midazolam and Critical Illness studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The aim of the present study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of midazolam, and to evaluate the influence of maturation process and other variability factors in critically ill children with severe acute bronchiolitis, who received a long-term intravenous infusion of midazolam."	9.34	Maturation of midazolam clearance in critically ill children with severe bronchiolitis: A population pharmacokinetic analysis. ( Grabnar, I; Grosek, Š; Jovanović, M; Kos, MK; Miksić, M; Roškar, R, 2020)
"To determine the dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≥III dogs requiring emergency abdominal surgery."	9.34	Dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in critically ill dogs. ( Aguilera, R; Bateman, S; Hanna, B; Sinclair, M; Valverde, A, 2020)
"To prospectively study the relationship between inflammation, organ failure, and midazolam clearance as a validated marker of CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism in critically ill children."	9.22	Inflammation and Organ Failure Severely Affect Midazolam Clearance in Critically Ill Children. ( Brussee, JM; de Hoog, M; de Wildt, SN; Jerchel, IS; Knibbe, CA; Koch, BC; Mooij, MG; Tibboel, D; van Schaik, RH; Verlaat, CW; Vet, NJ, 2016)
"To investigate the influence of the midazolam sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU)."	9.20	[The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients]. ( An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)
"To observe the effects of sedation with midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients."	9.13	[Effects of combination of midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients]. ( Dai, TJ; Li, JQ; Li, L; Li, MQ; Liu, J; Lu, F; Mo, X; Xu, JY; Xu, YJ; Zhang, Z, 2008)
"Inflammation, reflected by high IL-6, reduces midazolam clearance in critically ill patients with COVID-19."	8.12	Hyperinflammation Reduces Midazolam Metabolism in Critically Ill Adults with COVID-19. ( Endeman, H; Gommers, DAMPJ; Hunfeld, NGM; Koch, BCP; Sassen, SDT; Smeets, TJL; Valkenburg, AJ; van der Jagt, M, 2022)
"To observe the association between exposure to midazolam within 24 hours prior to delirium assessment and the risk of delirium."	8.12	Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. ( Chen, JH; Hu, AM; Shi, HJ; Yuan, RX; Zhang, JZ, 2022)
"Altered physiology caused by critical illness may change midazolam pharmacokinetics and thereby result in adverse reactions and outcomes in this vulnerable patient population."	8.12	Inflammation and cardiovascular status impact midazolam pharmacokinetics in critically ill children: An observational, prospective, controlled study. ( Austin, R; Mulla, H; Neupane, B; Pandya, H; Pandya, T; Rudge, J; Spooner, N, 2022)
"The impact of midazolam on the overall performance of morphine therapy for pain in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has never been investigated."	8.02	Clinical and Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Midazolam on Morphine Therapy for Pain Relief in Critically Ill Ventilated Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( Abdelaal, M; Abounahia, FF; Abushanab, D; Al-Badriyeh, D; Alsoukhni, O, 2021)
"Time to first coma was associated with fentanyl and midazolam doses (p=0."	7.79	Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. ( Cossette, M; Leger, C; Michaud, V; Skrobik, Y; Turgeon, J, 2013)
"From infancy to adolescence, critical illness seems to be a major determinant of midazolam clearance, which may result from reduced CYP3A4/5 activity due to inflammation."	7.78	Critical illness is a major determinant of midazolam clearance in children aged 1 month to 17 years. ( Danhof, M; de Wildt, SN; Ince, I; Knibbe, CA; Murry, DJ; Peeters, MY; Tibboel, D, 2012)
"To determine the effect of inflammation and disease severity on midazolam pharmacokinetics (as surrogate marker of cytochrome 3A activity) and pharmacodynamics in critically ill children."	7.78	The effect of critical illness and inflammation on midazolam therapy in children. ( de Hoog, M; de Wildt, SN; Tibboel, D; Vet, NJ, 2012)
"The purpose of this report is to describe the use of flumazenil as a diagnostic aid in the differential diagnosis of coma in a patient with an inadvertent overdose of benzodiazepines."	7.69	Flumazenil as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of coma in a critically ill patient. ( McLachlan, RS; Sharpe, MD; Sprenger, H, 1994)
"Midazolam (1mg) was administered and the serum concentration of midazolam measured at 4 h."	5.38	Acute kidney injury reduces the hepatic metabolism of midazolam in critically ill patients. ( Holt, DW; Kirwan, CJ; Lee, T; MacPhee, IA; Philips, BJ, 2012)
"The aim of the present study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of midazolam, and to evaluate the influence of maturation process and other variability factors in critically ill children with severe acute bronchiolitis, who received a long-term intravenous infusion of midazolam."	5.34	Maturation of midazolam clearance in critically ill children with severe bronchiolitis: A population pharmacokinetic analysis. ( Grabnar, I; Grosek, Š; Jovanović, M; Kos, MK; Miksić, M; Roškar, R, 2020)
"To determine the dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≥III dogs requiring emergency abdominal surgery."	5.34	Dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in critically ill dogs. ( Aguilera, R; Bateman, S; Hanna, B; Sinclair, M; Valverde, A, 2020)
"To prospectively study the relationship between inflammation, organ failure, and midazolam clearance as a validated marker of CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism in critically ill children."	5.22	Inflammation and Organ Failure Severely Affect Midazolam Clearance in Critically Ill Children. ( Brussee, JM; de Hoog, M; de Wildt, SN; Jerchel, IS; Knibbe, CA; Koch, BC; Mooij, MG; Tibboel, D; van Schaik, RH; Verlaat, CW; Vet, NJ, 2016)
"To investigate the influence of the midazolam sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU)."	5.20	[The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients]. ( An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)
" Secondary end points included prevalence and duration of delirium, use of fentanyl and open-label midazolam, and nursing assessments."	5.14	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. ( Bokesch, PM; Byrne, DW; Ceraso, D; Ely, EW; Koura, F; Margolis, BD; Riker, RR; Rocha, MG; Shehabi, Y; Whitten, P; Wisemandle, W, 2009)
"To observe the effects of sedation with midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients."	5.13	[Effects of combination of midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients]. ( Dai, TJ; Li, JQ; Li, L; Li, MQ; Liu, J; Lu, F; Mo, X; Xu, JY; Xu, YJ; Zhang, Z, 2008)
"Inflammation, reflected by high IL-6, reduces midazolam clearance in critically ill patients with COVID-19."	4.12	Hyperinflammation Reduces Midazolam Metabolism in Critically Ill Adults with COVID-19. ( Endeman, H; Gommers, DAMPJ; Hunfeld, NGM; Koch, BCP; Sassen, SDT; Smeets, TJL; Valkenburg, AJ; van der Jagt, M, 2022)
"Altered physiology caused by critical illness may change midazolam pharmacokinetics and thereby result in adverse reactions and outcomes in this vulnerable patient population."	4.12	Inflammation and cardiovascular status impact midazolam pharmacokinetics in critically ill children: An observational, prospective, controlled study. ( Austin, R; Mulla, H; Neupane, B; Pandya, H; Pandya, T; Rudge, J; Spooner, N, 2022)
"To observe the association between exposure to midazolam within 24 hours prior to delirium assessment and the risk of delirium."	4.12	Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. ( Chen, JH; Hu, AM; Shi, HJ; Yuan, RX; Zhang, JZ, 2022)
"The impact of midazolam on the overall performance of morphine therapy for pain in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has never been investigated."	4.02	Clinical and Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Midazolam on Morphine Therapy for Pain Relief in Critically Ill Ventilated Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( Abdelaal, M; Abounahia, FF; Abushanab, D; Al-Badriyeh, D; Alsoukhni, O, 2021)
"The recently published pharmacokinetic model for midazolam, quantifying the influence of maturation, inflammation and organ failure in children, yields unbiased clearance predictions and can therefore be used for dosing instructions in term neonates, children and adults with varying levels of critical illness, including healthy adults, but not for extrapolation to preterm neonates."	3.88	Predicting CYP3A-mediated midazolam metabolism in critically ill neonates, infants, children and adults with inflammation and organ failure. ( Brussee, JM; de Hoog, M; de Wildt, SN; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Swart, EL; Tibboel, D; Valkenburg, AJ; van den Anker, JN; van Gerven, JMA; Vet, NJ, 2018)
"In this large, pediatric multicenter registry, fentanyl, midazolam, and ketamine were the most commonly used induction agents, and the majority of tracheal intubations involved neuromuscular blockade."	3.81	Current medication practice and tracheal intubation safety outcomes from a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. ( Brown, CA; Howell, JD; Hsing, DD; Montgomery, V; Nadkarni, VM; Nishisaki, A; Parker, MM; Tarquinio, KM; Turner, DA; Walls, RM, 2015)
"Fifteen 4-week-old piglets were given 1 of 2 anesthetic protocols: total IV anesthesia (TIVA) (midazolam 1 mg/kg/h and fentanyl 100 μg/kg/h, n = 8) or ISO (isoflurane 1."	3.79	The anesthetic effects on vasopressor modulation of cerebral blood flow in an immature swine model. ( Bruins, B; Friess, SH; Kilbaugh, TJ; Margulies, SS, 2013)
"Time to first coma was associated with fentanyl and midazolam doses (p=0."	3.79	Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. ( Cossette, M; Leger, C; Michaud, V; Skrobik, Y; Turgeon, J, 2013)
"To determine the effect of inflammation and disease severity on midazolam pharmacokinetics (as surrogate marker of cytochrome 3A activity) and pharmacodynamics in critically ill children."	3.78	The effect of critical illness and inflammation on midazolam therapy in children. ( de Hoog, M; de Wildt, SN; Tibboel, D; Vet, NJ, 2012)
"Three hundred fifty-four medical and surgical intensive care patients enrolled in the SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared with Midazolam) trial received a sedative study drug and completed at least one delirium assessment."	3.76	Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. ( Bokesch, PM; Ely, EW; Riker, RR; Shehabi, Y; Shintani, A; Wisemandle, W, 2010)
"In critical illness, patients receiving M&M for sedation are more likely to have slow gastric emptying, and proximal meal retention than those receiving propofol."	3.74	The effects of sedation on gastric emptying and intra-gastric meal distribution in critical illness. ( Bellon, M; Bryant, LK; Burgstad, C; Chapman, MJ; Ching, K; Fraser, RJ; Holloway, RH; Nguyen, NQ, 2008)
"The purpose of this report is to describe the use of flumazenil as a diagnostic aid in the differential diagnosis of coma in a patient with an inadvertent overdose of benzodiazepines."	3.69	Flumazenil as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of coma in a critically ill patient. ( McLachlan, RS; Sharpe, MD; Sprenger, H, 1994)
"Remifentanil has a significant effect on reducing the occurrence of delirium (P = 0."	2.84	The influence of analgesic-based sedation protocols on delirium and outcomes in critically ill patients: A randomized controlled trial. ( An, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J; Zhao, H, 2017)
"Sixty-five critical ill children with multiple trauma admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Anhui Province Children's Hospital from January 2014 to September 2016 were enrolled, who were randomly divided into dexmedetomidine group (33 cases) and midazolam group (32 cases)."	2.84	[Effects of different sedation regimens on sedation and inflammatory response in critically ill children with multiple trauma]. ( Jin, D; Song, C; Sun, J; Tong, W; Wang, Y; Xu, D, 2017)
"Clonidine is an alternative to midazolam."	2.79	Prospective multicentre randomised, double-blind, equivalence study comparing clonidine and midazolam as intravenous sedative agents in critically ill children: the SLEEPS (Safety profiLe, Efficacy and Equivalence in Paediatric intensive care Sedation) st ( Boland, A; Gamble, C; Granville, H; McKay, A; Petrou, S; Spowart, C; Sutherland, A; Wolf, A, 2014)
"Propofol was given to 16 of 21 (76%) of early goal-directed sedation versus 16 of 16 (100%) of standard sedation patients (p = 0."	2.78	Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. ( Bailey, M; Bass, F; Bellomo, R; Howe, B; McArthur, C; Murray, L; Reade, MC; Seppelt, IM; Shehabi, Y; Webb, S; Weisbrodt, L, 2013)
"Standard treatment of critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation is continuous sedation."	2.75	A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. ( Martinussen, T; Strøm, T; Toft, P, 2010)
"Midazolam doses were lower in P than in C group (0."	2.73	[Protocol based sedation versus conventional treatment in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation]. ( Asenjo B, R; Aspée L, P; Castro O, J; Lanas M, A; Pino P, S; Prat R, D; Rivas V, S; Tobar A, E, 2008)
"Naloxone has been hypothesized to limit opioid tolerance by decreasing adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation."	2.73	Effect of low-dose naloxone infusion on fentanyl requirements in critically ill children. ( Darnell, CM; Roy, L; Sheeran, P; Stromberg, D; Thompson, J, 2008)
"The objective of the present investigation was to develop a population pharmacodynamic model for midazolam- and lorazepam-induced sedation upon long-term continuous infusion in critically ill patients."	2.72	Population pharmacodynamic modelling of lorazepam- and midazolam-induced sedation upon long-term continuous infusion in critically ill patients. ( Danhof, M; de Jongh, J; Strack van Schijndel, RM; Swart, EL; Thijs, LG; Zuideveld, KP, 2006)
" Population pharmacokinetic models were developed using the Non-Linear Mixed Effect Modelling (NONMEM) program."	2.71	Comparative population pharmacokinetics of lorazepam and midazolam during long-term continuous infusion in critically ill patients. ( Danhof, M; de Jongh, J; Strack van Schijndel, RM; Swart, EL; Thijs, LG; Zuideveld, KP, 2004)
" The mean number of dosage changes per day was 7."	2.69	Continuous infusions of lorazepam, midazolam, and propofol for sedation of the critically ill surgery trauma patient: a prospective, randomized comparison. ( Byrne, TK; McCollam, JS; Norcross, ED; O'Neil, MG; Reeves, ST, 1999)
"Midazolam-treated patients used significantly larger amounts of drug for similar levels of sedation and anxiolysis (14."	2.68	Lorazepam and midazolam in the intensive care unit: a randomized, prospective, multicenter study of hemodynamics, oxygen transport, efficacy, and cost. ( Boysen, PG; Cernaianu, AC; Cilley, JH; DelRossi, AJ; Flum, DR; Grosso, MA; Ross, SE; Vassilidze, TV, 1996)
" We conclude that in this patient population: (1) both P and M achieved optimal sedation in a large fraction of patients when administered by specified dosing protocols; (2) P had a faster, more reliable, wake-up time; (3) assessments of time-to-awaken were objective and reproducible; (4) time to sedation was not significantly different; (5) V O2 decreased similarly with both."	2.68	Sedation of critically ill patients during mechanical ventilation. A comparison of propofol and midazolam. ( Hall, JB; Kress, JP; Lavoie, A; O'Connor, MF; Olson, D; Pohlman, AS; Toledano, A, 1996)
"Propofol or midazolam was used for induction and maintenance of continuous intravenous sedation for a maximum of 5 days."	2.68	Comparative study of propofol versus midazolam in the sedation of critically ill patients: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. ( Barrios, M; Carpintero, JL; Chamorro, C; de Latorre, FJ; Ginestal, R; Gonzalez, E; Jareño, A; Martín-Santos, F; Montero, A; Moreno, JA; Otero, B; Sánchez-Izquierdo, JA, 1996)
"Isoflurane is a useful agent for prolonged sedation of ventilated patients and does not have any adverse effect on the cardiorespiratory system or on hepatic, renal or adrenal function."	2.67	Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit; efficacy and safety. ( Spencer, EM; Willatts, SM, 1992)
"Ketamine was not associated with mortality, on-target sedation, vasopressor dependence, or hospital length of stay."	2.66	Ketamine sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Fuller, BM; Manasco, AT; Roberts, BW; Stephens, RJ; Yaeger, LH, 2020)
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of many drugs are altered as a consequence of the pathophysiological changes associated with critical illness."	2.58	Altered Pharmacokinetics in Prolonged Infusions of Sedatives and Analgesics Among Adult Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review. ( Joynt, GM; Lee, A; Ling, L; Tse, AHW, 2018)
" AKI unpredictably affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs and dosing in patients with AKI is largely based on data from chronic kidney disease patients, but how appropriately is unknown."	2.46	Using drug probes to monitor hepatic drug metabolism in critically ill patients: midazolam, a flawed but useful tool for clinical investigation of CYP3A activity? ( Kirwan, C; MacPhee, I; Philips, B, 2010)
" Regular evaluation of the effect of these drugs and subsequent adaptation of dosage are more important than the choice of specific analgesics and hypnotics."	2.42	Analgesia and sedation in critically ill patients. ( Tramèr, MR; Walder, B, 2004)
"Clonidine is a sedative-sparing agent and this can help reduce complications associated with prolonged use of opioids and benzodiazepines."	1.72	Use of continuous infusion of clonidine for sedation in critically ill infants and children. ( Bourdon, O; Dauger, S; Deho, A; Prot-Labarthe, S; Sadozai, L, 2022)
" Body weight, age, hepatic and renal functions, and the UGT2B7 rs62298861 polymorphism are relevant predictors of midazolam pharmacokinetic variables."	1.51	Midazolam Dose Optimization in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacogenomic Study. ( Bradfield, J; Conrado, DJ; Curley, MAQ; Gastonguay, MR; Gastonguay, MS; Hakonarson, H; Moorthy, G; Prodell, J; Zane, NR; Zuppa, AF, 2019)
"However, acute urinary retention is little studied among intensive care patients."	1.51	Incidence and risk factors for urinary retention in critically ill patients. ( Alves, JC; Bafi, AT; Freitas, FG; Machado, FR; Schettini, DA; Tomotani, DY, 2019)
"Isoflurane has shown better control of intensive care sedation than propofol or midazolam and seems to be a useful alternative."	1.43	Survival after long-term isoflurane sedation as opposed to intravenous sedation in critically ill surgical patients: Retrospective analysis. ( Bellgardt, M; Bomberg, H; Dasch, B; Herzog-Niescery, J; Meiser, A; Steinfort, C; Uhl, W; Vogelsang, H; Volk, T; Wagenpfeil, S; Weber, TP, 2016)
" The objectives of this study were to characterize the MDZ pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients and to describe the phenomenon of increasing daily dose by means of population pharmacokinetic analysis."	1.43	Semi-mechanistic autoinduction model of midazolam in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetic analysis. ( Aoyama, T; Aoyama, Y; Hayashi, H; Hirata, K; Matsumoto, Y; Yamamoto, Y; Yokota, H, 2016)
"Propofol was associated with lower AKI incidence using both urine output (45."	1.42	Renal Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Propofol or Midazolam. ( Leite, TT; Libório, AB; Macedo, E; Martins, Ida S; Neves, FM, 2015)
" Each patient's demographic and clinical characteristics, the need for ventilatory support, the use and dosage of medications, the number of nursing staff per bed, the time elapsed from admission to the intensive care unit until the effective start of enteral feeding, and the causes for nonadministration were recorded."	1.39	Nurse to bed ratio and nutrition support in critically ill patients. ( Azevedo, LC; Bafi, AT; Castro, I; Freitas, FG; Honda, CK; Machado, FR; Mazza, BF; Nascente, AP; Stanich, P, 2013)
" The drug dosage in combination group was decreased significantly compared with propofol group and midazolam group (total dosage of propofol: 25."	1.39	[Comparison of sedative effects of propofol and midazolam on emergency critical patients on mechanical ventilation]. ( Hong, GL; Lu, ZQ; Qiu, QM; Wu, B; Xu, AY; Zhao, GJ, 2013)
"Midazolam (1mg) was administered and the serum concentration of midazolam measured at 4 h."	1.38	Acute kidney injury reduces the hepatic metabolism of midazolam in critically ill patients. ( Holt, DW; Kirwan, CJ; Lee, T; MacPhee, IA; Philips, BJ, 2012)
"Prolonged dexmedetomidine administration in children with heart disease appears to be safe and is associated with decreased opioid and benzodiazepine requirement and decreased inotropic support."	1.38	Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease*. ( Gossett, JM; Gupta, P; Roth, SJ; Sabati, A; Tesoro, TM; Tobias, JD; Whiteside, W, 2012)
" The most common diazepam dosage was 10 mg every 6 hours, and individual doses ranged from 5 to 30 mg."	1.37	Diazepam as a component of goal-directed sedation in critically ill trauma patients. ( Birrer, KL; Cheatham, ML; Dasta, JF; Gesin, G; Kane-Gill, SL; Kolnik, LJ, 2011)
"Conditions precipitating acute respiratory failure (ARF) were classified into two groups: type 1 (38 episodes) and type 2 (78 episodes)."	1.35	Predictive factors of non invasive ventilation failure in critically ill children: a prospective epidemiological study. ( Concha, A; Díaz, JJ; Los Arcos, M; Mayordomo-Colunga, J; Medina, A; Menéndez, S; Rey, C, 2009)
" Within 2 days the children age 1-4 years received the maximum midazolam dosage (0."	1.34	Age is of influence on midazolam requirements in a paediatric intensive care unit. ( de Gast-Bakker, DA; Plötz, FB; Sibarani-Ponsen, R; Swart, EL; van der Werff, SD, 2007)
"Propofol was least costly in 86% of the short-term simulations, midazolam was least costly in 97."	1.33	Pharmacoeconomic modeling of lorazepam, midazolam, and propofol for continuous sedation in critically ill patients. ( MacLaren, R; Sullivan, PW, 2005)
"Clonidine was a common part of up to two-thirds of the regimens."	1.33	Practice of sedation and analgesia in German intensive care units: results of a national survey. ( Fischer, M; Franck, M; Martin, J; Parsch, A; Spies, C; Wernecke, KD, 2005)
"Midazolam was successfully discontinued in 24 (80%) patients in 3 days (median), and adequate and appropriate sedation was maintained with lorazepam monotherapy."	1.30	A cost analysis of enterally administered lorazepam in the pediatric intensive care unit. ( Cash, J; Chester, EA; Grant, MJ; Lugo, RA; Vernon, DD, 1999)
" The overall incidence of adverse effects to midazolam in the patients studied was 17%."	1.29	A prospective study of the adverse effects of midazolam on withdrawal in critically ill children. ( Billingham, I; Choonara, I; Gill, A; Hughes, J; Leach, HJ; Nunn, AJ; Ratcliffe, J; Thornington, R, 1994)
" There was a large interindividual variability for the pharmacokinetic parameters."	1.29	Population pharmacokinetics of midazolam in neonates. ( Betremieux, P; Burtin, P; Desplanques, L; Girard, P; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Lenclen, R; Magny, JF; Mussat, P; Tehiry, C, 1994)
"Midazolam is a water soluble benzodiazepine, with a short elimination half-life in adults and children."	1.28	Pharmacokinetics of midazolam during continuous infusion in critically ill neonates. ( Beaufils, F; Burtin, P; Daoud, P; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Maherzi, S, 1992)
" Consequently, its plasma elimination half-life after discontinuation was also greatly prolonged, but this shouldn't cause very prolonged sedative effects since this metabolite is much less active than the parent drug."	1.28	The effects of acute changes in renal function on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam during long-term infusion in ICU patients. ( Driessen, JJ; Guelen, PJ; Vree, TB, 1991)

Research

Studies (134)

Authors

Clinical Trials (56)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average MINDS Score

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	27 (20.15)	18.2507
2000's	31 (23.13)	29.6817
2010's	56 (41.79)	24.3611
2020's	20 (14.93)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Upadhyay, PJ	1
Vet, NJ	7
Goulooze, SC	1
Krekels, EHJ	3
de Wildt, SN	8
Knibbe, CAJ	3
Shudofsky, KN	1
Janssen, PKC	1
Foudraine, N	1
le Noble, JLML	1
Jiang, X	1
Yan, M	1
Sadozai, L	1
Prot-Labarthe, S	1
Bourdon, O	1
Dauger, S	1
Deho, A	1
Smeets, TJL	1
Valkenburg, AJ	2
van der Jagt, M	1
Koch, BCP	2
Endeman, H	1
Gommers, DAMPJ	1
Sassen, SDT	1
Hunfeld, NGM	1
Shi, HJ	1
Yuan, RX	1
Zhang, JZ	1
Chen, JH	1
Hu, AM	1
Qi, YP	1
Ma, WJ	1
Cao, YY	1
Chen, Q	1
Xu, QC	1
Xiao, S	1
Lu, WH	1
Wang, Z	2
Zhou, Y	2
Yang, J	1
Wang, B	1
Wang, P	1
Yang, Y	1
Liang, G	2
Jing, X	1
Jin, X	2
Zhang, Z	2
Deng, Y	1
Hu, C	1
Liao, X	1
Yin, W	1
Tang, Z	1
Tian, Y	1
Tao, L	1
Kang, Y	2
Neupane, B	1
Pandya, H	1
Pandya, T	1
Austin, R	1
Spooner, N	1
Rudge, J	1
Mulla, H	1
Yalcin, N	3
Sürmelioğlu, N	3
Allegaert, K	4
Ramin, S	2
Bringuier, S	2
Martinez, O	2
Sadek, M	2
Manzanera, J	2
Deras, P	2
Choquet, O	2
Charbit, J	2
Capdevila, X	2
Celis-Rodríguez, E	1
Díaz Cortés, JC	1
Cárdenas Bolívar, YR	1
Carrizosa González, JA	1
Pinilla, DI	1
Ferrer Záccaro, LE	1
Birchenall, C	1
Caballero López, J	1
Argüello, BM	1
Castillo Abrego, G	1
Castorena Arellano, G	1
Dueñas Castell, C	1
Jáuregui Solórzano, JM	1
Leal, R	1
Pardo Oviedo, JM	1
Arroyo, M	1
Raffán-Sanabria, F	1
Raimondi, N	1
Reina, R	1
Rodríguez Lima, DR	1
Silesky Jiménez, JI	1
Ugarte Ubiergo, S	1
Gómez Escobar, LG	1
Díaz Aya, DP	1
Fowler, C	1
Nates, JL	1
Kos, MK	1
Miksić, M	1
Jovanović, M	1
Roškar, R	1
Grosek, Š	1
Grabnar, I	1
Liu, MH	1
Zhu, LH	1
Peng, JX	1
Zhang, XP	1
Xiao, ZH	1
Liu, QJ	1
Qiu, J	1
Latour, JM	1
Manasco, AT	1
Stephens, RJ	1
Yaeger, LH	1
Roberts, BW	1
Fuller, BM	1
Olsen, HT	1
Nedergaard, HK	1
Strøm, T	2
Oxlund, J	1
Wian, KA	1
Ytrebø, LM	1
Kroken, BA	1
Chew, M	1
Korkmaz, S	1
Lauridsen, JT	1
Toft, P	2
Aguilera, R	1
Sinclair, M	1
Valverde, A	1
Bateman, S	1
Hanna, B	1
van Groen, BD	1
Mooij, MG	4
van Duijn, E	1
Vaes, WHJ	1
Windhorst, AD	1
van Rosmalen, J	2
Hartman, SJF	1
Hendrikse, NH	1
Tibboel, D	8
Gil Castillejos, D	1
Rubio, ML	1
Ferre, C	1
de Gracia, MLÁ	1
Bodí, M	1
Sandiumenge, A	1
Abushanab, D	1
Abounahia, FF	1
Alsoukhni, O	1
Abdelaal, M	1
Al-Badriyeh, D	1
Tong, W	1
Song, C	1
Jin, D	1
Sun, J	1
Wang, Y	1
Xu, D	1
Liu, D	2
Lyu, J	2
Zhao, H	1
An, Y	2
Brussee, JM	2
Jacqz-Aigrain, E	3
van Gerven, JMA	1
Swart, EL	4
van den Anker, JN	1
de Hoog, M	7
Schettini, DA	1
Freitas, FG	2
Tomotani, DY	1
Alves, JC	1
Bafi, AT	2
Machado, FR	2
Tse, AHW	1
Ling, L	1
Lee, A	1
Joynt, GM	1
Zuppa, AF	1
Conrado, DJ	1
Zane, NR	1
Curley, MAQ	1
Bradfield, J	1
Hakonarson, H	1
Gastonguay, MS	1
Moorthy, G	1
Prodell, J	1
Gastonguay, MR	1
García, JLB	1
Sáenz, MC	1
Gavilán, EDP	1
Altun, D	1
Eren, G	1
Cetingok, H	1
Hergünsel, GO	1
Çukurova, Z	1
Shehabi, Y	4
Howe, BD	1
Bellomo, R	2
Arabi, YM	1
Bailey, M	2
Bass, FE	1
Bin Kadiman, S	1
McArthur, CJ	1
Murray, L	2
Reade, MC	2
Seppelt, IM	2
Takala, J	1
Wise, MP	1
Webb, SA	1
Bruins, B	1
Kilbaugh, TJ	1
Margulies, SS	1
Friess, SH	1
Mistraletti, G	1
Mantovani, ES	1
Cadringher, P	1
Cerri, B	1
Corbella, D	1
Umbrello, M	1
Anania, S	1
Andrighi, E	1
Barello, S	1
Di Carlo, A	1
Martinetti, F	1
Formenti, P	1
Spanu, P	1
Iapichino, G	1
Bienert, A	1
Bartkowska-Sniatkowska, A	1
Wiczling, P	1
Rosada-Kurasińska, J	1
Grześkowiak, M	1
Zaba, C	1
Teżyk, A	1
Sokołowska, A	1
Kaliszan, R	1
Grześkowiak, E	1
Porhomayon, J	1
Nader, ND	1
El-Solh, AA	1
Hite, M	1
Scott, J	1
Silinskie, K	1
Xu, AY	1
Hong, GL	1
Zhao, GJ	1
Wu, B	1
Qiu, QM	1
Lu, ZQ	1
Bass, F	1
Howe, B	1
McArthur, C	1
Webb, S	1
Weisbrodt, L	1
Verlaat, CW	4
Heesen, GP	1
van der Hoeven, JG	1
Kox, M	1
Pickkers, P	1
Honda, CK	1
Stanich, P	1
Mazza, BF	1
Castro, I	1
Nascente, AP	1
Azevedo, LC	1
Liu, T	1
Deng, N	1
Benedict, N	1
Felbinger, M	1
Ridenour, T	1
Anthes, A	1
Altawalbeh, S	1
Kane-Gill, S	1
Altamimi, MI	1
Sammons, H	1
Choonara, I	4
Varndell, W	1
Elliott, D	1
Fry, M	1
Tarquinio, KM	1
Howell, JD	1
Montgomery, V	1
Turner, DA	1
Hsing, DD	1
Parker, MM	1
Brown, CA	1
Walls, RM	1
Nadkarni, VM	1
Nishisaki, A	1
Cai, Y	2
Li, Y	1
Ji, M	1
Yang, H	1
Zhang, Q	1
Jin, Z	1
Salluh, JI	1
Stevens, RD	1
Kudchadkar, SR	1
Shaffner, DH	1
Bellgardt, M	1
Bomberg, H	1
Herzog-Niescery, J	1
Dasch, B	1
Vogelsang, H	1
Weber, TP	1
Steinfort, C	1
Uhl, W	1
Wagenpfeil, S	1
Volk, T	1
Meiser, A	1
Chen, K	1
Lu, Z	1
Xin, YC	1
Chen, Y	1
Pan, SM	1
Lemaitre, F	1
Hasni, N	1
Leprince, P	1
Corvol, E	1
Belhabib, G	1
Fillâtre, P	1
Luyt, CE	1
Leven, C	1
Farinotti, R	1
Fernandez, C	1
Combes, A	1
Wolf, A	1
McKay, A	1
Spowart, C	1
Granville, H	1
Boland, A	1
Petrou, S	1
Sutherland, A	1
Gamble, C	1
Leite, TT	1
Macedo, E	1
Martins, Ida S	1
Neves, FM	1
Libório, AB	1
Knibbe, CA	3
van Woensel, JB	1
Jerchel, IS	1
van Schaik, RH	1
Koch, BC	1
Stewart, R	1
Perez, R	1
Musial, B	1
Lukens, C	1
Adjepong, YA	1
Manthous, CA	1
Sasabuchi, Y	1
Yasunaga, H	1
Matsui, H	1
Lefor, AK	1
Fushimi, K	1
Cruickshank, M	1
Henderson, L	1
MacLennan, G	1
Fraser, C	1
Campbell, M	1
Blackwood, B	1
Gordon, A	1
Brazzelli, M	1
Feng, Y	1
Oddo, M	1
Crippa, IA	1
Mehta, S	1
Menon, D	1
Payen, JF	1
Taccone, FS	1
Citerio, G	1
Aoyama, T	1
Hirata, K	1
Yamamoto, Y	1
Yokota, H	1
Hayashi, H	1
Aoyama, Y	1
Matsumoto, Y	1
Buysse, CM	1
Huang, JB	1
Lan, CQ	1
Li, HY	1
Chen, L	1
Pan, JG	1
Chen, LL	1
Weng, H	1
Zeng, YM	1
Xu, JY	1
Li, MQ	1
Lu, F	1
Li, L	1
Li, JQ	1
Mo, X	1
Xu, YJ	1
Liu, J	1
Dai, TJ	1
Tobar A, E	1
Lanas M, A	1
Pino P, S	1
Aspée L, P	1
Rivas V, S	1
Prat R, D	1
Asenjo B, R	1
Castro O, J	1
Lu, CH	1
Man, KM	1
Ou-Yang, HY	1
Chan, SM	1
Ho, ST	1
Wong, CS	1
Liaw, WJ	1
Mayordomo-Colunga, J	1
Medina, A	1
Rey, C	1
Díaz, JJ	1
Concha, A	1
Los Arcos, M	1
Menéndez, S	1
Lipping, T	1
Anier, A	1
Ratsep, I	1
Kleemann, P	1
Toome, V	1
Jantti, V	1
Wunsch, H	1
Kress, JP	4
Riker, RR	2
Bokesch, PM	2
Ceraso, D	1
Wisemandle, W	2
Koura, F	1
Whitten, P	1
Margolis, BD	1
Byrne, DW	1
Ely, EW	2
Rocha, MG	1
Kirwan, CJ	2
Lee, T	2
Holt, DW	2
Grounds, RM	1
MacPhee, IA	2
Philips, BJ	2
Ista, E	1
van Dijk, M	1
Duivenvoorden, HJ	1
Martinussen, T	1
Wyncoll, D	1
McKenzie, C	1
Kirwan, C	1
MacPhee, I	1
Philips, B	1
Shintani, A	1
Joffe, A	1
Coursin, DB	1
Gesin, G	1
Kane-Gill, SL	1
Dasta, JF	1
Birrer, KL	1
Kolnik, LJ	1
Cheatham, ML	1
Sharshar, T	1
Porcher, R	1
Siami, S	1
Rohaut, B	1
Bailly-Salin, J	1
Hopkinson, NS	1
Clair, B	1
Guidoux, C	1
Iacobone, E	1
Sonneville, R	1
Polito, A	1
Aboab, J	1
Gaudry, S	1
Morla, O	1
Amouyal, G	1
Azuar, J	1
Allary, J	1
Vieillard-Baron, A	1
Wolff, M	1
Cariou, A	1
Annane, D	1
Poloyac, SM	1
Zheng, X	1
Meng, JB	1
Fang, Q	1
Farquhar-Smith, P	1
Ince, I	1
Peeters, MY	1
Murry, DJ	1
Danhof, M	3
Colombo, R	1
Corona, A	1
Praga, F	1
Minari, C	1
Giannotti, C	1
Castelli, A	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Midazolam Used Alone or Sequential Use of Midazolam and Propofol/Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation in Critically Ill, Mechanically Ventilated Patients: a Prospective, Randomized Study[NCT02528513]	Phase 4	240 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Enrolling by invitation
Feasibility of a Music Therapy Intervention to Decrease Stress During Pediatric Critical Care[NCT04280744]		38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-29	Completed
Music Listening Interventions for Children Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Mechanistic Trial[NCT05541029]		171 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-20	Recruiting
Non-sedation Versus Sedation With a Daily Wake-up Trial in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. The NONSEDA-trial. An Investigator-initiated, Randomised, Clinical, Parallel-group, Multinational, Superiority Trial[NCT01967680]		700 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled, Open Label, Assessor-Blinded Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Isoflurane Delivered Via the Sedaconda ACD-S Compared to Intravenous Propofol for Sedation of Mechanically Ventilated Intensi[NCT05327296]	Phase 3	235 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-30	Recruiting
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled, Open Label, Assessor-Blinded Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Isoflurane Delivered Via the Sedaconda ACD-S Compared to Intravenous Propofol for Sedation of Mechanically Ventilated Intensi[NCT05312385]	Phase 3	235 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-28	Recruiting
Early Goal-Directed Sedation Compared With Standard Care in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients: a Prospective Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT01728558]	Phase 3	4,000 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam for Sedation in ICU Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation: a Single Center, Randomized, Controlled, Non-inferiority Trial[NCT04815265]	Phase 4	488 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Multicentric, Single Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial on Enteral Sedation Versus Intravenous Sedation in Critically Ill High-risk ICU Patients[NCT01360346]	Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Recruiting
Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Unit[NCT03194360]		141 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-12-01	Completed
The Use of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Dementias[NCT04250376]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-27	Enrolling by invitation
Lymphatic System Health in Alzheimer's Disease[NCT04205539]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-12-10	Withdrawn (stopped due to Pending COVID-19 pandemic)
Effect of Low-dose Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Delirium in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Multicenter, Double-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03624595]		502 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-16	Active, not recruiting
Clinical Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Analgesia-first Minimal Sedation as an Early Antihypertensive Treatment for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage[NCT03207100]		338 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-06	Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Gastric Feeding in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients Receiving Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation: A Pilot Study[NCT01301352]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Cardioprotective Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a Double-Blind, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT04912518]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Recruiting
Impact of Dexmedetomidine Supplemented Analgesia on Long-term Survival in Elderly Patients After Cancer Surgery: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03012971]		1,500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-06	Active, not recruiting
A Phase 4, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Comparator Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared to IV Midazolam in ICU Subjects Requiring Greater Than Twenty-Four Hours of Continuous Sedation[NCT00216190]	Phase 4	420 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study of Dexmedetomidine (Precedex®), With Lorazepam Rescue, for the Management of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) and Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium (AWD)[NCT01362205]	Phase 4	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to DSMB recommendation for slow enrollment)
Impact of Low-dose Dexmedetomidine on Outcomes of Elderly Admitted to ICU After Noncardiac Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04204798]		1,410 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-28	Recruiting
Dex vs Dazzle: Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Intraoperative Sedation[NCT02878837]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Pain, Agitation and Delirium Protocol in Ventilated Patients in the Duke CICU[NCT02903407]	Phase 4	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated (stopped due to All enrolled participants completed the study protocol but the study was terminated prior to the goal number of participants due to low recruitment)
Dynamic Light Application to Prevent ICU Acquired Delirium[NCT01274819]		1,000 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Effect of Clonidine vs. Dexmedetomidine in Addition to Standard Treatment in Agitated Delirium in Intensive Care Patients: Pilot Study.[NCT04758936]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-01	Recruiting
Impact of Dexmedetomidine Supplemented Analgesia on Incidence of Delirium in Elderly Patients After Cancer Surgery: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03012984]		1,500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-06	Completed
Etomidate With Meperidine vs Midazolam With Meperidine for Sedation During Endodscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)[NCT02027311]	Phase 4	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Evaluation the Efficiency of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine Under Nasal Humidification Rapid Ventilation Device Without Intubation in Laryngoscope Microsurgery[NCT05581485]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-29	Recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Compared to Midazolam for Symptom Control in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)[NCT01687751]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study design determined to be not likely feasible)
Substudy of Non-Seda Trial (NCT01967680): Non-sedation Versus Sedation With a Daily Wake-up Trial in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation - Effects on Physical Function. An Investigator-initiated, Randomised, Clinical, Parallel-group, [NCT02034942]		205 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Low-dose Dexmedetomidine for Delirium Prevention in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care Unit: a Multicenter, Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT03172897]	Phase 4	260 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-08-20	Suspended (stopped due to The trial was stopped because of difficulty in recruiting patients (another trial had similar inclusion/exclusion criteria). No patients was recruited in this trial.)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Long Term Sedation in ICU Patients[NCT00466492]		140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Analgesia-First Sedation in Trauma Patients[NCT05751863]		170 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-01	Recruiting
Awakening-Breathing Coordination, Delirium Monitoring/Management & Early Mobility (ABCDE) Protocol[NCT01413009]		200 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-12-29	Completed
Prevention of Oversedation in Intensive Care Patients Under Mechanical Ventilation : the AWARE Multicentric Randomized Trial[NCT01617265]		1,180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Serum Biomarkers in Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy (SAE)[NCT03133208]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2017-06-01	Recruiting
Southern Medical University Clinical Research Project Initiative：Efficacy and Safety of a Multicomponent Physical Therapy Program in Mechanically Ventilated Patient With Sepsis[NCT03406494]		800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Opioid-Free Versus Transitional Anesthetic With Opioids From Tonsillectomy[NCT04528173]	Phase 4	550 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-22	Recruiting
Auricular Acupressure as an Adjunct Treatment for Opioid Tapering in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Feasibility Study[NCT05025384]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-25	Completed
The Preventative Role of Exogenous Melatonin Administration in Patients With Advanced Cancer Who Are at Risk of Delirium: a Feasibility Study Prior to a Larger Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02200172]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
Impact of Non-pharmacological Prevention Measures on the Incidence of Delirium in Adult Intensive Care Units[NCT03125252]		379 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-27	Completed
Intraoperative Propofol and Dexmedetomidine on Peripheral Inflammation Induced by Hip or Knee Arthroplasty.[NCT03600727]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Impact of Intraoperative Goal-directed Blood Pressure Management and Dexmedetomidine on Outcomes of High-risk Patients After Major Abdominal Surgeries: a 2×2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03933306]	Phase 4	496 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-20	Active, not recruiting
The Impact of Concomitant Ultra Low Dose Infusion Naloxone and Therapeutic Infusion Opioid on Opioid Requirements in Pediatric ICU Patients[NCT00286052]	Phase 3	128 participants	Interventional	2002-12-31	Completed
Sedation Administration Timing: Intermittent Dosing Reduces Time to Extubation (SATIRE Trial): A Prospective, Randomized Cohort Study[NCT03181620]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-08	Recruiting
Bispectral Index Monitoring To Guide Sedation In Patients With Non-Neurological Pathology Over 65 Years, Admitted To Intensive Care Unit: Randomized Control Trial[NCT02909010]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Active, not recruiting
Epidemiology of Weaning From Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19. Observational and Multicenter Study.[NCT05049200]		326 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2020-04-01	Completed
Cognitive Impairment in the ICU: Evaluation and Outcomes[NCT00097630]		334 participants	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
Prospective Study on the Cost-Effectiveness of Adding Ketamine to Midazolam-Sufentanil Sedation Regimen in Mechanically Ventilated Patients[NCT00122759]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Recruiting
A Randomized Control Trial Using the BIS Monitor to Avoid Over Sedation and Prolonged Neuropsychological Deficits in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients[NCT00469482]		28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
ECMO-Free Trial: A Multicenter Pilot Feasibility Study[NCT05486559]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-07	Recruiting
The Efficacy of Nurse-driven, Protocol Guided Ventilator Weaning in a Medical-Surgical ICU[NCT00786617]		202 participants (Actual)	Observational	2007-12-31	Completed
Daily Interruption of Sedative Infusions in Mechanically Ventilated Children: A Randomized Pilot Study[NCT02426320]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Recruiting
Pilot Study for Peripheral Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of the Quadriceps Muscle: Healthy or Deprived of Central Nervous System Control[NCT05888714]		15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial of Cycling Continuous Sedative Infusions in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation[NCT01333059]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Terminated (stopped due to Unable to adequately enroll over a reasonable enrollment period.)
Monitoring of Breathing Effort Through Pressure Time Product Measurement Using Airway Occlusion Pressure[NCT06040138]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Sedatives on Sublingual Microcirculation of Patients With Septic Shock[NCT01618396]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Minnesota Detoxification Scale (MINDS) min score 0, max score 46. The higher the score, the worse the symptoms of AWS/AWD. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Number of Ventilator Free Days After Randomization.

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	8.2
Placebo	9.4

A ventilator day is counted for any use of invasive mechanical ventilation during a calendar day (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Resource Utilization Costs Associated With This Hospitalization Billed by Facility.

Resource Utilization Costs Associated With This Hospitalization Billed by Physicians.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Beck Anxiety Inventory

Intervention	days (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	27.5
Placebo	28.0

Intervention	USD (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	81234
Placebo	91651

Intervention	Dollar (United States) (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	3482
Placebo	4461

The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a validated questionnaire used to measure severity of anxiety (min score 0, max score 63). The higher the score the greater the severity of anxiety. A score of 30-63 indicates severe anxiety, 17-29 moderate anxiety, 10-16 mild anxiety and 0-9 minimal anxiety. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Beck Depression Inventory.

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	30.3
Placebo	21.6

The Beck Depression Inventory is a validated questionnaire used to measure severity of depression (min score 0, max score 63). The higher the score the greater the severity of depression. A score of 30-63 indicates severe depression, 19-29 moderate depression, 10-18 mild depression and 0-9 minimal depression. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Mini Mental Exam.

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	26.5
Placebo	21.4

The Mini Mental State Examination or Folstein test is a validated 30-point questionnaire used to measure cognitive impairment (min score 0, max score 30). A score of 24 points (out of a max of 30) indicates normal cognition, less than or equal to 9 points indicates severe impairment, 10-18 indicates moderate impairment and 19-23 mild impairment. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the PTSD Civilian Checklist

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	25.8
Placebo	23.1

PTSD checklist consists of 17 questions graded on a scale of 1 to 5. The PTSD score is comprised from the sum of the scores 17 questions. The PTSD score has possible values from to 17 to 85 with higher values indicating greater symptom severity. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

The Length in Days of the Hospital Stay

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	45.5
Placebo	32.5

A hospital day is counted for any time on a calendar day the patient is admitted to the hospital. Hospital days are inclusive of ICU days. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

The Length of ICU Stay Defined as the Time Between Randomization and ICU Transfer Orders.

The Number of CAM-ICU Negative Days After Randomization.

Intervention	days (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	8.0
Placebo	12.0

Intervention	hours (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	79.2
Placebo	104.9

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)-ICU is a validated instrument used to detect the presence or absence of delirium in the ICU. A delirium free day is counted for any day a patient is negative by the CAM-ICU. The higher the number of CAM-ICU negative days indicates the more days a patient was able to think clearly. (NCT01362205)
Timeframe: up to 28 days

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	days (Median)
Dexmedetomidine	0.3
Placebo	0.3

Index hospitalization length of stay in days (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

In Hospital Mortality

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	19.5
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	30.0

All-cause mortality during the hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay

Intervention	participants (Number)
Midazolam	1
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	1

Number of days of admission to the CICU during the index hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Days Alive During Admission and Free From Delirium or Coma

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	4.1
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	10.0

The number of days alive and free from delirium or coma during admission will be evaluated among patients with CAM-ICU documented (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Days From Decision to Extubate to True Extubation

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	14.0

The time (in days) from when the clinical care team documents a decision to pursue extubation until the time the patient was extubated (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants Requiring Reintubation

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	0

Following ICU discharge, patient charts will be reviewed to evaluate whether they required reintubation. If so, will determine whether necessity of reintubation was related to delirium. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Bradycardia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	1

Patients will be monitored for bradycardia which may be associated with sedation drug. Average heart rate before, during and after use of drug will be recorded for each patient. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Delirium

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	0

Will use the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) to assess presence of delirium as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. Patients with CAM-ICU data recorded will be included. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Increased Vasopressor Requirement

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	1

Patients will be monitored for increased pressor requirement during the CICU stay (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Ventilator Days

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Midazolam	2
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	2

Days requiring mechanical ventilation during the initial episode of intubation during the hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Pain Management

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	2.5
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	6.8

Will use the CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool) score to assess pain level as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. The CPOT has a range of 0 to 8. A CPOT score of ≤ 2 = minimal to no pain present and >2 = unacceptable level of pain. Data that is recorded will be evaluated following discharge. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Percentage of Time at Goal Sedation

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Midazolam	0.0
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	0.0

Will use RASS (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale) to assess level of sedation as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. Data that is recorded will be evaluated following discharge. The RASS ranges from -5 (unrousable) to +4 (combative) and 0 (zero) = alert and calm and goal sedation is considered a RASS level of 0 to -2. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Time From Withdrawal of Sedation to ICU Discharge

Intervention	percentage of time (Median)
Midazolam	63.3
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	63.2

The duration, in days, from withdrawal of sedation for mechanical ventilation until the time of discharge from the ICU (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Event of Hypoxia

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	1.6
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	5.6

Hypoxia defined as peripheral blood oxygen saturation measured by pulse oxymeter < 90% (NCT02027311)
Timeframe: Every 5min in Preoperative, intraoperative phase and 15 min in Recovery phase

Number of Intervention

Intervention	Hypoxia events (Number)
Midazolam	19
Etomidate	27

The frequency of intervention which was defined as any restraint of the patient's head, arms, or legs if they became agitated, or if patient movement was not controlled with verbal instruction from the endoscopist during the whole intraoperative phases. (NCT02027311)
Timeframe: Throughout the whole ERCP procedure

Duration of Mechanical Ventilation Days

Intervention	Number of intervention (Mean)
Etomidate	1.9
Midazolam	7.5

Participants will be followed for an expected average of 4 days. The Data Safety Monitoring Group will review the data every 6 months. (NCT01333059)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until the date of discharge from PICU, assessed up to 1 month

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	days (Mean)
Experimental Group	10.14
Control Group	5.82

Participants will be followed for an expected average of 7 days in PICU and 10 days of hospitalization. This secondary endpoint is to be evaluated every six months. (NCT01333059)
Timeframe: From date of hospital admission to date of hospital discharge, assessed up to 6 weeks

PICU Length of Stay

Intervention	days (Mean)
Experimental Group	25.21
Control Group	20.82

Participants will be followed for an expected average of 7 days. This secondary endpoint is to be evaluated every six months. (NCT01333059)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until the date of discharge from PICU, assessed up to 1 month

Article	Year
Midazolam Infusion and Disease Severity Affect the Level of Sedation in Children: A Parametric Time-to-Event Analysis. Pharmaceutical research, 2021, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infa	2021
Clearance of Lormetazepam, Midazolam, and Their Conjugated Metabolites by Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration During Prolonged Sedation in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Critical Illness; Dee	2022
Comparing the impact on the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction critical patients of using midazolam, propofol, and dexmedetomidine for sedation. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2021, 12-07, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Coronary Care Units; Critical Illness; Databases, Factual; Dexmedetomidine;	2021
Use of continuous infusion of clonidine for sedation in critically ill infants and children. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2022, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Bradycardia; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnotics	2022
Hyperinflammation Reduces Midazolam Metabolism in Critically Ill Adults with COVID-19. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2022, Volume: 61, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Critical Illness; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Humans; Hypnotics and Seda	2022
Effect of midazolam on delirium in critically ill patients: a propensity score analysis. The Journal of international medical research, 2022, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Delirium; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay; Midazolam;	2022
Inflammation and cardiovascular status impact midazolam pharmacokinetics in critically ill children: An observational, prospective, controlled study. Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2022, Volume: 10, Issue:5 Topics: C-Reactive Protein; Child; Critical Illness; Humans; Inflammation; Midazolam; Prospective Studies	2022
Effect of Personalized Music Intervention in Mechanically Ventilated Children in the PICU: A Pilot Study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Behavior Rating Scale; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Critical Illness; Female; Hea	2020
Effect of Personalized Music Intervention in Mechanically Ventilated Children in the PICU: A Pilot Study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Behavior Rating Scale; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Critical Illness; Female; Hea	2020
Effect of Personalized Music Intervention in Mechanically Ventilated Children in the PICU: A Pilot Study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Behavior Rating Scale; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Critical Illness; Female; Hea	2020
Effect of Personalized Music Intervention in Mechanically Ventilated Children in the PICU: A Pilot Study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Behavior Rating Scale; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Critical Illness; Female; Hea	2020
The Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Midazolam in Stable Critically Ill Children: A Pharmacokinetic Microtracing Study. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2021, Volume: 109, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Cytochrome	2021
Impact of difficult sedation on the management and outcome of critically ill patients. Nursing in critical care, 2022, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Care Units; Midazolam; Prospective Stud	2022
Clinical and Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Midazolam on Morphine Therapy for Pain Relief in Critically Ill Ventilated Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Paediatric drugs, 2021, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn; I	2021
Predicting CYP3A-mediated midazolam metabolism in critically ill neonates, infants, children and adults with inflammation and organ failure. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2018, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Critical Illness; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Humans; Hypnotics and Se	2018
Incidence and risk factors for urinary retention in critically ill patients. Nursing in critical care, 2019, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Catheters, Indwelling; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Incidence; Intensi	2019
Midazolam Dose Optimization in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacogenomic Study. Critical care medicine, 2019, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Child; Critical Illness; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Mi	2019
Characterization of post-surgical critical patients with infections associated with healthcare after prolonged perfusion of remifentanil. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992), 2018, Volume: 64, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Local; APACHE; Critical Illness; Cross Infection; Deep Sedatio	2018
The anesthetic effects on vasopressor modulation of cerebral blood flow in an immature swine model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2013, Volume: 116, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2013
Pre- and post-intervention study to assess the impact of a sedation protocol in critically ill surgical patients. The Journal of surgical research, 2013, Volume: 184, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Benzodiazepines; Cohort Studies; Critical Care; Critica	2013
[Comparison of sedative effects of propofol and midazolam on emergency critical patients on mechanical ventilation]. Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue, 2013, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnoti	2013
Nurse to bed ratio and nutrition support in critically ill patients. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2013, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; APACHE; Comorbidity; Critical Illness; Energy Intake; Enteral Nutrition; F	2013
Correlation of patient-reported outcomes of sedation and sedation assessment scores in critically ill patients. Journal of critical care, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedative	2014
Emergency nurses practices in assessing and administering continuous intravenous sedation for critically ill adult patients: a retrospective record review'. International emergency nursing, 2015, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Conscious Sedation; Critical Il	2015
Current medication practice and tracheal intubation safety outcomes from a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Female; Fentanyl; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypno	2015
Patient-centered endpoints in trials of ICU sedation. Critical care (London, England), 2014, Sep-29, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Critical Illness; Humans; Midazolam; Propofol	2014
Pharmacologic recipes for tracheal intubation in the PICU: what's on the menu? Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Critical Illness; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Ketamine; Male; Midazolam; Ne	2015
Survival after long-term isoflurane sedation as opposed to intravenous sedation in critically ill surgical patients: Retrospective analysis. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Critical Illness;	2016
Survival after long-term isoflurane sedation as opposed to intravenous sedation in critically ill surgical patients: Retrospective analysis. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Critical Illness;	2016
Survival after long-term isoflurane sedation as opposed to intravenous sedation in critically ill surgical patients: Retrospective analysis. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Critical Illness;	2016
Survival after long-term isoflurane sedation as opposed to intravenous sedation in critically ill surgical patients: Retrospective analysis. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Critical Illness;	2016
Propofol, midazolam, vancomycin and cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits primed with whole human blood. Critical care (London, England), 2015, Feb-12, Volume: 19 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Blood; Critical Illness; Cyclosporine; Drug Monitoring; Extracorporeal Membra	2015
Renal Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Propofol or Midazolam. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2015, Nov-06, Volume: 10, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Female; Human	2015
Outcomes of Patients with Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Treated with High-Dose Sedatives and Deferred Intubation. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2016, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures; APACHE; Central Nervous System Depressants; Cohort Studies; Crit	2016
Prolonged propofol infusion for mechanically ventilated children. Anaesthesia, 2016, Volume: 71, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Infusi	2016
Semi-mechanistic autoinduction model of midazolam in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetic analysis. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2016, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bilirubin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liqui	2016
Composite auditory evoked potential index versus bispectral index to estimate the level of sedation in paralyzed critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Electroencephalography; Electromyography;	2008
Predictive factors of non invasive ventilation failure in critically ill children: a prospective epidemiological study. Intensive care medicine, 2009, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Asthma; Bronchiolitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical I	2009
Tracking rhythm in long-term EEG recordings using empirical mode calculation. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference, 2008, Volume: 2008 Topics: Algorithms; Brain; Critical Illness; Electroencephalography; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazo	2008
A new era for sedation in ICU patients. JAMA, 2009, Feb-04, Volume: 301, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; GABA Modulators; H	2009
Construction of the Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms-scale (SOS) for critically ill children. Intensive care medicine, 2009, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics, Opioid; Child; Child, Hospitalized; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnot	2009
Sedation versus no sedation in the intensive-care unit. Lancet (London, England), 2010, Apr-03, Volume: 375, Issue:9721 Topics: Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Care Units; Midazolam; Pain Measurement	2010
Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Critical care medicine, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Delirium;	2010
The effect of critical illness and inflammation on midazolam therapy in children. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Critical Illness; Cytokines	2012
All this confusion is killin' me. Critical care medicine, 2010, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Case-Control Studies; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine	2010
Diazepam as a component of goal-directed sedation in critically ill trauma patients. Journal of critical care, 2011, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; APACHE; Critical Illness; Diazepam; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hum	2011
Brainstem responses can predict death and delirium in sedated patients in intensive care unit. Critical care medicine, 2011, Volume: 39, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical	2011
Acute kidney injury reduces the hepatic metabolism of midazolam in critically ill patients. Intensive care medicine, 2012, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Critical Illness; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Genotype; H	2012
Altered drug metabolism in critically ill children: a significant source of adverse effects?. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Midazolam; Multiple Organ Failure	2012
Acupuncture sedation in an intensive therapy setting. Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2012, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Acupuncture Analgesia; Critical Illness; Electroacupuncture; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives	2012
Critical illness is a major determinant of midazolam clearance in children aged 1 month to 17 years. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2012, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Glucuronosyltransfera	2012
Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:6* Topics: Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Heart Di	2012
Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:6* Topics: Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Heart Di	2012
Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:6* Topics: Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Heart Di	2012
Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:6* Topics: Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Heart Di	2012
Factors predisposing to coma and delirium: fentanyl and midazolam exposure; CYP3A5, ABCB1, and ABCG2 genetic polymorphisms; and inflammatory factors. Critical care medicine, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member	2013
[Withdrawal syndrome in a critically ill child after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:7 Topics: Child; Critical Illness; Esophageal Stenosis; Esophagoplasty; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics an	2004
Practice of sedation and analgesia in German intensive care units: results of a national survey. Critical care (London, England), 2005, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Clonidine; Critical Illness; Data In	2005
A reversible generalized movement disorder in critically ill children with cancer. Neurocritical care, 2005, Volume: 3, Issue:2 Topics: Brain Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Dystonic Disorders; Fema	2005
Pharmacoeconomic modeling of lorazepam, midazolam, and propofol for continuous sedation in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Costs and Cost Analysis; Critical Illness; Decision Support Techniques; Economics, Pharmaceutical; H	2005
Validation of a behavioral pain scale in critically ill, sedated, and mechanically ventilated patients. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 101, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Pain Me	2005
Age is of influence on midazolam requirements in a paediatric intensive care unit. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2007, Volume: 96, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infa	2007
The effects of sedation on gastric emptying and intra-gastric meal distribution in critical illness. Intensive care medicine, 2008, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Body Mass Index; Critical Illness; Dietary Sucrose; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Food, Formulated; Gas	2008
A prospective study of the adverse effects of midazolam on withdrawal in critically ill children. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1994, Volume: 83, Issue:11 Topics: Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Hallucinations; Humans; Incidence; Infant	1994
Neonatal sedation: more art than science. Lancet (London, England), 1994, Sep-03, Volume: 344, Issue:8923 Topics: Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infus	1994
Population pharmacokinetics of midazolam in neonates. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1994, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Pt 1 Topics: Critical Illness; Half-Life; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Midazolam; Models,	1994
Flumazenil as a diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of coma in a critically ill patient. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Bacterial Infections; Coma; Critical Illness; Diagnosis, Differential; Diazepam; Flumazenil; H	1994
Do infusions of midazolam and propofol pose an infection risk to critically ill patients? British journal of anaesthesia, 1994, Volume: 72, Issue:4 Topics: Bacterial Infections; Critical Illness; Drug Contamination; Equipment Contamination; Humans; Infusio	1994
Midazolam pharmacokinetics. Critical care medicine, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:12 Topics: Critical Illness; Humans; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Midazolam; Tissue Distribution	1993
The effects of midazolam on the EEG during sedation of critically ill patients. Anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Hypnoti	1993
What changes drug metabolism in critically ill patients?--II Serum inhibits the metabolism of midazolam in human microsomes. Anaesthesia, 1996, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Critical Illness; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System;	1996
Co-sedation in the critically ill. Anaesthesia, 1995, Volume: 50, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Male; Midazolam; Middle	1995
Propofol versus midazolam in critically ill patients. Critical care medicine, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Neurologic Examina	1997
Propofol and midazolam for sedation of the critically ill. Critical care medicine, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Propofol	1997
Effects of intravenous anesthetics on bacterial elimination in human blood in vitro. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1998, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Bacteremia; Blood Bactericidal Activity;	1998
Use of continuous bispectral EEG monitoring to assess depth of sedation in ICU patients. Intensive care medicine, 1998, Volume: 24, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Mon	1998
A cost analysis of enterally administered lorazepam in the pediatric intensive care unit. Critical care medicine, 1999, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Critical Illness; Drug Costs; Female; Hospital Costs	1999
Sedation assessment in critically ill patients with bispectral index. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Body Temperature; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Hypnotics	2002
Pharmacokinetics of midazolam during continuous infusion in critically ill neonates. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1992, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Pressure; Critical Illness; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypotension; Infant, Newborn; Infusions, Intra	1992
The effects of acute changes in renal function on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam during long-term infusion in ICU patients. Acta anaesthesiologica Belgica, 1991, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Critical Illness; Female; Glucuronates; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; M	1991

midazolam and Critical Illness

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (134)

Authors

Clinical Trials (56)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average MINDS Score

Number of Ventilator Free Days After Randomization.

Resource Utilization Costs Associated With This Hospitalization Billed by Facility.

Resource Utilization Costs Associated With This Hospitalization Billed by Physicians.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Beck Anxiety Inventory

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Beck Depression Inventory.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the Mini Mental Exam.

Scores at Hospital Discharge on the PTSD Civilian Checklist

The Length in Days of the Hospital Stay

The Length of ICU Stay Defined as the Time Between Randomization and ICU Transfer Orders.

The Number of CAM-ICU Negative Days After Randomization.

Hospital Length of Stay

In Hospital Mortality

Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay

Number of Days Alive During Admission and Free From Delirium or Coma

Number of Days From Decision to Extubate to True Extubation

Number of Participants Requiring Reintubation

Number of Participants With Bradycardia

Number of Participants With Delirium

Number of Participants With Increased Vasopressor Requirement

Number of Ventilator Days

Pain Management

Percentage of Time at Goal Sedation

Time From Withdrawal of Sedation to ICU Discharge

Event of Hypoxia

Number of Intervention

Duration of Mechanical Ventilation Days

Hospital Length of Stay

PICU Length of Stay

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

Article	Year
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review. BMJ paediatrics open, 2022, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Critical Illness; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Midazolam; M	2022
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of sedoanalgesia and delirium in critically ill adult patients. Medicina intensiva, 2020, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Deliriu	2020
Ketamine sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of critical care, 2020, Volume: 56 Topics: Anesthesia; Critical Illness; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketamine; Midazolam; Observ	2020
Altered Pharmacokinetics in Prolonged Infusions of Sedatives and Analgesics Among Adult Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review. Clinical therapeutics, 2018, Volume: 40, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Inf	2018
Inter-individual variation in midazolam clearance in children. Archives of disease in childhood, 2015, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Metab	2015
Alpha-2 agonists for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Bradycardia; Clonidine; Conscious Sedation; Critical Il	2015
Alpha-2 agonists for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Bradycardia; Clonidine; Conscious Sedation; Critical Il	2015
Alpha-2 agonists for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Bradycardia; Clonidine; Conscious Sedation; Critical Il	2015
Alpha-2 agonists for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Bradycardia; Clonidine; Conscious Sedation; Critical Il	2015
Alpha-2 agonists for sedation of mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care units: a systematic review. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2016, Volume: 20, Issue:25 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomi	2016
Optimizing sedation in patients with acute brain injury. Critical care (London, England), 2016, May-05, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia; Brain Injuries; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Deep Sedation; Humans; Hypnotics and Sed	2016
Using drug probes to monitor hepatic drug metabolism in critically ill patients: midazolam, a flawed but useful tool for clinical investigation of CYP3A activity? Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2010, Volume: 6, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Critical Illness; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Humans; Liver; Midazolam	2010
Analgesia and sedation in critically ill patients. Swiss medical weekly, 2004, Jun-12, Volume: 134, Issue:23-24 Topics: Algorithms; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midaz	2004
A lack of evidence of superiority of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2001, Volume: 92, Issue:4 Topics: Critical Care; Critical Illness; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Propofol; Randomized Co	2001
Sedation in critically ill patients: a review. Medicine and health, Rhode Island, 2001, Volume: 84, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Analgesics; Critical Illness; Electroencephalography; Humans; Hypnotics an	2001