midazolam and Anesthesia studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Differences between the effects of intravenous sedation with midazolam (MID) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the cerebral function of elderly patients with severe dementia are unclear."	9.51	Comparison of intravenous sedation using midazolam versus dexmedetomidine in elderly patients with dementia: a randomized cross-over trial. ( Hara, K; Hayashi, M; Ishii, H; Mikuzuki, L; Morimoto, Y; Nishizaki, H; Yao, Y, 2022)
"To determine the dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≥III dogs requiring emergency abdominal surgery."	9.34	Dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in critically ill dogs. ( Aguilera, R; Bateman, S; Hanna, B; Sinclair, M; Valverde, A, 2020)
"To compare IV doses of alfaxalone and ketamine needed to facilitate orotracheal intubation and assess effects of each treatment on selected physiologic variables in goats undergoing orthopedic surgery with isoflurane anesthesia."	9.30	Comparison of intravenous anesthetic induction doses and physiologic effects of ketamine or alfaxalone in goats undergoing surgery with isoflurane anesthesia. ( Bisazza, KT; Easley, JT; Hess, AM; Lebsock, KJ; Mama, KR; Mangin, LM; Oakleaf, MH, 2019)
"We evaluated the efficacy and gastroenterologist/patient satisfaction of midazolam combined with oxycodone, relative to that of midazolam combined with sufentanil, for anesthesia during endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices."	9.27	Analgesic Effects of Oxycodone Relative to Those of Sufentanil, in the Presence of Midazolam, During Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Patients With Cirrhosis and Esophageal Varices. ( Chi, P; He, H; Luo, C; Quan, Z; Wang, L, 2018)
"Premedication with 2 mg of IV midazolam reduces pain of NGT insertion in ED patients without the need for full procedural sedation."	9.22	Does Routine Midazolam Administration Prior to Nasogastric Tube Insertion in the Emergency Department Decrease Patients' Pain? (A Pilot Study). ( Buinewicz, JD; Freeman, K; Gutierrez, K; Manning, CT; O'Keefe, MF; Sewatsky, TP; Zgonis, E, 2016)
"To evaluate the effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on children who undergoing inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane."	9.22	[Effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane of pediatric patients]. ( Wang, R; Wang, WH, 2016)
" The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine (DK) versus dexmedetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (DMF) combination on the quality of sedation/analgesia and recovery profiles for monitored anesthesia care (MAC)."	9.22	Dexmedetomidine-ketamine versus Dexmedetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl for monitored anesthesia care during chemoport insertion: a Prospective Randomized Study. ( Baik, HJ; Chun, EH; Chung, RK; Han, JI; Han, MJ; Kim, JH; Lee, HJ; Park, HS, 2016)
" Midazolam, S+ ketamine, placebo, or clonidine was used for the anesthesia."	9.19	Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT. ( Pretto, G; Silva, E; Westphal, GA, 2014)
"To compare the effects of intranasal midazolam versus different doses of intranasal ketamine on reducing preoperative pediatric anxiety."	9.16	Comparison of the effects of intranasal midazolam versus different doses of intranasal ketamine on reducing preoperative pediatric anxiety: a prospective randomized clinical trial. ( Adeli, N; Hosseini Jahromi, SA; Hosseini Valami, SM; Yazdi, Z, 2012)
"One hundred and twenty children, 1-9 years old, undergoing elective strabismus surgery, were randomly assigned to receive sevoflurane or remifentanil."	9.13	Effect of remifentanil on oculocardiac reflex in paediatric strabismus surgery. ( Choi, SR; Chung, CJ; Lee, JH; Lee, JM; Lee, SC, 2008)
"Forty ASA 1 or 2 children, 1-10 yr of age, were randomized to receive either dexmedetomidine-midazolam or propofol for maintenance of anesthesia for MRI after a sevoflurane induction."	9.13	A comparison of dexmedetomidine-midazolam with propofol for maintenance of anesthesia in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. ( Burrows, F; Heard, C; Houck, J; Johnson, K; Joshi, P; Lerman, J, 2008)
" This study conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on anesthesia induction in patients undergoing laryngeal mask intubation (LMI)."	9.12	The anesthesia induction effect of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing laryngeal mask intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 RCTs. ( Ju, Q; Lv, P; Sun, W; Xiao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)
"To assess whether intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion affects analgesic requirements during monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for shockwave lithotripsy (SWL)."	9.12	Use of the NMDA antagonist magnesium sulfate during monitored anesthesia care for shockwave lithotripsy. ( Apan, A; Basar, H; Batislam, E; Kaymak, C; Ozcakir, S; Yilmaz, E, 2007)
" Anesthesia was induced with alfentanil (50 micrograms/kg), midazolam (0."	9.08	Propofol has no direct effect on sinoatrial node function or on normal atrioventricular and accessory pathway conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during alfentanil/midazolam anesthesia. ( Dobkowski, WB; Klein, G; Murkin, JM; Sharpe, MD; Yee, R, 1995)
"This study was designed to define the appropriate dose of remifentanil hydrochloride alone or combined with midazolam to provide satisfactory comfort and maintain adequate respiration for a monitored anesthesia care setting."	9.08	Remifentanil versus remifentanil/midazolam for ambulatory surgery during monitored anesthesia care. ( Chung, F; Clarke, MY; Gold, MI; Jamerson, BD; Maurer, W; Sung, YF; Uy, NT; Watkins, WD; Yarmush, J, 1997)
" This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was designed to compare the perioperative metabolic, hemodynamic, and sympathoadrenal responses to IM clonidine (2 micrograms/kg) and midazolam (70 micrograms/kg) premedication during ketamine anesthesia."	9.08	The effect of clonidine or midazolam premedication on perioperative responses during ketamine anesthesia. ( Aantaa, R; Kanto, JH; Kirvelä, OA; Taittonen, MT, 1998)
"5 mg oral dose of midazolam 45 min prior to the induction of anesthesia."	9.06	[The effectiveness of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 after the induction of anesthesia with midazolam]. ( Kretz, FJ; Peisdersky, B, 1988)
"The rectal administration of midazolam for premedication of children before induction of anesthesia by mask was investigated in two clinical studies."	9.06	[Better acceptance of measures for induction of anesthesia after rectal premedication with midazolam in children. Comparison of results of an open and placebo-controlled study]. ( de Lauture, D; Estève, C; Gaudiche, O; Hetzel, W; Holzer, J; Saint-Maurice, C, 1987)
"The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation (EA) and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia and its pharmacological mechanisms."	8.91	Meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia: different administration and different dosage. ( Niu, K; Wang, G; Wang, H; Zhu, A; Zhu, M, 2015)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials that observed the effect of midazolam and clonidine on preventing EA in children after their emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia."	8.89	Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, D, 2013)
" In this study, commercially acquired wildtype C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N mice from two different sources were analyzed and compared for their response to a spectrum of anesthetics (midazolam, propofol, esketamine or isoflurane anesthesia) and their performance in a series of behavioral tests associated with neurological functions including open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), Y maze, prepulse inhibition (PPI), tail strain test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST)."	8.31	C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice exhibit different neuro-behaviors and sensitivity to midazolam- and propofol-induced anesthesia. ( Chen, Y; Jiang, H; Ma, X; Peng, J; Yan, J, 2023)
" We hypothesized that AM would provide an adequate duration of anesthesia, achieve and maintain steady state minute volume (SSMV) for 20 min, and have anesthetic quality and side effects comparable to or better than either tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and ketamine-acepromazine (KA), the most common anesthetics used for this purpose currently."	8.12	Comparison of Alfaxalone-Midazolam, Tiletamine-Zolazepam, and KetamineAcepromazine Anesthesia during Plethysmography in Cynomolgus Macaques ( ( Astleford, SM; Bowling, PA; Casselman, AM; Dixon, BC; Ghering, JM; Marion, BM; White, CE, 2022)
"Our findings indicate the advantages of sedation with fentanyl and midazolam without oropharyngeal anesthesia for ultrathin bronchoscopy through nasal intubation."	8.02	Sedation with fentanyl and midazolam without oropharyngeal anesthesia compared with sedation with pethidine and midazolam with oropharyngeal anesthesia in ultrathin bronchoscopy for peripheral lung lesions. ( Chiba, H; Kamada, K; Mori, Y; Nakata, H; Sawai, T; Shijubou, N; Sumi, T; Yamada, Y, 2021)
" Recovery from anesthesia and the respiratory changes after atipamezole injection at 30 min after MMB injection was also examined."	7.96	Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function. ( Kamio, K; Kashimoto, J; Shibuta, H; Suda, A; Yamana, R, 2020)
"To evaluate selected effects of midazolam or lidocaine administered prior to etomidate for co-induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs."	7.96	The effect of midazolam or lidocaine administration prior to etomidate induction of anesthesia on heart rate, arterial pressure, intraocular pressure and serum cortisol concentration in healthy dogs. ( Ambrisko, TD; Carroll, MQ; Keating, SC; Martins, B; Oba, PM; Sage, AM; Somrak, A; Swanson, KS, 2020)
" In this study, we examined the effects of this mixture on anesthesia and blood biochemical parameters, and the action of atipamezole, a medetomidine antagonist, in hamsters."	7.85	Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters. ( Dantsuka, A; Elewa, YHA; Hattori, H; Ichii, O; Karakida, N; Kon, Y; Nagasaki, KI; Nakamura, T; Yoshiyasu, T, 2017)
" Two common means of anesthesia before euthanasia and bronchoalveolar lavage in rats are intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital and inhalation of isoflurane."	7.83	Effects of pentobarbital, isoflurane, or medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol anesthesia on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood chemistry in rats. ( Ajimi, S; Hashizume, N; Imatanaka, N; Kobayashi, T; Nakai, M; Oshima, Y; Tsubokura, Y, 2016)
"Abstract The use of midazolam as a tranquilizer for anesthesia in mustelids in conjunction with the cyclohexamine ketamine is not well documented."	7.81	Ketamine and midazolam anesthesia in Pacific martens (Martes caurina). ( Moriarty, KM; Mortenson, JA, 2015)
"We present a case of diltiazem intoxication resulting in repeated asystole after the induction of anesthesia."	7.78	[Suspected diltiazem intoxication resulting in repeated asystole after the induction of anesthesia]. ( Hara, T; Harioka, T; Ishiyama, T; Kimura, Y; Matsukawa, T; Nakasato, A; Okamura, M, 2012)
"We investigated the effects of anesthesia with ketamine and midazolam on focal cerebral ischemia injury, and evaluated the neuroprotective properties of this combination during surgical procedures."	7.73	[Effects of ketamine and midazolam combination anesthesia on focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats]. ( Chen, XL; Li, J; Liu, JX; Liu, Y; Sun, JJ; Tian, YF; Zhang, PB, 2005)
" Comaintenance of anesthesia was accomplished using a stepped-down infusion of propofol with midazolam."	7.71	The immediate postoperative adjustment of sutures in strabismus surgery with comaintenance of anesthesia using propofol and midazolam. ( Cogen, MS; Guthrie, ME; Vinik, HR, 2002)
"In this study, anesthesia levels obtained with tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and ketamine-midazolam (KM) with or without xylazine (X) were compared in rabbits."	7.71	[Anesthesia of the New Zealand rabbit using the the combination of tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-midazolam with or without xylazine]. ( Blais, D; Cuvelliez, S; Dupras, J; Vachon, P, 2001)
"To evaluate the prospective predictive accuracy and the quality of anesthesia of pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of sufentanil and midazolam designed to establish and maintain a plasma level of drug during cardiac surgery."	7.70	Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of sufentanil and midazolam during cardiac surgery: assessment of the prospective predictive accuracy and the quality of anesthesia. ( Barvais, L; Cantraine, F; Coussaert, E; d'Hollander, A; Heitz, D; Maes, V; Schmartz, D, 2000)
" This report presents a series of 11 consecutive cases documenting the use of ketamine anesthesia in a remote hospital at an altitude of 3,900 m, by primary-care physicians without specialist training in anesthesia."	7.70	Ketamine anesthesia at high altitude. ( Bishop, RA; Litch, JA; Stanton, JM, 2000)
"To evaluate the efficacy of nasally administered midazolam for sedation before anesthesia in pediatric patients, the authors studied 45 ASA PS 1 or 2 patients (aged 9 months-6 years) scheduled for elective surgery."	7.69	[Intranasal midazolam for sedation before anesthesia in pediatric patients]. ( Higa, M; Otsuka, Y; Terada, T; Yusa, T, 1994)
"Our results with the combination anesthetic technique of midazolam-alfentanil during elective outpatient extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on the Dornier HM3 (N = 79) were compared with those of epidural anesthesia in the same setting (N = 81)."	7.68	Use of alfentanil sedation anesthesia with the Dornier HM3 lithotripter. ( Howe, DC; Jackson, TL; Johnson, DL; Morrisseau, PM; Schow, DA; Trotter, SJ, 1993)
") for induction of anesthesia after previous sedation with xylazine (1."	7.68	[Anesthesia by injection of xylazine, ketamine and the benzodiazepine derivative climazolam and the use of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-3505]. ( Kaegi, B, 1990)
"Intravenous midazolam was tried as a hypnotic agent for induction of anesthesia in 63 surgical patients."	7.67	Clinical assessment of midazolam for induction of anesthesia. ( Camu, F; Rucquoi, M; Van de Velde, A, 1984)
" Secondary endpoints included the total dosage of anesthetics and total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustments."	7.01	Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care: A randomized controlled study. ( Chan, SM; Huang, RC; Huang, YH; Lai, HC; Lin, BF; Tsai, YT; Wu, KL; Wu, ZF, 2021)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	6.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
" The control group and the test groups were comparable with regard to biological data, duration of operation, applied dosage of local anaesthetics and actual anxiety before operation."	6.68	[Analgesia-sedation for maxillo-facial surgery with midazolam-pentazocine and miazolam-ketamine. Clinical double-blind study of anxiety, analgesia, sedation and amnesia]. ( Daubländer, M; Dick, W; Lipp, M; Sebastian, M, 1995)
"Midazolam has not yet been investigated for its possible properties as a histamine releaser."	6.66	[The plasma histamine level during anesthesia induction using midazolam]. ( Asskali, F; Behne, M; Janshon, G; Lischke, V, 1989)
"Midazolam is a good premedicant for general or regional anesthesia."	6.37	Use of midazolam hydrochloride in anesthesia. ( Khanderia, U; Pandit, SK, 1987)
"5 mg·kg -1 midazolam oral liquid for the treatment of dental caries was 1."	5.69	Intranasal esketamine combined with oral midazolam provides adequate sedation for outpatient pediatric dental procedures: a prospective cohort study. ( Chen, S; Chen, Z; Liao, J; Ran, H; Wang, J; Yu, C; Zeng, J; Zhao, N, 2023)
"The effectiveness and side effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in combination with midazolam and propofol have not been comparatively studied in a single clinical trial as sedative agents to general anesthesia before."	5.51	Comparison of Intra and Post-operative Sedation Efficacy of Dexmedetomidinemidazolam and Dexmedetomidine-propofol for Major Abdominal Surgery. ( Gao, Y; Yan, F, 2022)
"Differences between the effects of intravenous sedation with midazolam (MID) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the cerebral function of elderly patients with severe dementia are unclear."	5.51	Comparison of intravenous sedation using midazolam versus dexmedetomidine in elderly patients with dementia: a randomized cross-over trial. ( Hara, K; Hayashi, M; Ishii, H; Mikuzuki, L; Morimoto, Y; Nishizaki, H; Yao, Y, 2022)
"Isoflurane was also included in stress parameter analysis."	5.43	Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. ( Hamann, M; Hüske, C; Kershaw, O; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2016)
" Medetomidine at a dosage of 0."	5.42	Comparison of medetomidine, thiopental and ketamine/midazolam anesthesia in chick embryos for in ovo Magnetic Resonance Imaging free of motion artifacts. ( Buschmann, J; Nicholls, F; Waschkies, C, 2015)
" We compared preanesthetic administration of midazolam to a psychological strategy of walking the children through the operating room and playfully demonstrating anesthesia equipment."	5.34	Psychology versus medication for preanesthesia preparation of children: a randomized controlled trial. ( Kimberger, O; Marhofer, D; Marhofer, P; Ohmann, S; Schmid, W; Triffterer, L, 2020)
"To determine the dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≥III dogs requiring emergency abdominal surgery."	5.34	Dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in critically ill dogs. ( Aguilera, R; Bateman, S; Hanna, B; Sinclair, M; Valverde, A, 2020)
"To compare IV doses of alfaxalone and ketamine needed to facilitate orotracheal intubation and assess effects of each treatment on selected physiologic variables in goats undergoing orthopedic surgery with isoflurane anesthesia."	5.30	Comparison of intravenous anesthetic induction doses and physiologic effects of ketamine or alfaxalone in goats undergoing surgery with isoflurane anesthesia. ( Bisazza, KT; Easley, JT; Hess, AM; Lebsock, KJ; Mama, KR; Mangin, LM; Oakleaf, MH, 2019)
"We evaluated the efficacy and gastroenterologist/patient satisfaction of midazolam combined with oxycodone, relative to that of midazolam combined with sufentanil, for anesthesia during endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices."	5.27	Analgesic Effects of Oxycodone Relative to Those of Sufentanil, in the Presence of Midazolam, During Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Patients With Cirrhosis and Esophageal Varices. ( Chi, P; He, H; Luo, C; Quan, Z; Wang, L, 2018)
" Using the two-compartment model we estimated distribution half-life (t1/2a), elimination half-life (t1/2el), clearance (Cl), and volumes of distribution (Vz = volume in elimination phase)."	5.27	[The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in various kinds of anesthesia]. ( Asskali, F; Behne, M; Förster, H; Kessler, P; Seiz, W; Zobel, R, 1987)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with propofol compared with nonpropofol (fentanyl/midazolam) anesthesia for outpatient colonoscopies."	5.24	Patient Satisfaction With Propofol for Outpatient Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study. ( Frangopoulos, C; Padmanabhan, A; Shaffer, LET, 2017)
"Premedication with 2 mg of IV midazolam reduces pain of NGT insertion in ED patients without the need for full procedural sedation."	5.22	Does Routine Midazolam Administration Prior to Nasogastric Tube Insertion in the Emergency Department Decrease Patients' Pain? (A Pilot Study). ( Buinewicz, JD; Freeman, K; Gutierrez, K; Manning, CT; O'Keefe, MF; Sewatsky, TP; Zgonis, E, 2016)
"Intranasal dexmedetomidine is an alternative anxiolytic medication to intranasal midazolam for pediatric laceration repairs, performing similarly in our study, except that patients who received dexmedetomidine had less anxiety at the time of positioning for procedure."	5.22	Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. ( Hayes, KR; Ivan, Y; McDowell, ER; Neville, DN; Pitetti, RD, 2016)
"To evaluate the effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on children who undergoing inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane."	5.22	[Effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane of pediatric patients]. ( Wang, R; Wang, WH, 2016)
"Sublingual dexmedetomidine provides more effective preoperative sedation as compared to sublingual midazolam across all the age groups and allows a smooth anesthesia induction and awakening especially in the preschool children."	5.19	Comparison of sublingual midazolam and dexmedetomidine for premedication in children. ( Pant, D; Sethi, N; Sood, J, 2014)
" Midazolam, S+ ketamine, placebo, or clonidine was used for the anesthesia."	5.19	Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT. ( Pretto, G; Silva, E; Westphal, GA, 2014)
"To compare the effects of intranasal midazolam versus different doses of intranasal ketamine on reducing preoperative pediatric anxiety."	5.16	Comparison of the effects of intranasal midazolam versus different doses of intranasal ketamine on reducing preoperative pediatric anxiety: a prospective randomized clinical trial. ( Adeli, N; Hosseini Jahromi, SA; Hosseini Valami, SM; Yazdi, Z, 2012)
"To determine if specially trained professional clowns allayed preoperative anxiety and resulted in a smooth anesthetic induction compared to the use of midazolam or no intervention."	5.14	Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. ( Dobija, N; Golan, G; Keidan, I; Perel, A; Tighe, P, 2009)
"15 patients scheduled for robotic laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RLRC) were randomly allocated into two groups to be anesthetized by either isoflurane anesthesia (ISO n = 8) or ketamine-midazolam-fentanyl total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA n = 7)."	5.14	Robotic laparoscopic radical cystectomy inhalational versus total intravenous anesthesia: a pilot study. ( Atallah, MM; Othman, MM, 2009)
"Propofol or remifentanil anesthesia was associated with a higher incidence of OCR during pediatric strabismus surgery than sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia, when either ketamine or midazolam was used as an induction agent."	5.14	Effect of different anesthetic agents on oculocardiac reflex in pediatric strabismus surgery. ( Choi, SR; Chung, CJ; Lee, JH; Lee, SC; Park, SW, 2009)
"In 139 patients anxiety, sedation and adverse effects were measured at 6 consecutive perioperative time points after administration of midazolam, clonidine or a placebo."	5.14	[Quality of premedication and patient satisfaction after premedication with midazolam, clonidine or placebo : Randomized double-blind study with age-adjusted dosage]. ( Ivleva-Sauerborn, A; Seifert, B; Spahn, DR; Zalunardo, MP, 2010)
"To examine the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) as a primary sedative during vascular procedures performed under monitored anesthesia care (MAC)."	5.14	A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for sedation during vascular procedures. ( Adelman, M; Bekker, A; Huncke, TK; Jacobowitz, G; Maldonado, T, 2010)
"PPIA+clown intervention is more effective in reducing anxiety in children during the preoperative period than PPIA alone or PPIA+oral midazolam."	5.14	Parental presence, clowns or sedative premedication to treat preoperative anxiety in children: what could be the most promising option? ( Caprilli, S; Messeri, A; Vagnoli, L, 2010)
"One hundred and twenty children, 1-9 years old, undergoing elective strabismus surgery, were randomly assigned to receive sevoflurane or remifentanil."	5.13	Effect of remifentanil on oculocardiac reflex in paediatric strabismus surgery. ( Choi, SR; Chung, CJ; Lee, JH; Lee, JM; Lee, SC, 2008)
" This study conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on anesthesia induction in patients undergoing laryngeal mask intubation (LMI)."	5.12	The anesthesia induction effect of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing laryngeal mask intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 RCTs. ( Ju, Q; Lv, P; Sun, W; Xiao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)
"To investigate the effects of midazolam on emotional reactivity during induction of anesthesia in a pediatric day surgery setting."	5.12	High levels of impulsivity may contraindicate midazolam premedication in children. ( Buffett-Jerrott, S; Finley, GA; Millington, D; Stewart, SH; Wright, KD, 2006)
"To assess whether intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion affects analgesic requirements during monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for shockwave lithotripsy (SWL)."	5.12	Use of the NMDA antagonist magnesium sulfate during monitored anesthesia care for shockwave lithotripsy. ( Apan, A; Basar, H; Batislam, E; Kaymak, C; Ozcakir, S; Yilmaz, E, 2007)
"We tested the hypothesis that diprivan/ketamine (D/K) anesthesia would offer advantages compared to midazolam/ketamine (M/K) in patients undergoing minor gynecological surgery."	5.12	[Diprivan versus midazolam in combined anaesthesia with ketamin for minor gynecological surgery]. ( Partenov, P; Popov, I; Tablov, B; Tablov, V; Tsafarov, M, 2007)
" Although the visual analog scale, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety test did not show statistically significant differences, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Anxiety score was found to be lower in the music group (group 2) than in the midazolam group (group 1)."	5.10	Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. ( Basar, H; Basar, M; Batislam, E; Ferhat, M; Ozcan, S; Yilmaz, E, 2003)
" For induction of anesthesia, patients of the COM-group received 0,05 mg/kg BW midazolam und 1,0 mg/kg BW propofol, and anesthesia was maintained with 0,05 mg/kg BW/h midazolam (until 15 - 30 min before the end of the operation) together with propofol in decreasing doses of 10 - 5 - 2 mg/kg BW/h."	5.10	[Co-maintenance with propofol and midazolam: sympathoadrenergic reactions, hemodynamic effects, stress response, EEG and recovery]. ( Adams, HA; Bornscheuer, A; Hecker, H; Hermsen, M; Kirchhoff, K, 2002)
"5 mg/kg oral midazolam has no additive effects in terms of reducing a child's anxiety."	5.09	Parental presence and a sedative premedicant for children undergoing surgery: a hierarchical study. ( Caramico, LA; Hofstadter, MB; Kain, ZN; Krivutza, DM; Mayes, LC; Wang, SM, 2000)
" Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0."	5.08	Study of the optimal duration of preoxygenation in children. ( An, G; Deng, XM; Tong, SY; Wang, XL; Xue, FS, 1995)
" Anesthesia was induced with alfentanil (50 micrograms/kg), midazolam (0."	5.08	Propofol has no direct effect on sinoatrial node function or on normal atrioventricular and accessory pathway conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during alfentanil/midazolam anesthesia. ( Dobkowski, WB; Klein, G; Murkin, JM; Sharpe, MD; Yee, R, 1995)
"This study was designed to define the appropriate dose of remifentanil hydrochloride alone or combined with midazolam to provide satisfactory comfort and maintain adequate respiration for a monitored anesthesia care setting."	5.08	Remifentanil versus remifentanil/midazolam for ambulatory surgery during monitored anesthesia care. ( Chung, F; Clarke, MY; Gold, MI; Jamerson, BD; Maurer, W; Sung, YF; Uy, NT; Watkins, WD; Yarmush, J, 1997)
"Both midazolam and parental presence during induction of anesthesia are routinely used to treat preoperative anxiety in children."	5.08	Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? ( Caramico, LA; Hofstadter, MB; Kain, ZN; Mayes, LC; Wang, SM, 1998)
"5 mg oral dose of midazolam 45 min prior to the induction of anesthesia."	5.06	[The effectiveness of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 after the induction of anesthesia with midazolam]. ( Kretz, FJ; Peisdersky, B, 1988)
"Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine whose quick onset after intravenous injection, short duration of action, absence of venous irritation, and mild cardiovascular and respiratory effects suggest its use for induction of anesthesia."	5.05	Comparative renal effects of midazolam and thiopental in humans. ( Bonventre, JV; Cote, ME; Daniels, AL; Lebowitz, PW, 1983)
"The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation (EA) and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia and its pharmacological mechanisms."	4.91	Meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia: different administration and different dosage. ( Niu, K; Wang, G; Wang, H; Zhu, A; Zhu, M, 2015)
"A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify clinical trials that observed the effect of midazolam and clonidine on preventing EA in children after their emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia."	4.89	Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Wang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, D, 2013)
" Of the 10 studies that evaluated parents' anxiety, most did not find parental presence to be more effective than no parental presence, midazolam, or parental presence plus midazolam."	4.85	An evidence-based review of parental presence during anesthesia induction and parent/child anxiety. ( Chundamala, J; Kemp, SM; Wright, JG, 2009)
" Midazolam does not induce anesthesia in healthy, small animals and, as such, can only be used in combination with other injectable agents, such as ketamine or the thiobarbiturates."	4.78	Other potentially useful new injectable anesthetic agents. ( Ilkiw, JE, 1992)
" In this study, commercially acquired wildtype C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N mice from two different sources were analyzed and compared for their response to a spectrum of anesthetics (midazolam, propofol, esketamine or isoflurane anesthesia) and their performance in a series of behavioral tests associated with neurological functions including open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), Y maze, prepulse inhibition (PPI), tail strain test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST)."	4.31	C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice exhibit different neuro-behaviors and sensitivity to midazolam- and propofol-induced anesthesia. ( Chen, Y; Jiang, H; Ma, X; Peng, J; Yan, J, 2023)
"Based on the findings from this cohort, high preinduction anxiety does not appear to be associated with NBCs postoperatively in children premedicated with clonidine or midazolam."	4.31	Preoperative anxiety level is not associated with postoperative negative behavioral changes in premedicated children. ( Brorsson, C; Haney, M; Hultin, M; Johansson, G; Winsö, O; Zickerman, C, 2023)
" All patients received local pharyngeal anesthesia and low doses of midazolam combined with verbal sedation."	4.31	Efficacy of Low Doses of Midazolam in Combination with Verbal Sedation during Transesophageal Echocardiography. ( Haitov, Z; Leitman, M; Pilcha, I; Tyomkin, V, 2023)
" GI proceduralist supervised, Nurse Administered Sedation with fentanyl, midazolam, and diphenhydramine (NAS) sedation was transitioned to Monitored Anesthesia Care with propofol under physician anesthesiologist supervision (MAC)."	4.31	Operational outcomes of propofol sedation versus fentanyl, midazolam and diphenhydramine sedation for endoscopies and colonoscopies at an academic medical center. ( Edmundowicz, SA; Faruki, AA; Hardesty, TD; Lemley, MG; Mariotti, AL; Pattee, J; Rist, SD; Sharma, SM; Weitzel, N, 2023)
" There was no demonstrable difference in post-induction hypotension between ketamine-based and midazolam-based PHEA."	4.12	Cardiovascular complications of prehospital emergency anaesthesia in patients with return of spontaneous circulation following medical cardiac arrest: a retrospective comparison of ketamine-based and midazolam-based induction protocols. ( Keeliher, C; Khan-Cheema, H; King, C; Lewinsohn, A; McLachlan, S; Sherren, P; Sherrin, J, 2022)
" Given the higher cost of anesthesia-administered propofol, endoscopists should reinstate EDBPS by revising institutional sedation policies."	4.12	Safety Profile of Endoscopist-directed Balanced Propofol Sedation for Procedural Sedation: An Experience at a Hospital-based Endoscopy Unit. ( Fatima, H; Imperiale, T, 2022)
" We hypothesized that AM would provide an adequate duration of anesthesia, achieve and maintain steady state minute volume (SSMV) for 20 min, and have anesthetic quality and side effects comparable to or better than either tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and ketamine-acepromazine (KA), the most common anesthetics used for this purpose currently."	4.12	Comparison of Alfaxalone-Midazolam, Tiletamine-Zolazepam, and KetamineAcepromazine Anesthesia during Plethysmography in Cynomolgus Macaques ( ( Astleford, SM; Bowling, PA; Casselman, AM; Dixon, BC; Ghering, JM; Marion, BM; White, CE, 2022)
" This prospective observational study included 638 pediatric American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients who underwent ambulatory pediatric surgery, grouped into four preoperative preparation groups: NADA (not premedicated), MDZ (premedicated with midazolam), PPIA (parental presence during induction of anesthesia), and PPIA + MDZ."	4.12	Parental Presence during Induction of Anesthesia Improves Compliance of the Child and Reduces Emergence Delirium. ( Alonso Calderón, J; Gajate Martin, L; Gil Mayo, D; Gomez Rojo, M; Hernández Oliveros, F; Sanabria Carretero, P, 2022)
"Our findings indicate the advantages of sedation with fentanyl and midazolam without oropharyngeal anesthesia for ultrathin bronchoscopy through nasal intubation."	4.02	Sedation with fentanyl and midazolam without oropharyngeal anesthesia compared with sedation with pethidine and midazolam with oropharyngeal anesthesia in ultrathin bronchoscopy for peripheral lung lesions. ( Chiba, H; Kamada, K; Mori, Y; Nakata, H; Sawai, T; Shijubou, N; Sumi, T; Yamada, Y, 2021)
"To evaluate the overall perioperative times among pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy (AT) who, in the perioperative period, received either parental presence at induction of anesthesia (PPIA), midazolam, both, or neither."	4.02	Effects of parental presence during induction of anesthesia on operative and perioperative times in pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy. ( Clemmens, C; Downs, JB; Heine, C; Levy, DA; Moseley, SL; Nguyen, SA; Pecha, PP; Stone, D; Valente, T, 2021)
" Recovery from anesthesia and the respiratory changes after atipamezole injection at 30 min after MMB injection was also examined."	3.96	Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function. ( Kamio, K; Kashimoto, J; Shibuta, H; Suda, A; Yamana, R, 2020)
" Chlorpromazine and brotizolam delayed recovery from both types of anesthesia, whereas the melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon had no effect."	3.96	A simple method using anesthetics to test effects of sleep-inducing substances in mice. ( Iba, Y; Kimura, T; Murai, H; Suzuki, H; Tanji, H, 2020)
"This report describes weekly repeated anesthesia in a 7-yr-old, 1,030 kg, female Eastern black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis michaeli), that was immobilized six times using a combination of 2 mg etorphine (0."	3.88	REPEATED ANESTHESIA IN A BLACK RHINOCEROS ( DICEROS BICORNIS) TO MANAGE UPPER RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION. ( Adkesson, MJ; Aitken-Palmer, C; Bailey, RS; Chinnadurai, CK; Langan, JN; Mora, IM; Tang, KN, 2018)
" Following premedication with intramuscular midazolam and butorphanol, anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane by intubation."	3.85	ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF AN INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS ADUNCUS) REQUIRING SURGICAL DEBRIDEMENT OF A TAIL ABSCESS. ( Endo, Y; Izumisawa, Y; Koga, H; Tamura, J; Ueda, K; Yamashita, K; Yanagisawa, M, 2017)
" In this study, we examined the effects of this mixture on anesthesia and blood biochemical parameters, and the action of atipamezole, a medetomidine antagonist, in hamsters."	3.85	Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters. ( Dantsuka, A; Elewa, YHA; Hattori, H; Ichii, O; Karakida, N; Kon, Y; Nagasaki, KI; Nakamura, T; Yoshiyasu, T, 2017)
" In the first operation, in which anesthesia induction was applied with ketamine and midazolam, extremity movements with surgical stimuli were seen."	3.85	Anesthesia Procedure for Congenital Insensitivity to Pain in a Child with Anhidrosis Syndrome: A Rare Case. ( Arslan, M; Balaban, A; Duman, Y; Gisi, G; Oksuz, G; Oksuz, H; Urfalioglu, A; Yildiz, H, 2017)
"Older age, higher SOFA score, regular smoking, and higher maintenance dose of midazolam and fentanyl when patients met sequential criteria were independent risk factors of delirium in sequential sedation patients."	3.85	Risk Factors of Delirium in Sequential Sedation Patients in Intensive Care Units. ( Kang, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, P; Wang, Z; Xu, B; Yang, J; Zhou, Y, 2017)
" The primary objective of the current study was to assess differences in blood pressure and heart rate before and after induction of anesthesia between patients on chronic amphetamine or methylphenidate therapy who receive their normal dose preoperatively compared to patients in whom the prescribed medication was withheld."	3.85	Hemodynamic profile and behavioral characteristics during induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ( Cartabuke, RS; Rice, J; Tobias, JD; Tumin, D, 2017)
"0 mg of midazolam intravenously at least 20 minutes prior to the induction of anesthesia and the effects of midazolam on the patient's respiratory function were analyzed."	3.85	Quantification of respiratory depression during pre-operative administration of midazolam using a non-invasive respiratory volume monitor. ( Brayanov, JB; Gonzalez Castro, LN; Mehta, JH; Mullen, GJ, 2017)
"15 mg/kg of atipamezole, an antagonist of medetomidine, produced a quick recovery from anesthesia in cotton rats."	3.83	Usefulness of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in cotton rats (Sigmodn hispidus). ( Dantsuka, A; Hosotani, M; Ichii, O; Irie, T; Kon, Y; Kouguchi, H; Nagasaki, KI; Nakamura, S; Nakamura, T; Sato, S; Sotozaki, K; Yoshiyasu, T, 2016)
"Pentobarbital sodium (Somnopentyl) can induce surgical anesthesia with a strong hypnotic effect that causes loss of consciousness."	3.83	Anesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on the production of offspring in Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli. ( Kageyama, A; Okada, K; Tohei, A; Ushijima, H, 2016)
" Two common means of anesthesia before euthanasia and bronchoalveolar lavage in rats are intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital and inhalation of isoflurane."	3.83	Effects of pentobarbital, isoflurane, or medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol anesthesia on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood chemistry in rats. ( Ajimi, S; Hashizume, N; Imatanaka, N; Kobayashi, T; Nakai, M; Oshima, Y; Tsubokura, Y, 2016)
" Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen (mean end-tidal concentration of 2 ± 0."	3.83	ANESTHESIA IN A CAPTIVE JUVENILE BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS) FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. ( Lepiz, M; Ratliff, C; Sayre, RS, 2016)
" Thirty-two male ddY mice were divided into four groups and administered anesthesia as follows: pentobarbital sodium monoanaesthesia; ketamine and xylazine combined (K/X); medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combined (M/M/B); and isoflurane."	3.81	Vital signs monitoring during injectable and inhalant anesthesia in mice. ( Inomata, T; Sato, R; Serizawa, K; Tsukamoto, A; Yamazaki, J, 2015)
" Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso."	3.81	Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine. ( Albuquerque, VB; Araújo, MA; Arruda, AM; Beloti, CA; Cheng, LS; Deschk, M; Santos, PS, 2015)
"Fifteen 4-week-old piglets were given 1 of 2 anesthetic protocols: total IV anesthesia (TIVA) (midazolam 1 mg/kg/h and fentanyl 100 μg/kg/h, n = 8) or ISO (isoflurane 1."	3.79	The anesthetic effects on vasopressor modulation of cerebral blood flow in an immature swine model. ( Bruins, B; Friess, SH; Kilbaugh, TJ; Margulies, SS, 2013)
"We present a case of diltiazem intoxication resulting in repeated asystole after the induction of anesthesia."	3.78	[Suspected diltiazem intoxication resulting in repeated asystole after the induction of anesthesia]. ( Hara, T; Harioka, T; Ishiyama, T; Kimura, Y; Matsukawa, T; Nakasato, A; Okamura, M, 2012)
"Ketamine is usually used for murine anesthesia in animal experiments with other anesthetics for its sedation and analgesic effects."	3.77	Effect of three types of mixed anesthetic agents alternate to ketamine in mice. ( Kaneko, S; Kawai, S; Kurosawa, T; Takagi, Y, 2011)
"To compare hemodynamic variables during, and recovery quality following, anesthesia for feline blood donation using intramuscular ketamine-midazolam-butorphanol (KMB) versus inhaled sevoflurane in oxygen (SEV)."	3.76	Comparison of two anesthetic protocols for feline blood donation. ( Graham, LF; Killos, MB; Lee, J, 2010)
"Premedication with midazolam is commonly used in children to reduce anxiety and improve cooperation before anesthesia."	3.75	The impact of oral premedication with midazolam on respiratory function in children. ( Erb, TO; Habre, W; Hantos, Z; Sly, PD; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS, 2009)
"Pericardial lidocaine (1) decreased heart rate without affecting stroke volume, (2) preserved the tachycardiac response to isoproterenol but completely blocked the response to atropine, and (3) increased the voltage thresholds for arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation induced by an electrical fibrillator."	3.74	Effects of pericardial lidocaine on hemodynamic parameters and responses in dogs anesthetized with midazolam and fentanyl. ( Akamatsu, S; Dohi, S; Suzuki, A; Takada, M, 2007)
"5 mg/kg oral midazolam at 20-40 min before induction of anesthesia."	3.74	Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam administered preoperatively to children. ( Anderson, GM; Kain, ZN; MacLaren, J; Mayes, LC; McClain, BC; Saadat, H; Wang, SM, 2007)
" Anesthesia was provided with an infusion of midazolam, fentanyl, S-ketamine and low concentrations of isoflurane in oxygen."	3.74	Balanced anesthesia and ventilation strategies for an alpaca (Lama pacos) with an increased anesthetic-risk. ( Jäggin-Schmucker, N; Larenza, MP; Zanolari, P, 2008)
"We investigated the effects of anesthesia with ketamine and midazolam on focal cerebral ischemia injury, and evaluated the neuroprotective properties of this combination during surgical procedures."	3.73	[Effects of ketamine and midazolam combination anesthesia on focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats]. ( Chen, XL; Li, J; Liu, JX; Liu, Y; Sun, JJ; Tian, YF; Zhang, PB, 2005)
" Anesthesia was induced using intramuscular ketamine and midazolam, isoflurane (inhalant gas), or intravenous propofol in male and female rhesus monkeys."	3.73	Comparison of three anesthetic protocols for intraduodenal drug administration using endoscopy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). ( Authier, S; Breault, C; Chaurand, F; Legaspi, M; Troncy, E, 2006)
" At the initial surgery, children were assigned (no parental intervention) to receive oral midazolam (n = 13), or parental presence during the induction of anesthesia (PPIA, n = 27), or PPIA + midazolam (n = 10) or no intervention (n = 33)."	3.72	Parental intervention choices for children undergoing repeated surgeries. ( Caldwell-Andrews, AA; Kain, ZN; Krivutza, DM; Mayes, LC; Wang, SM; Weinberg, ME, 2003)
" Ketamine was used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia."	3.72	Anesthetic management of cardiac patient for cataract surgery. ( Farooq, FB; Sultan, ST, 2003)
"8 years) who were treated with SSASS using intravenous midazolam, fentanyl, and topical anesthesia."	3.72	Single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery for restrictive strabismus. ( Reinecke, RD; Sharma, P, 2003)
" Comaintenance of anesthesia was accomplished using a stepped-down infusion of propofol with midazolam."	3.71	The immediate postoperative adjustment of sutures in strabismus surgery with comaintenance of anesthesia using propofol and midazolam. ( Cogen, MS; Guthrie, ME; Vinik, HR, 2002)
"In this study, anesthesia levels obtained with tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and ketamine-midazolam (KM) with or without xylazine (X) were compared in rabbits."	3.71	[Anesthesia of the New Zealand rabbit using the the combination of tiletamine-zolazepam and ketamine-midazolam with or without xylazine]. ( Blais, D; Cuvelliez, S; Dupras, J; Vachon, P, 2001)
" This report presents a series of 11 consecutive cases documenting the use of ketamine anesthesia in a remote hospital at an altitude of 3,900 m, by primary-care physicians without specialist training in anesthesia."	3.70	Ketamine anesthesia at high altitude. ( Bishop, RA; Litch, JA; Stanton, JM, 2000)
" Induction and maintenance of anesthesia either with sufentanil and midazolam or with sufentanil and nitrous oxide."	3.69	Comparison of two techniques of narcotic-induced anesthesia for use during recording of magnetic motor evoked potentials in dogs. ( Mattheeuws, DR; Nijs, J; Van Ham, LM; Vanderstraeten, GG, 1996)
" Anesthesia was maintained with fentanyl and midazolam."	3.69	[The anesthetic management of patients in chronic renal failure for coronary artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass]. ( Gotou, K; Hashimoto, Y; Kimura, F; Kimura, N; Wakayama, S, 1997)
"Our results with the combination anesthetic technique of midazolam-alfentanil during elective outpatient extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on the Dornier HM3 (N = 79) were compared with those of epidural anesthesia in the same setting (N = 81)."	3.68	Use of alfentanil sedation anesthesia with the Dornier HM3 lithotripter. ( Howe, DC; Jackson, TL; Johnson, DL; Morrisseau, PM; Schow, DA; Trotter, SJ, 1993)
"Midazolam, if used with ketamine for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, may attenuate hyperdynamic circulatory effects and prevent undesirable emergenic reactions."	3.68	Hypnotic and anesthetic interactions between ketamine and midazolam in female patients. ( Hong, W; Hui, TW; Short, TG, 1993)
" Intramuscular administration of tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ), midazolam/ketamine, atropine/midazolam/ketamine/butorphanol (AMKB), and atropine/midazolam/ketamine/oxymorphone (AMKO) produced rapid sedation and smooth induction into anesthesia."	3.68	Anesthetic techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. ( Aronsohn, MG; Faggella, AM, 1993)
") for induction of anesthesia after previous sedation with xylazine (1."	3.68	[Anesthesia by injection of xylazine, ketamine and the benzodiazepine derivative climazolam and the use of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-3505]. ( Kaegi, B, 1990)
" Both intravenous midazolam-alfentanil and fentanyl-propofol techniques produced conditions comparable to those achieved with epidural anesthesia during immersion lithotripsy."	3.68	Comparison of intravenous sedative-analgesic techniques for outpatient immersion lithotripsy. ( Bouré, B; Clayman, RV; Meretyk, S; Monk, TG; White, PF, 1991)
"The present assay was developed for quantifying midazolam in plasma of patients hospitalized in intensive-care units or undergoing anesthesia and receiving many other drugs as well."	3.67	Midazolam in plasma from hospitalized patients as measured by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. ( Follath, F; Funk, B; Ha, HR; Maitre, PO; Thomson, DA; Zbinden, AM, 1988)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional feline pain assessment scale - short form."	3.30	Randomised, prospective, blinded, clinical trial of opioid-free injectable anaesthesia with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ( Cheng, AJ; Garbin, M; Lutevele, N; Malo, A; Marangoni, S; Monteiro, BP; Ruel, HL; Steagall, PV; Watanabe, R, 2023)
" Dexmedetomidine has a safe profile in the pediatric population and can therefore represent an interesting alternative."	3.30	Prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, phase 3 clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine to oral midazolam as premedication for propofol sedation in pediatric patients undergoing magnet ( Caruso, G; De Pooter, F; Fils, JF; Giancursio, M; Schmartz, D; Van der Linden, P; Wabelo, ON, 2023)
"Midazolam 0."	3.11	Serum concentration of oral midazolam as pediatric preanesthetic medication and factors related to the sedation level. ( Atsuda, K; Kawabata, M; Komatsu, T; Matsuda, H; Okamoto, H; Sakanoue, K; Takenaka, J, 2022)
"Midazolam is an excellent anxiolytic, whereas dexmedetomidine is superior in the postoperative period and for sedation during diagnostic imaging."	3.01	A new view on old problems in paediatric anaesthesia: premedication, postoperative agitation and dosing. ( Jöhr, M, 2023)
"To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of IM administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs."	2.94	Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs. ( Aarnes, TK; Bednarski, RM; Cremer, J; Lerche, P; Murdock, MA; Riccó Pereira, CH, 2020)
" Administration of midazolam in combination with medetomidine resulted in 71% of dogs displaying paradoxical behaviours (p < 0."	2.90	Use of midazolam in combination with medetomidine for premedication in healthy dogs. ( Le Chevallier, D; Murrell, J; Slingsby, L, 2019)
" Response to noxious stimuli was absent in 2 of the rabbits given dexmedetomidine only, 4 of those given alfaxalone with dexmedetomidine, and all 6 of the animals dosed with alfaxalone, butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine; this last group displayed the longest absence of a toe-pinch response (57 ± 3 min)."	2.90	Intramuscular Administration of Alfaxalone Alone and in Combination for Sedation and Anesthesia of Rabbits ( ( Bradley, MP; Doerning, CM; Lester, PA; Nowland, MH, 2019)
"Forty-five patients with septic shock were assigned to 3 groups (midazolam group, propofol group, and dexmedetomidine group) randomly."	2.82	[Clinical application of different sedation regimen in patients with septic shock]. ( Guo, F; Huang, HY; Tu, LY; Wang, Q; Yan, CY; Yu, X, 2016)
"Midazolam and propofol have been examined with the aim of reducing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia."	2.76	Prophylactic use of midazolam or propofol at the end of surgery may reduce the incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia. ( Kim, YH; Lim, HJ; Yoon, SM; Yoon, SZ, 2011)
" Overall, midazolam-ketamine provided safe and effective sedation for catheterization and intubation of both healthy and CI pigs."	2.75	Effective and safe anesthesia for Yorkshire and Yucatan swine with and without cardiovascular injury and intervention. ( Abusakran-Monday, KA; Burkholder, TH; Foltz, CJ; Linkenhoker, JR; Linton, CG; Rosero, AP; Walden, A, 2010)
"Propofol was administered until the patients did not respond to a verbal command."	2.74	Premedication with dexmedetomidine and midazolam attenuates agitation after electroconvulsive therapy. ( Bulut, M; Ganidagli, S; Koruk, S; Mizrak, A; Oner, U, 2009)
"Propofol may cause adverse effects (e."	2.73	Fentanyl or midazolam for co-induction of anaesthesia with propofol in dogs. ( Covey-Crump, GL; Murison, PJ, 2008)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	2.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
" The primary outcomes included the adverse effects and anxiety level."	2.72	Effectiveness and safety of oral sedation in adult patients undergoing dental procedures: a systematic review. ( Araújo, JO; Bergamaschi, CC; de Andrade, NK; Guimarães, CC; Lopes, LC; Motta, RHL; Ramacciato, JC, 2021)
"The incidence of immediate postoperative pain (0-2 h), as assessed by repeated Objective Pain Scale (OPS) scores, was chosen as the primary end-point of the study."	2.71	Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordenberg, L; Oddby, E; Ruthström, E; Zetterqvist, H, 2004)
" The control group and the test groups were comparable with regard to biological data, duration of operation, applied dosage of local anaesthetics and actual anxiety before operation."	2.68	[Analgesia-sedation for maxillo-facial surgery with midazolam-pentazocine and miazolam-ketamine. Clinical double-blind study of anxiety, analgesia, sedation and amnesia]. ( Daubländer, M; Dick, W; Lipp, M; Sebastian, M, 1995)
"The optimal dose range of thiamylal, combined with midazolam, in the induction of anaesthesia was evaluated using haemodynamic variables."	2.68	Optimal dose of thiamylal in combination with midazolam for induction of anaesthesia. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 1996)
"Ketamine was not associated with mortality, on-target sedation, vasopressor dependence, or hospital length of stay."	2.66	Ketamine sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Fuller, BM; Manasco, AT; Roberts, BW; Stephens, RJ; Yaeger, LH, 2020)
"Anaesthetic management in Poland syndrome has scarcely been described."	2.58	Anaesthesia for chest wall reconstruction in a patient with Poland syndrome: CARE-compliant case report and literature review. ( Gui, L; Mei, W; Shen, S, 2018)
" Additional studies are needed to evaluate the dosing schemes and long-term outcomes of dexmedetomidine premedication in pediatric anesthesia."	2.50	Premedication with dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Ji, FH; Li, J; Peng, K; Wu, SR, 2014)
"Minor traumatic injuries are common in pregnancy, often subsequently requiring painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures."	2.49	Safety of procedural sedation in pregnancy. ( Koren, G; Neuman, G, 2013)
"Clonidine has contrary to midazolam no effect on respiration."	2.43	Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. ( Bergendahl, H; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA, 2006)
"Midazolam and propofol have been investigated as potential partners for those two indications."	2.39	Co-induction of anaesthesia: the rationale. ( Allen, SR; Amrein, R; Hetzel, W, 1995)
" The EEG is a proven parameter with regard to dosage determination and as objective means to find sleep-inducing quantities of drugs."	2.37	Modern trends in the investigation of new hypnotics in anaesthesia. ( Doenicke, A, 1984)
"Midazolam is a good premedicant for general or regional anesthesia."	2.37	Use of midazolam hydrochloride in anesthesia. ( Khanderia, U; Pandit, SK, 1987)
"Earlier anesthesia was statistically significantly associated with fewer infections (17% vs."	1.91	Early timing of anesthesia in status epilepticus is associated with complete recovery: A 7-year retrospective two-center study. ( Baumann, SM; De Marchis, GM; De Stefano, P; Grzonka, P; Hunziker, S; Kleinschmidt, A; Marsch, S; Quintard, H; Rüegg, S; Sarbu, OE; Seeck, M; Sutter, R, 2023)
" Adverse events occurred in eight patients (1."	1.91	Safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for pancreatic solid mass in the elderly: A single-center retrospective study. ( Iino, Y; Kan, M; Kato, N; Kusakabe, Y; Nagashima, H; Ohno, I; Ohyama, H; Okitsu, K; Ouchi, M; Sekine, Y; Sugihara, C; Takahashi, K; Takiguchi, Y; Toyama, S; Yamada, N, 2023)
" However, it is important to find safer and more effective sedation agents, considering the adverse effects associated with current agents."	1.91	Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besilate for sedation in outpatients undergoing impacted third molar extraction: a prospective exploratory study. ( Aikawa, T; Doi, M; Imado, E; Imamura, S; Kamio, H; Mukai, A; Oda, A; Ono, S; Oue, K; Sakuma, M; Sasaki, U; Shimizu, Y; Takahashi, T; Yoshida, M, 2023)
" Variation in benzodiazepine dosage administration was 54."	1.72	Multicentre analysis of practice patterns regarding benzodiazepine use in cardiac surgery. ( Belley-Côté, E; Dubovoy, T; Janda, AM; Kheterpal, S; Mathis, MR; Mentz, G; Spence, J, 2022)
"Analyses were performed to investigate relationships between dose administered, age, individual reactions, adverse effects and changes in dive physiology."	1.72	Using a combination of midazolam and butorphanol is a safe and effective reversible field sedation protocol for Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups. ( Brodie, E; Harris, HS; Johnson, S; Liwanag, HEM; Pearson, LE; Whitmer, ER; Whoriskey, S, 2022)
"Data are limited regarding the impact of age and sedation on cardiocerebrovascular disease (CCD) adverse events after GI endoscopy."	1.56	Impacts of age and sedation on cardiocerebrovascular adverse events after diagnostic GI endoscopy: a nationwide population-based study. ( Jung, HK; Jung, SA; Kim, MH; Kim, SE; Kim, SY; Moon, CM; Shim, KN, 2020)
"Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry."	1.51	Effects of injectable dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane inhalation anesthetic protocols on ocular variables in captive black-tailed prairie dogs ( ( Beaufrère, H; Browning, GR; Eshar, D; Meekins, JM; Roberts, JK, 2019)
"Because of recurrence and aggravation of respiratory distress, she now presented at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, and was scheduled for surgery."	1.48	Anesthetic Management in Tracheal Dilatation for Severe Tracheal Stenosis. ( Ito, K; Iwazaki, M; Kan, T; Kohno, M; Saito, K; Suzuki, T; Tetsu, S; Yamazaki, K, 2018)
"Isoflurane was also included in stress parameter analysis."	1.43	Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. ( Hamann, M; Hüske, C; Kershaw, O; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2016)
"A 20-month-old girl, with respiratory failure due to severe subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema, was scheduled to undergo percutaneous drainage of emphysema and induction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation."	1.40	[Anesthetic management of a patient with severe subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema due to pertussis infection]. ( Ideno, S; Ishikawa, S; Mikasa, H; Miyazawa, N; Shinto, A; Wakamiya, R; Yamamoto, S, 2014)
"The management of Ebstein's anomaly is based on its severity."	1.35	[Anesthetic management for repair of Ebstein's anomaly with WPW syndrome]. ( Kawahito, S; Kawano, H; Kitahata, H; Nakamura, T; Okada, T; Oshita, S, 2009)
"The influence of increasing the dosage of ketamine on anaesthesia induced by a combination of ketamine, xylazine and midazolam in pigs was determined by assessing the onset of action (OAN), duration of analgesia (DAN), anaesthesia time (ANT), and recovery time (RCT) in 10 growing pigs (Mean weight: 18."	1.35	Increasing ketamine dose enhances the anaesthetic properties of ketamine-xylazine-midazolam combinations in growing pigs. ( Adeleye, OE; Ajadi, RA; Makinde, AF; Smith, OF, 2008)
"Midazolam was administered in divided doses, until the Wilson sedation score reached 3, in 18 elderly male volunteers."	1.34	Correlation between precise and simple tests in recovery of dynamic balance function after intravenous sedation with midazolam in the elderly. ( Fujisawa, T; Fukushima, K; Kimura, K; Koseki, H; Takuma, S, 2007)
" Dosage C in contrast had fewer side effects but less favourable cardiovascular results and a longer recovery period."	1.34	A comparative clinical study of three different dosages of intramuscular midazolam-medetomidine-ketamine immobilization in cats. ( Busch, R; Ebner, J; Erhardt, W; Henke, J; Wehr, U, 2007)
" The addition of flumazenil showed no significant difference to atipamezole alone, but subcutaneous administration of atipamezole alone was not sufficient in the dosage used to show an advantage compared to non-reversed cats."	1.34	Partial antagonization of midazolam-medetomidine-ketamine in cats--atipamezole versus combined atipamezole and flumazenil. ( Baumgartner, C; Ebner, J; Erhardt, W; Henke, J; Wehr, U, 2007)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate adverse events related to the use of anesthesia and anesthetic procedures associated with interventional radiology."	1.33	Adverse effects of anesthesia in interventional radiology. ( Derbent, A; Memiş, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Uyar, M; Yurtseven, T, 2005)
"A 15 cm hepatic hydatid cyst was diagnosed in a multigravida in 16 weeks of pregnancy and was managed percutaneously under sedation."	1.33	Sedation for percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst in a pregnant patient. ( Balkan, BK; Capar, E; Iyilikci, L, 2006)
"Midazolam and Fentanyl were the main sedative agents used (respectively 98% and 87%) less than 14% of the ICUs used the Propofol mainly in the first 48 hours."	1.33	[Sedative practice in intensive care units results of a Maghrebian survey]. ( Kamel, S; Mhamed Sami, M; Mohamed, R; Mohamed, SB; Nabil, F; Tahar, M, 2005)
"5 mg kg(-1) at 15 min after induction of anaesthesia directly followed by a maintenance dosage of 50 microg kg(-1) min(-1), while the control group received saline (i."	1.32	Effects of intravenous lidocaine on isoflurane concentration, physiological parameters, metabolic parameters and stress-related hormones in horses undergoing surgery. ( Dzikiti, TB; Hellebrekers, LJ; van Dijk, P, 2003)
"Propofol was administered at 5, 10 and 20 mg."	1.31	[The effects of propofol and midazolam on canine left ventricular contractility]. ( Ozaki, M, 2002)
" It is also safe and effective at the dosage studied in children undergoing MRI."	1.31	Efficacy and safety of rectal thiopental, intramuscular cocktail and rectal midazolam for sedation in children undergoing neuroimaging. ( Alp, H; Altinkaynak, S; Güler, I; Orbak, Z, 2002)
"Buprenorphine and flunixin were given before and after surgery, and the wound margin was infiltrated with 0."	1.30	Anaesthesia for lambs undergoing spinal surgery: a case series. ( Clutton, RE; Funnell, OD; Murison, PJ, 1998)
" The results indicated that a simple dosing regimen based on weight was unable to give the same depth of anaesthesia in individual rats."	1.30	On-line analysis of middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) for monitoring depth of anaesthesia in laboratory rats. ( Henneberg, SW; Jensen, EW; Nygaard, M, 1998)
"Midazolam was given by slow i."	1.30	Midazolam sedation to produce complete amnesia for bronchoscopy: 2 years' experience at a district general hospital. ( Bowie, PE; Williams, TJ, 1999)
" The calculated pharmacokinetic coefficient B was significantly smaller after i."	1.29	Pharmacokinetics of midazolam administered concurrently with ketamine after intravenous bolus or infusion in dogs. ( Brown, SA; Hartsfield, SM; Jacobson, JD, 1993)
" Quantal dose-response curves were determined in 400 female patients for the drugs individually and in combination."	1.28	Hypnotic and anaesthetic interactions between midazolam, propofol and alfentanil. ( Chui, PT; Plummer, JL; Short, TG, 1992)
" The pharmacokinetic profile was affected by age, sex and anaesthetic technique."	1.28	Effect of age, sex and anaesthetic technique on the pharmacokinetics of atracurium. ( Hunter, JM; Parker, CJ; Snowdon, SL, 1992)
"Clonazepam did not produce anaesthesia, at doses up to 1 g kg-1 or when given with nitrendipine."	1.28	Differential interactions between benzodiazepines and the dihydropyridines, nitrendipine and Bay K 8644. ( Dolin, SJ; Little, HJ; Patch, TL; Rabbani, M; Taberner, PV, 1991)
"Midazolam was injected intravenously for 5 minutes, and the dose was titrated to sedation or a maximum dose of 0."	1.28	Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of midazolam in children during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. ( Aravind, MK; Brennan, S; Kauffman, RE; Tolia, V, 1991)
"Fentanyl was given as 0."	1.27	[Changes in expression of lymphocyte surface markers following administration of etomidate, midazolam or methohexital]. ( Beck, D; Crozier, TA; Kettler, D; Schuff-Werner, P, 1987)
"The effect of thiopental on the induction dose-response curve for midazolam was studied in nonpremedicated ASA physical status I and II patients."	1.27	Midazolam-thiopental anesthetic interaction in patients. ( Bradley, EL; Fleyshman, G; Kissin, I; Tverskoy, M, 1988)
"Midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam plasma concentrations have been monitored and pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam estimated during anaesthesia induced and maintained by its repeated injection according to two protocols (3 X 0."	1.27	Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of midazolam during anaesthesia. ( Cano, JP; Coassolo, P; Crevat-Pisano, P; Dragna, S; Francois, G; Granthil, C, 1986)
"Children with leukemia have to undergo many times painful procedures like bone-marrow aspiration and lumbar puncture."	1.27	[Sedation and analgesia in interventions]. ( de Waal, FC; Huisman, J; Veerman, AJ, 1988)
" Using the two-compartment model we estimated distribution half-life (t1/2a), elimination half-life (t1/2el), clearance (Cl), and volumes of distribution (Vz = volume in elimination phase)."	1.27	[The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in various kinds of anesthesia]. ( Asskali, F; Behne, M; Förster, H; Kessler, P; Seiz, W; Zobel, R, 1987)

Research

Studies (436)

Authors

Clinical Trials (33)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average Total Propofol Consumption Per Group

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	41 (9.40)	18.7374
1990's	87 (19.95)	18.2507
2000's	108 (24.77)	29.6817
2010's	132 (30.28)	24.3611
2020's	68 (15.60)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kim, SC	1
Yeh, MS	1
Chen, GY	1
Lin, CH	1
Lin, CY	1
King, C	1
Lewinsohn, A	1
Keeliher, C	1
McLachlan, S	1
Sherrin, J	1
Khan-Cheema, H	1
Sherren, P	1
Doss, G	1
Mans, C	2
Gao, Y	1
Yan, F	1
Fatima, H	1
Imperiale, T	1
Kamio, K	2
Morita, J	1
Nakanishi, Y	1
Sasaki, M	1
Wakamatsu, M	1
Ju, Q	1
Xiao, Z	1
Sun, W	1
Zhu, M	2
Lv, P	1
Janda, AM	1
Spence, J	1
Dubovoy, T	1
Belley-Côté, E	1
Mentz, G	1
Kheterpal, S	1
Mathis, MR	1
Wright, ML	1
O'Brien, SH	1
Schloss, B	1
Stanek, JR	1
Reed, S	1
Álvarez, ER	1
Solé, LV	1
de Carellán Mateo, AG	1
Morimoto, Y	2
Hayashi, M	1
Yao, Y	1
Nishizaki, H	1
Ishii, H	1
Mikuzuki, L	1
Hara, K	1
Matsuda, H	1
Takenaka, J	1
Kawabata, M	1
Komatsu, T	1
Sakanoue, K	1
Atsuda, K	1
Okamoto, H	1
Marion, BM	1
Ghering, JM	1
Dixon, BC	1
Casselman, AM	1
Astleford, SM	1
White, CE	1
Bowling, PA	1
Useinovic, N	1
Jevtovic-Todorovic, V	1
Svedmyr, A	1
Hack, H	1
Anderson, BJ	1
Kiyama, S	1
Masui, K	1
Whoriskey, S	1
Pearson, LE	1
Harris, HS	1
Whitmer, ER	1
Liwanag, HEM	1
Brodie, E	1
Johnson, S	1
Horr, M	1
Sommerfeld, S	1
Silva, MV	1
Fonseca, BB	1
Jöhr, M	1
Peng, J	1
Ma, X	1
Chen, Y	1
Yan, J	1
Jiang, H	1
Zickerman, C	1
Brorsson, C	1
Hultin, M	1
Johansson, G	2
Winsö, O	2
Haney, M	1
Malo, A	1
Cheng, AJ	1
Ruel, HL	1
Monteiro, BP	1
Lutevele, N	1
Marangoni, S	1
Garbin, M	1
Watanabe, R	1
Steagall, PV	1
De Stefano, P	1
Baumann, SM	1
Grzonka, P	1
Sarbu, OE	1
De Marchis, GM	1
Hunziker, S	1
Rüegg, S	1
Kleinschmidt, A	1
Quintard, H	1
Marsch, S	1
Seeck, M	1
Sutter, R	1
Leitman, M	1
Pilcha, I	1
Tyomkin, V	1
Haitov, Z	1
Wang, J	2
Zeng, J	1
Zhao, N	1
Chen, S	1
Chen, Z	1
Liao, J	1
Ran, H	1
Yu, C	1
Bağcaz, A	1
Ayhan, A	1
Brzózka, VM	1
Piotrowski, AJ	1
Cui, Y	1
Gong, T	1
Mu, Q	1
Wu, Q	1
Kang, L	1
Chen, Q	2
He, Y	1
Wabelo, ON	1
Schmartz, D	2
Giancursio, M	1
De Pooter, F	1
Caruso, G	1
Fils, JF	1
Van der Linden, P	1
Takahashi, K	1
Ohyama, H	1
Takiguchi, Y	1
Sekine, Y	1
Toyama, S	1
Yamada, N	1
Sugihara, C	1
Kan, M	1
Ouchi, M	1
Nagashima, H	1
Iino, Y	1
Kusakabe, Y	1
Okitsu, K	1
Ohno, I	1
Kato, N	1
Nie, J	1
Chen, C	1
Xie, J	1
Ding, G	1
Chang, RK	1
Stevens, B	1
Quijano Cardé, EM	1
Adams, LM	1
Oue, K	1
Oda, A	1
Shimizu, Y	1
Takahashi, T	1
Kamio, H	1
Sasaki, U	1
Imamura, S	1
Imado, E	1
Mukai, A	1
Doi, M	1
Sakuma, M	1
Ono, S	1
Aikawa, T	1
Yoshida, M	1
Mariotti, AL	1
Pattee, J	1
Edmundowicz, SA	1
Hardesty, TD	1
Sharma, SM	1
Lemley, MG	1
Rist, SD	1
Weitzel, N	1
Faruki, AA	1
Roberts, JK	1
Meekins, JM	1
Browning, GR	1
Beaufrère, H	2
Eshar, D	2
Oakleaf, MH	1
Mama, KR	1
Mangin, LM	1
Lebsock, KJ	1
Bisazza, KT	1
Hess, AM	1
Easley, JT	1
Celis-Rodríguez, E	1
Díaz Cortés, JC	1
Cárdenas Bolívar, YR	1
Carrizosa González, JA	1
Pinilla, DI	1
Ferrer Záccaro, LE	1
Birchenall, C	1
Caballero López, J	1
Argüello, BM	1
Castillo Abrego, G	1
Castorena Arellano, G	1
Dueñas Castell, C	1
Jáuregui Solórzano, JM	1
Leal, R	1
Pardo Oviedo, JM	1
Arroyo, M	1
Raffán-Sanabria, F	1
Raimondi, N	1
Reina, R	1
Rodríguez Lima, DR	1
Silesky Jiménez, JI	1
Ugarte Ubiergo, S	1
Gómez Escobar, LG	1
Díaz Aya, DP	1
Fowler, C	1
Nates, JL	1
Michel, J	2
Hofbeck, M	2
Peper, AK	1
Kumpf, M	2
Neunhoeffer, F	2
Botman, J	1
Hontoir, F	1
Gustin, P	1
Cambier, C	1
Gabriel, F	1
Dugdale, A	1
Vandeweerd, JM	1
Destegul, D	1
Kocaöz, F	1
Sarı, AS	1
Shibuta, H	1
Yamana, R	1
Kashimoto, J	1
Suda, A	1
Li, SP	1
Zhou, XL	1
Zhao, Y	1
Cardoso, CG	1
Ayer, IM	1
Jorge, AT	1
Honsho, CS	1
Mattos-Junior, E	1
Keating, SC	1
Sage, AM	1
Ambrisko, TD	2
Somrak, A	1
Carroll, MQ	1
Oba, PM	1
Martins, B	1
Swanson, KS	1
Murai, H	1
Suzuki, H	1
Tanji, H	1
Kimura, T	2
Iba, Y	1
Manasco, AT	1
Stephens, RJ	1
Yaeger, LH	1
Roberts, BW	1
Fuller, BM	1
Murdock, MA	1
Riccó Pereira, CH	1
Aarnes, TK	1
Cremer, J	1
Lerche, P	1
Bednarski, RM	1
Schmid, W	1
Marhofer, P	1
Ohmann, S	1
Kimberger, O	1
Marhofer, D	1
Triffterer, L	1
Varcoe, TJ	1
Darby, JRT	1
Holman, SL	1
Bradshaw, EL	1
Kuchel, T	1
Vaughan, L	1
Seed, M	1
Wiese, MD	1
Morrison, JL	1
Fernández-Cantalejo Padial, J	1
Heras, E	1
Hernández, B	1
Jiménez, AB	1
Martínez, A	1
López-Herce, J	1
Mencía, S	1
Seeley, EJ	1
Hanser, A	1
Hayer, T	1
Schlensak, C	1
Mustafi, M	1
Kim, SY	1
Moon, CM	1
Kim, MH	1
Kim, SE	1
Jung, HK	1
Shim, KN	1
Jung, SA	1
Saphier, S	1
Yacov, G	1
Wenger, A	1
Klausner, Z	1
Rosner, A	1
Goldvaser, M	1
Katalan, S	1
Poulton, T	1
Hogston, SP	1
Bolton, WS	1
Burke, JR	1
Jayne, DG	1
Aguilera, R	1
Sinclair, M	1
Valverde, A	1
Bateman, S	1
Hanna, B	1
Tashiro, M	1
Hosokawa, Y	1
Amao, H	1
Tohei, A	2
Sumi, T	1
Kamada, K	1
Sawai, T	1
Shijubou, N	1
Yamada, Y	1
Nakata, H	1
Mori, Y	1
Chiba, H	1
Moseley, SL	1
Heine, C	1
Valente, T	1
Stone, D	1
Levy, DA	1
Downs, JB	1
Nguyen, SA	1
Pecha, PP	1
Clemmens, C	1
Hewson, DW	1
Householder, HM	1
Henry, J	1
Zaffarano, B	1
Gall, AJ	1
Nixon, B	1
Olds, JE	1
Araújo, JO	1
Bergamaschi, CC	1
Lopes, LC	1
Guimarães, CC	1
de Andrade, NK	1
Ramacciato, JC	1
Motta, RHL	1
Yang, W	1
Chini, M	1
Pöpplau, JA	1
Formozov, A	1
Dieter, A	1
Piechocinski, P	1
Rais, C	1
Morellini, F	1
Sporns, O	1
Hanganu-Opatz, IL	1
Wiegert, JS	1
Rufiange, M	1
Leung, VSY	1
Simpson, K	1
Pang, DSJ	1
King, DD	1
Stewart, SA	1
Collins-Yoder, A	1
Fleckner, T	1
Price, LL	1
Obara, S	1
Gil Mayo, D	1
Sanabria Carretero, P	1
Gajate Martin, L	1
Alonso Calderón, J	1
Hernández Oliveros, F	1
Gomez Rojo, M	1
Lai, HC	1
Tsai, YT	1
Huang, YH	1
Wu, KL	1
Huang, RC	1
Lin, BF	1
Chan, SM	1
Wu, ZF	1
Finlay, JE	1
Leslie, K	1
Lee, JY	1
Choi, SJ	1
Park, JS	1
Lee, JS	1
Ryu, JM	1
Yum, MS	1
Schmitz, S	1
Tacke, S	2
Guth, B	2
Henke, J	6
Kampmeier, T	1
Arnemann, P	1
Heßler, M	1
Rehberg, S	1
Morelli, A	1
Westphal, M	1
Lange, M	1
Van Aken, H	1
Ertmer, C	1
Woc Colburn, AM	1
Murray, S	1
Hayek, LC	1
Marker, L	1
Sanchez, CR	1
Tamura, J	1
Yanagisawa, M	1
Endo, Y	1
Ueda, K	1
Koga, H	1
Izumisawa, Y	1
Yamashita, K	3
Colleti, J	1
Brunow de Carvalho, W	1
Gaillard-Le Roux, B	1
Liet, JM	1
Bourgoin, P	1
Joram, N	1
Nakamura, T	3
Karakida, N	1
Dantsuka, A	2
Ichii, O	2
Elewa, YHA	1
Kon, Y	2
Nagasaki, KI	2
Hattori, H	1
Yoshiyasu, T	2
Modlinski, M	1
Tsai, MH	1
Tsukamoto, A	3
Konishi, Y	1
Kawakami, T	1
Koibuchi, C	1
Sato, R	2
Kanai, E	1
Inomata, T	3
Bertelsen, MF	1
Mohammed, O	1
Wang, T	2
Manger, PR	1
Scantlebury, DM	1
Ismael, K	1
Bennett, NC	1
Alagaili, A	1
Padmanabhan, A	1
Frangopoulos, C	1
Shaffer, LET	1
Allison, A	1
Robinson, R	1
Jolliffe, C	1
Taylor, PM	2
Urfalioglu, A	1
Arslan, M	1
Duman, Y	1
Gisi, G	1
Oksuz, G	1
Yildiz, H	1
Oksuz, H	1
Balaban, A	1
Yang, J	1
Zhou, Y	1
Kang, Y	1
Xu, B	1
Wang, P	1
Lv, Y	1
Wang, Z	1
Ochiai, Y	2
Baba, A	1
Hiramatsu, M	1
Toyota, N	1
Watanabe, T	2
Yokota, H	2
Iwano, H	2
Niino, N	1
Sakamoto, M	1
Ohtani, R	1
Tuval, A	1
Las, L	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparison of Two Dosage of Remifentanil Infusion Combined With Propofol-based Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty[NCT05876039]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Pain Management During Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT06067958]	Phase 3	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Bispectral Index Monitoring for Sedation in Elective Colonoscopies of Adult Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03453359]		180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-28	Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-controlled, Phase 3 Clinical Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine to Oral Midazolam as Premedication for Propofol Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Magnet[NCT05192629]	Phase 3	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-09	Recruiting
The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Hemodynamics, Procedure Times, Anesthetic Consumption and Complications in Colonoscopy Under Sedoanalgesia[NCT04477694]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-12-27	Recruiting
Comparing Time to Readiness for Discharge After Colonoscopy: Propofol and Dexmedetomidine vs Propofol Only Sedation[NCT03139279]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-05	Completed
A Comparison of Restrictive and Liberal Fluid Administration During Elective Colonoscopy Under Sedoanalgesia[NCT05522127]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-11	Recruiting
Magnesium Sulphate Versus Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Propofol Xylocaine Combination for Conscious Sedation During Chronic Subdural Haematoma Surgery. Comparative Study[NCT03548493]	Phase 2	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-10	Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Nerve Block Anesthesia Combined With Sedative Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia in Burr Hole Craniostomy With Drainage for Chronic Subdural Hematoma[NCT05888389]		496 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-26	Recruiting
Exploring the Effects of an Informative Animated Video on Preoperative Anxiety in Children Undergoing Elective Otoplasty and Their Parents[NCT05894187]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial of IN Midazolam vs IN Dexmedetomidine vs IN Ketamine Evaluating Length of Stay After Medication Administration and Anxiolysis During Minimal Procedures in Pediatric Population in Pediatric Emergency Department[NCT05934669]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Fentanyl in Combination With Midazolam Versus Midazolam Alone for Analgesia and Anxiolysis During Pediatric Facial Laceration Repair[NCT04745260]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Dexmedetomidine of Gastrointestinal Motility[NCT04798482]	Phase 4	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-14	Completed
Midazolam With Meperidine and Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam With Meperidine for Sedation During ERCP[NCT01404689]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
The Effect of Dream Doctors in Children Undergoing Digestive Endoscopic Procedures: Physiological and Biological Assessment of Emotional and Cognitive Consequences[NCT02668679]		99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-30	Completed
Can Medical Clowns Prevent the Usage of Sedation During the Performance of EEG in Young Children[NCT05257096]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-01	Recruiting
Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children[NCT02246062]		84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Sedation Effect on the Global Quality Colonoscopy[NCT02220530]		7,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2014-10-31	Enrolling by invitation
Effects of Premedication by Midazolam on Preoperative Anxiety for Emergency Surgery[NCT02213302]	Phase 4	59 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
[NCT02039453]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Recruiting
Anxiolysis for Emergency Department Procedures in Pediatric Patients Using Intranasal Ketamine Compared With Intranasal Midazolam: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03043430]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to Research manpower shortage)
Comparison of Two Different Distraction Methods Affecting the Level of Pain and Anxiety During Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy[NCT02725281]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effects of Music Therapy on Breastfeeding Rates Among Mothers of Premature Newborns[NCT00930761]		101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
Use of Handheld Audiovisual Devices to Treat Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Control Trial.[NCT02286674]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
ROPIVACAINE WITH CLONIDINE FOR PEDIATRIC RECTUS SHEATH BLOCKS- THE MAGIC COMBINATION? - A Double Blinded Prospective Study[NCT02439281]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to The patients were discharged on the day of the surgery.)
Effects on Recovery of Children Undergoing Elective Surgery: Comparison of Intravenous Formulation of Fentanyl Citrate and Midazolam Administered Orally for Premedication[NCT05500599]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-01	Active, not recruiting
Fluid Responsiveness: A Validation of Stroke Volume Variations Estimated With Pulse Wave Transit Time in Mechanically Ventilated and Spontaneously Breathing Patients After Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting[NCT04786652]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-20	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Two Distraction Strategies in Reducing Preoperative Anxiety in Children：A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05285995]		181 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-07	Completed
Comparing Pediatric Oral Sedation Outcomes Using Midazolam and Hydroxyzine With and Without Meperidine[NCT04068948]	Phase 4	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-25	Completed
Does Anxiety in Children on the Day of Surgery Impact Compliance in the Ophthalmology Clinic?[NCT02704442]		82 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2016-02-29	Recruiting
Perioperative EEG-Monitoring and Emergence Delirium in Children: a Prospective Observational Study[NCT04091724]		400 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-12-02	Recruiting
Adaptive Care in the Perioperative Setting: An Observational Study[NCT03353129]		60 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-08-15	Completed
Comparison of Three Different Pain and Anxiety Reducing Methods in Adult Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Puncture[NCT00188227]	Phase 4	748 participants	Interventional	2001-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Total propofol consumption per subject was measured as μg/kg/min of procedure in minutes. The average propofol consumption in each group will be measured as secondary outcome. (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: between 7 and 57 minutes (median 19 min)

Lowest Intraoperative % Change in MAP From Baseline

Intervention	μg/kg/min (Median)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	140
Saline Placebo and Propofol	180

Lowest intraoperative percent (%) change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline (average in each group) (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Number of Participants With Apneic Episodes Intraoperatively Requiring Positive Pressure Ventilation

Intervention	percentage change (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	30
Saline Placebo and Propofol	21

Incidence of apneic episodes intraoperatively requiring positive pressure ventilation in each group (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Percentage of Subjects Ready for Discharge in Each Group at 30 Minutes Post Procedure

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	0
Saline Placebo and Propofol	0

Each subject was assessed for readiness for discharge at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the procedure, using the Modified Post-Anesthesia Discharge Scoring System (MPADSS). A subject getting an MPADS score of 9-10 is deemed ready for discharge. The percentage of subjects ready for discharge in each group at 10, 20 and 30 minutes will be measured as primary outcome. (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children Measure by m-YPAS.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	26
Saline Placebo and Propofol	44

The level of child's anxiety will be measure by modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS). The total score of m-YPAS was calculated according to what was originally proposed by Kain et al. The total scores range from 23,4 until 100. Cut-off scores to classify patients with or without anxiety were: without anxiety (23.4 - 30), with anxiety (< 30). (NCT02246062)
Timeframe: 24 hours before surgery

Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children Measure by m-YPAS.

Intervention	units on a scale m-YPAS (Mean)
Control Group	27.8
Info Group	24.18
Smartphone Group	23.79
Smartphone and Info Group	24.98

The level of child's anxiety will be measure by modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS). The total score of m-YPAS was calculated according to what was originally proposed by Kain et al. The total scores range from 23,4 until 100. Cut-off scores to classify patients with or without anxiety were: without anxiety (23.4 - 30), with anxiety (> 30). (NCT02246062)
Timeframe: Immediately before induction of anesthesia

Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children Measure m-YPAS.

Intervention	units on a scale m-YPAS (Mean)
Control Group	51.13
Info Group	30.29
Smartphone Group	36.55
Smartphone and Info Group	28.23

The level of child's anxiety will be measure by modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS). The total score of m-YPAS was calculated according to what was originally proposed by Kain et al. The total scores range from 23,4 until 100. Cut-off scores to classify patients with or without anxiety were: without anxiety (23.4 - 30), with anxiety (> 30). (NCT02246062)
Timeframe: Immediately before entering operation room

Maternal Breastfeeding 7-15 Days After Discharge

Intervention	units on a scale m-YPAS (Mean)
Control Group	31.88
Info Group	23.88
Smartphone Group	25.85
Smartphone and Info Group	25.93

Maternal breastfeeding means: exclusive maternal breastfeeding, predominant maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associated to other liquid, except formula) and continuous maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associate to other food, including formula). (NCT00930761)
Timeframe: At the first follow-up visit (7-15 days after discharge)

Maternal Breastfeeding at 30 Days After Discharge

Intervention	participants (Number)
Control	32
Music Therapy	42

Maternal breastfeeding means exclusive maternal breastfeeding, predominant maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associated to other liquid, except formula) and continuous maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associate to other food, including formula). (NCT00930761)
Timeframe: At 30 days after the infant hospital discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at 60 Days After Discharge

Intervention	participants (Number)
Control	30
Music Therapy	38

Maternal Breastfeeding at Infant Discharge

Intervention	participants (Number)
Control	27
Music Therapy	36

Average Pain Severity at the Umbilicus Laparoscopic Site

Intervention	participants (Number)
Control	33
Music Therapy	42

Numeric Rating Pain Scores ( 0-10), will be obtained every 2 hours after PACU discharge up to 18 hours or until hospital discharge, whichever occurs first. The pain score of 0, means no pain, is a good outcome , and a pain score of 10 is excruciating pain, a very bad outcome. The average of these scores will be evaluated.The pain scores will not longer be documented after the numbness went away. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Logistic regression of the 4 th pain score assessment

Change in Anxiety Scores

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine Group	2
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	1.5

The investigators hypothesize that patient postoperative anxiety scores are lower in the Ropivacaine/Clonidine group and postoperative anxiety scores decrease more in Ropivacaine /Clonidine Group, than in Ropivacaine Group. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 6 hours after block placement

Complications Rate

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine Group	30
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	29

The investigators expect no difference in incidence of complications (e.g. oversedation, hypotension, bradycardia episodes, etc.). (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: until study completion

Duration of Analgesia at Umbilicus Instrument Site-How Many Minutes Passed From the Time When the Blocks Where Performed Until Patient Reported Pain at Umbilicus

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	1
Ropivacaine Group	1

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in longer duration of analgesia and decreased pain scores compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: indicated by the first request for pain medication at umbilicus site

Duration of Sensory Block (Paresthesia)

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	230
Ropivacaine Group	240

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine and clonidine result in longer duration of sensory block (paresthesia) compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Indicated by return of normal sensation (expected average of 12 hours after block placement).

Medication Consumption

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	823.5
Ropivacaine Group	540

Total intravenous morphine equivalents mg/kg (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 18 hours after surgery

Satisfaction With Pain Control From Patient

Intervention	mg/kg (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	0.20
Ropivacaine Group	0.22

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in better satisfaction with pain control. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Prior to hospital discharge (up to 24 hours after surgery)

Number of Participants With Successful Sedation

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group	9
Ropivacaine Group	9

Children's behavior during sedation is rated on the Houpt Behavior Rating Scale. A successful sedation is rated as Excellent, Very Good, or Good. A failed sedation is rated as Fair, Poor, or Aborted. (NCT04068948)
Timeframe: At completion of procedure

Article	Year
Avian Sedation. Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 2021, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Birds; Conscious Sedation; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Restraint, Physi	2021
The anesthesia induction effect of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing laryngeal mask intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 RCTs. Annals of palliative medicine, 2021, Volume: 10, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Laryngeal Masks; Midazolam	2021
Novel anesthetics in pediatric practice: is it time? Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2022, Aug-01, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Child; Humans; Lidocaine; Midazolam; Neu	2022
Interactions of the protease inhibitor, ritonavir, with common anesthesia drugs. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2022, Volume: 32, Issue:10 Topics: Alfentanil; Anesthesia; Antiviral Agents; Child; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Dr	2022
A new view on old problems in paediatric anaesthesia: premedication, postoperative agitation and dosing. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2023, Jun-01, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Human	2023
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of sedoanalgesia and delirium in critically ill adult patients. Medicina intensiva, 2020, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Deliriu	2020
Ketamine sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of critical care, 2020, Volume: 56 Topics: Anesthesia; Critical Illness; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketamine; Midazolam; Observ	2020
Anaesthetic management of subcutaneous abscesses: current status. British journal of anaesthesia, 2020, Volume: 125, Issue:2 Topics: Abscess; Administration, Topical; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Drainag	2020
Effectiveness and safety of oral sedation in adult patients undergoing dental procedures: a systematic review. BMJ open, 2021, 01-25, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Alprazolam; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; Humans; Midazolam	2021
Sedation/analgesia techniques for nonoperating room anesthesia: new drugs and devices. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2021, Dec-01, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Pharmaceutical Preparations	2021
Anaesthesia for chest wall reconstruction in a patient with Poland syndrome: CARE-compliant case report and literature review. BMC anesthesiology, 2018, 05-24, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child, Preschool; Humans; Male; Midazolam; Neuromuscular Nonde	2018
Safety of procedural sedation in pregnancy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2013, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Emergencies; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketamine; Midazolam; Piperi	2013
[Premedication with midazolam: indispensable and good?]. Der Anaesthesist, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cell Death; Child; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Prea	2013
Prophylactic midazolam and clonidine for emergence from agitation in children after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Clinical therapeutics, 2013, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2013
Comparison of the safety and efficacy of propofol with midazolam for sedation of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Journal of critical care, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Brain Injuries; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Conscious Sedation; Drug Monitoring; Female	2014
Premedication with dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2014, Volume: 69, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Child; Child, Preschool	2014
Meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia: different administration and different dosage. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; H	2015
The use of propofol for procedural sedation in emergency departments. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Jul-29, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Emergency Service, Hospital; Etomidate; Fen	2015
An evidence-based review of parental presence during anesthesia induction and parent/child anxiety. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans	2009
The place of premedication in pediatric practice. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Anxiety; Child; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Pediatrics; Pre	2009
Anaesthesia or sedation for MRI in children. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Chloral Hydrate; Conscious S	2010
Anaesthesia for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2011, Volume: 55, Issue:8 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Topical; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery	2011
Sedation and anesthesia for CT: emerging issues for providing high-quality care. Pediatric radiology, 2011, Volume: 41 Suppl 2 Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloral Hydrate; Conscious Sedation; Etomidate; Humans; Hypnoti	2011
Sedation and analgesia for procedures outside the operating room. Seminars in pediatric surgery, 2004, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Anesthetics	2004
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine; Hu	2006
Modern trends in the investigation of new hypnotics in anaesthesia. Psychopharmacology. Supplementum, 1984, Volume: 1 Topics: Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Arousal; Benzodiazepines; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology	1984
Co-induction of anaesthesia: the rationale. European journal of anaesthesiology. Supplement, 1995, Volume: 12 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Drug Combinations; Humans; Midazolam; Propofol	1995
Comparing drugs for short-term sedation. Contemporary internal medicine, 1994, Volume: 6, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Conscious Sedation; Diazepam; Flumazenil; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam;	1994
[Midazolam--opiates drug interaction in induction of anesthesia: additive or synergistic?]. Harefuah, 1992, Nov-15, Volume: 123, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Humans; Midazolam; Narcotics	1992
Other potentially useful new injectable anesthetic agents. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 1992, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Cats; Dogs; Flumazenil; Midazolam; Propofol	1992
Use of midazolam hydrochloride in anesthesia. Clinical pharmacy, 1987, Volume: 6, Issue:7 Topics: Amnesia; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Midazolam; Premedication; Respiration	1987

Article	Year
Comparison of Intra and Post-operative Sedation Efficacy of Dexmedetomidinemidazolam and Dexmedetomidine-propofol for Major Abdominal Surgery. Current drug metabolism, 2022, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Hypotension; Hypo	2022
Comparison of intravenous sedation using midazolam versus dexmedetomidine in elderly patients with dementia: a randomized cross-over trial. Scientific reports, 2022, 04-15, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Cross-Over Studies; Dementia; Dexmedetomidine; Hemoglobins; Humans; Hypnotics and	2022
Serum concentration of oral midazolam as pediatric preanesthetic medication and factors related to the sedation level. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2022, Volume: 66, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Hyp	2022
Randomised, prospective, blinded, clinical trial of opioid-free injectable anaesthesia with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 2023, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Animals; Bupivacaine; Cats; Dexmedetomidine; Eating; Female; Hystere	2023
Intranasal esketamine combined with oral midazolam provides adequate sedation for outpatient pediatric dental procedures: a prospective cohort study. International journal of surgery (London, England), 2023, Jul-01, Volume: 109, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Dental Caries; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Outpatients; Prospecti	2023
Prospective, randomised comparison of two intravenous sedation methods for magnetic resonance imaging in children. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy, 2023, Volume: 55, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketami	2023
Prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, phase 3 clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine to oral midazolam as premedication for propofol sedation in pediatric patients undergoing magnet Trials, 2023, Aug-11, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics	2023
Oral midazolam vs. intranasal dexmedetomidine plus oral midazolam for sedation of pediatric outpatients: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC anesthesiology, 2023, 10-10, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2023
Comparison of intravenous anesthetic induction doses and physiologic effects of ketamine or alfaxalone in goats undergoing surgery with isoflurane anesthesia. American journal of veterinary research, 2019, Volume: 80, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Female; Goats; Heart Rate; I	2019
Postanaesthetic effects of ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-medetomidine on gastrointestinal transit time in rabbits anaesthetised with isoflurane. The Veterinary record, 2020, Feb-29, Volume: 186, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Gastrointestinal Transit; Is	2020
Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs. American journal of veterinary research, 2020, Volume: 81, Issue:1 Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Butorphanol; Cardiovascular System; Cross-Over Studi	2020
Psychology versus medication for preanesthesia preparation of children: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva anestesiologica, 2020, Volume: 86, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Anxiety; Child; Humans; Midazolam; Parents; Preanesthetic Medication; Preoperative Care	2020
Patient-controlled Anesthesia With Propofol During Bronchoscopy. Journal of bronchology & interventional pulmonology, 2020, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesth	2020
Dose and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol alone or with midazolam for induction of anesthesia in critically ill dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Critical Illness; Dog Diseases	2020
DEXMEDETOMIDINE, BUTORPHANOL, AND MIDAZOLAM AS A REVERSIBLE INDUCTION PROTOCOL IN NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTERS ( Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2021, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Animals; Animals, Wild; Butorphanol; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Hypnot	2021
Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care: A randomized controlled study. Medicine, 2021, Jul-30, Volume: 100, Issue:30 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Angioplasty; Female; Humans; Male; M	2021
CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE-BUTORPHANOL-MIDAZOLAM (DBM): A FULLY REVERSIBLE ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL IN CAPTIVE AND SEMI-FREE-RANGING CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2017, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Acinonyx; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Butorphanol; Dexmedetomidine; Drug	2017
Patient Satisfaction With Propofol for Outpatient Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2017, Volume: 60, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Colonic Diseases; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Fema	2017
Evaluation of the use of midazolam as a co-induction agent with ketamine for anaesthesia in sedated ponies undergoing field castration. Equine veterinary journal, 2018, Volume: 50, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hors	2018
Evaluation of injectable anaesthesia with five medetomidine-midazolam based combinations in Egyptian fruit bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus). Laboratory animals, 2018, Volume: 52, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Chiroptera; Drug Combinations; Fentanyl; Male; Medetomid	2018
Analgesic Effects of Oxycodone Relative to Those of Sufentanil, in the Presence of Midazolam, During Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Patients With Cirrhosis and Esophageal Varices. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2018, Volume: 127, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Body Mass Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Com	2018
A clinical trial comparing propofol versus propofol plus midazolam in diagnostic endoscopy of patients with a low anesthetic risk. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas, 2018, Volume: 110, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Endo	2018
Assessment of sedation after intranasal administration of midazolam and midazolam-butorphanol in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). American journal of veterinary research, 2018, Volume: 79, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Animals; Butorphanol; Cockatoos; Cross-Over Studies; Female;	2018
Use of midazolam in combination with medetomidine for premedication in healthy dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Dogs; Female; Hypnotics and Se	2019
[A preliminary study of different methods of anesthesia for painless bronchoscopy]. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases, 2019, Feb-12, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Bronchoscopy; Fentanyl; Heart Rate; Humans; Lidocaine; Midazolam; Outcom	2019
Intramuscular Administration of Alfaxalone Alone and in Combination for Sedation and Anesthesia of Rabbits ( Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2019, 03-01, Volume: 58, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Butorphanol; Cross-Over Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Co	2019
Determination of midazolam dose for co-induction with alfaxalone in sedated cats. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Cats; Cross-Over Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Dose-Response	2019
Efficacy of novel sedation using the combination of dexmedetomidine and midazolam during endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society, 2019, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Case-Control Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combinatio	2019
Comparison of sublingual midazolam and dexmedetomidine for premedication in children. Minerva anestesiologica, 2014, Volume: 80, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Metho	2014
Intranasal clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children: a randomized controlled trial. Indian pediatrics, 2014, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Cloni	2014
Sedation and anesthesia of hatchling leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) for auditory evoked potential measurement in air and in water. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2014, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Environment; Evoked Po	2014
Intravenous sufentanil-midazolam versus sevoflurane anaesthesia in medetomidine pre-medicated Himalayan rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2015, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Female; Hypnotics and Sedative	2015
Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 2014, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anti-Anxiety Age	2014
Randomized comparison of recovery time after use of remifentanil alone versus midazolam and meperidine for colonoscopy anesthesia. Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Colonoscopy; D	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; He	2015
[Application of different doses of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in dental implant surgery]. Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology, 2015, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Dental Care; Dental Implants; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypno	2015
The cardiovascular status of isoflurane-anaesthetized horses with and without dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion evaluated at equivalent depths of anaesthesia. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2016, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Acepromazine; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalat	2016
Comparison of the Effect of Thiopental Sodium with Midazolam-ketamine on Post-tonsillectomy Agitation in Children. Acta medica Iranica, 2015, Volume: 53, Issue:10 Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Midazolam; Thiopent	2015
Does Routine Midazolam Administration Prior to Nasogastric Tube Insertion in the Emergency Department Decrease Patients' Pain? (A Pilot Study). Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Huma	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Versus Intranasal Midazolam as Anxiolysis Prior to Pediatric Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomid	2016
Analgesic and Sedative Effects of Dezocine and Midazolam During Vitrectomy. Current eye research, 2016, Volume: 41, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Bridged Bicyclo Com	2016
[Clinical application of different sedation regimen in patients with septic shock]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2016, Jun-14, Volume: 96, Issue:22 Topics: Anesthesia; Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive	2016
[Effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane of pediatric patients]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2016, Jun-28, Volume: 96, Issue:24 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child	2016
Dexmedetomidine-ketamine versus Dexmedetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl for monitored anesthesia care during chemoport insertion: a Prospective Randomized Study. BMC anesthesiology, 2016, 08-02, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Antineoplastic Agents;	2016
EVALUATION OF ETORPHINE AND MIDAZOLAM ANESTHESIA, AND THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS BUTORPHANOL ON CARDIOPULMONARY PARAMETERS IN GAME-RANCHED WHITE RHINOCEROSES (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2016, Volume: 47, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Butorphanol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eto	2016
Oral 30% glucose provides sufficient sedation in newborns during MRI. Journal of anesthesia, 2017, Volume: 31, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthesia; Conscious Sedation; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glucose; Humans;	2017
Fentanyl or midazolam for co-induction of anaesthesia with propofol in dogs. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fentanyl; Ma	2008
Effect of remifentanil on oculocardiac reflex in paediatric strabismus surgery. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Male; Midaz	2008
[Comparative study of sublingual midazolam with oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric anesthesia]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 57, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Sublingual; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Child; Child, Pre	2008
A comparison of dexmedetomidine-midazolam with propofol for maintenance of anesthesia in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Health Care Costs; Hea	2008
A comparison of dexmedetomidine-midazolam with propofol for maintenance of anesthesia in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Health Care Costs; Hea	2008
A comparison of dexmedetomidine-midazolam with propofol for maintenance of anesthesia in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Health Care Costs; Hea	2008
A comparison of dexmedetomidine-midazolam with propofol for maintenance of anesthesia in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Health Care Costs; Hea	2008
Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Doubl	2009
Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Doubl	2009
Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Doubl	2009
Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Doubl	2009
Premedication with dexmedetomidine and midazolam attenuates agitation after electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Bipolar Disorder; Blood Pressure; Depressive Disorder, Major; Dexmedetomidine; El	2009
Effects of clonidine and midazolam premedication on bispectral index and recovery after elective surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 26, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Anesthesia; Ane	2009
Induction of anaesthesia with either midazolam or propofol in rabbits premedicated with fentanyl/fluanisone. The Veterinary record, 2009, Jun-27, Volume: 164, Issue:26 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Animals; Butyrophenones; Castration; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2009
Robotic laparoscopic radical cystectomy inhalational versus total intravenous anesthesia: a pilot study. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2009, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cystectomy; Female; Fentanyl; H	2009
Effect of different anesthetic agents on oculocardiac reflex in pediatric strabismus surgery. Journal of anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Androstanols; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics,	2009
[Quality of premedication and patient satisfaction after premedication with midazolam, clonidine or placebo : Randomized double-blind study with age-adjusted dosage]. Der Anaesthesist, 2010, Volume: 59, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Aged; Aging; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Blood Gas Analysis;	2010
A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for sedation during vascular procedures. Vascular and endovascular surgery, 2010, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Dexmedetomidine; Double-Blind Method; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics an	2010
Effective and safe anesthesia for Yorkshire and Yucatan swine with and without cardiovascular injury and intervention. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2010, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Blood Pressure;	2010
Parental presence, clowns or sedative premedication to treat preoperative anxiety in children: what could be the most promising option? Paediatric anaesthesia, 2010, Volume: 20, Issue:10 Topics: Allied Health Personnel; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschoo	2010
Prophylactic use of midazolam or propofol at the end of surgery may reduce the incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2011, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation	2011
Comparison of the effects of intranasal midazolam versus different doses of intranasal ketamine on reducing preoperative pediatric anxiety: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Journal of anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Conscious	2012
The anaesthetic combination of ketamine/midazolam does not alter the acquisition of spatial and motor tasks in adult mice. Laboratory animals, 2013, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Ketamine; Laboratory Animal Science; Male; Maze Learning; Memory;	2013
Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Urology, 2003, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Fem	2003
Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Urology, 2003, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Fem	2003
Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Urology, 2003, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Fem	2003
Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Urology, 2003, Volume: 61, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Blood Pressure; Fem	2003
Efficacy of midazolam in preventing postoperative shivering. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2002, Volume: 40, Issue:11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	2002
Premedication with nasal s-ketamine and midazolam provides good conditions for induction of anesthesia in preschool children. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2003, Volume: 50, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Intranasal; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Child, Preschool; Double-	2003
A comparative evaluation of transcutaneous and end-tidal measurements of CO2 in thoracic anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 97, Issue:3 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Aged; Anesthesia; Bronchoscopy; Carbon Dioxide; Electrocardiography; Female;	2003
Midazolam: an effective antiemetic after cardiac surgery--a clinical trial. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 99, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Antiemetics; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Double-Blind Met	2004
Nocturnal arterial oxygen desaturation and episodic airway obstruction after ambulatory surgery. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2004, Volume: 99, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Airway Obstruction; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Ane	2004
Anaesthesia with midazolam/medetomidine/fentanyl in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) compared to anaesthesia with xylazine/ketamine and medetomidine/ketamine. Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, 2004, Volume: 51, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Chinchilla; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Fentanyl; Hea	2004
Clonidine vs. midazolam as premedication in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Adenoidectomy; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia; Behavior; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonidine;	2004
Preliminary comparison of four anaesthetic techniques in badgers (Meles meles). Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 32, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Animals; Female; Imidaz	2005
High levels of impulsivity may contraindicate midazolam premedication in children. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2006
Clinical evaluation of intranasal benzodiazepines, alpha-agonists and their antagonists in canaries. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2006, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Anesthesia; Ani	2006
Use of the NMDA antagonist magnesium sulfate during monitored anesthesia care for shockwave lithotripsy. Journal of endourology, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Conscious Sedation; Demography; Female; Fentanyl; Hea	2007
Single transpulmonary thermodilution in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: haemodynamic changes and effects of different anaesthetic techniques. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2007, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Coronary Artery	2007
Bispectral index as a predictor of sedation depth during isoflurane or midazolam sedation in ICU patients. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2007, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Dose-Response Rela	2007
Application of A-line autoregressive model with exogenous input index during the wake-up test in spinal surgery under propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Chinese medical journal, 2007, Jun-05, Volume: 120, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia; Child; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Humans; Midazolam; Monitoring, In	2007
Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Female; Humans; Intraop	2008
[Diprivan versus midazolam in combined anaesthesia with ketamin for minor gynecological surgery]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 2007, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug T	2007
A comparison of ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Blood Gas Analys	2008
Laryngeal mask airway insertion in children: comparison between rotational, lateral and standard technique. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2008, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Child, Preschool; Equipment De	2008
Comparative renal effects of midazolam and thiopental in humans. Anesthesiology, 1983, Volume: 59, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Blood Pressure; Catheters, Indwelling; Female; Glomerular Filtration Ra	1983
[Midazolam as an inducer, corrector and potentiator of analgesic anesthesia based on alfentanil]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1981, Volume: 31, Issue:12a Topics: Alfentanil; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Autonomic Nervous System; Benzodiazepines; Central Nervous Syst	1981
Comparison of thiopentone and midazolam for induction of anaesthesia: influence of diazepam premedication. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1982, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; Female; Humans; Male; Midazolam; Preanesthetic Medicat	1982
[Analgesia-sedation for maxillo-facial surgery with midazolam-pentazocine and miazolam-ketamine. Clinical double-blind study of anxiety, analgesia, sedation and amnesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:8 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Amnesia; Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesth	1995
Study of the optimal duration of preoxygenation in children. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 1995, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Fentanyl; Heart Rate; Hemoglobins; Humans; Midazolam; Oximetry;	1995
Propofol has no direct effect on sinoatrial node function or on normal atrioventricular and accessory pathway conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during alfentanil/midazolam anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 82, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alfentanil; Anesthesia; Atrioventricular Node; Catheter Ablation; Electrophysiolo	1995
[Topographic electroencephalometry following anesthesia induction with ketamine-midazolam]. Der Anaesthesist, 1994, Volume: 43 Suppl 2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Coronary Artery Bypass;	1994
Comparative vascular effects of midazolam and lorazepam administered during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1994, Volume: 79, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Coronary Artery Bypass; Female; Fent	1994
[ST segment changes in the ECG. Anesthesia induction with propofol, etomidate or midazolam in patients with coronary heart disease]. Der Anaesthesist, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Coronary Artery Bypass; Electrocardiography; Etomidate; Female; Fe	1993
[Prospects of balanced anesthesia--mainly focusing on combined induction of midazolam with barbiturate and epidural opioid with local anesthetics]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 44 Suppl Topics: Abdomen; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Per	1995
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass influences the concentration-response relationship and the biodisposition of rocuronium. European journal of anaesthesiology. Supplement, 1995, Volume: 11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Aged; Androstanols; Anesthesia; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Chromatography	1995
[Premedication in children: a comparison of oral midazolam and rectal bromazepam]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Bromazepam; Child; Child, Presch	1995
Evaluation of saccadic eye movements as an objective test of recovery from anaesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1995, Volume: 39, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Male;	1995
Propofol versus propofol with midazolam for laryngeal mask insertion. European journal of anaesthesiology. Supplement, 1995, Volume: 12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Drug Combinations; Female; Hemodynami	1995
Optimal dose of thiamylal in combination with midazolam for induction of anaesthesia. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1996, Volume: 43, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male;	1996
[Measurement of human cerebrovascular circulation. Comparison of Kety-Schmidt technique with the intravenous 133-xenon clearance technique]. Der Anaesthesist, 1996, Volume: 45, Issue:11 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, General; Argon; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebrovascular Circu	1996
Remifentanil versus remifentanil/midazolam for ambulatory surgery during monitored anesthesia care. Anesthesiology, 1997, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans	1997
The effect of clonidine or midazolam premedication on perioperative responses during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1998, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Bloo	1998
What are the parameters for predictive selection of patients requiring anesthesia for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy? European urology, 1998, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Loca	1998
Distress at induction of anaesthesia in children. A survey of incidence, associated factors and recovery characteristics. Paediatric anaesthesia, 1998, Volume: 8, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Age Factors; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anti-Anxiety	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology, 1998, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia; Anxiety; Anxiety, Separation; B	1998
Droperidol-supplemented anaesthesia decreases post-operative nausea and vomiting but impairs post-operative mood and well-being. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Affect; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	1999
Parental presence and a sedative premedicant for children undergoing surgery: a hierarchical study. Anesthesiology, 2000, Volume: 92, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Mida	2000
[Analgesic dosage with (S)-ketamine/propofol vs. (S)-ketamine/midazolam: sedation, stress response and hemodynamics--a controlled study of surgical intensive care patients]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 2001, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesia; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Crit	2001
A randomized, clinical trial of oral midazolam plus placebo versus oral midazolam plus oral transmucosal fentanyl for sedation during laceration repair. Pediatrics, 2002, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Oral; Anesthesia; Child; Child, Preschool; Conscious Sedation	2002
GABA alpha6 receptors mediate midazolam-induced anxiolysis. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2002, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anxiety Disorders; Double-B	2002
Fentanyl-fluanisone-midazolam combination results in more stable hemodynamics than does urethane alpha-chloralose and 2,2,2-tribromoethanol in mice. Contemporary topics in laboratory animal science, 2002, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Blood Pressure; Butyrophenones; Chloralose; Drug Therapy, Combinat	2002
[Co-maintenance with propofol and midazolam: sympathoadrenergic reactions, hemodynamic effects, stress response, EEG and recovery]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 2002, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroencephalography; Hemod	2002
Midazolam and ketamine for ataranalgesia in colonoscopy: a pharmacodynamic study. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, 1992, Volume: 30, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Colonoscopy; Double-Blind Method; Heart Rate;	1992
Use of midazolam ('Dormicum') and flumazenil ('Anexate') in paediatric bronchology. Current medical research and opinion, 1992, Volume: 12, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia; Atropine; Bronchoscopy; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Drug Administration Schedule;	1992
Does nasal oxygen reduce the cardiorespiratory problems experienced by elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? Gut, 1992, Volume: 33, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopi	1992
[Evolution of plasma histamine after midazolam in patients at risk of histamine liberation]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 1985, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Blood Pressure; Bronchial Spasm; Clinical Trials as Topic; Femal	1985
[The plasma histamine level during anesthesia induction using midazolam]. Der Anaesthesist, 1989, Volume: 38, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Histamine; Histamine Release; Humans; Injections, Intra	1989
The efficacy of flumazenil versus physostigmine after midazolam-alfentanil anaesthesia in man. European journal of anaesthesiology. Supplement, 1988, Volume: 2 Topics: Adult; Alfentanil; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Fl	1988
[Rectal administration of midazolam as an adjuvant in the premedication of infants]. Der Anaesthesist, 1986, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Blood Gas Analysis; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diazepa	1986
Endocrinological changes following etomidate, midazolam, or methohexital for minor surgery. Anesthesiology, 1987, Volume: 66, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aldosterone; Anesthesia; beta-Endorphin; Catecholamines; Endorph	1987
[The effectiveness of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 after the induction of anesthesia with midazolam]. Der Anaesthesist, 1988, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Female; Flumaze	1988
[Better acceptance of measures for induction of anesthesia after rectal premedication with midazolam in children. Comparison of results of an open and placebo-controlled study]. Der Anaesthesist, 1987, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Rectal; Anesthesia; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topi	1987
[Hemodynamic action profile of propofol in comparison with midazolam. A study in coronary surgical patients]. Der Anaesthesist, 1987, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Blood Pressure; Coronary Artery Bypass; Extracorporeal Circulation; Heart R	1987
A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for induction of anaesthesia in high-risk patients. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1987, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Blood Gas Analysis; Diazepam; Electrocardiography; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Mid	1987
Aspirin and probenecid pretreatment influences the potency of thiopentone and the onset of action of midazolam. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1986, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Aspirin; Drug Interactions; Humans; Midazolam; Preanesthetic Medication; Probenec	1986

midazolam and Anesthesia

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (436)

Authors

Clinical Trials (33)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average Total Propofol Consumption Per Group

Lowest Intraoperative % Change in MAP From Baseline

Number of Participants With Apneic Episodes Intraoperatively Requiring Positive Pressure Ventilation

Percentage of Subjects Ready for Discharge in Each Group at 30 Minutes Post Procedure

Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children Measure by m-YPAS.

Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children Measure by m-YPAS.

Impact of Preanesthetic Information and Behavioral Intervention Using Smartphone Application on Anxiety of Children Measure m-YPAS.

Maternal Breastfeeding 7-15 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at 30 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at 60 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at Infant Discharge

Average Pain Severity at the Umbilicus Laparoscopic Site

Change in Anxiety Scores

Complications Rate

Duration of Analgesia at Umbilicus Instrument Site-How Many Minutes Passed From the Time When the Blocks Where Performed Until Patient Reported Pain at Umbilicus

Duration of Sensory Block (Paresthesia)

Medication Consumption

Satisfaction With Pain Control From Patient

Number of Participants With Successful Sedation

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies