in a child. ( Beck, LA; Jackson, BF; Losek, JD, 2015)
"Time to first coma was associated with fentanyl and midazolam doses (p=0."	3.79	Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. ( Cossette, M; Leger, C; Michaud, V; Skrobik, Y; Turgeon, J, 2013)
"This study examined the relationship between nurses' pro re nata administration of midazolam hydrochloride to cardiac surgery patients and the development of post-operative delirium."	3.78	The association between nurse-administered midazolam following cardiac surgery and incident delirium: an observational study. ( Fernandes, C; Galdas, PM; Gallaher, J; Jillings, C; Manning, D; Ratner, PA; Taipale, PG, 2012)
"Dexmedetomidine may help to eliminate the emergence of agitation and can be a good treatment choice for the delirium state after cardiac surgery."	3.77	Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. ( Aykac, Z; Can, Y; Coruh, T; Kehlibar, T; Ozler, A; Tarhan, A; Yapici, F; Yapici, N, 2011)
"Three hundred fifty-four medical and surgical intensive care patients enrolled in the SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared with Midazolam) trial received a sedative study drug and completed at least one delirium assessment."	3.76	Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. ( Bokesch, PM; Ely, EW; Riker, RR; Shehabi, Y; Shintani, A; Wisemandle, W, 2010)
" Although delirium caused by midazolam or propofol in different patients has been reported, the present case represents a delirium that developed from both drugs in the same patient, possibly because of the patient's smaller tolerance to midazolam and propofol."	3.73	Delirium during intravenous sedation with midazolam alone and with propofol in dental treatment. ( Inada, H; Jinno, S; Kohase, H; Mohri-Ikuzawa, Y; Takahashi, N; Umino, M, 2006)
"We report a case of emergence delirium in a 26-month-old girl after she received oral midazolam to achieve conscious sedation."	3.69	Emergence delirium in a child given oral midazolam for conscious sedation. ( Doyle, WL; Perrin, L, 1994)
"Five cases of post narcotic delirium, somnolence or coma are interpreted as central anticholinergic syndromes as they were reversed by physostigmine."	3.66	[Physostigmine reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome induced by midazolam/fentanyl, benzoctamine/buprenorphine and etomidate/carticaine or by atropine/promethazine/pethidine for premedication? (author's transl)]. ( Jost, U; Ruppert, M; Schmid, A, 1982)
"Delirium is common during critical illness and associated with adverse outcomes."	2.80	Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. ( Burns, K; Burry, L; Cook, D; Devlin, JW; Dodek, P; Ferguson, N; Fergusson, D; Fowler, R; Granton, J; Herridge, M; Jacka, M; Keenan, S; Mallick, R; Meade, M; Mehta, S; Olafson, K; Reynolds, S; Skrobik, Y; Steinberg, M; Tanios, M, 2015)
"Propofol was given to 16 of 21 (76%) of early goal-directed sedation versus 16 of 16 (100%) of standard sedation patients (p = 0."	2.78	Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. ( Bailey, M; Bass, F; Bellomo, R; Howe, B; McArthur, C; Murray, L; Reade, MC; Seppelt, IM; Shehabi, Y; Webb, S; Weisbrodt, L, 2013)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	2.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
"Patients in the ICU after long-term administration of an opioid/hypnotic often develop delirium."	2.71	Withdrawal following sufentanil/propofol and sufentanil/midazolam. Sedation in surgical ICU patients: correlation with central nervous parameters and endogenous opioids. ( Freye, EC; Korak-Leiter, M; Levy, JV; Likar, R; Oher, M; Trampitsch, E; Ziervogel, G, 2005)
"When midazolam was administered for the treatment of severe agitation it reduced the severity but did not abolish agitation."	2.70	[Prevention of "post-sevoflurane delirium" with midazolam]. ( Bressem, M; Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Wiebalck, A, 2001)
"Dyspnea and delirium are the two most commonly treated symptoms."	2.53	A Review of Palliative Sedation. ( Bobb, B, 2016)
"Delirium is defined by a fluctuating level of attentiveness and has been associated with increased ICU mortality and poor cognitive outcomes in both general ICU and neurocritical care populations."	2.47	Delirium and sedation in the ICU. ( Frontera, JA, 2011)
"Terminal restlessness is a variant of delirium observed in some patients in their last days of life."	2.40	Palliative care: an update on "terminal restlessness". ( Burke, AL, 1997)
"The most prevalent symptoms were: breathlessness, weakness/lack of energy, drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, confusion/delirium, and pain."	1.72	Symptom Control and Survival for People Severely ill With COVID: A Multicentre Cohort Study (CovPall-Symptom). ( Bajwah, S; Bradshaw, A; Chambers, RL; Dunleavy, L; Fraser, LK; Higginson, IJ; Hocaoglu, MB; Maddocks, M; Murtagh, FEM; Oluyase, AO; Preston, N; Sleeman, KE; Walshe, C, 2022)
"Midazolam is a widely used short-acting benzodiazepine."	1.72	Midazolam impacts acetyl-And butyrylcholinesterase genes: An epigenetic explanation for postoperative delirium? ( Adamzik, M; Bazzi, M; Bazzi, Z; Bergmann, L; Holtkamp, C; Koos, B; Nowak, H; Orlowski, J; Rahmel, T; Rump, K; Thon, P; Unterberg, M, 2022)
"Midazolam was the most common medication used (57."	1.72	Refractory hyperactive delirium in the dying: pharmacological management. ( Rashed, S; Shiu, A; Tham, K; Walpole, G; William, L, 2022)
"During the study period, 552 cancer patients died at the institution and 374 met the inclusion criteria for this study."	1.48	Continuous palliative sedation for patients with advanced cancer at a tertiary care cancer center. ( Del Giglio, A; Eiger, D; França, MS; Gomes, DBD; Hui, D; Mariano, RC; Prado, BL; Taranto, P; Usón Júnior, PLS, 2018)
"Non-pharmacological treatment for ICU delirium was reported by only 45% of the respondents."	1.46	Multicenter assessment of sedation and delirium practices in the intensive care units in Poland - is this common practice in Eastern Europe? ( Ely, EW; Kaczmarczyk, M; Kotfis, K; Kusza, K; Zegan-Barańska, M; Żukowski, M, 2017)
"Infant delirium is an under-recognized clinical entity in neonatal intensive care, and earlier identification and treatment could minimize morbidities associated with this condition."	1.46	A case of infant delirium in the neonatal intensive care unit. ( Bidegain, M; Cotten, CM; Edwards, LE; Hornik, CD; Hutchison, LB; Smith, PB, 2017)
"Delirium was the most frequent reason for PS (n = 15, 75%)."	1.46	Bispectral Index monitoring in cancer patients undergoing palliative sedation: a preliminary report. ( Allende-Pérez, S; Bruera, E; García-Salamanca, MF; Hui, D; Monreal-Carrillo, E; Verástegui, E, 2017)
"Midazolam treatment resulted on average in a statistically significant reduction of the BIS values (-4."	1.43	Bispectral Index Monitoring in Terminally Ill Patients: A Validation Study. ( Baar, FP; Blussé van Oud-Alblas, HJ; Ista, E; Masman, AD; Tibboel, D; van Dijk, M; van Rosmalen, J, 2016)
"Delirium is an important complication in palliative care patients."	1.43	The Impact of Plasma Cholinergic Enzyme Activity and Other Risk Factors for the Development of Delirium in Patients Receiving Palliative Care. ( Bardenheuer, HJ; Frankenhauser, S; Kopitz, J; Petersen, KA; Plaschke, K; Weigand, MA, 2016)
"Propofol (89%) use was common, followed by midazolam (49%)."	1.42	A web-based survey of United Kingdom sedation practice in the intensive care unit. ( McKenzie, CA; Terblanche, M; Yassin, J; Yassin, SM, 2015)
"Delirium was detected at least once in 65% of the patients (n = 640)."	1.39	Fluctuations in sedation levels may contribute to delirium in ICU patients. ( Christensen, D; Egerod, I; Frydenberg, M; Svenningsen, H; Tønnesen, EK; Videbech, P, 2013)
"Midazolam was the drug used in most cases."	1.38	A survey of the sedation practice of Portuguese palliative care teams. ( Almeida, A; Barbas, S; Cordero, A; Cruz, A; Feio, M; Gonçalves, F; Neves, S; Rocha, C; Silva, P, 2012)
"Delirium is still one of the most common and distressing symptoms in palliative care patients."	1.38	Reversible delirium in an advanced cancer patient. ( Jagsch, C; Kierner, KA; Watzke, HH, 2012)
" Reduction of the barbiturate dosage resulted in clinical and subclinical partial seizures appearing repetitively in clusters."	1.34	Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures: case reports of this unusual post-encephalitic epilepsy. ( Inoue, T; Maegaki, Y; Nanba, Y; Ogura, K; Ohno, K; Okamoto, R; Saito, Y; Takahashi, Y; Togawa, M, 2007)
"Delirium is a common complication in the postoperative period of elderly patients treated for hip fractures."	1.33	Incidence, clinical features and subtypes of delirium in elderly patients treated for hip fractures. ( Eriksdotter Jonhagen, M; Santana Santos, F; Tadeu Velasco, I; Varli, F; Wahlund, LO, 2005)
"Midazolam was the most common medication prescribed to achieve sedation."	1.31	A multicentre international study of sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients. ( Bengtson, K; Bercovici, M; deMoissac, D; Fainsinger, RL; Hosking, M; Landman, W; Nunez-Olarte, JM; Waller, A, 2000)

Research

Studies (89)

Authors

Clinical Trials (32)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average MINDS Score

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (1.12)	18.7374
1990's	7 (7.87)	18.2507
2000's	13 (14.61)	29.6817
2010's	51 (57.30)	24.3611
2020's	17 (19.10)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Tham, K	1
Shiu, A	1
William, L	1
Walpole, G	1
Rashed, S	1
Athanassoglou, V	1
Cozowicz, C	1
Zhong, H	1
Illescas, A	1
Poeran, J	1
Liu, J	1
Poultsides, L	1
Memtsoudis, SG	1
Greengrass, RA	1
Shi, HJ	1
Yuan, RX	1
Zhang, JZ	1
Chen, JH	1
Hu, AM	1
Higginson, IJ	1
Hocaoglu, MB	1
Fraser, LK	1
Maddocks, M	1
Sleeman, KE	1
Oluyase, AO	1
Chambers, RL	1
Preston, N	1
Dunleavy, L	1
Bradshaw, A	1
Bajwah, S	1
Murtagh, FEM	1
Walshe, C	1
Rump, K	1
Holtkamp, C	1
Bergmann, L	1
Nowak, H	1
Unterberg, M	1
Orlowski, J	1
Thon, P	1
Bazzi, Z	1
Bazzi, M	1
Adamzik, M	1
Koos, B	1
Rahmel, T	1
Matsuishi, Y	1
Hoshino, H	1
Enomoto, Y	1
Shimojo, N	1
Matsubara, M	1
Kato, H	1
Mathis, BJ	1
Morita, K	1
Hiramatsu, Y	1
Inoue, Y	1
Wen, J	1
Ding, X	1
Liu, C	1
Jiang, W	1
Xu, Y	1
Wei, X	1
Liu, X	1
Celis-Rodríguez, E	1
Díaz Cortés, JC	1
Cárdenas Bolívar, YR	1
Carrizosa González, JA	1
Pinilla, DI	1
Ferrer Záccaro, LE	1
Birchenall, C	1
Caballero López, J	1
Argüello, BM	1
Castillo Abrego, G	1
Castorena Arellano, G	1
Dueñas Castell, C	1
Jáuregui Solórzano, JM	1
Leal, R	1
Pardo Oviedo, JM	1
Arroyo, M	1
Raffán-Sanabria, F	1
Raimondi, N	1
Reina, R	1
Rodríguez Lima, DR	1
Silesky Jiménez, JI	1
Ugarte Ubiergo, S	1
Gómez Escobar, LG	1
Díaz Aya, DP	1
Fowler, C	1
Nates, JL	1
Michel, J	1
Hofbeck, M	1
Peper, AK	1
Kumpf, M	1
Neunhoeffer, F	1
Yamamoto, T	1
Mizobata, Y	1
Kawazoe, Y	1
Miyamoto, K	1
Ohta, Y	1
Morimoto, T	1
Yamamura, H	1
Olsen, HT	1
Nedergaard, HK	1
Strøm, T	1
Oxlund, J	1
Wian, KA	1
Ytrebø, LM	1
Kroken, BA	1
Chew, M	1
Korkmaz, S	1
Lauridsen, JT	1
Toft, P	1
Wang, L	1
Zhang, T	1
Huang, L	1
Peng, W	1
Bastos, AS	1
Beccaria, LM	1
Silva, DCD	1
Barbosa, TP	1
Jackson, T	1
Hobson, K	1
Clare, H	1
Weegmann, D	1
Moloughney, C	1
McManus, S	1
Lee, D	1
Petersen, F	1
Wu, M	1
Chapman, G	1
Hayman, M	1
Tomkins, K	1
Fernando, J	1
Wang, ML	1
Min, J	1
Sands, LP	1
Leung, JM	1
Monreal-Carrillo, E	1
Allende-Pérez, S	1
Hui, D	2
García-Salamanca, MF	1
Bruera, E	1
Verástegui, E	1
Wang, J	1
Peng, ZY	1
Zhou, WH	1
Hu, B	1
Rao, X	1
Li, JG	1
Sola, C	1
Lefauconnier, A	1
Bringuier, S	1
Raux, O	1
Capdevila, X	1
Dadure, C	1
Neubert, A	1
Baarslag, MA	1
Dijk, MV	1
Rosmalen, JV	1
Standing, JF	1
Sheng, Y	1
Rascher, W	1
Roberts, D	1
Winslade, J	1
Rawcliffe, L	1
Hanning, SM	1
Metsvaht, T	1
Giannuzzi, V	1
Larsson, P	1
Pokorná, P	1
Simonetti, A	1
Tibboel, D	2
Kotfis, K	1
Zegan-Barańska, M	1
Żukowski, M	1
Kusza, K	1
Kaczmarczyk, M	1
Ely, EW	3
Li, QD	1
Wan, XY	1
Zhang, YL	1
Li, SW	1
Han, LL	1
Li, WW	1
Shi, HY	1
Yang, J	2
Zhou, Y	1
Kang, Y	1
Xu, B	1
Wang, P	1
Lv, Y	1
Wang, Z	1
Prado, BL	1
Gomes, DBD	1
Usón Júnior, PLS	1
Taranto, P	1
França, MS	1
Eiger, D	1
Mariano, RC	1
Del Giglio, A	1
Gile, J	1
Scott, B	1
Eckle, T	1
Nunes, SL	1
Forsberg, S	1
Blomqvist, H	1
Berggren, L	1
Sörberg, M	1
Sarapohja, T	1
Wickerts, CJ	1
Garetto, F	1
Cancelli, F	1
Rossi, R	1
Maltoni, M	1
Rey, A	1
Rossetti, AO	1
Miroz, JP	1
Eckert, P	1
Oddo, M	1
Zhong, L	1
Shen, K	1
Zhai, S	1
Chen, T	1
Tao, Q	1
Chen, L	1
Tao, Y	1
Qiu, L	1
Ingravallo, F	1
de Nooijer, K	1
Pucci, V	1
Casini, C	1
Miccinesi, G	1
Rietjens, JAC	1
Morino, P	1
Aydogan, MS	1
Korkmaz, MF	1
Ozgül, U	1
Erdogan, MA	1
Yucel, A	1
Karaman, A	1
Togal, T	1
Durmus, M	1
Colak, C	1
Shehabi, Y	3
Bellomo, R	1
Reade, MC	1
Bailey, M	1
Bass, F	1
Howe, B	1
McArthur, C	1
Murray, L	1
Seppelt, IM	1
Webb, S	1
Weisbrodt, L	1
Zhang, C	1
Li, J	3
Zhao, D	1
Wang, Y	1
Mercadante, S	1
Porzio, G	1
Valle, A	1
Aielli, F	1
Casuccio, A	1
Sun, Y	1
Lu, Y	1
Huang, Y	1
Jiang, H	1
Almenrader, N	1
Galante, D	1
Engelhardt, T	1
Afacan, MA	1
Colak, S	1
Erdogan, MO	1
Kosargelir, M	1
Ibrahim, A	1
Tekesin, K	1
Kandis, H	1
Yassin, SM	1
Terblanche, M	1
Yassin, J	1
McKenzie, CA	1
Mehta, S	1
Cook, D	1
Devlin, JW	1
Skrobik, Y	2
Meade, M	1
Fergusson, D	1
Herridge, M	1
Steinberg, M	1
Granton, J	1
Ferguson, N	1
Tanios, M	1
Dodek, P	1
Fowler, R	1
Burns, K	1
Jacka, M	1
Olafson, K	1
Mallick, R	1
Reynolds, S	1
Keenan, S	1
Burry, L	1
Jackson, BF	1
Beck, LA	1
Losek, JD	1
Jiang, L	1
Ding, S	1
Yan, H	1
Li, Y	1
Zhang, L	1
Chen, X	1
Yin, X	1
Liu, S	1
Tang, X	1
Zhang, J	2
Skrupky, LP	1
Drewry, AM	1
Wessman, B	1
Field, RR	1
Fagley, RE	1
Varghese, L	1
Lieu, A	1
Olatunde, J	1
Micek, ST	2
Kollef, MH	2
Boyle, WA	1
Yang, X	1
Li, Z	1
Gao, C	1
Liu, R	1
Drobish, JK	1
Kelz, MB	1
DiPuppo, PM	1
Cook-Sather, SD	1
Song, R	1
Dong, C	1
Lyu, J	1
Liu, D	1
An, Y	1
Feng, Y	1
Lu, X	1
Li, T	1
Li, ZB	1
Gao, XJ	1
Xu, L	1
Masman, AD	1
van Dijk, M	1
van Rosmalen, J	1
Blussé van Oud-Alblas, HJ	1
Ista, E	1
Baar, FP	1
Choi, JY	1
Kim, JM	1
Kwon, CH	1
Joh, JW	1
Lee, S	1
Park, JB	1
Ko, JS	1
Gwak, MS	1
Kim, GS	1
Kim, SJ	1
Lee, SK	1
Zhang, P	1
Austin, E	1
Thompson, M	1
Lin, S	1
Cameron, R	1
Plaschke, K	1
Petersen, KA	1
Frankenhauser, S	1
Weigand, MA	1
Kopitz, J	1
Bardenheuer, HJ	1
Bobb, B	1
Edwards, LE	1
Hutchison, LB	1
Hornik, CD	1
Smith, PB	1
Cotten, CM	1
Bidegain, M	1
Riker, RR	2
Bokesch, PM	2
Ceraso, D	1
Wisemandle, W	2
Koura, F	1
Whitten, P	1
Margolis, BD	1
Byrne, DW	1
Rocha, MG	1
Chen, J	1
Li, W	1
Hu, X	1
Wang, D	1
Shintani, A	1
Joffe, A	1
Coursin, DB	1
Lusthof, KJ	1
Oosting, R	1
Maes, A	1
Verschraagen, M	1
Dijkhuizen, A	1
Sprong, AG	1
Frontera, JA	1
Yapici, N	1
Coruh, T	1
Kehlibar, T	1
Yapici, F	1
Tarhan, A	1
Can, Y	1
Ozler, A	1
Aykac, Z	1
Sharshar, T	1
Porcher, R	1
Siami, S	1
Rohaut, B	1
Bailly-Salin, J	1
Hopkinson, NS	1
Clair, B	1
Guidoux, C	1
Iacobone, E	1
Sonneville, R	1
Polito, A	1
Aboab, J	1
Gaudry, S	1
Morla, O	1
Amouyal, G	1
Azuar, J	1
Allary, J	1
Vieillard-Baron, A	1
Wolff, M	1
Cariou, A	1
Annane, D	1
Kierner, KA	1
Jagsch, C	1
Watzke, HH	1
Gonçalves, F	1
Cordero, A	1
Almeida, A	1
Cruz, A	1
Rocha, C	1
Feio, M	1
Silva, P	1
Barbas, S	1
Neves, S	1
Taipale, PG	1
Ratner, PA	1
Galdas, PM	1
Jillings, C	1
Manning, D	1
Fernandes, C	1
Gallaher, J	1
Colombo, R	1
Corona, A	1
Praga, F	1
Minari, C	1
Giannotti, C	1
Castelli, A	1
Raimondi, F	1
Svenningsen, H	1
Egerod, I	1
Videbech, P	1
Christensen, D	1
Frydenberg, M	1
Tønnesen, EK	1
Leger, C	1
Cossette, M	1
Michaud, V	1
Turgeon, J	1
Sykes, N	1
Thorns, A	1
Korak-Leiter, M	1
Likar, R	2
Oher, M	1
Trampitsch, E	1
Ziervogel, G	1
Levy, JV	1
Freye, EC	1
Anand, NJ	1
Laible, BR	1
Shannon, WD	1
Santana Santos, F	1
Wahlund, LO	1
Varli, F	1
Tadeu Velasco, I	1
Eriksdotter Jonhagen, M	1
Saito, Y	1
Maegaki, Y	1
Okamoto, R	1
Ogura, K	1
Togawa, M	1
Nanba, Y	1
Inoue, T	1
Takahashi, Y	1
Ohno, K	1
Mohri-Ikuzawa, Y	1
Inada, H	1
Takahashi, N	1
Kohase, H	1
Jinno, S	1
Umino, M	1
Breschan, C	1
Platzer, M	1
Jost, R	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Modified Hospital Elder Life Program at Intensive Care Unit: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT06054828]		266 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-05	Recruiting
Non-sedation Versus Sedation With a Daily Wake-up Trial in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. The NONSEDA-trial. An Investigator-initiated, Randomised, Clinical, Parallel-group, Multinational, Superiority Trial[NCT01967680]		700 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Benzodiazepine-free Cardiac Anesthesia for Reduction of Postoperative Delirium[NCT03928236]		15,886 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-11-18	Active, not recruiting
Impact of Preoperative Midazolam on Outcome of Elderly Patients: a Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT03052660]	Phase 4	782 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-12	Completed
A Survey of Management of Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium in ICU Patients in China[NCT04217915]		800 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-07-12	Recruiting
A Double Blind, Randomised, Multicentre, Active Controlled, Parallel-group, Phase III Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Clonidine (Hydrochloride) Compared to Midazolam for Sedation in Children From Birth to Less Th[NCT02509273]	Phase 3	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to lack of recruitment)
Non-interventional Comparison of Sedatives on Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Patients[NCT01707680]		155 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-06-01	Terminated (stopped due to Halted due to slow recruitment)
A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled Trial Using Single Dose Dexmedetomidine In The Treatment Of Pain In Patients Undergoing Cleft Palate Repair[NCT02915042]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Recruitment concerns)
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-controlled, Phase 3 Clinical Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine to Oral Midazolam as Premedication for Propofol Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Magnet[NCT05192629]	Phase 3	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-09	Recruiting
Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Unit[NCT03194360]		141 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-12-01	Completed
Effect of Low-dose Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Delirium in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Multicenter, Double-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03624595]		502 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-16	Active, not recruiting
Cardioprotective Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a Double-Blind, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT04912518]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Recruiting
Impact of Dexmedetomidine Supplemented Analgesia on Long-term Survival in Elderly Patients After Cancer Surgery: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03012971]		1,500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-06	Active, not recruiting
A Phase 4, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Comparator Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared to IV Midazolam in ICU Subjects Requiring Greater Than Twenty-Four Hours of Continuous Sedation[NCT00216190]	Phase 4	420 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study of Dexmedetomidine (Precedex®), With Lorazepam Rescue, for the Management of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) and Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium (AWD)[NCT01362205]	Phase 4	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to DSMB recommendation for slow enrollment)
Impact of Low-dose Dexmedetomidine on Outcomes of Elderly Admitted to ICU After Noncardiac Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04204798]		1,410 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-28	Recruiting
Dex vs Dazzle: Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Intraoperative Sedation[NCT02878837]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Multicentric, Single Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial on Enteral Sedation Versus Intravenous Sedation in Critically Ill High-risk ICU Patients[NCT01360346]	Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Recruiting
Pain, Agitation and Delirium Protocol in Ventilated Patients in the Duke CICU[NCT02903407]	Phase 4	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated (stopped due to All enrolled participants completed the study protocol but the study was terminated prior to the goal number of participants due to low recruitment)
Dynamic Light Application to Prevent ICU Acquired Delirium[NCT01274819]		1,000 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Effect of Clonidine vs. Dexmedetomidine in Addition to Standard Treatment in Agitated Delirium in Intensive Care Patients: Pilot Study.[NCT04758936]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-01	Recruiting
Impact of Dexmedetomidine Supplemented Analgesia on Incidence of Delirium in Elderly Patients After Cancer Surgery: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03012984]		1,500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-06	Completed
Etomidate With Meperidine vs Midazolam With Meperidine for Sedation During Endodscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)[NCT02027311]	Phase 4	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Evaluation the Efficiency of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine Under Nasal Humidification Rapid Ventilation Device Without Intubation in Laryngoscope Microsurgery[NCT05581485]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-29	Recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Compared to Midazolam for Symptom Control in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)[NCT01687751]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study design determined to be not likely feasible)
[NCT01506622]		222 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Serum Biomarkers in Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy (SAE)[NCT03133208]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2017-06-01	Recruiting
Southern Medical University Clinical Research Project Initiative：Efficacy and Safety of a Multicomponent Physical Therapy Program in Mechanically Ventilated Patient With Sepsis[NCT03406494]		800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms in Critically Ill Patients[NCT03374722]		55 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-01-01	Completed
Risk Factors for Delirium in Critically Ill Surgical Patients[NCT03050021]		251 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-04-01	Completed
Awakening-Breathing Coordination, Delirium Monitoring/Management & Early Mobility (ABCDE) Protocol[NCT01413009]		200 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-12-29	Completed
Prevention of Nicotine Abstinence in Critically Ill Patients After Major Surgery[NCT03847155]		52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-23	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Minnesota Detoxification Scale (MINDS) min score 0, max score 46. The higher the score, the worse the symptoms of AWS/AWD. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Number of Ventilator Free Days After Randomization.

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	8.2
Placebo	9.4

A ventilator day is counted for any use of invasive mechanical ventilation during a calendar day (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Resource Utilization Costs Associated With This Hospitalization Billed by Facility.

Resource Utilization Costs Associated With This Hospitalization Billed by Physicians.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Beck Anxiety Inventory

Intervention	days (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	27.5
Placebo	28.0

Intervention	USD (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	81234
Placebo	91651

Intervention	Dollar (United States) (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	3482
Placebo	4461

The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a validated questionnaire used to measure severity of anxiety (min score 0, max score 63). The higher the score the greater the severity of anxiety. A score of 30-63 indicates severe anxiety, 17-29 moderate anxiety, 10-16 mild anxiety and 0-9 minimal anxiety. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Beck Depression Inventory.

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	30.3
Placebo	21.6

The Beck Depression Inventory is a validated questionnaire used to measure severity of depression (min score 0, max score 63). The higher the score the greater the severity of depression. A score of 30-63 indicates severe depression, 19-29 moderate depression, 10-18 mild depression and 0-9 minimal depression. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Mini Mental Exam.

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	26.5
Placebo	21.4

The Mini Mental State Examination or Folstein test is a validated 30-point questionnaire used to measure cognitive impairment (min score 0, max score 30). A score of 24 points (out of a max of 30) indicates normal cognition, less than or equal to 9 points indicates severe impairment, 10-18 indicates moderate impairment and 19-23 mild impairment. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the PTSD Civilian Checklist

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	25.8
Placebo	23.1

PTSD checklist consists of 17 questions graded on a scale of 1 to 5. The PTSD score is comprised from the sum of the scores 17 questions. The PTSD score has possible values from to 17 to 85 with higher values indicating greater symptom severity. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

The Length in Days of the Hospital Stay

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	45.5
Placebo	32.5

A hospital day is counted for any time on a calendar day the patient is admitted to the hospital. Hospital days are inclusive of ICU days. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

The Length of ICU Stay Defined as the Time Between Randomization and ICU Transfer Orders.

The Number of CAM-ICU Negative Days After Randomization.

Intervention	days (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	8.0
Placebo	12.0

Intervention	hours (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	79.2
Placebo	104.9

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)-ICU is a validated instrument used to detect the presence or absence of delirium in the ICU. A delirium free day is counted for any day a patient is negative by the CAM-ICU. The higher the number of CAM-ICU negative days indicates the more days a patient was able to think clearly. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	days (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	0.3
Placebo	0.3

Index hospitalization length of stay in days (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

In Hospital Mortality

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	19.5
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	30.0

All-cause mortality during the hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay

Intervention	participants (Number)
Midazolam	1
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	1

Number of days of admission to the CICU during the index hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Days Alive During Admission and Free From Delirium or Coma

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	4.1
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	10.0

The number of days alive and free from delirium or coma during admission will be evaluated among patients with CAM-ICU documented (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Days From Decision to Extubate to True Extubation

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	14.0

The time (in days) from when the clinical care team documents a decision to pursue extubation until the time the patient was extubated (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants Requiring Reintubation

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	0

Following ICU discharge, patient charts will be reviewed to evaluate whether they required reintubation. If so, will determine whether necessity of reintubation was related to delirium. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Bradycardia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	1

Patients will be monitored for bradycardia which may be associated with sedation drug. Average heart rate before, during and after use of drug will be recorded for each patient. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Delirium

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	0

Will use the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) to assess presence of delirium as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. Patients with CAM-ICU data recorded will be included. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Increased Vasopressor Requirement

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	1

Patients will be monitored for increased pressor requirement during the CICU stay (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Ventilator Days

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	2
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	2

Days requiring mechanical ventilation during the initial episode of intubation during the hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Pain Management

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	2.5
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	6.8

Will use the CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool) score to assess pain level as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. The CPOT has a range of 0 to 8. A CPOT score of ≤ 2 = minimal to no pain present and >2 = unacceptable level of pain. Data that is recorded will be evaluated following discharge. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Percentage of Time at Goal Sedation

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Midazolam	0.0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	0.0

Will use RASS (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale) to assess level of sedation as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. Data that is recorded will be evaluated following discharge. The RASS ranges from -5 (unrousable) to +4 (combative) and 0 (zero) = alert and calm and goal sedation is considered a RASS level of 0 to -2. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Time From Withdrawal of Sedation to ICU Discharge

Intervention	percentage of time (Median)
Midazolam	63.3
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	63.2

The duration, in days, from withdrawal of sedation for mechanical ventilation until the time of discharge from the ICU (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Event of Hypoxia

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	1.6
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	5.6

Hypoxia defined as peripheral blood oxygen saturation measured by pulse oxymeter < 90% (NCT02027311)
Timeframe: Every 5min in Preoperative, intraoperative phase and 15 min in Recovery phase

Number of Intervention

Intervention	Hypoxia events (Number)
Midazolam	19
Etomidate	27

The frequency of intervention which was defined as any restraint of the patient's head, arms, or legs if they became agitated, or if patient movement was not controlled with verbal instruction from the endoscopist during the whole intraoperative phases. (NCT02027311)
Timeframe: Throughout the whole ERCP procedure

Article	Year
A comparation of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 2023, Volume: 18, Issue:11 Topics: Bradycardia; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Care Units; Midaz	2023
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of sedoanalgesia and delirium in critically ill adult patients. Medicina intensiva, 2020, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Deliriu	2020
Palliative Sedation for the Terminally Ill Patient. CNS drugs, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:10 Topics: Decision Making; Deep Sedation; Delirium; Haloperidol; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; T	2018
Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Clinical therapeutics, 2013, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2013
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
A Review of Palliative Sedation. The Nursing clinics of North America, 2016, Volume: 51, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Delirium; Fatal Outcome; Female; Hum	2016
Delirium and sedation in the ICU. Neurocritical care, 2011, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Conscious Sedation; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Diagnosis, Differential; Hospital Mortality; Humans;	2011
Long-term subcutaneous infusion of midazolam for refractory delirium in terminal breast cancer. Southern medical journal, 1996, Volume: 89, Issue:11 Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Delirium; Female; Home Care Services; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedati	1996
Palliative care: an update on "terminal restlessness". The Medical journal of Australia, 1997, Jan-06, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Clonazepam; Delirium; Diazepam; Humans;	1997
[Sedation in the terminal phase of life]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1999, Dec-25, Volume: 143, Issue:52 Topics: Adult; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Conscious Sedation; Delirium; Euthanasia, Passive; Female; Humans; Hypno	1999

Article	Year
Refractory hyperactive delirium in the dying: pharmacological management. BMJ supportive & palliative care, 2022, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Australia; Death; Delirium; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Palliative Care; Psychomotor	2022
Association of perioperative midazolam use and complications: a population-based analysis. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine, 2022, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Benzodiazepines; Delirium; H	2022
Midazolam and delirium: can you have it both ways? Regional anesthesia and pain medicine, 2022, Volume: 47, Issue:7 Topics: Delirium; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam	2022
Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. The Journal of international medical research, 2022, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Delirium; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay; Midazolam;	2022
Symptom Control and Survival for People Severely ill With COVID: A Multicentre Cohort Study (CovPall-Symptom). Journal of pain and symptom management, 2022, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; COVID-19; Delirium; Dyspnea; Humans; Midazolam; Morphine; Pain; Palliative Car	2022
Midazolam impacts acetyl-And butyrylcholinesterase genes: An epigenetic explanation for postoperative delirium? PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Delirium; Epigenesis, Geneti	2022
Pediatric delirium is associated with increased brain injury marker levels in cardiac surgery patients. Scientific reports, 2022, 11-04, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Bayes Theorem; Biomarkers; Brain Injuries; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Coma; Delirium	2022
Evaluation of an updated sedation protocol to reduce benzodiazepines in a pediatric intensive care unit. Current medical research and opinion, 2020, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Delirium; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; I	2020
Prevalence of delirium in intensive care patients and association with sedoanalgesia, severity and mortality. Revista gaucha de enfermagem, 2020, Volume: 41 Topics: Analgesics; Chi-Square Distribution; Clonidine; Critical Care; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delirium; Fe	2020
End-of-life care in COVID-19: An audit of pharmacological management in hospital inpatients. Palliative medicine, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Betacoronavirus; Biopharmaceutics; Coronavirus I	2020
A prospective observational cohort pilot study of the association between midazolam use and delirium in elderly endoscopy patients. BMC anesthesiology, 2021, 02-16, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Australia; Cohort Studies; Delirium; Endoscopy; F	2021
Midazolam Premedication Immediately Before Surgery Is Not Associated With Early Postoperative Delirium. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 09-01, Volume: 133, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Databases, Factual; Del	2021
Midazolam Premedication Immediately Before Surgery Is Not Associated With Early Postoperative Delirium. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 09-01, Volume: 133, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Databases, Factual; Del	2021
Midazolam Premedication Immediately Before Surgery Is Not Associated With Early Postoperative Delirium. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 09-01, Volume: 133, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Databases, Factual; Del	2021
Midazolam Premedication Immediately Before Surgery Is Not Associated With Early Postoperative Delirium. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2021, 09-01, Volume: 133, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Intravenous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Databases, Factual; Del	2021
Bispectral Index monitoring in cancer patients undergoing palliative sedation: a preliminary report. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2017, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Awareness; Cancer Pain; Conscious Sedation; Consciousness; Delirium; Electroencephalogr	2017
A National Multicenter Survey on Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Intensive Care Units in China. Chinese medical journal, 2017, May-20, Volume: 130, Issue:10 Topics: Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; Haloperidol; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Care Un	2017
Multicenter assessment of sedation and delirium practices in the intensive care units in Poland - is this common practice in Eastern Europe? BMC anesthesiology, 2017, Sep-02, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Care; Delirium; Europe, Eastern; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Care Units; Mid	2017
[The impact of goal directed analgesia on mechanical ventilated patients's outcomes in intensive care unit: a clinical observational study]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2017, Nov-01, Volume: 56, Issue:11 Topics: Analgesia; China; Critical Care; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Administration Schedule; Goals; Hum	2017
Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Units. BioMed research international, 2017, Volume: 2017 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Fenta	2017
Continuous palliative sedation for patients with advanced cancer at a tertiary care cancer center. BMC palliative care, 2018, Jan-04, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analysis of Variance; Deep Sedation; Delirium; Dyspnea; Female; Humans; Hyp	2018
The Period 2 Enhancer Nobiletin as Novel Therapy in Murine Models of Circadian Disruption Resembling Delirium. Critical care medicine, 2018, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Chronobiology Disorders; Delirium; Disease Models, Animal; Hippocampus; Memory Disorders; M	2018
Effect of Sedation Regimen on Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit. Clinical drug investigation, 2018, Volume: 38, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anxiety; Critical Care; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; H	2018
Late Awakening in Survivors of Postanoxic Coma: Early Neurophysiologic Predictors and Association With ICU and Long-Term Neurologic Recovery. Critical care medicine, 2019, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; Coma; Delirium; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials, Motor; Female; Hear	2019
Application of sedation-agitation scale in conscious sedation before bronchoscopy in children. Medicine, 2019, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anesthesia, Local; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Bronchoscopy; Child; Child	2019
Discussions about palliative sedation in hospice: Frequency, timing and factors associated with patient involvement. European journal of cancer care, 2019, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Antipsychotic Agents; Decision Making, Shared; Delirium	2019
Palliative sedation in patients with advanced cancer followed at home: a prospective study. Journal of pain and symptom management, 2014, Volume: 47, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Delirium; Dyspnea; Family; Feasibility Studies; Female; Home Care Se	2014
Emergence agitation: is there a European consensus? British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Child; Consensus; Delirium; Europe; Humans; Hypnotic	2014
Lidocaine-induced delirium: a case report. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2015, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Delirium; Diagnostic Imaging; Emergency Service, Hos	2015
A web-based survey of United Kingdom sedation practice in the intensive care unit. Journal of critical care, 2015, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Alfentanil; Analgesics, Opioid; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Data Collection; Deep Sedation; D	2015
Successful flumazenil reversal of paradoxical reaction to midazolam in a child. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2015, Volume: 48, Issue:3 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antidotes; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Female; Flumaze	2015
A retrospective comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease requiring postoperative sedation. Pediatric cardiology, 2015, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2015
Clinical effectiveness of a sedation protocol minimizing benzodiazepine infusions and favoring early dexmedetomidine: a before-after study. Critical care (London, England), 2015, Apr-02, Volume: 19 Topics: Adult; Aged; Clinical Protocols; Controlled Before-After Studies; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Ad	2015
Emergence delirium with transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia reversed by flumazenil in a pediatric patient. A & A case reports, 2015, Jun-01, Volume: 4, Issue:11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Agnosia; Anesthesia, General; Aphasia, Broca; Child; Delirium; Female; Flumaz	2015
Bispectral Index Monitoring in Terminally Ill Patients: A Validation Study. Journal of pain and symptom management, 2016, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain; Delirium; Electroencephalography; Feasibility Studies; Female; Human	2016
Use of Dexmedetomidine in Liver Transplant Recipients With Postoperative Agitated Delirium. Transplantation proceedings, 2016, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antipsychotic Agents; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Haloperidol; Humans; Hypnotics	2016
Challenges in a large mixed drug overdose patient. BMJ case reports, 2016, Jun-22, Volume: 2016 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Body Temperature Regulation; Critical Care; Delirium; Diazepam; Drug Overdos	2016
Look again at psychedelic drugs. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 2016, Jun-29, Volume: 30, Issue:44 Topics: Anxiety; Delirium; Depression; Diazepam; Hallucinogens; Haloperidol; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam; P	2016
The Impact of Plasma Cholinergic Enzyme Activity and Other Risk Factors for the Development of Delirium in Patients Receiving Palliative Care. Journal of pain and symptom management, 2016, Volume: 52, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Cholinergic Antagonists; Cholinesterases; Delirium; Female; Humans; Karnofsky Perf	2016
A case of infant delirium in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine, 2017, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Amines; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cardiac Catheterization; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid	2017
Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Critical care medicine, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Delirium;	2010
All this confusion is killin' me. Critical care medicine, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Case-Control Studies; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine	2010
A case of extreme agitation and death after the use of mephedrone in The Netherlands. Forensic science international, 2011, Mar-20, Volume: 206, Issue:1-3 Topics: Adult; Brain Edema; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cocaine; Contusions; Delirium; Designer Drugs	2011
Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. The heart surgery forum, 2011, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Continuous P	2011
Brainstem responses can predict death and delirium in sedated patients in intensive care unit. Critical care medicine, 2011, Volume: 39, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical	2011
Reversible delirium in an advanced cancer patient. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2012, Volume: 162, Issue:1-2 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, No	2012
A survey of the sedation practice of Portuguese palliative care teams. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 2012, Volume: 20, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Conscious Sedation; Deep Sedation; Delirium; Female; Humans; Hypnoti	2012
The association between nurse-administered midazolam following cardiac surgery and incident delirium: an observational study. International journal of nursing studies, 2012, Volume: 49, Issue:9 Topics: British Columbia; Delirium; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Midazolam; Nursing Staff;	2012
Fluctuations in sedation levels may contribute to delirium in ICU patients. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2013, Volume: 57, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Cohort Studies; Confusion; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Data Collect	2013
Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. Critical care medicine, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member	2013
Sedative use in the last week of life and the implications for end-of-life decision making. Archives of internal medicine, 2003, Feb-10, Volume: 163, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Decision Making; Delirium; Double Effect Principle; Ethics, Clinical;	2003
Delirium as detected by the CAM-ICU predicts restraint use among mechanically ventilated medical patients. Critical care medicine, 2005, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Delirium; Female; Fentanyl; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Hypnotics a	2005
Delirium as detected by the CAM-ICU predicts restraint use among mechanically ventilated medical patients. Critical care medicine, 2005, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Delirium; Female; Fentanyl; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Hypnotics a	2005
Delirium as detected by the CAM-ICU predicts restraint use among mechanically ventilated medical patients. Critical care medicine, 2005, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Delirium; Female; Fentanyl; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Hypnotics a	2005
Delirium as detected by the CAM-ICU predicts restraint use among mechanically ventilated medical patients. Critical care medicine, 2005, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Delirium; Female; Fentanyl; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Hypnotics a	2005
Incidence, clinical features and subtypes of delirium in elderly patients treated for hip fractures. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Delirium; Female; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Hip Fractures;	2005
Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures: case reports of this unusual post-encephalitic epilepsy. Brain & development, 2007, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Cell Count; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Ch	2007
Delirium during intravenous sedation with midazolam alone and with propofol in dental treatment. Anesthesia progress, 2006,Fall, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Co	2006
[Physostigmine reversal of central anticholinergic syndrome induced by midazolam/fentanyl, benzoctamine/buprenorphine and etomidate/carticaine or by atropine/promethazine/pethidine for premedication? (author's transl)]. Der Anaesthesist, 1982, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anthracenes; Atropine; Benzodiazepines; Buprenorphine; Carticaine; Coma; Delirium; Etom	1982
Oral midazolam and emergence delirium. Annals of emergency medicine, 1995, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Delirium; Humans; Infant; Midazolam	1995
Emergence delirium in a child given oral midazolam for conscious sedation. Annals of emergency medicine, 1994, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bites and Stings; Child, Preschool; Conscious Sedation; Delirium; Dog	1994
A multicentre international study of sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients. Palliative medicine, 2000, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Consciousness; Delirium; Drug Therapy, Combination; D	2000
Intensive care unit syndrome/delirium is associated with anemia, drug therapy and duration of ventilation treatment. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2002, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Anemia; Delirium; Female; Fentanyl;	2002
Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesia. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Abdomen; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Age Factors; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia; Anesthesia	2002
Terminal restlessness--its management and the role of midazolam. The Medical journal of Australia, 1991, Oct-07, Volume: 155, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Delirium; Female; Humans; Male; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Terminal	1991

midazolam and Delirium