midazolam and Agitation, Psychomotor studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The following data were observed: the anxiety scores of the children in the preoperative interview (T1), before intranasal premedication (T2), during the induction room play (T3) and in the beginning of sevoflurane-inhaled induction (T4) using Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS); the satisfaction scores of parents when children entering the operating room using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); and the cooperation scores of the children receiving the sevoflurane-inhaled induction using Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC)."	9.22	[Effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane of pediatric patients]. ( Wang, R; Wang, WH, 2016)
"To determine whether dexmedetomidine sedation in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) could decrease agitation and delirium after free flap surgery."	9.20	Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gao, C; Li, Z; Liu, R; Yang, X, 2015)
" In this study, 42 patients (American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I and II) who underwent scoliosis surgery were divided into two groups according to sedation protocols: group dexmedetomidine (DEX) (n = 22) and group midazolam (MDZ) (n = 20)."	9.17	Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. ( Aydogan, MS; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Karaman, A; Korkmaz, MF; Ozgül, U; Togal, T; Yucel, A, 2013)
" The frequency and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia were compared in 140 consecutive children (aged 3 months to 10 years) undergoing cleft lip and palate repair."	9.14	Complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in pediatric cleft lip and palate surgery: a randomized comparison study. ( Goranović, T; Knezević, P; Milić, M, 2010)
"When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with haloperidol alone for psychosis-induced aggression for the outcome not tranquil or asleep at 30 minutes, the combination treatment was clearly more effective (n=316, 1 RCT, RR 0."	8.93	Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. ( Alexander, J; Allen, MH; Gandhi, P; Huf, G, 2016)
"The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation (EA) and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia and its pharmacological mechanisms."	8.91	Meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia: different administration and different dosage. ( Niu, K; Wang, G; Wang, H; Zhu, A; Zhu, M, 2015)
"To examine whether haloperidol plus promethazine is an effective treatment for psychosis induced agitation/aggression."	8.85	Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. ( Alexander, J; Allen, MH; Huf, G; Raveendran, NS, 2009)
"To examine whether haloperidol plus promethazine is an effective treatment for psychosis induced agitation/aggression."	8.82	Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis induced aggression. ( Alexander, J; Allen, MH; Huf, G, 2005)
"Agitation is common in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and sedation with midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine is essential in agitation management."	8.12	Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiling reveals divergent modulation of pentose phosphate pathway by midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study. ( A, JY; Ding, XS; Ge, WH; Li, YC; Liu, T; Na, SJ; Sun, RB; Wang, R, 2022)
"We present 3 cases of severe serotonin syndrome in adolescents requiring intubation that were refractory to midazolam and/or propofol."	7.80	Dexmedetomidine in the treatment of serotonin syndrome. ( Charlton, NP; Rushton, WF, 2014)
"Dexmedetomidine may help to eliminate the emergence of agitation and can be a good treatment choice for the delirium state after cardiac surgery."	7.77	Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. ( Aykac, Z; Can, Y; Coruh, T; Kehlibar, T; Ozler, A; Tarhan, A; Yapici, F; Yapici, N, 2011)
" Although delirium caused by midazolam or propofol in different patients has been reported, the present case represents a delirium that developed from both drugs in the same patient, possibly because of the patient's smaller tolerance to midazolam and propofol."	7.73	Delirium during intravenous sedation with midazolam alone and with propofol in dental treatment. ( Inada, H; Jinno, S; Kohase, H; Mohri-Ikuzawa, Y; Takahashi, N; Umino, M, 2006)
"In both acute thermal- and inflammatory-induced pain, intrathecally administered midazolam and bupivacaine produced synergistic analgesia with decreased side effects in intrathecally catheterized rats."	7.72	Midazolam can potentiate the analgesic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on thermal- or inflammatory-induced pain. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 2003)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	6.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
"When midazolam was administered for the treatment of severe agitation it reduced the severity but did not abolish agitation."	6.70	[Prevention of "post-sevoflurane delirium" with midazolam]. ( Bressem, M; Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Wiebalck, A, 2001)
"When droperidol was compared with placebo, for the outcome of tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes we found evidence of a clear difference (1 RCT, N = 227, RR 1."	6.53	Droperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. ( Khokhar, MA; Rathbone, J, 2016)
"8-OH-DPAT-treated rats showed serotonin syndrome-like behaviors (low body posture, forepaw treading), hyperlocomotion, and decreased body temperature, which were completely inhibited by pretreatment with WAY 100635, a selective 5-HT1A antagonist (n = 8)."	5.42	A comparison of midazolam and dexmedetomidine for the recovery of serotonin syndrome in rats. ( Eguchi, S; Iwata, H; Kadono, T; Kaminaga, S; Kawano, T; Takahashi, T; Yamanaka, D; Yokoyama, M, 2015)
"We conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing the rapidity of onset, level of sedation, and adverse effect profile of ketamine compared to a combination of midazolam and haloperidol for behavioral control of emergency department patients with severe psychomotor agitation."	5.41	Rapid Agitation Control With Ketamine in the Emergency Department: A Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Andolfatto, G; Barbic, D; Barbic, SP; Grunau, B; Honer, WG; Macewan, B; Qian, H; Scheuermeyer, FX; Wong, H, 2021)
"We present a novel study to determine whether ketamine is a rapid and safe option, compared to a combination of midazolam and haloperidol for the sedation of patients presenting to the ED with psychomotor agitation and violent behavior."	5.27	Rapid agitation control with ketamine in the emergency department (RACKED): a randomized controlled trial protocol. ( Andolfatto, G; Barbic, D; Barbic, SP; Grunau, B; Honer, WG; MacEwan, W; Scheuermeyer, FX; Wong, H, 2018)
" The following data were observed: the anxiety scores of the children in the preoperative interview (T1), before intranasal premedication (T2), during the induction room play (T3) and in the beginning of sevoflurane-inhaled induction (T4) using Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS); the satisfaction scores of parents when children entering the operating room using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); and the cooperation scores of the children receiving the sevoflurane-inhaled induction using Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC)."	5.22	[Effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane of pediatric patients]. ( Wang, R; Wang, WH, 2016)
"To determine whether dexmedetomidine sedation in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) could decrease agitation and delirium after free flap surgery."	5.20	Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gao, C; Li, Z; Liu, R; Yang, X, 2015)
" In this study, 42 patients (American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I and II) who underwent scoliosis surgery were divided into two groups according to sedation protocols: group dexmedetomidine (DEX) (n = 22) and group midazolam (MDZ) (n = 20)."	5.17	Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam. ( Aydogan, MS; Colak, C; Durmus, M; Erdogan, MA; Karaman, A; Korkmaz, MF; Ozgül, U; Togal, T; Yucel, A, 2013)
"Intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam are equally effective in decreasing anxiety upon separation from parents; however, midazolam is superior in providing satisfactory conditions during mask induction."	5.16	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia. ( Akin, A; Aksu, R; Altuntas, R; Bayram, A; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Tosun, Z, 2012)
"One hundred fifty patients with agitation caused by psychotic or bipolar disorder were randomly assigned under double-blind conditions to receive olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus midazolam, haloperidol plus promethazine or haloperidol alone."	5.15	Rapid tranquilization for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomized trial of olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus promethazine, haloperidol plus midazolam and haloperidol alone. ( Baldaçara, L; Cordeiro, DC; Jackoswski, AP; Sanches, M, 2011)
" The frequency and type of intraoperative and postoperative complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia were compared in 140 consecutive children (aged 3 months to 10 years) undergoing cleft lip and palate repair."	5.14	Complications of sevoflurane-fentanyl versus midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia in pediatric cleft lip and palate surgery: a randomized comparison study. ( Goranović, T; Knezević, P; Milić, M, 2010)
"Melatonin was not only as effective as midazolam in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children, but it was also associated with a tendency towards faster recovery, lower incidence of excitement postoperatively and a lower incidence of sleep disturbance at week 2 postoperatively."	5.11	Melatonin vs. midazolam premedication in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ( Albassam, A; Aldammas, F; Alotibi, W; Naguib, M; Riad, W; Samarkandi, A; Thalaj, A, 2005)
" Midazolam was more rapidly sedating than haloperidol-promethazine, reducing the time people are exposed to aggression."	5.10	Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms: a randomised trial of midazolam versus haloperidol plus promethazine. ( , 2003)
"When haloperidol plus promethazine was compared with haloperidol alone for psychosis-induced aggression for the outcome not tranquil or asleep at 30 minutes, the combination treatment was clearly more effective (n=316, 1 RCT, RR 0."	4.93	Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. ( Alexander, J; Allen, MH; Gandhi, P; Huf, G, 2016)
"The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation (EA) and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia and its pharmacological mechanisms."	4.91	Meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia: different administration and different dosage. ( Niu, K; Wang, G; Wang, H; Zhu, A; Zhu, M, 2015)
"Dexmedetomidine is effective in decreasing anxiety upon separation from parents, decreasing postoperative agitation, and providing more effective postoperative analgesia when compared with midazolam."	4.91	Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam as preanesthetic medication in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Borghi, G; Febres, D; Frati, E; Landoni, G; Pasin, L; Testa, V; Zangrillo, A, 2015)
"To examine whether haloperidol plus promethazine is an effective treatment for psychosis induced agitation/aggression."	4.85	Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. ( Alexander, J; Allen, MH; Huf, G; Raveendran, NS, 2009)
"Oral midazolam premedication in children was found to reduce the anxiety associated with separation from parents/guardians, and with induction of anesthesia."	4.83	Evidence-based clinical update: does premedication with oral midazolam lead to improved behavioural outcomes in children? ( Cox, RG; Crowe, MJ; Ewen, A; Nemish, U, 2006)
"To examine whether haloperidol plus promethazine is an effective treatment for psychosis induced agitation/aggression."	4.82	Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis induced aggression. ( Alexander, J; Allen, MH; Huf, G, 2005)
"Agitation is common in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and sedation with midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine is essential in agitation management."	4.12	Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiling reveals divergent modulation of pentose phosphate pathway by midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study. ( A, JY; Ding, XS; Ge, WH; Li, YC; Liu, T; Na, SJ; Sun, RB; Wang, R, 2022)
"The World Health Organization recommends that anxiety, depression, agitation and delirium at end of life should be treated with drugs such as lorazepam, diazepam, midazolam and haloperidol."	3.83	Look again at psychedelic drugs. ( Cameron, R, 2016)
" Significant difference was observed between EA and the control group in many aspects, such as sex, age, ASA classify, smoking history, history of cerebrovascular disease, preoperative anxiety, the use of midazolam, anesthesia means, postoperative pain, postoperative analgesia, presence of a tracheal tube, and presence of a urinary catheter."	3.81	[Analysis of risk factors for emergence agitation in adults undergoing general anesthesia for nasal surgery]. ( Liu, Z, 2015)
"We present 3 cases of severe serotonin syndrome in adolescents requiring intubation that were refractory to midazolam and/or propofol."	3.80	Dexmedetomidine in the treatment of serotonin syndrome. ( Charlton, NP; Rushton, WF, 2014)
"Dexmedetomidine may help to eliminate the emergence of agitation and can be a good treatment choice for the delirium state after cardiac surgery."	3.77	Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. ( Aykac, Z; Can, Y; Coruh, T; Kehlibar, T; Ozler, A; Tarhan, A; Yapici, F; Yapici, N, 2011)
" Although delirium caused by midazolam or propofol in different patients has been reported, the present case represents a delirium that developed from both drugs in the same patient, possibly because of the patient's smaller tolerance to midazolam and propofol."	3.73	Delirium during intravenous sedation with midazolam alone and with propofol in dental treatment. ( Inada, H; Jinno, S; Kohase, H; Mohri-Ikuzawa, Y; Takahashi, N; Umino, M, 2006)
"In both acute thermal- and inflammatory-induced pain, intrathecally administered midazolam and bupivacaine produced synergistic analgesia with decreased side effects in intrathecally catheterized rats."	3.72	Midazolam can potentiate the analgesic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on thermal- or inflammatory-induced pain. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 2003)
"The object of this study was to grade the response of patients undergoing a variety of dental procedures with the aid of intravenous midazolam sedation in general dental practice and to explore any relationships between the patients preoperative anxiety assessment and the clinician's assessment of co-operation whilst under sedation."	3.69	Response to intravenous midazolam sedation in general dental practice. ( Ellis, S, 1996)
" The successful use of midazolam to treat psychomotor agitation in this patient is also reported."	3.68	[Aseptic meningitis following spinal anesthesia. Report of a case]. ( Bugedo, G; Muñoz, H; Valenzuela, J, 1991)
"Recovery conditions, postoperative pain, and postoperative agitation were also recorded."	2.79	Intranasal dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication in children undergoing complete dental rehabilitation: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. ( Abdelhalim, AA; Al-Sarheed, MA; Sheta, SA, 2014)
"In selected cases intranasal sedation provides a safe and effective alternative for dental GA in short invasive procedures limited to one or two quadrants in children."	2.76	The safety and efficacy of using a concentrated intranasal midazolam formulation for paediatric dental sedation. ( Wood, M, 2011)
"Dizziness was greater in the modafinil/remifentanil/propofol group 1."	2.75	Modafinil reduces patient-reported tiredness after sedation/analgesia but does not improve patient psychomotor skills. ( Boesjes, H; Galvin, E; Hol, J; Klein, J; Ubben, JF; Verbrugge, SJ, 2010)
"Propofol was administered until the patients did not respond to a verbal command."	2.74	Premedication with dexmedetomidine and midazolam attenuates agitation after electroconvulsive therapy. ( Bulut, M; Ganidagli, S; Koruk, S; Mizrak, A; Oner, U, 2009)
"Midazolam doses were lower in P than in C group (0."	2.73	[Protocol based sedation versus conventional treatment in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation]. ( Asenjo B, R; Aspée L, P; Castro O, J; Lanas M, A; Pino P, S; Prat R, D; Rivas V, S; Tobar A, E, 2008)
"Sevoflurane anaesthesia was administered via a facemask (O2/N2O: 40/60)."	2.73	Oral clonidine vs midazolam in the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. ( De Groote, F; De Hert, S; De Villé, A; Dierick, A; Tazeroualti, N; Van der Linden, P, 2007)
"The symptoms of disorientation, restlessness, inconsolable crying and thrashing resemble an acute psychosis similar to an agitated central anticholinergic syndrome."	2.73	Physostigmine and anaesthesia emergence delirium in preschool children: a randomized blinded trial. ( Funk, W; Geroldinger, J; Hollnberger, H, 2008)
"Midazolam and Propofol were used following a bolus-infusion sequence, both separately and in combination among themselves (MID\\PROP group), or with an opioid, Remifentanil (MID\\PROP\\REMI group)."	2.72	Neurosedation in dentistry of the disabled patient: the use of midazolam, propofol, and remifentanil. ( Barraco, G; Collini, S; Di Carlo, S; Gatto, R; Lejeune, L; Meloncelli, S; Pinto, G, 2006)
"Midazolam has a significantly shorter time to onset of sedation and a more rapid time to arousal than lorazepam or haloperidol."	2.71	A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients. ( Dresden, GM; Levitt, MA; Nobay, F; Simon, BC, 2004)
"When midazolam was administered for the treatment of severe agitation it reduced the severity but did not abolish agitation."	2.70	[Prevention of "post-sevoflurane delirium" with midazolam]. ( Bressem, M; Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Wiebalck, A, 2001)
"Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent with low pungency, non-irritating odor, and low blood/gas partition coefficient that makes it an attractive alternative to halothane."	2.70	Premedication with low-dose oral midazolam reduces the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in pediatric patients following sevoflurane anesthesia. ( Chen, CC; Cheng, CR; Huang, CJ; Hung, YC; Ko, YP; Su, NY; Tsai, PS, 2001)
"A literature review was conducted, and studies were included if involving adults, receiving Midazolam, alone or in combination, whatever the route, dosage or indication and if they reported adverse events related to the use of Midazolam."	2.61	Tolerability of Midazolam to treat acute agitation in elderly demented patients: A systematic review. ( Bloch, F; Boutalha, S; Defouilloy, C; Dubaele, JM; Karoui, I, 2019)
"When droperidol was compared with placebo, for the outcome of tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes we found evidence of a clear difference (1 RCT, N = 227, RR 1."	2.53	Droperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. ( Khokhar, MA; Rathbone, J, 2016)
"Sedation and restlessness in all patients were controlled by midazolam administered intravenously by the attending anaesthesiologist; these parameters were later objectively confirmed by recorded actigrams."	2.41	The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature. ( Flaishon, R; Ogorek, D; Szold, O; Weinbroum, AA, 2001)
"Terminal restlessness is a variant of delirium observed in some patients in their last days of life."	2.40	Palliative care: an update on "terminal restlessness". ( Burke, AL, 1997)
"Delirium is a prevalent clinical presentation in advanced illness."	1.72	Refractory hyperactive delirium in the dying: pharmacological management. ( Rashed, S; Shiu, A; Tham, K; Walpole, G; William, L, 2022)
"Background Psychomotor agitation can be problematic in an overcrowded emergency department (ED) during uncontrolled procedural sedation."	1.51	Post-traumatic stress disorder or emergence phenomena? A case of psychomotor agitation after procedural sedation and analgesia. ( Akbari, H; Bahreini, M; Jalali, A, 2019)
"8-OH-DPAT-treated rats showed serotonin syndrome-like behaviors (low body posture, forepaw treading), hyperlocomotion, and decreased body temperature, which were completely inhibited by pretreatment with WAY 100635, a selective 5-HT1A antagonist (n = 8)."	1.42	A comparison of midazolam and dexmedetomidine for the recovery of serotonin syndrome in rats. ( Eguchi, S; Iwata, H; Kadono, T; Kaminaga, S; Kawano, T; Takahashi, T; Yamanaka, D; Yokoyama, M, 2015)
"Droperidol was effective for sedation in most elderly patients with ABD, and adverse effects were uncommon."	1.39	Parenteral sedation of elderly patients with acute behavioral disturbance in the ED. ( Calver, L; Isbister, GK, 2013)
"Delirium was detected at least once in 65% of the patients (n = 640)."	1.39	Fluctuations in sedation levels may contribute to delirium in ICU patients. ( Christensen, D; Egerod, I; Frydenberg, M; Svenningsen, H; Tønnesen, EK; Videbech, P, 2013)
"The objectives of this study were to describe the type and frequency of postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for elective diagnostic imaging in children and to determine if any patient or drug characteristics were associated with such adverse events."	1.38	Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging in children. ( Chen, X; Kaila, R; Kannikeswaran, N, 2012)
"57% of patients having complications (52 patients having 60 adverse events)."	1.37	Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the second 7 years of office practice. ( Rodgers, MS; Rodgers, SF, 2011)
" Extrapyramidal side effects like tardive dyskinesia are known to develop with chronic use of metoclopramide, while acute akathisia is a lesser known side effect following IV administration."	1.37	Case of acute akathisia from intravenous metoclopramide. ( Lim, BL; Qiu, LM, 2011)
"The main adverse effects were diplopia and post-sedation dysphoria."	1.36	Oral sedation for dental treatment in young children in a hospital setting. ( Lourenço-Matharu, L; Roberts, GJ, 2010)
" There were a total of 70 patients who had 77 adverse events."	1.33	Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the first 7 years of office practice. ( Rodgers, SF, 2005)
"Management of airway foreign bodies must be undertaken in specialized units with experienced staff and known protocols."	1.32	How we do it: management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. ( Babin, E; Bigeon, JY; Doppia, MA; Edy, E; Sigston, E, 2004)
"IV caffeine appears to be an effective treatment for PH in children with sedation-induced PH."	1.32	Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity. ( Bartko, M; Baskin, KM; Cahill, AM; Kaye, RD; Rubin, JT; Towbin, RB, 2004)
"A propofol infusion was chosen for anaesthesia to achieve early discharge and to reduce the incidence of postoperative emesis."	1.29	Propofol for pulsed dye laser treatments in paediatric outpatients. ( Charest, J; Vischoff, D, 1994)
"Midazolam was initiated in an effort to resolve his agitation and the patient continued to receive frequent bolus injections, averaging 22 mg/d over 21 days."	1.28	Precipitation of benzodiazepine withdrawal following sudden discontinuation of midazolam. ( Finley, PR; Nolan, PE, 1989)

Research

Studies (145)

Authors

Clinical Trials (31)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants With Satisfaction Score <2

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	7 (4.83)	18.7374
1990's	16 (11.03)	18.2507
2000's	46 (31.72)	29.6817
2010's	69 (47.59)	24.3611
2020's	7 (4.83)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Conrardy, MJ	1
Tyler, DJ	1
Cruz, DS	1
Fant, AL	1
Malik, S	1
Lank, PM	1
Kim, HS	1
Tham, K	1
Shiu, A	1
William, L	1
Walpole, G	1
Rashed, S	1
Li, YC	1
Wang, R	2
A, JY	1
Sun, RB	1
Na, SJ	1
Liu, T	1
Ding, XS	1
Ge, WH	1
Yan, VKC	1
Haendler, M	1
Lau, H	1
Li, X	1
Lao, KSJ	1
Tsui, SH	1
Yap, CYL	2
Knapp, MRJ	1
Chan, EW	4
Thiemann, P	1
Roy, D	1
Huecker, M	1
Senn, J	1
Javed, J	1
Thomas, A	1
Shreffler, J	1
Shaw, I	1
Allen, PJ	1
Johanson, KE	1
Reveles, KR	1
Neff, LA	1
Lock, AE	1
Patel, C	1
Kleinig, P	1
Bakker, M	1
Tait, P	1
Jalali, A	1
Akbari, H	1
Bahreini, M	1
Barbic, D	2
Andolfatto, G	2
Grunau, B	2
Scheuermeyer, FX	2
Macewan, B	1
Qian, H	1
Wong, H	2
Barbic, SP	2
Honer, WG	2
Li, QD	1
Wan, XY	1
Zhang, YL	1
Li, SW	1
Han, LL	1
Li, WW	1
Shi, HY	1
Klein, LR	2
Driver, BE	2
Miner, JR	1
Martel, ML	2
Hessel, M	1
Collins, JD	1
Horton, GB	1
Fagerstrom, E	1
Satpathy, R	1
Cole, JB	2
Abdel-Ghaffar, HS	1
Kamal, SM	1
El Sherif, FA	1
Mohamed, SA	1
Giordano, V	1
Deindl, P	1
Goeral, K	1
Czaba, C	1
Weninger, M	1
Berger, A	1
Olischar, M	1
Werther, T	1
MacEwan, W	1
Bloch, F	1
Karoui, I	1
Boutalha, S	1
Defouilloy, C	1
Dubaele, JM	1
Bak, M	1
Weltens, I	1
Bervoets, C	1
De Fruyt, J	1
Samochowiec, J	1
Fiorillo, A	1
Sampogna, G	1
Bienkowski, P	1
Preuss, WU	1
Misiak, B	1
Frydecka, D	1
Samochowiec, A	1
Bak, E	1
Drukker, M	1
Dom, G	1
Horton, G	1
Scharber, S	1
Ingravallo, F	1
de Nooijer, K	1
Pucci, V	1
Casini, C	1
Miccinesi, G	1
Rietjens, JAC	1
Morino, P	1
Tan, D	1
Xia, H	1
Sun, S	1
Wang, F	1
Postaci, A	1
Tiryaki, C	1
Sacan, O	1
Ornek, D	2
Kalyoncu, M	1
Dikmen, B	1
Aydogan, MS	1
Korkmaz, MF	1
Ozgül, U	1
Erdogan, MA	1
Yucel, A	1
Karaman, A	1
Togal, T	2
Durmus, M	1
Colak, C	1
Cohen, MB	1
Stewart, JT	1
Sud, P	1
Nelson, L	1
Diller, D	1
Taylor, DM	4
Knott, JC	4
Phillips, GA	3
Castle, DJ	4
Kong, DC	2
Jarman, A	1
Duke, G	1
Reade, M	1
Casamento, A	1
Eucker, SA	1
Barrett, TW	1
Schriger, DL	1
Calver, L	1
Isbister, GK	1
Periñan Blanco, R	1
Holgado Pascual, CM	1
Añez Simón, C	1
de Molina Fernández, MI	1
Sheta, SA	1
Al-Sarheed, MA	1
Abdelhalim, AA	1
Gambles, M	1
McGlinchey, T	1
Latten, R	1
Dickman, A	2
Lowe, D	1
Ellershaw, JE	1
Sun, Y	1
Lu, Y	1
Huang, Y	1
Jiang, H	1
Benedict, N	1
Felbinger, M	1
Ridenour, T	1
Anthes, A	1
Altawalbeh, S	1
Kane-Gill, S	1
Almenrader, N	1
Galante, D	1
Engelhardt, T	1
Rushton, WF	1
Charlton, NP	1
Bilgen, S	1
Köner, Ö	1
Karacay, S	1
Sancar, NK	1
Kaspar, EC	1
Sözübir, S	1
Afacan, MA	1
Colak, S	1
Erdogan, MO	1
Kosargelir, M	1
Ibrahim, A	1
Tekesin, K	1
Kandis, H	1
Pasin, L	1
Febres, D	1
Testa, V	1
Frati, E	1
Borghi, G	1
Landoni, G	1
Zangrillo, A	1
Kawano, T	1
Takahashi, T	1
Kaminaga, S	1
Kadono, T	1
Yamanaka, D	1
Iwata, H	1
Eguchi, S	1
Yokoyama, M	1
Zhu, M	1
Wang, H	1
Zhu, A	1
Niu, K	1
Wang, G	1
Yang, X	1
Li, Z	1
Gao, C	1
Liu, R	1
Gonçalves, F	2
Almeida, A	3
Pereira, S	2
Isenberg, DL	1
Jacobs, D	1
Liu, Z	1
Banik, S	1
Rath, GP	1
Huygen, FJ	1
Cameron, R	1
Wang, WH	1
Abouchedid, R	1
Ho, JH	1
Hudson, S	1
Dines, A	1
Archer, JR	1
Wood, DM	1
Dargan, PI	1
Taylor, SE	1
Karro, J	1
Kong, DCM	1
Ferraz Gonçalves, JA	1
Costa, I	1
Silva, P	1
Carneiro, R	1
Huf, G	5
Alexander, J	3
Gandhi, P	1
Allen, MH	3
Khokhar, MA	1
Rathbone, J	1
Kousgaard, SJ	1
Licht, RW	1
Nielsen, RE	1
Tobar A, E	1
Lanas M, A	1
Pino P, S	1
Aspée L, P	1
Rivas V, S	1
Prat R, D	1
Asenjo B, R	1
Castro O, J	1
Mizrak, A	1
Koruk, S	1
Ganidagli, S	1
Bulut, M	1
Oner, U	1
Passmore, MJ	1
Sheldon, L	1
Lax, S	1
Wilkins-Ho, M	1
Illing, M	1
Heller, M	1
Hayes, CM	1
Krejci, NC	1
Nishiyama, T	2
Raveendran, NS	1
Galvin, E	1
Boesjes, H	1
Hol, J	1
Ubben, JF	1
Klein, J	1
Verbrugge, SJ	1
Coutinho, ES	2
Adams, CE	2
Milić, M	1
Goranović, T	1
Knezević, P	1
Almgren, M	1
Lundmark, M	1
Samuelson, K	1
Khattab, AM	1
El-Seify, ZA	1
Shaaban, A	1
Radojevic, D	1
Jankovic, I	1
Dahmani, S	1
Brasher, C	1
Stany, I	1
Golmard, J	1
Skhiri, A	1
Bruneau, B	1
Nivoche, Y	1
Constant, I	2
Murat, I	2
Ghai, B	1
Ram, J	1
Chauhan, S	1
Wig, J	1
Chen, J	1
Li, W	1
Hu, X	1
Wang, D	1
Lourenço-Matharu, L	1
Roberts, GJ	1
McKenzie, WS	1
Rosenberg, M	1
Sener, S	1
Eken, C	1
Schultz, CH	1
Serinken, M	1
Ozsarac, M	1
Qiu, LM	1
Lim, BL	1
Wood, M	1
Özcengiz, D	1
Gunes, Y	1
Ozmete, O	1
Yapici, N	1
Coruh, T	1
Kehlibar, T	1
Yapici, F	1
Tarhan, A	1
Can, Y	1
Ozler, A	1
Aykac, Z	1
Baldaçara, L	1
Sanches, M	1
Cordeiro, DC	1
Jackoswski, AP	1
Rodgers, SF	2
Rodgers, MS	1
Zand, F	1
Allahyary, E	1
Hamidi, AR	1
Weiss, S	1
Peterson, K	1
Cheney, P	1
Froman, P	1
Ernst, A	1
Campbell, M	1
Akin, A	1
Bayram, A	1
Esmaoglu, A	1
Tosun, Z	1
Aksu, R	1
Altuntas, R	1
Boyaci, A	1
Teixeira, S	1
Edra, N	1
Kaila, R	1
Chen, X	1
Kannikeswaran, N	1
Lindqvist, O	1
Lundquist, G	1
Bükki, J	1
Lunder, U	1
Hagelin, CL	1
Rasmussen, BH	1
Sauter, S	1
Tishelman, C	1
Fürst, CJ	1
Svenningsen, H	1
Egerod, I	1
Videbech, P	1
Christensen, D	1
Frydenberg, M	1
Tønnesen, EK	1
Cohen, IT	1
Drewsen, S	1
Hannallah, RS	1
Augoustides, JG	1
Greenblatt, E	1
Abbas, MA	1
O'Reardon, JP	1
Datto, CJ	1
Saito, M	1
Terao, Y	1
Fukusaki, M	1
Makita, T	1
Shibata, O	1
Sumikawa, K	1
Hanaoka, K	1
Vivien, B	1
Di Maria, S	1
Ouattara, A	1
Langeron, O	1
Coriat, P	1
Riou, B	1
Stewart, PC	1
Cunnington, P	1
Martin, R	1
Kanegaye, JT	1
Favela, JL	1
Acosta, M	1
Bank, DE	1
Leport, Y	1
Richard, P	1
Moutard, ML	1
Nobay, F	1
Simon, BC	1
Levitt, MA	1
Dresden, GM	1
Demirbilek, S	1
Cicek, M	1
Aslan, U	1
Sizanli, E	1
Ersoy, MO	1
Rubin, JT	1
Towbin, RB	1
Bartko, M	1
Baskin, KM	1
Cahill, AM	1
Kaye, RD	1
Babin, E	1
Sigston, E	1
Bigeon, JY	1
Doppia, MA	1
Edy, E	1
Samarkandi, A	1
Naguib, M	1
Riad, W	1
Thalaj, A	1
Alotibi, W	1
Aldammas, F	1
Albassam, A	1
Horiuchi, T	1
Kawaguchi, M	1
Kurehara, K	1
Kawaraguchi, Y	1
Sasaoka, N	1
Furuya, H	1
Araki, H	1
Fujiwara, Y	1
Shimada, Y	1
Martel, M	1
Sterzinger, A	1
Miner, J	1
Clinton, J	1
Biros, M	1
Rudge, AD	2
Chase, JG	2
Shaw, GM	2
Lee, D	2
Collini, S	1
Pinto, G	1
Lejeune, L	1
Di Carlo, S	1
Meloncelli, S	1
Barraco, G	1
Gatto, R	1
Bujok, GJ	1
Misio ek, H	1
Hann, CE	1
Cox, RG	1
Nemish, U	1
Ewen, A	1
Crowe, MJ	1
Mohri-Ikuzawa, Y	1
Inada, H	1
Takahashi, N	1
Kohase, H	1
Jinno, S	1
Umino, M	1
Tazeroualti, N	1
De Groote, F	1
De Hert, S	1
De Villé, A	1
Dierick, A	1
Van der Linden, P	1
Erk, G	1
Dönmez, NF	1
Taşpinar, V	1
Funk, W	1
Hollnberger, H	1
Geroldinger, J	1
Weitz, G	1
Homann, N	1
von Jagow, DC	1
Wellhöner, P	1
Sauer, A	1
Ludwig, D	1
Bamgbade, OA	1
Spain, D	1
Crilly, J	1
Whyte, I	1
Jenner, L	1
Carr, V	1
Baker, A	1
Warner, DL	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Prospective Observational Investigation of Olanzapine Versus Haloperidol Versus Ziprasidone Versus Midazolam for the Treatment of Acute Undifferentiated Agitation in the Emergency Department[NCT03211897]		737 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-06-15	Completed
Premedication With Different Nebulized Ketamine,Dexmedetomidine Versus Midazolam in Oncologic Preschool Children[NCT02935959]	Phase 1/Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Rescue After Failed Pediatric Procedural Sedation: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04822064]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-22	Recruiting
Comparison of Oral Chloral Hydrate and Combination of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine for Procedural Sedation in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04820205]		136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-03	Recruiting
Rapid Agitation Control With Ketamine in the Emergency Department (RACKED): a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03375671]	Phase 2	81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-29	Completed
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine as Premedication for Suspension Laryngoscopy[NCT02108171]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
Comparing Intranasal Dexmedetomidine With Oral Midazolam as Premedication for Older Children Undergoing General Anesthesia for Dental Rehabilitation[NCT02250703]	Phase 3	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
A Comparison of Virtual Reality Headset and Touch Screen Tablet for Minimizing Anxiety During Separation From Caregiver and Induction of Anesthesia in Children[NCT04414501]		94 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Completed
IN Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Closed Reductions for Distal Forearm Fractures. Timmons Z MD, Feudale B MD Children Presenting to the ED With Distal Forearm Extremity Fractures Often Require Re-alignment Under Conscious Sedation. T[NCT03466242]	Early Phase 1	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled Trial Using Single Dose Dexmedetomidine In The Treatment Of Pain In Patients Undergoing Cleft Palate Repair[NCT02915042]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-12-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Recruitment concerns)
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-controlled, Phase 3 Clinical Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine to Oral Midazolam as Premedication for Propofol Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Magnet[NCT05192629]	Phase 3	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-09	Recruiting
Ketamine Versus Midazolam for Prehospital Agitation[NCT03554915]		314 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-08-01	Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Evaluation of Modafinil vs Placebo for the Treatment of General Anesthesia Related Delayed Emergence in Patients With the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea[NCT02494102]	Phase 4	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Terminated
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD): A New Modality to Assess Postoperative Agitation After a Single Bolus of Dexmedetomidine Versus Nalbuphine in Children With Cleft Palate Repair[NCT04928391]	Phase 3	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-20	Recruiting
Delirium Screening 3 Methods Study (DELIS-3). Agreement Between CAM-ICU, CAM-ICU-7 and ICDSC in a Danish Population of ICU Patients and Nurses' Perception of the Clinical Relevance of Delirium Screening[NCT04551508]		1,126 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-09-09	Completed
[NCT01506622]		222 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Use of Sevoflurane, Midazolam and Ketamine in Children for Dental Sedation Treatment: Occurrence of Adverse Events[NCT02284204]	Phase 2	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
PARADOX - the Incidence of Paradoxical Reactions in Pediatric Patients Premedicated With Midazolam[NCT04190537]		500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-09-01	Recruiting
A Comparison of Midazolam or Haloperidol Premedication Versus Placebo for Reducing Ketamine Induced Agitation After Adult Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department[NCT02909465]	Phase 4	185 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Positive Imagery Therapy and the Incidence of Emergence Reactions With the Use of Ketamine[NCT04746079]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-05	Recruiting
Effect of Clonidine vs. Dexmedetomidine in Addition to Standard Treatment in Agitated Delirium in Intensive Care Patients: Pilot Study.[NCT04758936]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-01	Recruiting
Evaluating Stress Response and Anxiety Score in Paediatric Patients Sedated With Intranasal Dexmedetomidine[NCT04526652]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
Oro-dispersible Olanzapine (Wafer) Versus Conventional Oral Haloperidol or Diazepam Tablets for the Management of Acute Agitation in the Accident and Emergency Department - a Multicentre Randomised Clinical Trial[NCT03246620]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated (stopped due to The study was terminated prematurely due to difficulties in patient recruitment and associated potential for selection bias.)
Intramuscular Olanzapine Versus Haloperidol or Midazolam for the Management of Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department - a Multicentre Randomised Clinical Trial[NCT02380118]	Phase 4	167 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Terminated (stopped due to Primary endpoint reached based on data projection from interim analysis.)
Bispectral Index: A Comparison of Bifrontal Montage Agreement[NCT04062240]		15 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-11-27	Completed
The Effects of Single-dose Rectal Midazolam Application on Post-operative Recovery, Sedation, and Analgesia in Children Given Caudal Anesthesia Plus Bupivacaine[NCT02127489]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-06-30	Completed
Comparing the Efficacy Between Desflurane and Sevoflurane in Miantainance of Spontaneous General Anaesthesia Using Ambu Aura Gain in Paediatrics Patients[NCT04771962]	Phase 1/Phase 2	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-01	Completed
Premedication With Melatonin vs. Placebo in Patients Undergoing Interventional Pain Procedure[NCT02415309]	Phase 3	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
The Effect of Melatonin Administration on Sedation Level as Adjuvant to Propofol in Mechanically Ventilated Traumatic Brain Injury Patient: RCT[NCT04034771]	Phase 3	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Use of Intraoperative Clonidine for Prevention of Postoperative Agitation in Pedriatic Anesthesia With Sevoflurane.[NCT02181543]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
ROPIVACAINE WITH CLONIDINE FOR PEDIATRIC RECTUS SHEATH BLOCKS- THE MAGIC COMBINATION? - A Double Blinded Prospective Study[NCT02439281]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to The patients were discharged on the day of the surgery.)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"Patient satisfaction scores using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) were collected when patients were discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).~Satisfaction score <2 was considered to be better for the patient" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Number of Participants With VAS >50

Intervention	participant (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	34
Placebo	25

Patients with postoperative analgesia in two groups. analgesic requests within 2 h after extubation were recorded. An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Intra-operative Awareness in Two Groups

Intervention	Number of Participants with VAS >50 (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	5
Placebo	15

Patients With intra-operative awareness in Two Groups. patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Nausea in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	0
Placebo	0

Patients With postoperative nausea in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Shivering in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo	3

Patients With postoperative shivering in Two Groups. the occurrence of postoperative shivering (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Patients With Postoperative Vomiting in Two Groups

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	1
Placebo	4

Patients With postoperative vomiting in Two Groups. Nausea or vomiting was treated with 4 mg of intravenous ondansetron. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction

Intervention	participants (Number)
Dexmedetomidine	0
Placebo	1

"Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction.~The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	3	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3

"Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs.~The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable)" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	3	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	2	2	2

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	4	4	3	3	3	2	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	3	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2

Anxiety score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs. The patients were taught to rate their anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 =anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Anxiety Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	3	2	3	3	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3	2	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	2

"4-point anxiety score:~= combative~= anxious~= calm~= amiable. Anxiety score >2 was considered to be better for the preoperative patients." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction
Dexmedetomidine	3	3
Placebo	3	3

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The heights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Height) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	163	155	182	169	160	150	170	158	160	165	167	170	160	167	150	162	170	160	157	160	150	151	160	176	165	172	152	174	156	167	154	155	156	157	157	167	167	161	174	173

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The heights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	cm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	163	171	177	170	168	155	160	165	165	163	162	157	160	159	157	168	168	160	162	165	170	161	160	154	157	150	156	155	160	173	169	165	162	155	155	164	163	162	160	154	172

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine The weights of 40 adult patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristic Data (Weight) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	kg (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	61	50	58	52	64	62	56	53	59	54	65	68	58	78	53	75	75	59	73	56	46	54	47.5	75	80	69	57	65	58	60	45	52	45	52	52	58	60	50	60	72

Baseline characteristic data of patients receiving intranasal placebo The weights of 41 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristics (ASA Status) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	kg (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	54	67	80	80	65	49	60	55	73	59	71.5	59	57	55	59	53	45	53	58	78	65	69	47	61	50	40	55	51	50	71	69	79	60	54	47	51	60	60	57	61	78

"American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine.~ASA I: No organic, physiologic, biochemical or psychiatric disturbance ASA II: A patient with mild systemic disease that results in no functional limitation.~ASA III: A patient with severe systemic disease that results in functional impairment.~ASA IV: Severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. ASA V: Moribund condition in a patient who is not expected to survive with or without the operation.~ASA VI: Declared brain death patient whose organs are being harvested for transplantation." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Baseline Characteristics (Sex)of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	participant (Number)
	ASA I	ASA II	ASA III	ASA IV	ASA V	ASA VI
Dexmedetomidine	36	4	0	0	0	0
Placebo	38	3	0	0	0	0

Baseline characteristics (sex)of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine The sex of 81 adult patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Male	Female
Dexmedetomidine	16	24
Placebo	13	28

Duration of minutes From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Anesthesia Intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	112	40	52	56	50	49	45	45	105	53	47	105	45	32	55	52	46	81	46	41	52	55	101	54	45	43	33	78	60	88	63	62	69	141	74	73	61	62	55	58

Duration from intranasal drug administration to anesthesia intubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	60	77	96	48	54	55	77	83	84	54	70	73	45	48	45	45	50	48	51	47	47	69	54	49	46	23	40	79	57	49	53	54	69	115	62	113	68	71	54	51	54

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal dexmedetomidine surgical data of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration From Intranasal Drug Administration to Arrival at Operating Room of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	100	35	40	45	40	41	35	35	95	40	40	30	40	30	5	5	6	75	40	32	5	45	65	38	38	30	25	60	50	62	44	47	55	60	50	60	45	43	32	30

Duration from intranasal drug administration to arrival at operating room of patients receiving intranasal placebo surgical data of patients receiving intranasal placebo (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	50	45	60	30	45	45	65	75	78	35	60	60	40	0	33	35	0	40	35	45	40	55	40	40	18	15	30	35	0	40	5	40	45	27	50	40	52	45	40	40	40

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Anesthesia of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	42	28	87	53	16	73	36	30	27	24	49	35	29	37	27	31	34	36	48	31	53	37	29	31	35	80	49	52	45	30	28	17	36	50	24	31	26	25	44	72

Duration of anesthesia of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from anesthesia intubation to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	45	33	26	37	45	34	18	37	54	48	40	29	31	32	158	38	41	30	28	28	43	35	40	28	34	69	40	56	43	78	54	38	88	38	31	106	29	31	21	49	60

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Duration of Surgery of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number58	Patient number57	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	19	14	61	34	4	50	22	15	13	10	27	13	9	19	9	7	18	20	34	10	30	24	16	16	61	18	29	27	25	11	12	7	21	33	9	15	9	7	29	45

Duration of surgery of patients receiving intranasal placebo Duration from surgery beginning to anesthesia ending (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Extubation Time After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Premedication

Intervention	minutes (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	30	19	10	13	29	14	5	18	20	56	19	12	11	10	132	18	16	11	9	16	25	12	18	9	13	48	21	30	25	60	29	18	58	19	17	90	10	16	8	31	28

The times from stopping anesthetic infusions to adequate ventilation, consciousness and extubation after intranasal dexmedetomidine or placebo administration (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 days

Heart Rate (HR) of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	min (Mean)
	Extubation time	consciousness time	adequate ventilation time
Dexmedetomidine	18.58	16.21	8.24
Placebo	17.16	14.74	7.87

Heart rate (HR) of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine. HR was monitored in the study. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group at Pre-induction

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
	Before intranasal drops	On arrival at operating room	At pre-induction	After tracheal intubation	After inserting operative laryngoscope	After removal of laryngoscope	On arrival at PACU	At emergency	After tracheal extubation	Before leaving PACU
Dexmedetomidine	71.75	66.93	65.63	70.62	75.48	71.76	67.14	67.81	64.24	65.52
Placebo	72.2	71.53	72	85.26	83.61	77.06	68.9	72.48	73.65	69.32

HR in the dexmedetomidine group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Dexmedetomidine Group Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	62	62	93	70	53	75	62	55	59	68	60	88	66	64	69	61	48	55	76	80	70	72	64	68	63	54	54	63	83	73	68	66	61	53	64	55	67	71	62	65

HR in the dexmedetomidine group Before Intranasal Drugs . HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Placebo Group at Pre-induction

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	73	68	80	80	67	70	69	70	75	80	75	87	73	60	90	73	58	66	80	85	71	79	69	75	76	61	70	55	97	68	65	65	67	80	55	62	69	80	55	69

HR in the placebo group at pre-induction. HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

HR in the Placebo Group Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	76	85	63	80	53	79	62	72	70	59	74	73	90	82	78	61	92	85	54	66	75	60	94	72	85	87	81	61	72	53	70	72	78	75	70	69	62	69	66	55	72

HR in the placebo group Before Intranasal Drugs HR was monitored by fiber-optic pulse oximetry during patient transfer from the ward to the operating room (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine After Extubation

Intervention	bpm (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	65	77	61	80	67	75	55	65	78	57	76	85	69	71	75	65	100	83	55	72	75	75	120	59	89	90	74	63	88	56	75	63	82	80	65	63	64	65	63	55	72

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine after extubation.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	4	4	4	5	4	5	5	5	6	5	3	3

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine at Pre-induction.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	5	5	6	4	4	5	5	4	5	5	4	4	5	6	4	4	4	4	5	6	4	4	3	4	5	4	6	4	4	4	4	5	5	4	4	4	6	5	5	5

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo After Extubation

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo After extubation. Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo at Pre-induction

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	4	4	5	5	4	3	4	3	6	3	3	3	4	5	5	4	5	4	4	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	4	5	5	4	5	4	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo at Pre-induction.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score):~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Score of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo Before Intranasal Drugs

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number78	Patient number81
Placebo	6	6	5	6	6	5	6	5	5	6	6	5	5	4	6	6	6	6	6	5	6	5	5	6	5	6	6	4	6	6	4	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified OAA/S score of patients receiving intranasal placebo Before intranasal drugs Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (Modified OAA/S score) 6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Modified OAA/S Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	units on a scale (Number)
	Patient number1	Patient number4	Patient number8	Patient number12	Patient number13	Patient number14	Patient number15	Patient number16	Patient number17	Patient number19	Patient number20	Patient number21	Patient number22	Patient number23	Patient number26	Patient number27	Patient number30	Patient number32	Patient number34	Patient number35	Patient number37	Patient number39	Patient number41	Patient number42	Patient number43	Patient number45	Patient number47	Patient number48	Patient number49	Patient number51	Patient number54	Patient number55	Patient number60	Patient number64	Patient number68	Patient number69	Patient number70	Patient number73	Patient number77	Patient number81	Patient number78
Placebo	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6

"Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (OAA/S) scores and 4 point anxiety score of patients receiving intranasal placebo or dexmedetomidine.~Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale:~6 Appears alert and awake, responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 5 Appears asleep but responds readily to name spoken in normal tone 4 Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone 3 Responds only after name is called loudly or repeatedly 2 Responds only after mild prodding or shaking~1 Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking 0 Does not respond to noxious stimulus." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 days

Number of Participants With Anxiety Score >2

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction	After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	6	4	4
Placebo	6	6	4

"satisfaction using a 3-point satisfaction score (1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable) anxiety levels using a 4-point anxiety score (1 = combative, 2 = anxious, 3 = calm, and 4 = amiable) were collected before intranasal drugs and at pre-induction.~Anxiety score >2 was considered to be better for the patient." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Bradycardia Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Before intranasal drugs	Pre-induction
Dexmedetomidine	25	39
Placebo	23	29

Bradycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) <45 bpm for more than 10 s. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Hypertonsion Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Bradycardiac episode:Pre-induction	Bradycardiac episode:After intubation	Bradycardiac episode:Intra-operative	Bradycardiac episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	2	1	3	7
Placebo	0	1	5	5

Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased 130% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Hypotension Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Hypertensive episode:Pre-induction	Hypertensive episode:After intubation	Hypertensive episode:Intra-operative	Hypertensive episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	1	6	6	14
Placebo	0	0	5	5

Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased more than 30% of the pre-operative value for more than 1 min. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Perioperative Tachycardia Episodes

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Hypotensive episode:Pre-induction	Hypotensive episode:After intubation	Hypotensive episode:Post-induction	Hypotensive episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	0	3	3	1
Placebo	2	4	4	0

Tachycardia was defined as heart rate (HR) >100 bpm for more than 10 s. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence

Intervention	participant (Number)
	Tachycardiac episode:Pre-induction	Tachycardiac episode:After intubation	Tachycardiac episode:Intra-operative	Tachycardiac episode:After extubation
Dexmedetomidine	0	1	5	2
Placebo	0	8	11	9

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1.1	0.9	0.8	1.3	0.8	1.1	0.8	1.1	1	0.6	0.9	1	0.5	0.7	0.7	1.2	0.7	0.8	0.2	1.2	0.9	1.2	1.5	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.6	1.1	0.7	1.2	1.7	1.3	0.9	1.5	0.9	0.5

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1	0.8	0.7	1.1	0.5	0.9	0.7	0.9	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.2	1.1	0.7	1.1	1.3	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.6	1.1	1.5	1.2	0.9	1.2	0.8	0.4

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation

Intervention	µg/ml (Number)
	Patient number2	Patient number3	Patient number5	Patient number6	Patient number7	Patient number9	Patient number10	Patient number11	Patient number18	Patient number24	Patient number25	Patient number28	Patient number29	Patient number31	Patient number33	Patient number36	Patient number38	Patient number40	Patient number44	Patient number46	Patient number50	Patient number52	Patient number53	Patient number56	Patient number57	Patient number58	Patient number59	Patient number61	Patient number62	Patient number63	Patient number65	Patient number66	Patient number67	Patient number71	Patient number72	Patient number74	Patient number75	Patient number76	Patient number79	Patient number80
Dexmedetomidine	1.9	2.1	1.7	2.3	1.1	1.9	1.9	1.5	1.7	0.7	1.2	2.1	1.9	1.2	1.7	2.3	1.7	1.7	1.2	2.5	1.7	1.7	2.5	1.7	1.7	1.9	1.7	1.9	1.7	1	1.2	1.9	1.3	1.9	2.3	1.7	2.3	1.9	1.7	0.6

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at emergence.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at extubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a target-controlled infusion (TCI) plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Propofol After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of propofol after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Propofol was infused intraoperatively to a TCI plasma concentration of 2.5μg∙ml-1 using DiprifusorTM software. The infusion rate was adjusted via plasma concentration increments of 0.5 μg∙ml-1 at 2-min intervals to maintain the Narcotrend index between 'D0' and 'E1' until the end of surgery." (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at emergence.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at extubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at return of spontaneous breathing.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine at tracheal intubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal dexmedetomidine on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Emergence

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at emergence.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Extubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at extubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Return of Spontaneous Breathing

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at return of spontaneous breathing.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo at Tracheal Intubation

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo at tracheal intubation.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo Before Inserting Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo before inserting operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Predicted Effect-site Concentrations of Remifentanil After Intranasal Placebo on Removal of Operative Laryngoscope

"Predicted effect-site concentrations of remifentanil after intranasal placebo on removal of operative laryngoscope.~Remifentanil was infused to achieve a TCI plasma concentration of 3.0 ng∙ml-1 using the Minto pharmacokinetic model 24 and then adjusted to maintain the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 25% of the pre-operative value and the HR at less than 90 bpm. To maintain a neuromuscular blockade, 0.15 mg∙kg-1 increments of rocuronium were infused upon observation of the first twitch in a train-of-four response with the nerve stimulator" (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. Satisfaction used a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable). (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Satisfaction Scores of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Satisfaction scores of patients receiving intranasal placebo. satisfaction was assessed using a 3-point satisfaction score(1 = highly satisfactory, 2 = acceptable, and 3 = unacceptable). (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Systolic Blood Pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine

Systolic blood pressure（SBP）of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo or Dexmedetomidine. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Consciousness of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to consciousness of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and consciousness. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Extubation of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to extubation of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and extubation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Dexmedetomidine

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal dexmedetomidine. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Time to Spontaneous Breathing of Patients Receiving Intranasal Placebo

Time to spontaneous breathing of patients receiving intranasal placebo. The time elapsed between stopping anesthetic infusions and adequate ventilation (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Dexmedetomidine (DEX) Group

An investigator who was blinded from the grouping asked the patients to mark their pain level on a 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS). A VAS higher than 50 was considered a worse outcome and need to be treated with intravenous 40 mg of parecoxib. (NCT02108171)
Timeframe: 1 day

Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in the Placebo Group

University of Michigan Sedation Scale

"Level of sedation at separation from parents and at the time of mask induction will be measured on a scale of 0 to 4 (University of Michigan Sedation Scale)~University of Michigan Sedation Scale:~0 -Awake/Alert~1 -Minimally Sedated: Tired/sleepy, appropriate response to verbal conversation and/or sounds.~2- Moderately Sedated: Somnolent/sleeping, easily aroused with light tactile stimulation.~3 - Deeply Sedated: Deep sleep, arousable only with significant physical stimulation.~4 - Unarousable~Moderately and Deeply sedated: Satisfactory Awake, minimally sedate, unarousable: Unsatisfactory" (NCT02250703)
Timeframe: Day 0:Just before the patient will be brought to the operating room

Length of Time From Extubation to Discharge From Postanesthesia Recovery Unit

Length of time of above compared between groups (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postanesthesia Quality Recovery Scale Score

Postanesthesia quality recovery scale (PQRS). Component and aggregate scoring on the scale. Measures physiology, nociceptive, emotional activities of daily living cognitive and overall patient perspective. The scale is dimensionless and the aggregate of all individually tested dimensions is scaled from 17-65. A higher value implies improved postanesthesia recovery. Mean difference was assessed in each patient and aggregated thus patients with no difference between pre- and post-operative scores were zeroed (received a zero score if the difference was zero). A negative value was associated with worse outcome. (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 hours after surgery

BIS Montage

"Degree of variability between the values produced by the BIS sensors in a bifrontal montage when monitored simultaneously by use of a Bland-Altmann plot. The average value of each timed pair was plotted against the difference between the pairs.~The BIS monitor outputs data on a scale of 0-100 in arbitrary units; 0 = an isoelectric state on EEG, 100 = fully awake patient. BIS values of 40-60 are thought to reduce the chance of patient recall during general anesthesia.~For the purpose of this study, a smaller confidence interval is better as it indicates a higher level of agreement between the two BIS sensors." (NCT04062240)
Timeframe: 10 minutes where both sensors are recording concurrently

Average Pain Severity at the Umbilicus Laparoscopic Site

Numeric Rating Pain Scores ( 0-10), will be obtained every 2 hours after PACU discharge up to 18 hours or until hospital discharge, whichever occurs first. The pain score of 0, means no pain, is a good outcome , and a pain score of 10 is excruciating pain, a very bad outcome. The average of these scores will be evaluated.The pain scores will not longer be documented after the numbness went away. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Logistic regression of the 4 th pain score assessment

Change in Anxiety Scores

The investigators hypothesize that patient postoperative anxiety scores are lower in the Ropivacaine/Clonidine group and postoperative anxiety scores decrease more in Ropivacaine /Clonidine Group, than in Ropivacaine Group. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 6 hours after block placement

Complications Rate

The investigators expect no difference in incidence of complications (e.g. oversedation, hypotension, bradycardia episodes, etc.). (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: until study completion

Duration of Analgesia at Umbilicus Instrument Site-How Many Minutes Passed From the Time When the Blocks Where Performed Until Patient Reported Pain at Umbilicus

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in longer duration of analgesia and decreased pain scores compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: indicated by the first request for pain medication at umbilicus site

Duration of Sensory Block (Paresthesia)

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine and clonidine result in longer duration of sensory block (paresthesia) compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Indicated by return of normal sensation (expected average of 12 hours after block placement).

Medication Consumption

Total intravenous morphine equivalents mg/kg (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 18 hours after surgery

Satisfaction With Pain Control From Patient

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in better satisfaction with pain control. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Prior to hospital discharge (up to 24 hours after surgery)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Satisfactory sedation on separation from parents	Unsatisfactory sedation on separation from parents	Satisfactory sedation on transfer to OR table	Unsatisfactory sedation on transfer to OR table
Dexmedetomidine	25	11	22	14
Midazolam	15	22	12	25

Article	Year
Palliative sedation: A safety net for the relief of refractory and intolerable symptoms at the end of life. Australian journal of general practice, 2019, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Conscious Sedation; Dehydration; Dyspnea; Humans; Hydromorphone; Hypnotics and Sed	2019
Tolerability of Midazolam to treat acute agitation in elderly demented patients: A systematic review. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2019, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Dementia; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mi	2019
The pharmacological management of agitated and aggressive behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 2019, Volume: 57 Topics: Aggression; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Drug Therapy, Combination; H	2019
Effect of ancillary drugs on sevoflurane related emergence agitation in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC anesthesiology, 2019, 08-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Bayes Theo	2019
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Is dexmedetomidine superior to midazolam as a premedication in children? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mid	2014
Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam as preanesthetic medication in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Anxiety; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Postoperative Complicat	2015
Meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia: different administration and different dosage. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; H	2015
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016, 11-25, Volume: 11 Topics: Aggression; Benzodiazepines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Haloperidol; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam; P	2016
Droperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016, 12-15, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Disease; Aggression; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Droperidol; Haloperidol; Humans; M	2016
Effects of Intramuscular Midazolam and Lorazepam on Acute Agitation in Non-Elderly Subjects - A Systematic Review. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2017, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Lorazepam; Midazolam; Psychomotor Agitation	2017
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2009, Jul-08, Issue:3 Topics: Aggression; Benzodiazepines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Haloperidol; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam; O	2009
[Haloperidol plus promethazine for agitated patients--a systematic review]. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999), 2009, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Haloperidol;	2009
Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta analysis of published studies. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Clo	2010
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis induced aggression. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005, Jan-25, Issue:1 Topics: Aggression; Drug Therapy, Combination; Haloperidol; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam; Promethazine; Psyc	2005
Evidence-based clinical update: does premedication with oral midazolam lead to improved behavioural outcomes in children? Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anxiety; Child; Child Behavior; Evidence-Based Med	2006
Severe needle phobia in the perianesthesia setting. Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Desensitization, Psychologic; Epilepsies, Part	2007
Pharmacological interventions for agitation in head-injured patients in the acute care setting. The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, 1995, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Brain Injuries; Critical Care; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule	1995
Palliative care: an update on "terminal restlessness". The Medical journal of Australia, 1997, Jan-06, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Clonazepam; Delirium; Diazepam; Humans;	1997
[Midazolam (Dormicum) in terminal anxiety and agitation. The last choice alternative in palliative care]. Lakartidningen, 1999, Apr-28, Volume: 96, Issue:17 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Humans; Midazolam; Palliative Care; Psychomotor Agitation; T	1999
[Sedation in the terminal phase of life]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1999, Dec-25, Volume: 143, Issue:52 Topics: Adult; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Conscious Sedation; Delirium; Euthanasia, Passive; Female; Humans; Hypno	1999
The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2001, Volume: 18, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Aggression; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Female; Flumazenil;	2001

Article	Year
Midazolam with haloperidol versus lorazepam with haloperidol for agitation: Effect on emergency department lengths of stay. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2022, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emergency Service, Hospital; Haloperidol; Humans; L	2022
Refractory hyperactive delirium in the dying: pharmacological management. BMJ supportive & palliative care, 2022, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Australia; Death; Delirium; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Palliative Care; Psychomotor	2022
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiling reveals divergent modulation of pentose phosphate pathway by midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study. BMC anesthesiology, 2022, 01-27, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Midazolam; Mid	2022
Prospective study of haloperidol plus lorazepam versus droperidol plus midazolam for the treatment of acute agitation in the emergency department. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2022, Volume: 55 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Haloperidol; Humans; Lorazepam; Midaz	2022
Comparison of Droperidol and Midazolam Versus Haloperidol and Lorazepam for Acute Agitation Management in the Emergency Department. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2023, Volume: 57, Issue:12 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Haloperidol; Humans; Injections, Intr	2023
Post-traumatic stress disorder or emergence phenomena? A case of psychomotor agitation after procedural sedation and analgesia. Drug metabolism and personalized therapy, 2019, 12-18, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Conscious Sedation; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Injections, Intramus	2019
[The impact of goal directed analgesia on mechanical ventilated patients's outcomes in intensive care unit: a clinical observational study]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2017, Nov-01, Volume: 56, Issue:11 Topics: Analgesia; China; Critical Care; Delirium; Dexmedetomidine; Drug Administration Schedule; Goals; Hum	2017
Intramuscular Midazolam, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone, or Haloperidol for Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department. Annals of emergency medicine, 2018, Volume: 72, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antipsychotic Agents; Cohort Studies; Emergency Medical	2018
The power of N-PASS, aEEG, and BIS in detecting different levels of sedation in neonates: A preliminary study. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2018, Volume: 28, Issue:12 Topics: Analgesics; Conscious Sedation; Consciousness Monitors; Deep Sedation; Drug Monitoring; Electroencep	2018
Rescue Sedation When Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department With Intramuscular Antipsychotics. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2019, Volume: 56, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Halop	2019
Discussions about palliative sedation in hospice: Frequency, timing and factors associated with patient involvement. European journal of cancer care, 2019, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Antipsychotic Agents; Decision Making, Shared; Delirium	2019
Rocuronium-sugammadex decreases the severity of post-electroconvulsive therapy agitation. The journal of ECT, 2013, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Androstanols; Depressive Disorder, Major; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Electroencephalography; gamma-C	2013
Treatment of post-electroconvulsive therapy agitation with dexmedetomidine. The journal of ECT, 2013, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Depressive Disorder, Major; Dexmedetomidine; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Humans; Hypnotics and	2013
Intravenous droperidol or olanzapine as an adjunct to midazolam for the acutely agitated patient: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 2013, Volume: 61, Issue:5 Topics: Benzodiazepines; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; M	2013
In reply. Annals of emergency medicine, 2013, Volume: 61, Issue:5 Topics: Benzodiazepines; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; M	2013
The association between sedation practices and duration of mechanical ventilation in intensive care. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Se	2013
Annals of Emergency Medicine Journal Club. Are 2 drugs better than 1 for acute agitation? A discussion on black box warnings, waiver of informed consent, and the ethics of enrolling impaired subjects in clinical trials: Answers to the January 2013 Journal Annals of emergency medicine, 2013, Volume: 61, Issue:6 Topics: Benzodiazepines; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; M	2013
Parenteral sedation of elderly patients with acute behavioral disturbance in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2013, Volume: 31, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Conscious Sedation; Droperidol; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans	2013
[Premedication with intranasal fentanyl and midazolam in uncooperative patients]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2014, Volume: 61, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Drug	2014
How is agitation and restlessness managed in the last 24 h of life in patients whose care is supported by the Liverpool care pathway for the dying patient? BMJ supportive & palliative care, 2011, Volume: 1, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antipsychotic Agents; Cohort Studies; Critical Pathways; Female; Haloperido	2011
Correlation of patient-reported outcomes of sedation and sedation assessment scores in critically ill patients. Journal of critical care, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Conscious Sedation; Critical Illness; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedative	2014
Emergence agitation: is there a European consensus? British journal of anaesthesia, 2014, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Child; Consensus; Delirium; Europe; Humans; Hypnotic	2014
Dexmedetomidine in the treatment of serotonin syndrome. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2014, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Benzodiazepines; Dexmedetomidine; Female; Humans; Hypnotics a	2014
Lidocaine-induced delirium: a case report. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2015, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Delirium; Diagnostic Imaging; Emergency Service, Hos	2015
A comparison of midazolam and dexmedetomidine for the recovery of serotonin syndrome in rats. Journal of anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin; Animals; Benzodiazepines; Dexmedetomidine; Hypnotics and Sed	2015
A Protocol for the Control of Agitation in Palliative Care. The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Clinical Protocols; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Administration Schedul	2016
[Analysis of risk factors for emergence agitation in adults undergoing general anesthesia for nasal surgery]. Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology, head, and neck surgery, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:21 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Analgesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Inhalati	2015
Dexmedetomidine Infusion may Cause Agitation During Procedural Sedation. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 2016, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Catheter Ablation; Conscious Sedation; Dexmedetomidine; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnot	2016
Look again at psychedelic drugs. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 2016, Jun-29, Volume: 30, Issue:44 Topics: Anxiety; Delirium; Depression; Diazepam; Hallucinogens; Haloperidol; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam; P	2016
Acute Toxicity Associated with Use of 5F-Derivations of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists with Analytical Confirmation. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2016, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Adamantane; Administration, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Citalop	2016
Oral midazolam for dementia-related response agitation. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2009, Volume: 57, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged, 80 and over; Aggression; Alzheimer Disease; Female; Humans; Hypnotics an	2009
Paradoxical reaction to midazolam reversed with flumazenil in a patient undergoing tumescent liposuction. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 2009, Volume: 35, Issue:7 Topics: Antidotes; Axilla; Female; Flumazenil; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Hypnotics	2009
Interaction between midazolam and serotonin in spinally mediated antinociception in rats. Journal of anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Formaldehyde; GABA Agonists	2009
The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: translation and reliability testing in a Swedish intensive care unit. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; APACHE; Awareness; Conscious Sedation; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intensive Care	2010
Sevoflurane-emergence agitation: effect of supplementary low-dose oral ketamine premedication in preschool children undergoing dental surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2010, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2010
Oral sedation for dental treatment in young children in a hospital setting. British dental journal, 2010, Oct-09, Volume: 209, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthesia, Dental; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Consciou	2010
Paradoxical reaction following administration of a benzodiazepine. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2010, Volume: 68, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Antidotes; Female; Flumazenil; GABA-A Rece	2010
Case of acute akathisia from intravenous metoclopramide. Singapore medical journal, 2011, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Diphenhydramine; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female	2011
Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. The heart surgery forum, 2011, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Continuous P	2011
Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the second 7 years of office practice. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2011, Volume: 69, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Conscious	2011
The use of chemical restraints reduces agitation in patients transported by emergency medical services. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2012, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Ambulances; Analysis of Variance; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and S	2012
A protocol for the acute control of agitation in palliative care: a preliminary report. The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 2012, Volume: 29, Issue:7 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Clinical Protocols; Drug Therapy, Combination; Haloperidol; Humans; Hypnotics	2012
Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging in children. Pediatric emergency care, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dizziness; Female; Fentanyl; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedat	2012
Four essential drugs needed for quality care of the dying: a Delphi-study based international expert consensus opinion. Journal of palliative medicine, 2013, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Delphi Technique; Drugs,	2013
Fluctuations in sedation levels may contribute to delirium in ICU patients. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2013, Volume: 57, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Cohort Studies; Confusion; Conscious Sedation; Critical Care; Data Collect	2013
TREC-Rio trial: a randomised controlled trial for rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms [ISRCTN44153243]. BMC psychiatry, 2002, Oct-16, Volume: 2 Topics: Brazil; Clinical Protocols; Drug Combinations; Emergency Services, Psychiatric; Ethics, Research; Ha	2002
Clinical approach to agitation after electroconvulsive therapy: a case report and literature review. The journal of ECT, 2002, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroconvulsive Therapy;	2002
Midazolam can potentiate the analgesic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on thermal- or inflammatory-induced pain. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2003, Volume: 96, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bupivacaine; Dose-Response	2003
Comment on Cohen et al. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2003, Volume: 13, Issue:7 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Child, Prescho	2003
Oral and intravenous caffeine for treatment of children with post-sedation paradoxical hyperactivity. Pediatric radiology, 2004, Volume: 34, Issue:12 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Caffeine; Case-Control Studies; Central	2004
How we do it: management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences, 2004, Volume: 29, Issue:6 Topics: Algorithms; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anxiety; Bronchi; Bronchoscopy; Child; Foreign Bodies; Humans;	2004
Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the first 7 years of office practice. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2005, Volume: 63, Issue:10 Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenou	2005
Physiological modelling of agitation-sedation dynamics including endogenous agitation reduction. Medical engineering & physics, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:7 Topics: Biomedical Engineering; Critical Care; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Models, Biologica	2006
Choice of optimal anesthesia for transdermal kidney biopsy. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2006, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Local; Biopsy; Child; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Intraoper	2006
Parameter identification and sedative sensitivity analysis of an agitation-sedation model. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 2006, Volume: 83, Issue:3 Topics: Computer Simulation; Critical Care; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Models, Biological;	2006
Delirium during intravenous sedation with midazolam alone and with propofol in dental treatment. Anesthesia progress, 2006,Fall, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Co	2006
Safety and effectiveness of high-dose midazolam for severe behavioural disturbance in an emergency department with suspected psychostimulant-affected patients. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA, 2008, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Glasgow Coma Scale; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mal	2008
Intramuscular ketamine, midazolam, and glycopyrrolate for pediatric sedation in the emergency department. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1995, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Child; Child Behavior; Ch	1995
Midazolam for treatment of agitation after ECT. The American journal of psychiatry, 1995, Volume: 152, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Confusion; Depressive Disorder; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Humans; Male; Midazolam; Psychomot	1995
Propofol for pulsed dye laser treatments in paediatric outpatients. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Acetaminophen; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Child; Child, Preschool; Facial	1994
Response to intravenous midazolam sedation in general dental practice. British dental journal, 1996, Jun-08, Volume: 180, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Conscious Sedation; Cooperative	1996
Paradoxical reactions in children associated with midazolam use during endoscopy. Clinical pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 36, Issue:12 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Aggression; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anti-An	1997
An unusual cause of failed sedation. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2000, Volume: 91, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Cardiac	2000
Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesia. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Abdomen; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Age Factors; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia; Anesthesia	2002
Terminal restlessness--its management and the role of midazolam. The Medical journal of Australia, 1992, Jan-20, Volume: 156, Issue:2 Topics: Humans; Midazolam; Propofol; Psychomotor Agitation	1992
[Aseptic meningitis following spinal anesthesia. Report of a case]. Revista medica de Chile, 1991, Volume: 119, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Meningitis, As	1991
Subcutaneous midazolam infusion in palliative care. Journal of pain and symptom management, 1990, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Psychom	1990
Precipitation of benzodiazepine withdrawal following sudden discontinuation of midazolam. DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy, 1989, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Anxiety; Humans; Jejunostomy; Male; Midazolam; Middle Aged; Morphine; Pneumonia; Postoperative Compl	1989
Midazolam infusion for sedation in the intensive care unit: effect on adrenal function. Anesthesiology, 1986, Volume: 64, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Benzodiazepines; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hyd	1986
Continuous intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1988, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infusions, Intravenous; Intensive Care Units; Male; Midazolam; Psy	1988
Use of midazolam hydrochloride in the acutely agitated patient manifesting violent behavior. Emphasis, nursing, 1987, Volume: 2, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Emergencies; Humans; Midazolam; Psychomotor Agitation; Violence	1987
Midazolam in acute psychotic patients with hyperarousal. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1987, Volume: 48, Issue:7 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Emergency Services, Psychiatric; Female; Humans; Male; Midazolam;	1987