midazolam and Ache studies

Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To study the incidence of pain upon injection of 1% propofol (Propofol-Lipuro 1%, B."	10.21	[Incidence of pain upon injection of a new formula of propofol in a fat emulsion of medium- and long-chain triglycerides]. ( Ayuso, MA; Fernández, J; Gomar, C; Luis, M; Sala, X, 2004)
"The addition of gabapentin to moderate sedation during D&E did not result in lower maximum recalled procedural pain."	9.69	Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Brant, AR; Floyd, S; Lotke, PS; Reeves, MF; Scott, RK; Tefera, E; Ye, PP, 2023)
" Sedation with rectal midazolam in adult women before UDS is safe and effective in reducing pain but is not effective in reducing stress and increasing cooperation."	9.69	Effect of Rectal Midazolam on Pain, Stress, and Cooperation of Patient during Urodynamic Test in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Hassannejad, R; Hayrabedian, A; Mazdak, H; Mirzaei, M; Mohammadi Sichani, M; Saberi, N; Zargham, M, 2023)
"This work focused on functional connectivity changes under midazolam and ketamine sedation during performance of a memory task, with the periodic experience of pain."	9.69	Brain connectivity under light sedation with midazolam and ketamine during task performance and the periodic experience of pain: Examining concordance between different approaches for seed-based connectivity analysis. ( Aizenstein, HJ; Burlew, AC; Fiez, JA; Ibinson, JW; Smith, CT; Vogt, KM, 2023)
"To investigate the possible advantage of topical lidocaine and intravenous midazolam in preventing spasm and pain related to the radial artery."	9.69	Topical Lidocaine And Or/ Intravenous Midazolam Before Radial Coronary Angiography To Prevent Radial Artery Spasm. ( Elattar, MM; Haseeb, WA; NBiomy, R; Salama, MK, 2023)
"Painful stimulation during light sedation with midazolam, but not ketamine, can be accompanied by increased coherence in brain connectivity, even though details are less likely to be recollected as explicit memories."	9.41	Midazolam and Ketamine Produce Distinct Neural Changes in Memory, Pain, and Fear Networks during Pain. ( Aizenstein, HJ; Citro, AT; Fiez, JA; Ibinson, JW; Karim, HT; Mahajan, A; Norton, CM; Popov, V; Reder, LM; Smith, CT; Vogt, KM, 2021)
" The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of topical lidocaine in relieving pain related to INM administration."	9.34	The effectiveness of topical lidocaine in relieving pain related to intranasal midazolam sedation: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Khalil, W; Raslan, N, 2020)
"Premedication with 2 mg of IV midazolam reduces pain of NGT insertion in ED patients without the need for full procedural sedation."	9.22	Does Routine Midazolam Administration Prior to Nasogastric Tube Insertion in the Emergency Department Decrease Patients' Pain? (A Pilot Study). ( Buinewicz, JD; Freeman, K; Gutierrez, K; Manning, CT; O'Keefe, MF; Sewatsky, TP; Zgonis, E, 2016)
"The incidence of propofol injection pain is high in children, but no methods have been found to suppress it completely."	9.20	Preemptive dexmedetomidine to prevent propofol injection pain in children. ( Dong, C; Lu, Y; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2015)
"To investigate the influence of the midazolam sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU)."	9.20	[The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients]. ( An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)
"To compare remifentanil and morphine-midazolam for use in nonurgent endotracheal intubation in neonates."	9.19	Remifentanil versus morphine-midazolam premedication on the quality of endotracheal intubation in neonates: a noninferiority randomized trial. ( Avino, D; De Villé, A; Johansson, AB; Zhang, WH, 2014)
"The addition of 3% sevoflurane at the time of preoxygenation for 1 min along with routine use of lidocaine-tourniquet completely prevented pain upon propofol injection, whereas sevoflurane by itself provided similar analgesia to premixed lidocaine with propofol."	9.15	Sevoflurane to alleviate pain on propofol injection. ( Ali, MS; DeSousa, K, 2011)
" However, remifentanil continuous infusion proved to offer significantly more stable pain control compared with the currently used combination fentanyl-midazolam."	9.14	Analgesia during abdominal aortic aneurysm endovascular repair: remifentanil vs. fentanyl-midazolam--a randomized controlled trial. ( Barbieri, A; Bonfreschi, V; Coppi, G; D'Amico, R; Giuliani, E; Malagnino, FC; Navi, A; Silingardi, R, 2009)
"On the basis of a small number of case studies, IV propofol has been advocated for the treatment of chronic daily headache (CDH)."	9.14	The effect of single-dose propofol injection on pain and quality of life in chronic daily headache: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. ( Dick, BD; Gray, DP; Jamieson-Lega, KI; Rashiq, S; Simmonds, MK; Sobolev, IA; Stewart, BJ, 2009)
"In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, our primary objective was to assess the effect of a 3 : 1 mixture of propofol and thiopental in reducing pain on injection in children."	9.14	The effect of a 3 : 1 volume mixture of propofol 1% and thiopental 2.5% in reducing the pain on injection of propofol in children. ( Ajala, AM; Blackwelder, B; Fahringer, DL; Goodwin, SR; Gurgis, FS; Warde, MK; Ye, G, 2010)
"The intent of our study was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam on perioperative hemodynamics, sedation, pain, satisfaction and recovery scores during colonoscopy."	9.14	A comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation, pain and hemodynamic control, during colonoscopy under conscious sedation. ( Budak, ET; Dagli, G; Dere, K; Filiz, AI; Ozkan, S; Sucullu, I; Yeyen, S, 2010)
"A study involving the use of a mixture of ketamine and midazolam delivered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device was trialed to assess its effectiveness in reducing pain associated with repeated burns dressings in an adult population."	9.13	Ketamine and midazolam delivered by patient-controlled analgesia in relieving pain associated with burns dressings. ( MacPherson, RD; Penfold, J; Woods, D, 2008)
"To compare intravenous titrated midazolam 5-10 mg and inhaled Entonox in addition to local anaesthesia in order to identify which agent provides optimum pain relief."	9.13	Midazolam in conjunction with local anaesthesia is superior to Entonox in providing pain relief during bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy. ( Allotey, D; Bratby, L; Chakupurakal, G; de la Rue, J; Delgado, J; Holder, K; Milligan, DW; Nikolousis, E; Pitchapillai, S, 2008)
"Conscious sedation with rectally applied S(+)-ketamine and Midazolam allows safe and painless dressing changes after heat injuries in children."	9.11	Conscious sedation: Off-label use of rectal S(+)-ketamine and midazolam for wound dressing changes in paediatric heat injuries. ( Heinrich, M; Muensterer, OJ; Till, H; Wetzstein, V, 2004)
"To test the hypothesis that remifentanil, because of its favorable pharmacokinetic properties, would be advantageous to use in combination with midazolam to provide analgesia and sedation during brief painful procedures."	9.09	Conscious sedation with remifentanil and midazolam during brief painful procedures in children. ( Litman, RS, 1999)
"Parents and nurses reported reduced anxiety, discomfort, and procedure problems for children in the midazolam group and would prefer the same medication at next procedure."	9.09	Midazolam nasal spray reduces procedural anxiety in children. ( Andréasson, S; Gordh, T; Kreuger, A; Ljungman, G; Sörensen, S, 2000)
" Our aim was to compare EMLA and placebo to assess the efficacy of EMLA in decreasing the pain of venipuncture in children premedicated with oral midazolam 0."	9.08	[Efficacy of the EMLA cream in the reduction of pain caused by venipuncture in children premedicated with oral midazolam]. ( Cassinello, F; de Stefano, J; Herrero, E; Martín-Celemín, R; Palencia, J; Pérez-Gallardo, A, 1995)
"Intra- and postoperative wake-up tests were performed together with somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (SCEPs) monitoring in 40 patients randomized to either midazolam (M) or propofol (P) infusions for scoliosis surgery."	9.08	Midazolam-flumazenil versus propofol anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery with wake-up tests. ( Hesselbjerg, L; Koscielniak-Nielsen, ZJ; Stens-Pedersen, HL, 1998)
"To evaluate the efficacy of continuous administration of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen for reducing pain during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy 32 children aged 3-60 months were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group."	9.08	[Bronchial endoscopy under local anesthesia and pain in children. The value of a nitrous oxide-oxygen combination]. ( Dupont, D; Garcia, J; Hayem, C; Roure, P, 1998)
"The purpose of the present study is to compare the injection pain of propofol with that of benzodiazepines when used for intravenous sedation."	9.08	Pain following intravenous administration of sedative agents: a comparison of propofol with three benzodiazepines. ( Fukuda, K; Ichinohe, T; Kaneko, Y; Kasahara, M; Mamiya, H; Noma, T, 1998)
"In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study on 20 healthy human volunteers, the effect of intravenous midazolam on pain tolerance using the 'submaximum effort tourniquet technique' is described."	9.07	An investigation of the effect of midazolam on the pain experience. ( Coulthard, P; Rood, JP, 1992)
"To investigate the effect of midazolam on pain in lumbar disc herniation model rats based on p38 MAPK signaling pathway."	8.31	[Analysis of the effect of midazolam on pain in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation based on the p38 MAPK signaling pathway]. ( Liu, J; Liu, S; Liu, SM; Ye, YJ, 2023)
"The impact of midazolam on the overall performance of morphine therapy for pain in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has never been investigated."	8.02	Clinical and Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Midazolam on Morphine Therapy for Pain Relief in Critically Ill Ventilated Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( Abdelaal, M; Abounahia, FF; Abushanab, D; Al-Badriyeh, D; Alsoukhni, O, 2021)
"The aims of this study were to quantify the pain and distress associated with the administration of intranasal (IN) midazolam in young children using 4 observational measures and to evaluate the degree of validity of these measures."	8.02	Quantification of Pain and Distress Associated With Intranasal Midazolam Administration in Children and Evaluation of Validity of Four Observational Measures. ( Bregstein, JS; Dayan, PS; Flores-Sanchez, PL; Ieni, M; O'Connell, NC; Shen, ST; Tsze, DS, 2021)
"We studied the role of a low-dose intravenous (IV) ketamine-midazolam combination in the management of severe painful sickle cell crisis."	7.80	The role of a low-dose ketamine-midazolam regimen in the management of severe painful crisis in patients with sickle cell disease. ( Faris, AS; Kausalya, R; Tawfic, QA, 2014)
" Since 2005 to 2007, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of ketamine to control pain induced by diagnostic procedures in pediatric oncology patients."	7.75	[Sedation using ketamine for pain procedures in Pediatric Oncology.]. ( Bernard, F; Ricard, C; Tichit, R; Troncin, R, 2009)
"Eight right-handed male volunteers underwent fMRI combined with a thermal pain conditioning paradigm and midazolam (30 mug/kg) or saline administration on different occasions, with order randomized across volunteers."	7.74	The anxiolytic effects of midazolam during anticipation to pain revealed using fMRI. ( Lujan, BJ; Peskett, GD; Rogers, R; Schweinhardt, P; Tracey, I; Wise, RG, 2007)
" The questionnaire retrieved the endoscopists' experience regarding patients' discomfort or pain under sedation with midazolam, their wish for better sedative agents, their preferred sedative regimens, their medical specialty and their professional experience."	7.74	Midazolam-pain, but one cannot remember it: a survey among Southern German endoscopists. ( Frimberger, E; Hollweck, R; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S, 2007)
"In both acute thermal- and inflammatory-induced pain, intrathecally administered midazolam and bupivacaine produced synergistic analgesia with decreased side effects in intrathecally catheterized rats."	7.72	Midazolam can potentiate the analgesic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on thermal- or inflammatory-induced pain. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 2003)
"Spinally-administered midazolam, a benzodiazepine, and clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, have significant synergistic effects on thermally-induced acute and formalin-induced inflammatory pain."	7.71	The synergistic interaction between midazolam and clonidine in spinally-mediated analgesia in two different pain models of rats. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 2001)
"We evaluated the safety and efficacy of midazolam-ketamine association to control pain induced by diagnostic procedures in paediatric oncology patients."	7.70	Use of intravenous ketamine-midazolam association for pain procedures in children with cancer. A prospective study. ( Granry, JC; Le Moine, P; Monrigal, JP; Pellier, I; Rialland, X; Rod, B, 1999)
"Patients with renal lithiasis were included and were randomized to Group A (basal analgesia: midazolam (1 mg), fentanyl (0."	7.11	Value of Music and Nitrous Oxide for Pain Control during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). ( Alcoba-García, MP; Bueno-Serrano, G; González-Enguita, C; González-López, R; Llanos-Jiménez, L; Mahillo-Fernández, I; Tabares-Jiménez, J, 2022)
"The reduction in allodynia evoked by light stroking was statistically significant only for alfentanil."	6.68	Effects of intravenous ketamine, alfentanil, or placebo on pain, pinprick hyperalgesia, and allodynia produced by intradermal capsaicin in human subjects. ( Bennett, GJ; Gracely, RH; Max, MB; Park, KM; Robinovitz, E, 1995)
"Midazolam was found to be the drug of preference for the majority of patients."	6.67	Midazolam versus fentanyl as premedication for painful procedures in children with cancer. ( Conner, K; Dickson, N; Luzins, J; McGorray, S; Reilly, K; Sandler, ES; Weyman, C, 1992)
"Alfentanil was used as an adjuvant to midazolam for analgesia in thirty outpatients undergoing colonoscopy."	6.67	Pain relief for outpatient colonoscopy: a comparison of alfentanil with fentanyl. ( Holloway, AM; Logan, DA, 1990)
"To study the incidence of pain upon injection of 1% propofol (Propofol-Lipuro 1%, B."	6.21	[Incidence of pain upon injection of a new formula of propofol in a fat emulsion of medium- and long-chain triglycerides]. ( Ayuso, MA; Fernández, J; Gomar, C; Luis, M; Sala, X, 2004)
"The addition of gabapentin to moderate sedation during D&E did not result in lower maximum recalled procedural pain."	5.69	Gabapentin as an adjunct for pain management during dilation and evacuation: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Brant, AR; Floyd, S; Lotke, PS; Reeves, MF; Scott, RK; Tefera, E; Ye, PP, 2023)
" Sedation with rectal midazolam in adult women before UDS is safe and effective in reducing pain but is not effective in reducing stress and increasing cooperation."	5.69	Effect of Rectal Midazolam on Pain, Stress, and Cooperation of Patient during Urodynamic Test in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Hassannejad, R; Hayrabedian, A; Mazdak, H; Mirzaei, M; Mohammadi Sichani, M; Saberi, N; Zargham, M, 2023)
"To investigate the possible advantage of topical lidocaine and intravenous midazolam in preventing spasm and pain related to the radial artery."	5.69	Topical Lidocaine And Or/ Intravenous Midazolam Before Radial Coronary Angiography To Prevent Radial Artery Spasm. ( Elattar, MM; Haseeb, WA; NBiomy, R; Salama, MK, 2023)
" Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine was favorable in reducing both emergence delirium and pain in the postoperative care unit, and both clonidine and dexmedetomidine reduced anxiety in the postoperative care unit."	5.69	Postoperative recovery in preschool-aged children: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing premedication with midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine. ( Bromfalk, Å; Engström, Å; Hultin, M; Myrberg, T; Walldén, J, 2023)
"The combination uses of midazolam and pethidine for sedation resulted in significant improvements in the pain, blood pressure, additional use of midazolam, and safety during bronchoscopy among patients."	5.51	Randomized single-blind comparative study of the midazolam/pethidine combination and midazolam alone during bronchoscopy. ( Furukawa, K; Hazama, D; Katsurada, M; Katsurada, N; Kiriu, T; Kobayashi, K; Mimura, C; Nagano, T; Nishimura, Y; Otoshi, T; Sato, H; Tachihara, M; Takata, N; Yamamoto, M; Yasuda, Y; Yoshioka, J; Yumura, M, 2022)
"5 ng/mL to keep patient comfort with acceptable pain (remaining moveless), and mean arterial pressure and heart rate within baseline levels ± 30%, and using intermittent bolus midazolam to keep the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale between 2 and 4."	5.51	Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy under procedural analgesia and sedation: A randomized controlled study. ( Chan, SM; Chen, CL; Huang, RC; Huang, YH; Lai, HC; Lin, BF; Wu, KL; Wu, ZF, 2022)
"Painful stimulation during light sedation with midazolam, but not ketamine, can be accompanied by increased coherence in brain connectivity, even though details are less likely to be recollected as explicit memories."	5.41	Midazolam and Ketamine Produce Distinct Neural Changes in Memory, Pain, and Fear Networks during Pain. ( Aizenstein, HJ; Citro, AT; Fiez, JA; Ibinson, JW; Karim, HT; Mahajan, A; Norton, CM; Popov, V; Reder, LM; Smith, CT; Vogt, KM, 2021)
" The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of topical lidocaine in relieving pain related to INM administration."	5.34	The effectiveness of topical lidocaine in relieving pain related to intranasal midazolam sedation: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Khalil, W; Raslan, N, 2020)
"midazolam were significantly reversed by i."	5.31	Effects of midazolam in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rats. ( Dickenson, AH; Kontinen, VK, 2000)
"To assess whether inhaled nitrous oxide is noninferior to intravenous (IV) sedation for pain control during outpatient surgical abortion between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation."	5.27	Nitrous Oxide Compared With Intravenous Sedation for Second-Trimester Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Espey, E; Pitotti, J; Sheeder, J; Singh, RH; Teal, S; Thaxton, L, 2018)
"Premedication with 2 mg of IV midazolam reduces pain of NGT insertion in ED patients without the need for full procedural sedation."	5.22	Does Routine Midazolam Administration Prior to Nasogastric Tube Insertion in the Emergency Department Decrease Patients' Pain? (A Pilot Study). ( Buinewicz, JD; Freeman, K; Gutierrez, K; Manning, CT; O'Keefe, MF; Sewatsky, TP; Zgonis, E, 2016)
"Based on the present data, adding haloperidol plus midazolam to morphine for pain management improved pain scores and lowered morphine consumption among opium-dependent patients."	5.22	Midazolam Plus Haloperidol as Adjuvant Analgesics to Morphine in Opium Dependent Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Afzalimoghaddam, M; Edalatifard, M; Isavi, N; Karimialavijeh, E; Momeni, M; Nejati, A, 2016)
"Pethidine with midazolam-induced conscious sedation for pain relief during transvaginal oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures is associated with residual pain and oversedation."	5.20	Patient-Controlled Remifentanil Analgesia as Alternative for Pethidine with Midazolam During Oocyte Retrieval in IVF/ICSI Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Boer, C; Douwenga, WM; Hompes, PG; Lier, MC; Mijatovic, V; Schats, R; Yilmaz, F, 2015)
"The incidence of propofol injection pain is high in children, but no methods have been found to suppress it completely."	5.20	Preemptive dexmedetomidine to prevent propofol injection pain in children. ( Dong, C; Lu, Y; Yu, J; Zhang, Y, 2015)
"The aim of the study was to determine whether or not dexmedetomidine- (DEX-) based intravenous infusion in dental implantation can provide better sedation and postoperative analgesia via suppressing postoperative inflammation and oxidative stress."	5.20	Dexmedetomidine Analgesia Effects in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Surgery and Its Impact on Postoperative Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress. ( Cheung, CW; Li, S; Qian, L; Wu, Y; Yang, Y; Yao, Y; Yu, C, 2015)
"The sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in the ICU patients treated with ventilator bundle treatment are satisfactory, and it can shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation, extubation time and length of ICU stay, reduce the incidence of delirium."	5.20	[A study of using dexmedetomidine in ventilator bundle treatment in an ICU]. ( Dong, C; Li, J; Song, R; Yang, J, 2015)
"To investigate the influence of the midazolam sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU)."	5.20	[The influence of the sedation based on remifentanil analgesia on the occurrence of delirium in critically ill patients]. ( An, Y; Feng, Y; Liu, D; Lyu, J, 2015)
"No difference was found in pain assessment during local anaesthetic injection between the group treated with midazolam and ketamine, and the group treated with midazolam alone."	5.19	A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of oral midazolam plus oral ketamine for sedation of children during laceration repair. ( Assa, A; Barkan, S; Berkovitch, S; Breitbart, R; Brenner-Zada, G; Feldon, M; Kozer, E; Shavit, I; Toledano, M, 2014)
"There was no significant difference in the total dose of midazolam added, patient's pain assessment and satisfaction from the anesthesia and the procedure, duration of endoscopies, or the time to cecal intubation between the esophagogastroduodenoscopy first and colonoscopy first groups."	5.19	Comparison of procedural sequence in same-day consecutive bidirectional endoscopy using moderate sedation: a prospective randomized study. ( Bardan, E; Carter, D; Eliakim, R; Goldstein, S; Lahat, A; Papageorgiou, NP, 2014)
"To compare remifentanil and morphine-midazolam for use in nonurgent endotracheal intubation in neonates."	5.19	Remifentanil versus morphine-midazolam premedication on the quality of endotracheal intubation in neonates: a noninferiority randomized trial. ( Avino, D; De Villé, A; Johansson, AB; Zhang, WH, 2014)
" Before fracture reduction, children 3 to 17 years of age randomly received 2% lidocaine (L) or normal saline (NS) into the hematoma of their fracture site during sedation with intravenous ketamine and midazolam."	5.19	Evaluating the hematoma block as an adjunct to procedural sedation for closed reduction of distal forearm fractures. ( Constantine, E; Eberson, CP; Linakis, JG; Machan, JT; Steele, DW; Tsze, DS, 2014)
" access, and blood sampling pain and stress affect hormone values, treatment with N(2)O or midazolam influence the glucose and stress hormone levels differently."	5.16	Effects of midazolam and nitrous oxide on endocrine and metabolic measurements in children. ( Ekbom, K; Jakobsson, J; Kalman, S; Marcus, C, 2012)
"Acetaminophen alone may not be as effective in reducing pain-related physiological and behavioral changes as acetaminophen plus codeine or ibuprofen plus midazolam during diagnostic tympanocentesis."	5.15	Pain management in young children undergoing diagnostic tympanocentesis. ( Chandra, A; Colborn, DK; Hoberman, A; Hooper, EG; Kurs-Lasky, M; Reis, EC; Rockette, HE; Shaikh, N, 2011)
"To compare the efficacy of sublingual midazolam with oral morphine versus that of oral morphine with placebo in a paediatric population attending an emergency department (ED) with acute long-bone fractures."	5.15	Comparison of a morphine and midazolam combination with morphine alone for paediatric displaced fractures: a randomized study. ( Chappuy, H; Chéron, G; Giraud, C; Tréluyer, JM; Wille-Ledon, C, 2011)
"The addition of 3% sevoflurane at the time of preoxygenation for 1 min along with routine use of lidocaine-tourniquet completely prevented pain upon propofol injection, whereas sevoflurane by itself provided similar analgesia to premixed lidocaine with propofol."	5.15	Sevoflurane to alleviate pain on propofol injection. ( Ali, MS; DeSousa, K, 2011)
"Entonox provides better pain relief and faster recovery than midazolam-fentanyl and so is more effective for colonoscopy."	5.14	Randomized clinical trial of Entonox versus midazolam-fentanyl sedation for colonoscopy. ( Culbert, B; Duthie, GS; Gardiner, A; Hughes, M; Maslekar, S, 2009)
" However, remifentanil continuous infusion proved to offer significantly more stable pain control compared with the currently used combination fentanyl-midazolam."	5.14	Analgesia during abdominal aortic aneurysm endovascular repair: remifentanil vs. fentanyl-midazolam--a randomized controlled trial. ( Barbieri, A; Bonfreschi, V; Coppi, G; D'Amico, R; Giuliani, E; Malagnino, FC; Navi, A; Silingardi, R, 2009)
" There are many methods for pain relief and to treat discomfort during the procedure but we compared the efficacy of intravenous (IV) midazolam for pain control."	5.14	Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy: midazolam, the ideal analgesic. ( Bhandari, Y; Gaitonde, S; Kharbanda, S; Mankeshwar, R; Patil, M; Shrimali, P; Srinivas, V, 2009)
"On the basis of a small number of case studies, IV propofol has been advocated for the treatment of chronic daily headache (CDH)."	5.14	The effect of single-dose propofol injection on pain and quality of life in chronic daily headache: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. ( Dick, BD; Gray, DP; Jamieson-Lega, KI; Rashiq, S; Simmonds, MK; Sobolev, IA; Stewart, BJ, 2009)
"In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, our primary objective was to assess the effect of a 3 : 1 mixture of propofol and thiopental in reducing pain on injection in children."	5.14	The effect of a 3 : 1 volume mixture of propofol 1% and thiopental 2.5% in reducing the pain on injection of propofol in children. ( Ajala, AM; Blackwelder, B; Fahringer, DL; Goodwin, SR; Gurgis, FS; Warde, MK; Ye, G, 2010)
"The intent of our study was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam on perioperative hemodynamics, sedation, pain, satisfaction and recovery scores during colonoscopy."	5.14	A comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation, pain and hemodynamic control, during colonoscopy under conscious sedation. ( Budak, ET; Dagli, G; Dere, K; Filiz, AI; Ozkan, S; Sucullu, I; Yeyen, S, 2010)
"During the first 12 hr following the procedures, patients experienced significantly less vomiting/retching and less disruption of activity while receiving ondansetron, and recorded significantly lower pain scores while receiving fentanyl."	5.13	Pediatric oncology sedation trial (POST): A double-blind randomized study. ( Barr, RD; Buckley, N; Korz, L; Lappan, J; Nagel, K; Willan, AR, 2008)
"A study involving the use of a mixture of ketamine and midazolam delivered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device was trialed to assess its effectiveness in reducing pain associated with repeated burns dressings in an adult population."	5.13	Ketamine and midazolam delivered by patient-controlled analgesia in relieving pain associated with burns dressings. ( MacPherson, RD; Penfold, J; Woods, D, 2008)
"To compare intravenous titrated midazolam 5-10 mg and inhaled Entonox in addition to local anaesthesia in order to identify which agent provides optimum pain relief."	5.13	Midazolam in conjunction with local anaesthesia is superior to Entonox in providing pain relief during bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy. ( Allotey, D; Bratby, L; Chakupurakal, G; de la Rue, J; Delgado, J; Holder, K; Milligan, DW; Nikolousis, E; Pitchapillai, S, 2008)
"The routine use of fentanyl and midazolam prior to sheath removal leads to a reduction in pain perception and vasovagal incidence, whilst the routine use of local infiltration during sheath removal should be discouraged as it leads to more pain and a trend to more vasovagal reactions."	5.12	Effect of local anesthesia and intravenous sedation on pain perception and vasovagal reactions during femoral arterial sheath removal after percutaneous coronary intervention. ( French, JK; Juergens, CP; Kiat Ang, C; Leung, DY; Lo, S, 2007)
"Conscious sedation with rectally applied S(+)-ketamine and Midazolam allows safe and painless dressing changes after heat injuries in children."	5.11	Conscious sedation: Off-label use of rectal S(+)-ketamine and midazolam for wound dressing changes in paediatric heat injuries. ( Heinrich, M; Muensterer, OJ; Till, H; Wetzstein, V, 2004)
"The pain and distress ratings of patients undergoing BMAs (n = 73) and LPs (n = 105) were examined in a comparison of 3 different interventions: (1) a topical eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA cream), (2) oral midazolam and EMLA cream, or (3) propofol/fentanyl general anesthesia."	5.10	Pain and distress from bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures. ( Doran, NH; Frost, JD; Holdsworth, MT; Mathew, P; Moro, MA; Pankey, JM; Phillips, J; Raisch, DW; Winter, SS, 2003)
" Although the visual analog scale, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety test did not show statistically significant differences, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Anxiety score was found to be lower in the music group (group 2) than in the midazolam group (group 1)."	5.10	Music decreases anxiety and provides sedation in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. ( Basar, H; Basar, M; Batislam, E; Ferhat, M; Ozcan, S; Yilmaz, E, 2003)
"The addition of a single bolus of meperidine to midazolam improves patient tolerance and lessens pain during colonoscopy without significantly increasing the frequency of side effects or prolonging recovery time."	5.10	Single bolus of midazolam versus bolus midazolam plus meperidine for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. ( Imperiali, G; Lenoci, N; Mandelli, G; Meucci, G; Minoli, G; Radaelli, F; Spinzi, G; Strocchi, E; Terreni, N; Terruzzi, V, 2003)
"5 years) undergoing midazolam-induced conscious sedation during painful medical procedures to treat hematological or oncological diseases."	5.10	Memory in pediatric patients undergoing conscious sedation for aversive medical procedures. ( Dahlquist, LM; Eskenazi, A; Pringle, B, 2003)
" Patients in the PCS group had significantly higher pain scores and significantly more recall than those in the midazolam and pethidine group."	5.10	Patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial comparing patient-controlled administration of propofol and alfentanil with physician-administered midazolam and pethidine. ( Bright, E; Dalgleish, D; Elliott, J; Kimble, J; Roseveare, C; Shepherd, H, 2003)
"During a step-up internal atrial defibrillation protocol, intranasal butorphanol decreased or stabilized the value of several pain variables and did not affect fear."	5.09	Effect of butorphanol tartrate on shock-related discomfort during internal atrial defibrillation. ( Albert, A; Ayers, GM; Lambert, H; Rodriguez, LM; Smeets, JL; Timmermans, C; Vlaeyen, JW; Wellens, HJ, 1999)
"To test the hypothesis that remifentanil, because of its favorable pharmacokinetic properties, would be advantageous to use in combination with midazolam to provide analgesia and sedation during brief painful procedures."	5.09	Conscious sedation with remifentanil and midazolam during brief painful procedures in children. ( Litman, RS, 1999)
"Oral midazolam significantly reduces anxiety and pain during flexible sigmoidoscopy as assessed by both patients and physicians."	5.09	A double-blind placebo controlled trial of oral midazolam as premedication before flexible sigmoidoscopy. ( Chen, ST; Clarkston, WK; Cuddy, PG; Dierenfeldt, WT; Jonnalagadda, SS; Kuganeswaran, E; Pandya, PK; Quiason, SG; Smith, OJ, 1999)
"Parents and nurses reported reduced anxiety, discomfort, and procedure problems for children in the midazolam group and would prefer the same medication at next procedure."	5.09	Midazolam nasal spray reduces procedural anxiety in children. ( Andréasson, S; Gordh, T; Kreuger, A; Ljungman, G; Sörensen, S, 2000)
"Patients' recall of their tolerance to the exam (categorical scale) and pain score were significantly in favor of midazolam at 2 and 24 hours."	5.09	Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in older persons: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ( Armenian, B; Christe, C; Herrmann, F; Janssens, JP; Vogt, N, 2000)
" Our aim was to compare EMLA and placebo to assess the efficacy of EMLA in decreasing the pain of venipuncture in children premedicated with oral midazolam 0."	5.08	[Efficacy of the EMLA cream in the reduction of pain caused by venipuncture in children premedicated with oral midazolam]. ( Cassinello, F; de Stefano, J; Herrero, E; Martín-Celemín, R; Palencia, J; Pérez-Gallardo, A, 1995)
" However, the benefit of the most often used combination of intravenous midazolam and pethidine on patient tolerance and pain and its cardiorespiratory risk have not been fully defined."	5.08	Sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: patient tolerance, pain, and cardiorespiratory parameters. ( Fried, M; Froehlich, F; Gonvers, JJ; Hays, RD; Köhler, M; Preisig, M; Schwizer, W; Thorens, J, 1997)
" A high incidence of pain with drug injection was noted among patients receiving propofol (80%)."	5.08	Propofol patient-controlled sedation during hip or knee arthroplasty in elderly patients. ( Ganapathy, S; Gelb, AW; Herrick, IA; Kirkby, J, 1997)
" This study was designed to: 1) compare the safety and efficacy of intravenous fentanyl, intravenous fentanyl combined with midazolam, and intramuscular meperidine-promethazine-chlorpromazine (MPC) compound when used for painful emergency department (ED) procedures: and 2) to determine whether the addition of et-CO2 monitoring enabled earlier identification of respiratory depression in this population."	5.08	The value of end-tidal CO2 monitoring when comparing three methods of conscious sedation for children undergoing painful procedures in the emergency department. ( Berns, SD; Boenning, DA; Hart, LS; Houck, CS, 1997)
"Intra- and postoperative wake-up tests were performed together with somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (SCEPs) monitoring in 40 patients randomized to either midazolam (M) or propofol (P) infusions for scoliosis surgery."	5.08	Midazolam-flumazenil versus propofol anaesthesia for scoliosis surgery with wake-up tests. ( Hesselbjerg, L; Koscielniak-Nielsen, ZJ; Stens-Pedersen, HL, 1998)
"To evaluate the efficacy of continuous administration of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen for reducing pain during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy 32 children aged 3-60 months were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group."	5.08	[Bronchial endoscopy under local anesthesia and pain in children. The value of a nitrous oxide-oxygen combination]. ( Dupont, D; Garcia, J; Hayem, C; Roure, P, 1998)
"The purpose of the present study is to compare the injection pain of propofol with that of benzodiazepines when used for intravenous sedation."	5.08	Pain following intravenous administration of sedative agents: a comparison of propofol with three benzodiazepines. ( Fukuda, K; Ichinohe, T; Kaneko, Y; Kasahara, M; Mamiya, H; Noma, T, 1998)
"In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study on 20 healthy human volunteers, the effect of intravenous midazolam on pain tolerance using the 'submaximum effort tourniquet technique' is described."	5.07	An investigation of the effect of midazolam on the pain experience. ( Coulthard, P; Rood, JP, 1992)
"Nitrous oxide is an effective sedative/analgesic for mildly to moderately painful paediatric procedures."	4.89	Nitrous oxide provides safe and effective analgesia for minor paediatric procedures--a systematic review. ( Bayat, A; Jacobsson, ML; Pedersen, RS; Steen, NP, 2013)
"To investigate the effect of midazolam on pain in lumbar disc herniation model rats based on p38 MAPK signaling pathway."	4.31	[Analysis of the effect of midazolam on pain in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation based on the p38 MAPK signaling pathway]. ( Liu, J; Liu, S; Liu, SM; Ye, YJ, 2023)
" Multiple demographic and psychosocial factors, as well as perhaps provider bias, play into both a patient's perception of pain and the dosage of fentanyl and midazolam they receive during abortion procedures."	4.31	The association of patient age, race, and demographic features on reported pain and sedation dosing during procedural abortion: A retrospective cohort study. ( Howard, M; Lee, J; Makar, E; Pace, L, 2023)
" There was a significant decrease in propofol and fentanyl utilization from 24 hours pretracheostomy to 24 hours posttracheostomy in both dose and number of patients receiving these continuous intravenous medications."	4.12	Tracheostomy decreases continuous analgesia and sedation requirements. ( Droege, CA; Elson, NC; Goodman, MD; Hayes, HV; Nomellini, V; Pritts, TA; Salvator, A; Singer, KE; Wallen, TE, 2022)
"The impact of midazolam on the overall performance of morphine therapy for pain in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) has never been investigated."	4.02	Clinical and Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Midazolam on Morphine Therapy for Pain Relief in Critically Ill Ventilated Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( Abdelaal, M; Abounahia, FF; Abushanab, D; Al-Badriyeh, D; Alsoukhni, O, 2021)
"The aims of this study were to quantify the pain and distress associated with the administration of intranasal (IN) midazolam in young children using 4 observational measures and to evaluate the degree of validity of these measures."	4.02	Quantification of Pain and Distress Associated With Intranasal Midazolam Administration in Children and Evaluation of Validity of Four Observational Measures. ( Bregstein, JS; Dayan, PS; Flores-Sanchez, PL; Ieni, M; O'Connell, NC; Shen, ST; Tsze, DS, 2021)
"Compared to propofol and general anesthesia, midazolam/fentanyl sedation was associated with an increased periprocedural perception of pain and lower local tumor progression-free survival."	3.91	Propofol Compared to Midazolam Sedation and to General Anesthesia for Percutaneous Microwave Ablation in Patients with Hepatic Malignancies: A Single-Center Comparative Analysis of Three Historical Cohorts. ( de Jong, MC; de Vries, JJJ; Geboers, B; Gerçek, CC; Hoedemaker-Boon, CJ; Meijerink, MR; Nieuwenhuizen, S; Puijk, RS; Ruarus, AH; Scheffer, HJ; Thöne-Passchier, DH; van den Tol, PMP; Vroomen, LGPH; Ziedses des Plantes, V, 2019)
" Fentanyl, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine were the first choices of agents for analgesic, sedation, and delirium treatment."	3.85	A National Multicenter Survey on Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Intensive Care Units in China. ( Hu, B; Li, JG; Peng, ZY; Rao, X; Wang, J; Zhou, WH, 2017)
"Only fentanyl+midazolam significantly attenuated both the clinical pain score and the increase in blood glucose."	3.81	Effect of premedication regimen on infant pain and stress response to endotracheal intubation. ( Caldwell, CD; Watterberg, KL, 2015)
"Midazolam and ketamine were administered consecutively by intravenous route under cardiorespiratory monitoring for painful procedures of pediatric hematology."	3.81	The Efficacy and Safety of Procedural Sedoanalgesia with Midazolam and Ketamine in Pediatric Hematology. ( Çakmak, E; Demirsoy, U; Gelen, SA; Sarper, N; Zengin, E, 2015)
"We studied the role of a low-dose intravenous (IV) ketamine-midazolam combination in the management of severe painful sickle cell crisis."	3.80	The role of a low-dose ketamine-midazolam regimen in the management of severe painful crisis in patients with sickle cell disease. ( Faris, AS; Kausalya, R; Tawfic, QA, 2014)
"Morphine is co-administered with adjuvant drugs to treat pain, nausea, vomiting, dyspnoea and delirium in cancer patients."	3.80	Analgesic effects of morphine in combination with adjuvant drugs in rats. ( Kaminska, E; Leppert, W; Mikolajczak, P; Okulicz-Kozaryn, I; Szulc, M, 2014)
"Considering the potential pain and dissatisfaction of rigid cystoscopic ureteral stent removal, procedures utilizing moderate sedation with midazolam or general anesthesia using propofol without muscle relaxation should be considered."	3.80	Pain and satisfaction during rigid cystoscopic ureteral stent removal: a preliminary study. ( Cho, SW; Choi, H; Kim, JH; Kim, MG; Park, SY; Song, D; Song, YS, 2014)
"Tramadol is often coadministered subcutaneously with adjuvants to treat pain, nausea/vomiting, dyspnea and delirium in cancer patients."	3.79	Analgesic effects of tramadol in combination with adjuvant drugs: an experimental study in rats. ( Kaminska, E; Leppert, W; Mikolajczak, P; Okulicz-Kozaryn, I, 2013)
"The aim of the present study was to investigate the preemptive analgesic effects of intraperitoneally administrated midazolam and diclofenac, before acute and inflammatory induced pain in rat model."	3.77	Preemptive analgesic effects of midazolam and diclofenac in rat model. ( Hasani, A; Jakupi, M; Soljakova, M; Ustalar-Ozgen, S, 2011)
" Since 2005 to 2007, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of ketamine to control pain induced by diagnostic procedures in pediatric oncology patients."	3.75	[Sedation using ketamine for pain procedures in Pediatric Oncology.]. ( Bernard, F; Ricard, C; Tichit, R; Troncin, R, 2009)
"Eight right-handed male volunteers underwent fMRI combined with a thermal pain conditioning paradigm and midazolam (30 mug/kg) or saline administration on different occasions, with order randomized across volunteers."	3.74	The anxiolytic effects of midazolam during anticipation to pain revealed using fMRI. ( Lujan, BJ; Peskett, GD; Rogers, R; Schweinhardt, P; Tracey, I; Wise, RG, 2007)
" The questionnaire retrieved the endoscopists' experience regarding patients' discomfort or pain under sedation with midazolam, their wish for better sedative agents, their preferred sedative regimens, their medical specialty and their professional experience."	3.74	Midazolam-pain, but one cannot remember it: a survey among Southern German endoscopists. ( Frimberger, E; Hollweck, R; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S, 2007)
"The purpose of this study is to compare the sedation recovery times of children receiving ketamine/midazolam (K/M) versus K/M and initial pain treatment (morphine or meperidine) in pediatric emergency care."	3.73	Effects of initial pain treatment on sedation recovery time in pediatric emergency care. ( Losek, JD; Reid, S, 2006)
"IV Midazolam and IV Ketamine were used for PSA in pediatric oncology patients undergoing painful procedures."	3.73	Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists in a pediatric hematology-oncology unit. ( Advani, SH; Ambulkar, I; Borker, A; Gopal, R, 2006)
"Systemically administered midazolam induced antinociception for inflammatory pain only, while intrathecal administration elicited antinociceptive effects on both acute thermal and inflammatory-induced pain."	3.73	Analgesic effects of systemic midazolam: comparison with intrathecal administration. ( Nishiyama, T, 2006)
"To determine the proportion of emergency departments in the UK that use modern pharmacological methods of pain and anxiety control in children, such as analgesia with intranasal diamorphine, procedural sedation using ketamine or midazolam, and adrenaline-cocaine gel, TAC or LAT for anaesthetising wounds in children."	3.73	Consigning "brutacaine" to history: a survey of pharmacological techniques to facilitate painful procedures in children in emergency departments in the UK. ( Chavada, G; Coats, T; Davies, F; Loryman, B, 2006)
"Our results showed that propofol provided good sedation with excellent pain control, a short recovery time and no significant haemodynamic side effects."	3.72	Comparison of colonoscopies performed under sedation with propofol or with midazolam or without sedation. ( Bates, M; Gasparović, S; Opacić, M; Petrovecki, M; Rustemović, N, 2003)
"In both acute thermal- and inflammatory-induced pain, intrathecally administered midazolam and bupivacaine produced synergistic analgesia with decreased side effects in intrathecally catheterized rats."	3.72	Midazolam can potentiate the analgesic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on thermal- or inflammatory-induced pain. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 2003)
"Spinally-administered midazolam, a benzodiazepine, and clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, have significant synergistic effects on thermally-induced acute and formalin-induced inflammatory pain."	3.71	The synergistic interaction between midazolam and clonidine in spinally-mediated analgesia in two different pain models of rats. ( Hanaoka, K; Nishiyama, T, 2001)
" In 55% of group 2 patients the level of pain during the procedure was significant but bearable, in 35% it was considered unbearable and in 10% sedation with midazolam was necessary."	3.71	A single injection of lidocaine as local anesthesia for ultrasound guided needle biopsy of the prostate. ( Benetti, A; Giusti, G; Graziotti, P; Maffezzini, M; Seveso, M; Taverna, G, 2002)
"We evaluated the safety and efficacy of midazolam-ketamine association to control pain induced by diagnostic procedures in paediatric oncology patients."	3.70	Use of intravenous ketamine-midazolam association for pain procedures in children with cancer. A prospective study. ( Granry, JC; Le Moine, P; Monrigal, JP; Pellier, I; Rialland, X; Rod, B, 1999)
"The purpose of this study was to examine the anaesthetic requirement of intrathecal midazolam in a dose-response fashion in isoflurane-anaesthetized, tracheostomized rats, and to evaluate the apnoeic threshold after each intrathecal midazolam dose."	3.69	Intrathecal midazolam reduces isoflurane MAC and increases the apnoeic threshold in rats. ( Forster, A; Jorge-Costa, M; Morel, DR; Pizzolato, GP; Schwieger, IM, 1994)
"To determine the clinical usefulness of the long-term intrathecal administration of midazolam and clonidine in patients with refractory neurogenic and musculoskeletal pain."	3.69	Long-term intrathecal administration of midazolam and clonidine. ( Borg, PA; Krijnen, HJ, 1996)
" A retrospective analysis of 79 ESWL procedures on 73 consecutive unselected patients was done in an attempt to determine the effectiveness of TENS in reducing the amount of intravenous fentanyl citrate and/or midazolam HCl needed to control pain and anxiety during the ESWL procedure."	3.68	The use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation during the biliary lithotripsy procedure. ( Baumgartner, BR; Evans, GR; Fraser, NP; Jones, V; Nelson, RC; Peterson, J; Torres, WE, 1992)
"Remimazolam is an ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine that is potentially a practical option for procedural sedation in colonoscopy."	3.11	Discharge readiness after remimazolam versus propofol for colonoscopy: A randomised, double-blind trial. ( Chen, L; Fu, B; Guan, J; Liu, L; Yao, Y; Zheng, X, 2022)
"Patients with renal lithiasis were included and were randomized to Group A (basal analgesia: midazolam (1 mg), fentanyl (0."	3.11	Value of Music and Nitrous Oxide for Pain Control during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). ( Alcoba-García, MP; Bueno-Serrano, G; González-Enguita, C; González-López, R; Llanos-Jiménez, L; Mahillo-Fernández, I; Tabares-Jiménez, J, 2022)
" The efficacy and safety of the sedations including sedation time intervals, nausea score, vomiting episodes, pain score, adverse effects, and parent's satisfaction were evaluated."	3.11	The efficacy and safety of midazolam with fentanyl versus midazolam with ketamine for bedside invasive procedural sedation in pediatric oncology patients: A randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial. ( Lertvivatpong, N; Malaithong, W; Monsereenusorn, C; Photia, A; Rujkijyanont, P; Traivaree, C, 2022)
"Pain has long been defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience originating from any region of the body in the presence or absence of tissue injury."	3.01	Procedural (Conscious) Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Setting: How to Choose Agents? ( Akman, C; Ayan, M; Karcioglu, O; Ozbay, S; Ozsoy, O; Suzer, NE, 2023)
"Propofol was significantly better than midazolam in inducing amnesia of procedural pain (mean difference 11."	2.80	Propofol-alfentanyl versus midazolam-alfentanyl in inducing procedural amnesia of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in children--blind randomised trial. ( Albrecht, P; Dziechciarz, P; Sienkiewicz, E; Ziółkowski, J, 2015)
"Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair was performed with local anaesthesia and intravenous analgesia."	2.76	Analgesia and endocrine surgical stress: effect of two analgesia protocols on cortisol and prolactin levels during abdominal aortic aneurysm endovascular repair. ( Baraldi, E; Barbieri, A; Coppi, G; D'Amico, R; Ferrari, A; Genazzani, A; Giuliani, E, 2011)
"Modafinil 200 mg was administered to the treatment group patients 1 h before sedation/analgesia."	2.75	Modafinil reduces patient-reported tiredness after sedation/analgesia but does not improve patient psychomotor skills. ( Boesjes, H; Galvin, E; Hol, J; Klein, J; Ubben, JF; Verbrugge, SJ, 2010)
"In this study recovery profile, postoperative pain scores, incidence of adverse effects, and patient and surgeon satisfaction were compared between paravertebral block (PVB) and fast-track general anesthesia (GA) via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) for outpatient IH."	2.75	Comparison of paravertebral block versus fast-track general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway in outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Akcaboy, EY; Akcaboy, ZN; Gogus, N, 2010)
"Patients receiving propofol reached full recovery sooner (16."	2.71	Propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. ( Chadalawada, V; Hansen, JJ; Liangpunsakul, S; Mendel, AM; Overley, CA; Rex, DK; Strahl, E; Symms, MR; Ulmer, BJ, 2003)
"Diazepam and midazolam were equivalent as judged by sedation, recovery time, patient tolerance, and ease of examination."	2.69	Midazolam versus diazepam in lipid emulsion as conscious sedation for colonoscopy with or without reversal of sedation with flumazenil. ( Gevers, AM; Hendrickx, A; Macken, E; Rutgeerts, P, 1998)
"The reduction in allodynia evoked by light stroking was statistically significant only for alfentanil."	2.68	Effects of intravenous ketamine, alfentanil, or placebo on pain, pinprick hyperalgesia, and allodynia produced by intradermal capsaicin in human subjects. ( Bennett, GJ; Gracely, RH; Max, MB; Park, KM; Robinovitz, E, 1995)
" Midazolam concentrations were also measured and pharmacokinetic parameters determined using a population modelling package."	2.68	Haemodynamic responses and population pharmacokinetics of midazolam following administration to ventilated, preterm neonates. ( Charles, BG; Gray, PH; Harte, GJ; Lee, TC; Steer, PA, 1997)
"Isoflurane is a useful agent for prolonged sedation of ventilated patients and does not have any adverse effect on the cardiorespiratory system or on hepatic, renal or adrenal function."	2.67	Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit; efficacy and safety. ( Spencer, EM; Willatts, SM, 1992)
"Midazolam was found to be the drug of preference for the majority of patients."	2.67	Midazolam versus fentanyl as premedication for painful procedures in children with cancer. ( Conner, K; Dickson, N; Luzins, J; McGorray, S; Reilly, K; Sandler, ES; Weyman, C, 1992)
"Alfentanil was used as an adjuvant to midazolam for analgesia in thirty outpatients undergoing colonoscopy."	2.67	Pain relief for outpatient colonoscopy: a comparison of alfentanil with fentanyl. ( Holloway, AM; Logan, DA, 1990)
"Midazolam is a recently introduced benzodiazepine with a half life of 1-4 hours."	2.66	A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for sedation during locoregional anesthesia. ( Donadoni, R; Herregods, L; Mortier, E; Rolly, G, 1987)
"Intubation of the trachea and mechanical ventilation are ubiquitous painful procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit that are poorly assessed and treated."	2.49	Sedation and analgesia to facilitate mechanical ventilation. ( Colby, CE; Nemergut, ME; Yaster, M, 2013)
"The most prevalent symptoms were: breathlessness, weakness/lack of energy, drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, confusion/delirium, and pain."	1.72	Symptom Control and Survival for People Severely ill With COVID: A Multicentre Cohort Study (CovPall-Symptom). ( Bajwah, S; Bradshaw, A; Chambers, RL; Dunleavy, L; Fraser, LK; Higginson, IJ; Hocaoglu, MB; Maddocks, M; Murtagh, FEM; Oluyase, AO; Preston, N; Sleeman, KE; Walshe, C, 2022)
"Pediatric lacerations are frequently encountered by plastic surgeons in the emergency room."	1.72	Effect of sedation using Ketamine for primary closure of pediatric facial laceration. ( Kim, HJ; Kim, JH; Kim, SH; Lee, JH; Shin, SH; Suh, IS; Woo, SS, 2022)
"To assess sedation medication dosage differences between patients with and without opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion."	1.62	Pain medication requirements in patients with opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion: An exploratory study. ( Ramanadhan, S; Srikanth, P; White, KO; Woodhams, E, 2021)
"Atropine was given in 19/40 intubations."	1.51	Premedication practices for tracheal intubation in neonates transported by French medical transport teams: a prospective observational study. ( Ayachi, A; Carbajal, R; Chabernaud, JL; Chouakri, O; Cimerman, P; Courtois, E; Henry-Larzul, V; Kessous, K; Lode, N; Normand, A; Rousseau, J, 2019)
" Predictors of poorer neurocognitive function were midazolam dosage >3 mg (P<0."	1.51	Comparison of the Effects of Midazolam/Fentanyl, Midazolam/Propofol, and Midazolam/Fentanyl/Propofol on Cognitive Function After Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. ( Riordan, S; Seck, V; Thompson, R; Wong, S, 2019)
"Propofol sedations were more often associated with the occurrence of apnea's (20% vs."	1.46	Propofol versus midazolam for procedural sedation in the emergency department: A study on efficacy and safety. ( Beije, F; Bens, BWJ; Bosch, MGE; Feenstra, R; Lameijer, H; Pol, A; Sikkema, YT; Ter Avest, E, 2017)
"Midazolam was the sedative agent used most commonly (45%), and morphine was the most frequently used analgesic agent (36%)."	1.42	Emergency department procedural sedation: the London experience. ( Baker, EC; Elkhodair, SM; Freund, Y; Glasebrook, WR; Harris, TR; Pott, JD, 2015)
" We recorded adverse events during the endoscopic procedure and additionally retrieved questionnaires investigating subjective parameters 24 h after the endoscopic procedure."	1.40	Safety analysis of endoscopist-directed propofol sedation: a prospective, national multicenter study of 24 441 patients in German outpatient practices. ( Beck, S; Friedrich, K; Gotthardt, DN; Heil, FJ; Rex, DK; Scholl, SG; Sieg, A; Stremmel, W, 2014)
"Specific premedication prior to endotracheal intubation was assessed."	1.39	Premedication for neonatal endotracheal intubation: results from the epidemiology of procedural pain in neonates study. ( Boëlle, PY; Boileau, P; Carbajal, R; Coursol, A; Daoud, P; de Saint Blanquat, L; Decobert, F; Durand, P; Durrmeyer, X; Granier, M; Lapillonne, A; Lenclen, R; Nicloux, M; Renolleau, S; Saizou, C; Shankland, R; Zana-Taieb, E, 2013)
" The dosage of propofol recommended in these guidelines is, however, based on one single study."	1.39	[Palliative sedation in a man with oral cancer; the Royal Dutch Medical Association guidelines not always sufficient]. ( Broekhoff, FJ; Dompeling, EC; Smelt, WL; Vos-Westerman, JH; Wulffraat, ET, 2013)
"Pain was associated with younger age (p < 0."	1.38	The burden of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed with the patient under conscious sedation. ( Jeurnink, SM; Kuipers, E; Siersema, P; Steyerberg, E, 2012)
" Demographic data, time in ED, and dosage of each medication given were abstracted."	1.35	Inadequate provision of postintubation anxiolysis and analgesia in the ED. ( Bonomo, JB; Butler, AS; Lindsell, CJ; Venkat, A, 2008)
"Midazolam was the most frequently prescribed drug."	1.34	[Treatment of intolerable sufferings in a hospice unit]. ( Bull, AN; Rosland, JH; Saunes, TK, 2007)
"The ease of endotracheal intubation has been recently shown to affect the incidence of laryngeal injury."	1.33	Tracheal intubation in routine practice with and without muscular relaxation: an observational study. ( Adnet, F; Ait Kaci, F; Baillard, C; Borron, SW; Cupa, M; Fournier, JL; Larmignat, P; Racine, SX; Samama, CM, 2005)
"midazolam were significantly reversed by i."	1.31	Effects of midazolam in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain in rats. ( Dickenson, AH; Kontinen, VK, 2000)
"Midazolam was the most common medication prescribed to achieve sedation."	1.31	A multicentre international study of sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients. ( Bengtson, K; Bercovici, M; deMoissac, D; Fainsinger, RL; Hosking, M; Landman, W; Nunez-Olarte, JM; Waller, A, 2000)
"Propofol and midazolam were compared in 40 adult patients in A."	1.31	A comparative study of induction and recovery characteristics of propofol and midazolam. ( Dangnan, F; Edomwonyi, NP; Okonofua, BA; Weerasinghe, AS, 2001)
"Intraoperative pain is the main topic that requires improvement."	1.31	Feasibility of local infiltration anaesthesia for recurrent groin hernia repair. ( Bech, K; Callesen, T; Kehlet, H, 2001)
"Midazolam 1 mg was effective in the males (from 45% to 10%) and tended to allay patients' pain feeling in the females (from 40% to 23%)."	1.29	[The effects of small dose midazolam in patients to reduce the uncomfortable feeling during epidural block procedure]. ( Kasaba, T, 1994)
"The midazolam-treated patients had a numerically lower mean pain score (1."	1.29	Midazolam sedation for percutaneous liver biopsy. ( Alexander, JA; Smith, BJ, 1993)
"Midazolam was injected at four different concentrations: 0."	1.29	Inhibition of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence by a benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam in the rat. ( McDonald, JS; Rattan, AK; Sheu, MJ; Sribanditmongkol, P; Tejwani, GA; Zuniga, J, 1993)
"Shivering and hiccoughing were noted in two and four cases, respectively."	1.29	Methohexital infusion technique for conscious sedation. ( Buckley, M; Johns, FR; Ziccardi, VB, 1996)
"Midazolam was shown to have no effect on the acquisition of the enduring naloxone-reversible analgesia."	1.29	Midazolam impairs the acquisition of conditioned analgesia if rats are tested with an acute but not a chronic noxious stimulus. ( Harris, JA; Westbrook, RF, 1996)
"Both midazolam and morphine were effective in reducing the nociceptive response of the second phase of this biphasic pain test."	1.28	Intrathecal midazolam versus intrathecal morphine in orofacial nociception: an experimental study in rats. ( Aigouy, L; Fondras, JC; Pajot, J; Schoeffler, P; Woda, A, 1992)
"Midazolam 2."	1.28	[The effects of pentazocine, diazepam and midazolam in patients to reduce the uncomfortable feeling during epidural block procedure]. ( Kasaba, T, 1992)
" Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) administration caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for midazolam spinal analgesia."	1.28	On the mechanism by which midazolam causes spinally mediated analgesia. ( Edwards, M; Gent, JP; Goodchild, CS; Serrao, JM, 1990)
"Children with leukemia have to undergo many times painful procedures like bone-marrow aspiration and lumbar puncture."	1.27	[Sedation and analgesia in interventions]. ( de Waal, FC; Huisman, J; Veerman, AJ, 1988)

Research

Studies (323)

Authors

Clinical Trials (71)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Administered Additional Pain Medications

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	11 (3.41)	18.7374
1990's	83 (25.70)	18.2507
2000's	99 (30.65)	29.6817
2010's	92 (28.48)	24.3611
2020's	38 (11.76)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Huang, SM	1
Hsu, H	1
Hii, IH	1
Chang, CH	1
Sirohiya, P	1
Kumar, V	1
Mittal, S	1
Gupta, N	1
Garg, R	1
Bharati, SJ	1
Mishra, S	1
Hadda, V	1
Mohan, A	1
Sagiraju, HKR	1
Bhatnagar, S	1
Madan, K	1
Nicholas, TG	1
Husbands, EL	1
Garcia, ACM	1
Isidoro, GM	1
Paiva, EMDC	1
Silva, AE	1
Costa, ICP	1
Bornemann-Cimenti, H	1
Wallen, TE	1
Elson, NC	1
Singer, KE	1
Hayes, HV	1
Salvator, A	1
Droege, CA	1
Nomellini, V	1
Pritts, TA	1
Goodman, MD	1
Katsurada, M	1
Tachihara, M	1
Katsurada, N	1
Takata, N	1
Sato, H	1
Mimura, C	1
Yoshioka, J	1
Furukawa, K	1
Yumura, M	1
Otoshi, T	1
Yasuda, Y	1
Kiriu, T	1
Hazama, D	1
Nagano, T	1
Yamamoto, M	1
Nishimura, Y	1
Kobayashi, K	1
Higginson, IJ	1
Hocaoglu, MB	1
Fraser, LK	1
Maddocks, M	1
Sleeman, KE	1
Oluyase, AO	1
Chambers, RL	1
Preston, N	1
Dunleavy, L	1
Bradshaw, A	1
Bajwah, S	1
Murtagh, FEM	1
Walshe, C	1
Yao, Y	2
Guan, J	1
Liu, L	1
Fu, B	1
Chen, L	1
Zheng, X	1
Chin, J	1
McGrath, M	1
Lokken, E	1
Upegui, CD	1
Prager, S	1
Micks, E	1
Lee, JH	2
Woo, SS	1
Shin, SH	1
Kim, HJ	1
Kim, JH	2
Kim, SH	2
Suh, IS	1
Azarfar, A	1
Ravanshad, Y	1
Golsorkhi, M	1
Zahiri, E	1
Gharavi Fard, M	1
Akhondi, M	1
Ghodsi, A	1
Ravanshad, S	1
Lai, HC	1
Chen, CL	1
Huang, YH	1
Wu, KL	1
Huang, RC	1
Lin, BF	1
Chan, SM	1
Wu, ZF	1
Rodrigues Tavares, LR	1
Baptista-de-Souza, D	1
Canto-de-Souza, L	1
Planeta, CDS	1
Guimarães, FS	1
Nunes-de-Souza, RL	3
Canto-de-Souza, A	2
Bueno-Serrano, G	1
Alcoba-García, MP	1
Tabares-Jiménez, J	1
González-López, R	1
Llanos-Jiménez, L	1
Mahillo-Fernández, I	1
González-Enguita, C	1
Monsereenusorn, C	1
Malaithong, W	1
Lertvivatpong, N	1
Photia, A	1
Rujkijyanont, P	1
Traivaree, C	1
Brant, AR	1
Reeves, MF	1
Ye, PP	1
Scott, RK	1
Floyd, S	1
Tefera, E	1
Lotke, PS	1
Saberi, N	3
Hayrabedian, A	3
Mazdak, H	3
Hassannejad, R	3
Zargham, M	3
Mohammadi Sichani, M	3
Mirzaei, M	3
Parhar, D	2
Baum, RA	2
Spouge, R	2
Yan, T	2
Ho, S	2
Hadjivassiliou, A	2
Machan, L	2
Legiehn, G	2
Klass, D	2
Dhatt, R	2
Boucher, LM	2
Liu, DM	2
Ramin, S	2
Bringuier, S	2
Martinez, O	2
Sadek, M	2
Manzanera, J	2
Deras, P	2
Choquet, O	2
Charbit, J	2
Capdevila, X	2
Raouf, MM	1
Abo-Elhessein, AK	1
Hasanein, M	1
Abskharon, JE	1
Hassan, SS	1
Talaat, EA	1
Elawamy, AR	1
Kamel, EZ	1
Liu, J	1
Ye, YJ	1
Liu, SM	1
Liu, S	1
Wang, J	2
Lu, C	1
Liu, X	1
Zhang, G	1
Zhang, J	1
Gao, M	1
Liu, D	2
Zhang, X	1
Liu, Y	1
Wang, X	1
Zhang, S	1
Wang, C	1
Huang, Y	1
Wu, H	1
Zhao, G	1
Wang, T	1
Pace, L	1
Howard, M	1
Makar, E	1
Lee, J	1
Vogt, KM	2
Ibinson, JW	2
Burlew, AC	1
Smith, CT	2
Aizenstein, HJ	2
Fiez, JA	2
Schubert, AK	1
Seneviratne, V	1
Stolz, J	1
Wiesmann, T	1
Wulf, H	1
Eberhart, L	1
Dinges, HC	1
Elattar, MM	1
NBiomy, R	1
Haseeb, WA	1
Salama, MK	1
Bromfalk, Å	1
Hultin, M	1
Myrberg, T	1
Engström, Å	1
Walldén, J	1
Stróżyk, A	1
Paraskevas, T	1
Romantsik, O	1
Calevo, MG	1
Banzi, R	1
Ley, D	1
Bruschettini, M	1
Ayan, M	1
Ozsoy, O	1
Ozbay, S	1
Akman, C	1
Suzer, NE	1
Karcioglu, O	1
Michel, J	1
Hofbeck, M	1
Peper, AK	1
Kumpf, M	1
Neunhoeffer, F	1
Khalil, W	1
Raslan, N	1
Donato, J	1
Rao, K	1
Lewis, T	1
Carbajal, R	2
Lode, N	1
Ayachi, A	1
Chouakri, O	1
Henry-Larzul, V	1
Kessous, K	1
Normand, A	1
Courtois, E	1
Rousseau, J	1
Cimerman, P	1
Chabernaud, JL	1
Patel, C	1
Kleinig, P	1
Bakker, M	1
Tait, P	1
Cinotti, R	1
Besnard, N	1
Desmedt, L	1
Floch, RL	1
Perrot, P	1
Bekara, F	1
Klouche, K	1
Larcher, R	1
Mahé, PJ	1
Frasca, D	1
Asehnoune, K	1
Jung, B	1
Roquilly, A	1
Poulton, T	1
Hogston, SP	1
Bolton, WS	1
Burke, JR	1
Jayne, DG	1
Abushanab, D	1
Abounahia, FF	1
Alsoukhni, O	1
Abdelaal, M	1
Al-Badriyeh, D	1
Citro, AT	1
Norton, CM	1
Karim, HT	1
Popov, V	1
Mahajan, A	1
Reder, LM	1
Ramanadhan, S	1
Woodhams, E	1
Srikanth, P	1
White, KO	1
Prosenz, J	1
Gustorff, B	1
Peng, ZY	1
Zhou, WH	1
Hu, B	1
Rao, X	1
Li, JG	1
Kang, H	2
Nakae, A	1
Ito, H	1
Vitayaburananont, P	1
Minamoto, T	1
Ikeda, T	1
Osaka, M	1
Mashimo, T	1
Fujino, Y	1
Hagihira, S	2
Gargiulo, M	1
Cortese, A	1
Pantaleo, G	1
Parascandalo, S	1
Amato, M	1
Li, QD	1
Wan, XY	1
Zhang, YL	1
Li, SW	1
Han, LL	1
Li, WW	1
Shi, HY	1
Nunes, SL	1
Forsberg, S	1
Blomqvist, H	1
Berggren, L	1
Sörberg, M	1
Sarapohja, T	2
Wickerts, CJ	1
Tsze, DS	2
Ieni, M	1
Flores-Sanchez, PL	1
Shen, ST	1
Bregstein, JS	1
O'Connell, NC	1
Dayan, PS	1
Nasr, VG	1
DiNardo, JA	1
Thaxton, L	1
Pitotti, J	1
Espey, E	1
Teal, S	1
Sheeder, J	1
Singh, RH	1
Norii, T	1
Homma, Y	1
Shimizu, H	1
Takase, H	1
Nagata, S	1
Shimosato, A	1
Crandall, C	1
Ingravallo, F	1
de Nooijer, K	1
Pucci, V	1
Casini, C	1
Miccinesi, G	1
Rietjens, JAC	1
Morino, P	1
Oguntoye, CO	1
Oyewande, OA	1
Afolabi, OO	1
Thompson, R	1
Seck, V	1
Riordan, S	1
Wong, S	1
Puijk, RS	1
Ziedses des Plantes, V	1
Nieuwenhuizen, S	1
Ruarus, AH	1
Vroomen, LGPH	1
de Jong, MC	1
Geboers, B	1
Hoedemaker-Boon, CJ	1
Thöne-Passchier, DH	1
Gerçek, CC	1
de Vries, JJJ	1
van den Tol, PMP	1
Scheffer, HJ	1
Meijerink, MR	1
Shavit, I	2
Feraru, L	1
Miron, D	1
Weiser, G	1
Durrmeyer, X	1
Daoud, P	1
Decobert, F	1
Boileau, P	1
Renolleau, S	1
Zana-Taieb, E	1
Saizou, C	1
Lapillonne, A	1
Granier, M	1
Durand, P	1
Lenclen, R	1
Coursol, A	1
Nicloux, M	1
de Saint Blanquat, L	1
Shankland, R	1
Boëlle, PY	1
Deftereos, S	1
Giannopoulos, G	1
Raisakis, K	1
Hahalis, G	1
Kaoukis, A	1
Kossyvakis, C	1
Avramides, D	1
Pappas, L	1
Panagopoulou, V	1
Pyrgakis, V	1
Alexopoulos, D	1
Stefanadis, C	1
Cleman, MW	1
Smelt, WL	1
Wulffraat, ET	1
Broekhoff, FJ	1
Dompeling, EC	1
Vos-Westerman, JH	1
Porhomayon, J	1
Nader, ND	1
El-Solh, AA	1
Hite, M	1
Scott, J	1
Silinskie, K	1
Barkan, S	1
Breitbart, R	1
Brenner-Zada, G	1
Feldon, M	1
Assa, A	1
Toledano, M	1
Berkovitch, S	1
Kozer, E	1
Jelsness-Jørgensen, LP	1
Lerang, F	1
Sandvei, P	1
Søberg, T	1
Henriksen, M	1
Pedersen, RS	1
Bayat, A	1
Steen, NP	1
Jacobsson, ML	1
Ritwik, P	1
Cao, LT	1
Curran, R	1
Musselman, RJ	1
Tawfic, QA	1
Faris, AS	1
Kausalya, R	1
Nemergut, ME	1
Yaster, M	1
Colby, CE	1
Carter, D	1
Lahat, A	1
Papageorgiou, NP	1
Goldstein, S	1
Eliakim, R	1
Bardan, E	1
Xhaja, X	1
Church, J	1
Avino, D	1
Zhang, WH	1
De Villé, A	1
Johansson, AB	1
Sieg, A	2
Beck, S	1
Scholl, SG	1
Heil, FJ	1
Gotthardt, DN	1
Stremmel, W	1
Rex, DK	3
Friedrich, K	1
Lier, MC	1
Douwenga, WM	1
Yilmaz, F	1
Schats, R	1
Hompes, PG	1
Boer, C	1
Mijatovic, V	1
Chen, ZY	1
Wang, H	1
Xu, W	1
Xu, H	1
Fu, X	1
Yu, J	1
Zhang, Y	1
Lu, Y	1
Dong, C	2
Constantine, E	1
Machan, JT	1
Eberson, CP	1
Linakis, JG	1
Steele, DW	1
Derakhshanfar, H	1
Kordi, MM	1
Amini, A	1
Shojahee, M	1
Milési, C	1
Doğanca, T	1
Savsin, A	1
Erdoğan, S	1
Altindas, F	1
Özdemir, F	1
Ekici, B	1
Öbek, C	1
Elkhodair, SM	1
Baker, EC	1
Glasebrook, WR	1
Pott, JD	1
Freund, Y	1
Harris, TR	1
Hong, MJ	1
Sung, IK	1
Lee, SP	1
Cheon, BK	1
Kim, TY	1
Leppert, W	2

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Ketamine Versus Fentanyl for Surgical Abortions: A Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial[NCT04871425]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-27	Completed
Comparison of Two Dosage of Remifentanil Infusion Combined With Propofol-based Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty[NCT05876039]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Gabapentin as an Adjunct for Pain Management During Dilation and Evacuation: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03635905]	Phase 4	130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-26	Completed
Organ Protective Effect of Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonist In Patients With Severe Burns: A Clinical Study[NCT06126991]	Phase 1/Phase 2	32 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-01	Recruiting
Epidémiologie Des Gestes Douloureux ou Stressants Chez Les Nouveau-nés Pris en Charge Dans Les unités de réanimation néonatale et pédiatrique et Par Les équipes de SMUR de la région d'Ile de France[NCT01346813]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2011-05-31	Completed
A Survey of Management of Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium in ICU Patients in China[NCT04217915]		800 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-07-12	Recruiting
Non-interventional Comparison of Sedatives on Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Patients[NCT01707680]		155 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-06-01	Terminated (stopped due to Halted due to slow recruitment)
Nitrous Oxide Versus Intravenous Sedation for Anesthesia[NCT02755090]		39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Buccal Midazolam Versus Nasal or Oral Midazolam Sedation for Minor Invasive Procedures in Children: A Prospective Randomized Control Study[NCT02408302]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Respiratory Effect of the LISA (Less Invasive Surfactant Administration) Method With Sedation by Propofol Versus Absence of Sedation: Double-blind Comparative Randomized Clinical Trial.[NCT04016246]	Phase 3	542 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-07	Recruiting
A Randomized, Clinical Trial of Oral Midazolam Plus Placebo Versus Oral Midazolam Plus Oral Ketamine for Sedation During Laceration Repair[NCT01470157]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Recruiting
Adjuvant Low-dose Ketamine in Pediatric Sickle Cell Vaso-occlusive Crisis (AKTSS)[NCT03296345]	Phase 2	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Completed
Ketamine Infusion for Acute Sickle Cell crisiS in the Emergency Department[NCT02417298]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Terminated (stopped due to Feasibility)
Same Day Bidirectional Endoscopies - Does the Sequence of Procedures or Choice of Insufflator Matter?[NCT02635217]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Relief During Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval Using Conscious Sedation[NCT03472430]		160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-04	Completed
Bispectral Index Monitoring for Sedation in Elective Colonoscopies of Adult Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03453359]		180 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-28	Completed
Effectiveness of the Distraction Methods on Pain, Anxiety and Satisfaction During Cystoscopy[NCT02764294]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Demonstration of OTC Naproxen Sodium's (Aleve's) Anti-inflammatory Action in Dental Implant Surgery Patients[NCT04694300]	Phase 4	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-02-07	Completed
Triple Drug Response Surface Modeling for Patients Receiving Airway Managements[NCT03813875]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-06-12	Completed
To Record and Analyze the Physiological Data From Anesthetic Monitoring Instruments Regarding Cardiovascular, Neurological System, and Surgical Stress for Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in a Stepwise Approach.[NCT03691103]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-09-30	Not yet recruiting
The Application and Validation of Triple Drug Response Surface Models on Density Spectral Array in Clinical Anesthesia[NCT05525351]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Remimazolam for Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration/Biopsy[NCT05437497]		264 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Recruiting
Analgesic Effect of Ketamine in Patients Undergoing Hysteroscopic Endometrial Thermal Ablation Surgery[NCT01106846]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to Resources not available to complete.)
A pRospective, Case-controlled Evaluation of oLIceridine for Moderate or sEVEre Pain in Patients With Acute Burn Injuries. (RELIEVE)[NCT05465226]	Phase 4	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-04-01	Completed
Comparing Pain Relief in Early Labor: Nitrous Oxide Versus Butorphonol Study[NCT01636999]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Withdrawn
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Evaluation of Modafinil vs Placebo for the Treatment of General Anesthesia Related Delayed Emergence in Patients With the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea[NCT02494102]	Phase 4	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Terminated
The Effect of Single-dose Propofol Injection on Pain and Quality of Life in Chronic Daily Headache: a Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial[NCT00228267]	Phase 2	28 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-09-30	Completed
[NCT02039453]		160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Recruiting
Comparing Time to Readiness for Discharge After Colonoscopy: Propofol and Dexmedetomidine vs Propofol Only Sedation[NCT03139279]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-05	Completed
Midazolam With Meperidine and Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam With Meperidine for Sedation During ERCP[NCT01404689]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Dexmedetomidine Compared to Midazolam for Symptom Control in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)[NCT01687751]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study design determined to be not likely feasible)
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Impact of Water Assisted Colonoscopy vs Air Insufflation on Resident Training[NCT04987645]		140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-22	Enrolling by invitation
Clinical Evaluation of Water Immersion Colonoscopy Insertion Technique[NCT00671177]		229 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Water Colonoscopy Versus Air Colonoscopy for Unsedated Patients With Prior Abdominal or Pelvic Surgery: a Prospective Randomized, Controlled Trial[NCT01485133]		110 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Air Insufflation, Water Immersion and Water Exchange During on Demand Sedation Colonoscopy in CRC Screening Patients[NCT01780818]		288 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Air Insufflation, Water Immersion and Water Exchange During on Demand Sedation Colonoscopy in Diagnostic Patients[NCT01781650]		288 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Clinical Randomized Study of Sublingual Midazolam in Association With Morphine by Oral Route in Arm Fracture in Children at the Emergency Children Care[NCT00416039]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Goal Directed Propofol Sedation With Magnesium Sulphate Versus Dexmedetomidine for ERCP Procedure[NCT02684019]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Music Therapy in Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department[NCT02676206]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
Cardioprotective Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Patients With ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a Double-Blind, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT04912518]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine Combined With Butorphanol Tartrate for Postoperative Analgesia and Breastfeeding in Cesarean Section[NCT03065530]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-07	Completed
A Prospective, Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind Comparison of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine With Midazolam for Continuous Sedation of Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care Unit[NCT00481312]	Phase 3	501 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Low-dose Dexmedetomidine for Delirium Prevention in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care Unit: a Multicenter, Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT03172897]	Phase 4	260 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-08-20	Suspended (stopped due to The trial was stopped because of difficulty in recruiting patients (another trial had similar inclusion/exclusion criteria). No patients was recruited in this trial.)
Comparative Study on Development of Paradoxical Excitement Response During Sedation Using Dexmedetomidine or Propofol in Hazardous Alcohol Drinkers[NCT02197403]	Phase 4	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Recruiting
A Prospective, Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind Comparison of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine With Propofol for Continuous Sedation of Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care Unit[NCT00479661]	Phase 3	500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
PRO-DEFENSE: Propofol Versus Dexmedetomidine for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Sepsis[NCT02203019]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Pain, Agitation and Delirium Protocol in Ventilated Patients in the Duke CICU[NCT02903407]	Phase 4	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated (stopped due to All enrolled participants completed the study protocol but the study was terminated prior to the goal number of participants due to low recruitment)
Comparing Warm Versus Cool Temperature Water During Colonoscopy[NCT01322724]		175 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
Comparison of Two Different Distraction Methods Affecting the Level of Pain and Anxiety During Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy[NCT02725281]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effects of Music Therapy on Breastfeeding Rates Among Mothers of Premature Newborns[NCT00930761]		101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
Etomidate With Meperidine vs Midazolam With Meperidine for Sedation During Endodscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)[NCT02027311]	Phase 4	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Comparative Study Between Intravenous Nalbuphine Versus Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Conscious Sedation in Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy[NCT05689242]	Phase 4	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Midazolam as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Quadratus Lumborum Block After Caesarean Section; Does it Offer Better Pain Control? a Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial[NCT05261672]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-15	Recruiting
Efficacy of Alfentanyl Versus Sufentanyl in Children for Pain During Treatment by Tracheal Suction in an Intensive Care Unit.[NCT01235637]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
Systemic Absorption of Lidocaine After Ultrasound Guided Hematoma Block for Reduction of Different Types of Pediatric Distal Radius Fractures[NCT04359017]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Sponsoring staff have left institution)
Patient Input Monitoring of Pain in the Emergency Room: Novel Electronic Log (PIMPERNEL). A Randomised Controlled Trial of an Electronic Pain Score Display in Adults in the Emergency Department[NCT03881982]		105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-03	Completed
A Prospective Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 100 mcg and 200 mcg of Intranasal Fentanyl Pectin Spray as an Analgesic in Adult Males Undergoing Outpatient Cystoscopic Procedures[NCT01756651]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Completed
Comparison of Three Different Pain and Anxiety Reducing Methods in Adult Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Puncture[NCT00188227]	Phase 4	748 participants	Interventional	2001-09-30	Completed
Contribution of Hypnosis in Guided Hepatic Biopsy[NCT05413174]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-09-29	Completed
Nebulized Lidocaine and Intranasal Midazolam for Reducing Pain/Anxiety of Nasogastric Tube Insertion in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04571879]	Phase 3	48 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-25	Recruiting
A Randomised Control Trial to Determine Whether Intervention Based on a Microstream Capnography-based Ventilation Monitoring System Will Decrease Hypoxaemaia During Intravenous Sedation With Midazolam.[NCT01949012]		190 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Ketamine Versus Etomidate for Procedural Sedation for Pediatric Orthopedic Reductions[NCT00596050]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Ketofol Versus Fentofol for Procedural Sedation of Children 3 to 17 Years Old: a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02079090]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Prospective RCT of Water Exchange (WE) vs. WE Plus Cap-Assisted Colonoscopy[NCT03160859]		280 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-08	Completed
Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study on the Effect of Multimodal Analgesia on Pain With Insertion of Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System[NCT02799641]		61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
iPad as a Distraction Tool During Facial Laceration Repair[NCT02217436]		80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Does Endoscope Position Detecting Unit Facilitate Caecal Intubation? A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01434199]	Phase 3	870 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Recruiting
ScopeGuide-assisted Colonoscopy Versus Conventional Colonoscopy for Improved Endoscopic Performance and Enhanced Patient Experience[NCT01438645]		250 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Completed
Abdominal Compression Administered Early by the Colonoscopist Shortened Insertion Time of Water Exchange Colonoscopy[NCT03954561]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-15	Completed
Does Preoperative Midazolam Dose Affect Postoperative Pain? - a Multicentric Observational Study in Open Inguinal Hernia Repair[NCT03499730]		300 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-12	Completed
Effect of Ketamine Versus Sevoflurane On The Right Ventricular Pressure During Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis Balloon Dilatation[NCT05582213]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

After the procedure, research personnel will ask anesthetist what medications, if any, they gave outside of the study protocol (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: Immediately postoperatively

Provider Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the VAS

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ketamine	23
Fentanyl	30

After the procedure, research personnel will assess provider's satisfaction with patient's anesthesia on a 100mm visual analog scale. The minimum score is 0mm and the maximum score if 100mm, with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: Immediately postoperatively

Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the ISAS

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	90
Fentanyl	86.8

After the procedure, either at time of discharge (if less than 30 minutes) or at 30 minutes (if not yet discharged), research personnel will assess the participant's satisfaction with anesthesia using the Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale. This is a validated perioperative anesthesia satisfaction scale with a minimum score of -3 and a maximum score of +3 with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: At discharge or 30 minutes after the procedure

Postoperative Pain Assessed by the VAS

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	2.4
Fentanyl	2.2

Patients will complete 2 followup surveys asking about their postoperative pain after discharge. This will be assessed on a 100mm visual analog scale. The minimum score is 0mm and the maximum score if 100mm, with higher scores indicating higher pain levels. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperatively and 7 days postoperatively

Satisfaction With Anesthesia (Iowa Satisfaction With Anesthesia Scale [ISAS])

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Pain post-op day 1	Pain post-op day 7
Fentanyl	22	19.1
Ketamine	24.5	18.2

The Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale (ISAS) was given to women following a surgical abortion. The ISAS score is the mean of 11 responses to questions regarding satisfaction with anesthesia and has a score range of -3 (disagree strongly) to 3 (agree strongly). (NCT02755090)
Timeframe: Assessed 30 minutes after procedure completion.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score for Maximum Procedural Pain

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide and IV Saline	0.7
Standard Care Group (IV Sedation and Oxygen)	1.8

To compare women's maximum procedural pain measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) during a surgical abortion between 12 weeks 0 days to 16 weeks 0 days gestational age between women randomized to nitrous oxide versus intravenous sedation. A score of 0 represents no pain and a score of 100 represents pain as bad as it could be. (NCT02755090)
Timeframe: Assessed immediately following completion of the procedure (as defined as removal of the speculum)

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine (LDK) on Opioid Usage in the ED

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Nitrous Oxide and IV Saline	54.1
Standard Care Group (IV Sedation and Oxygen)	34.0

Opioid usage for at least one but up to three prior patient visits in the last one year for each patient enrolled in the study was summarized, expressed as morphine equivalents in mg/kg/h, to account for different types of opioids used per patient preference, and then this was compared to the intervention group that received LDK. Percent change in opioid usage (expressed as morphine equivalents in mg/kg/h) is reported). (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: Up to one year prior and after LDK administration on day 1 of the study in the ED

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Discharge Rates From the ED

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
Intervention	-15

"Percent discharge from the ED for intervention group and for at least one but up to three visits prior to receipt of ketamine in the last one year, were assessed. Participants were assigned a 0 if discharged or 1 if not discharged." (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: Up to one year prior to receipt of ketamine for the historical control arm/group and up to 18 months for the intervention arm/group

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Pain Scores on Presentation to the ED

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Intervention	33
Historical Control	17

Patient pain scores at presentation for the enrolled encounters and for at least one but up to three visits prior to receipt of ketamine in the last one year, were assessed. At least one but up to three prior visits were averaged and compared to the intervention visit. Pain was assessed using the faces pain scale which consists of a series of line diagrams of faces with expressions of increasing distress. The score ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain). (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: Up to one year prior and on presentation to the ED after LDK administration

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Patient Pain Scores on Discharge From the ED/Admission to the Hospital

Intervention	Score on a scale (Mean)
Intervention	9.23
Historical Control	9.08

Patient pain scores at time of discharge from the ED/admission to the hospital for at least one but up to three visits prior to receipt of ketamine in the last one year, were assessed. At least one but up to three prior visits were averaged and compared to the intervention visit. Pain scores post receipt of ketamine are presented for the intervention group. Pain was assessed using the faces pain scale which consists of a series of line diagrams of faces with expressions of increasing distress. The score ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain). (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: At time of discharge from the ED/admission to the hospital (up to one year prior and after LDK administration)

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Percent Difference of Length of Stay (LOS) in the ED

Intervention	Score on a scale (Mean)
Intervention	7.15
Historical Control	7.26

Length of stay (LOS) in minutes in the ED for at least one but up to three visits prior to receipt of ketamine in the last one year, were assessed. (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: Up to one year prior to and after LDK administration on day 1 of the study in the ED

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Time to 50% Pain Reduction

Intervention	LOS in minutes (Mean)
Intervention	273.5
Historical Control	217.3

Time to 50% pain reduction (pain reported 50% less than baseline) in minutes for at least one but up to three visits prior to receipt of ketamine in the last one year, were assessed as historical controls. Pain was assessed using the faces pain scale which consists of a series of line diagrams of faces with expressions of increasing distress. The score ranges from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain). (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: Up to one year prior to and after LDK administration on day 1 of the study in the ED

Subjective Effect of Low Dose Ketamine on Pain Relief Assessed Via a Patient Survey

Intervention	time to 50% pain reduction in minutes (Mean)
Intervention	116.1
Historical Control	167.3

"After receipt of LDK, patients and/or their parents, based on age, filled out a survey based on a Likert scale regarding their agreement (Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree) with the following statements: Achieved faster pain relief with LDK, Achieved more complete pain relief with LDK, and Desire to receive LDK in a future vaso-occlusive crisis. There is also an area where patients could provide general comments regarding their experience in receiving LDK.~Count of Participants who agree or strongly agree for each question are reported." (NCT03296345)
Timeframe: after LDK administration on day 1 of the study in the ED

Quality of Recovery Score Post Operative at 24 Hours

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Achieved faster pain relief?	Achieved more complete pain relief?	Desire to receive LDK in the future?
Intervention	43	30	49

Quality of recovery 40 score at 24 hours after the surgical procedure. 40 being a poor recovery and 200 being a good recovery. (NCT01106846)
Timeframe: 24 hours post operative

Length of Time From Extubation to Discharge From Postanesthesia Recovery Unit

Intervention	units on scale (Mean)
Group A: Saline Group	191.2
Group B: 1% Ketamine Group	191.1

Length of time of above compared between groups (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postanesthesia Quality Recovery Scale Score

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
Placebo	53.5
Modafinil	61.0

Postanesthesia quality recovery scale (PQRS). Component and aggregate scoring on the scale. Measures physiology, nociceptive, emotional activities of daily living cognitive and overall patient perspective. The scale is dimensionless and the aggregate of all individually tested dimensions is scaled from 17-65. A higher value implies improved postanesthesia recovery. Mean difference was assessed in each patient and aggregated thus patients with no difference between pre- and post-operative scores were zeroed (received a zero score if the difference was zero). A negative value was associated with worse outcome. (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 hours after surgery

Average Total Propofol Consumption Per Group

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	-5.67
Modafinil	-8.91

Total propofol consumption per subject was measured as μg/kg/min of procedure in minutes. The average propofol consumption in each group will be measured as secondary outcome. (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: between 7 and 57 minutes (median 19 min)

Lowest Intraoperative % Change in MAP From Baseline

Intervention	μg/kg/min (Median)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	140
Saline Placebo and Propofol	180

Lowest intraoperative percent (%) change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline (average in each group) (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Number of Participants With Apneic Episodes Intraoperatively Requiring Positive Pressure Ventilation

Intervention	percentage change (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	30
Saline Placebo and Propofol	21

Incidence of apneic episodes intraoperatively requiring positive pressure ventilation in each group (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Percentage of Subjects Ready for Discharge in Each Group at 30 Minutes Post Procedure

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	0
Saline Placebo and Propofol	0

Each subject was assessed for readiness for discharge at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after the procedure, using the Modified Post-Anesthesia Discharge Scoring System (MPADSS). A subject getting an MPADS score of 9-10 is deemed ready for discharge. The percentage of subjects ready for discharge in each group at 10, 20 and 30 minutes will be measured as primary outcome. (NCT03139279)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Colonoscopy Success With Minimal Sedation

Patient Satisfaction

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol	26
Saline Placebo and Propofol	44

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Water Immersion Colonoscopy	57
Standard Air Colonoscopy	32

Patient satisfaction was measured on a scale of 1 (best) to 7 (worst). (NCT00671177)
Timeframe: At the time of the procedure

Time to Cecum

Number of Participants That Experienced Nausea or Vomiting

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Water Immersion Colonoscopy	1.09
Standard Air Colonoscopy	1.26

Intervention	minutes (Mean)
	Attending	Trainee
Standard Air Colonoscopy	7.2	20.5
Water Immersion Colonoscopy	5.4	13

Total times during 48h after cesarean section. (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)

Intervention	participants (Number)
Group C	1
Group D1	2
Group D2	1
Group D3	1

visual analogue scale (VAS; with 0, no pain; to 10, the worst imaginable pain) is a validated assessing scale for pain intensity. VAS at rest was assessed when the patient was in supine position (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2.11
Group D1	2
Group D2	1.72
Group D3	125

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.29
Group D1	2.86
Group D2	1.62
Group D3	0.93

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.21
Group D1	2.93
Group D2	1.72
Group D3	1.57

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.143
Group D1	2.897
Group D2	1.665
Group D3	1.25

visual analogue scale (VAS; with 0, no pain; to 10, the worst imaginable pain) is a validated assessing scale for pain intensity. VAS on movement was assessed when patients changed from supine to lateral position. (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 12h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.71
Group D1	3.52
Group D2	2.69
Group D3	1.18

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.82
Group D1	3.79
Group D2	2.35
Group D3	1.93

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.43
Group D1	3.28
Group D2	2.24
Group D3	1.21

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	4.39
Group D1	4.31
Group D2	2.86
Group D3	2.2

visual analogue scale (VAS; with 0, no pain; to 10, the worst imaginable pain) is a validated assessing scale for pain intensity. VAS-C was assessed when the patient required oxytocin after surgery in supine position (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 12h after cesarean section.

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.46
Group D1	3.41
Group D2	2.17
Group D3	1.07

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.75
Group D1	3.55
Group D2	2.59
Group D3	1.79

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	3.86
Group D1	3.66
Group D2	2.79
Group D3	2

Sedation intensity measured with RSS is recorded at the 6, 12 24 and 48 h after cesarean section. Sedation was assessed by the Ramsay Sedation Scores (RSS) (1, anxious patient; 2, cooperative and tranquil; 3, responding to command; 4, brisk response to stimulus; 5, sluggish response to stimulus; 6, no response to stimulus). (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 6h after cesarean section.

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control Group	2
Dexmedetomidine 0.03ug/kg/h Group	2.17
Dexmedetomidine 0.05ug/kg/h Group	2.14
Dexmedetomidine 0.08ug/kg/h Group	3.14

Sedation intensity measured with RSS is recorded at the 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after cesarean section. Sedation was assessed by the Ramsay Sedation Scores (RSS) (1, anxious patient; 2, cooperative and tranquil; 3, responding to command; 4, brisk response to stimulus; 5, sluggish response to stimulus; 6, no response to stimulus). (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 12h after cesarean section.

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2
Group D1	2.21
Group D2	2.28
Group D3	3.21

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2
Group D1	2.07
Group D2	2.10
Group D3	2.25

Relative Infant Dose (RID) of Dexmedetomidine

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group C	2
Group D1	2
Group D2	2
Group D3	2

Relative infant dose (RID) =Dose (infant, mg•kg-1•day-1) /Dose (mother, mg•kg-1•day-1) μg·kg-1·h-1. The Dose (infant) in mg•kg-1 is calculated by multiplying the concentration of the drug in breast milk by the volume of breast milk consumed daily (about 150 mL•kg-1). (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

The Degree of Satisfaction

Intervention	percentage of one hundred (Mean)
Group D1	0.1712
Group D2	0.1967
Group D3	0.3701

The degree of satisfaction (0, very satisfied; 1, satisfied; 2, moderately satisfied; 3, not satisfied) was evaluated at 48 h after surgery. The number of overall satisfied patients (satisfied and very satisfied) is reported. (NCT03065530)
Timeframe: 48h after cesarean section.

Duration of Mechanical Ventilation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Group C	12
Group D1	16
Group D2	26
Group D3	25

Number of days patient requires mechanical ventilation (NCT02203019)
Timeframe: Up to 28 days

Duration of MICU Stay

Duration of Vasopressor Support

Intervention	days (Median)
Propofol	5
Dexmedetomidine	3

Intervention	days (Median)
Propofol	6
Dexmedetomidine	5

Number of days the patient requires intravenous vasopressors (NCT02203019)
Timeframe: Up to 28 Days

Mortality

Intervention	days (Median)
Propofol	0
Dexmedetomidine	2

Number of patients who die within 28 days after randomization (NCT02203019)
Timeframe: Up to 28 Days

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Propofol	8
Dexmedetomidine	9

Index hospitalization length of stay in days (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

In Hospital Mortality

Intervention	Days (Median)
Midazolam	19.5
Propofol or Dexmedetomidine	30.0

All-cause mortality during the hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay

Number of days of admission to the CICU during the index hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Days Alive During Admission and Free From Delirium or Coma

The number of days alive and free from delirium or coma during admission will be evaluated among patients with CAM-ICU documented (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Days From Decision to Extubate to True Extubation

The time (in days) from when the clinical care team documents a decision to pursue extubation until the time the patient was extubated (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants Requiring Reintubation

Following ICU discharge, patient charts will be reviewed to evaluate whether they required reintubation. If so, will determine whether necessity of reintubation was related to delirium. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Bradycardia

Patients will be monitored for bradycardia which may be associated with sedation drug. Average heart rate before, during and after use of drug will be recorded for each patient. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Delirium

Will use the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) to assess presence of delirium as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. Patients with CAM-ICU data recorded will be included. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Participants With Increased Vasopressor Requirement

Patients will be monitored for increased pressor requirement during the CICU stay (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Number of Ventilator Days

Days requiring mechanical ventilation during the initial episode of intubation during the hospitalization (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Pain Management

Will use the CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool) score to assess pain level as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. The CPOT has a range of 0 to 8. A CPOT score of ≤ 2 = minimal to no pain present and >2 = unacceptable level of pain. Data that is recorded will be evaluated following discharge. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Percentage of Time at Goal Sedation

Will use RASS (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale) to assess level of sedation as per standard of care by nurses in the CICU. Data that is recorded will be evaluated following discharge. The RASS ranges from -5 (unrousable) to +4 (combative) and 0 (zero) = alert and calm and goal sedation is considered a RASS level of 0 to -2. (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Time From Withdrawal of Sedation to ICU Discharge

The duration, in days, from withdrawal of sedation for mechanical ventilation until the time of discharge from the ICU (NCT02903407)
Timeframe: One month or hospital discharge, whichever time point comes first

Maternal Breastfeeding 7-15 Days After Discharge

Maternal breastfeeding means: exclusive maternal breastfeeding, predominant maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associated to other liquid, except formula) and continuous maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associate to other food, including formula). (NCT00930761)
Timeframe: At the first follow-up visit (7-15 days after discharge)

Maternal Breastfeeding at 30 Days After Discharge

Maternal breastfeeding means exclusive maternal breastfeeding, predominant maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associated to other liquid, except formula) and continuous maternal breastfeeding (maternal milk associate to other food, including formula). (NCT00930761)
Timeframe: At 30 days after the infant hospital discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at 60 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at Infant Discharge

Event of Hypoxia

Hypoxia defined as peripheral blood oxygen saturation measured by pulse oxymeter < 90% (NCT02027311)
Timeframe: Every 5min in Preoperative, intraoperative phase and 15 min in Recovery phase

Number of Intervention

The frequency of intervention which was defined as any restraint of the patient's head, arms, or legs if they became agitated, or if patient movement was not controlled with verbal instruction from the endoscopist during the whole intraoperative phases. (NCT02027311)
Timeframe: Throughout the whole ERCP procedure

Insertion Time

Time to cecum (clock display on monitor), faster insertion is a quality marker (NCT03160859)
Timeframe: Insertion time in minutes was measured during the duration of the colonoscopy procedure, which lasted on average for about 1 hour

Proportion of Patients With No Insertion Pain

Proportion of patients who report no pain during insertion of the colonoscope. (NCT03160859)
Timeframe: Pain was measured during the duration of the colonoscopy procedure, which lasted on average for about 1 hour

Real Time Maximum Insertion Pain

Pain during insertion reported to the unblinded assisting nurse, visual analogue scale, VAS: 0=none, 10=most severe. The highest pain score will be tabulated for analysis. Timing of data collection will be at the discretion of the nurse to minimize bias by colonoscopist behavior. (NCT03160859)
Timeframe: Insertion pain was measured during the duration of the colonoscopy procedure, which lasted on average for about 1 hour

Right Colon Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR)

Right colon Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR) is the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma in the part of the colon between the cecum and the hepatic flexure. (NCT03160859)
Timeframe: Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR) was measured during the duration of the colonoscopy procedure, which lasted on average for about 1 hour

Observational Score Behavioral Distress Revised (OSBD-R)

Weighted average Observational Score Behavioral Distress Revised (OSBD-R) scored from videotapes of the entire laceration repair procedure Scale 0-23.5 (0 low/better, 23.5 high/worse) (NCT02217436)
Timeframe: Entire laceration repair procedure

Parent Survey

Parent rating of own anxiety during the procedure Likert-based scale 1-5 (1 low/better, 5 high/worse) (NCT02217436)
Timeframe: Survey administered immediately following the laceration repair

Article	Year
Sedoanalgesia with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl for angioplasty of dysfunctional arteriovenous access: A retrospective single-center analysis. The journal of vascular access, 2023, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Angioplasty; Angioplasty, Balloon; Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; Fentanyl; Graft Occlusion, V	2023
Palliative Sedation at Home: A Scoping Review. The American journal of hospice & palliative care, 2023, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Child; Death; Dyspnea; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Neoplasms; Pain; Palliativ	2023
The effect of adjuvants added to local anaesthetics for single-injection upper extremity peripheral regional anaesthesia: A systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised trials. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2023, 09-01, Volume: 40, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Dexamethasone; Dexmedetomidine; Humans; Ketorolac; Midaz	2023
Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation - an overview of systematic reviews. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023, 08-11, Volume: 8 Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Opioid; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Heroin; Humans; Ibuprofen; Infant, N	2023
Procedural (Conscious) Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Setting: How to Choose Agents? Current pharmaceutical design, 2023, Volume: 29, Issue:28 Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Conscious Sedation; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedative	2023
Pharmacology of Common Analgesic and Sedative Drugs Used in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Clinics in perinatology, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Clonidine; C	2019
Palliative sedation: A safety net for the relief of refractory and intolerable symptoms at the end of life. Australian journal of general practice, 2019, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Analgesics; Conscious Sedation; Dehydration; Dyspnea; Humans; Hydromorphone; Hypnotics and Sed	2019
Anaesthetic management of subcutaneous abscesses: current status. British journal of anaesthesia, 2020, Volume: 125, Issue:2 Topics: Abscess; Administration, Topical; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Drainag	2020
Nitrous oxide provides safe and effective analgesia for minor paediatric procedures--a systematic review. Danish medical journal, 2013, Volume: 60, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Catheterization, Peripheral; Child; Child, Preschoo	2013
Sedation and analgesia to facilitate mechanical ventilation. Clinics in perinatology, 2013, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Benzodiazepines; Clonidine; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant;	2013
Analgosedation in neonates: do we still need additional tools after 30 years of clinical research? Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition, 2011, Volume: 96, Issue:3 Topics: Acetaminophen; Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Dexmedetomidine;	2011
Pain relief in the treatment of shoulder injury. Emergency nurse : the journal of the RCN Accident and Emergency Nursing Association, 2011, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Conscious Sedation; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Morphine; Nitrous Oxide;	2011
A systematic review of interventions for reducing pain and distress in children undergoing voiding cystourethrography. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2012, Volume: 101, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anxiety; Child; Fluoroscopy; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedativ	2012
[Sedation and analgesia in emergency structure. Paediatry: Which sedation and analgesia for the child under spontaneous ventilation?]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2012, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, D	2012
Combination spinal analgesic chemotherapy: a systematic review. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Antineoplastic Agents; Cholineste	2002
[Incidence of pain upon injection of a new formula of propofol in a fat emulsion of medium- and long-chain triglycerides]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2004, Volume: 51, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Emulsions; Female; Humans; Incidence; Lidocaine; Male;	2004
The neurochemistry of central pain: evidence from clinical studies, hypothesis and therapeutic implications. Pain, 1998, Volume: 74, Issue:2-3 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Baclofen; Cerebral Cortex; GABA Agonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutami	1998
Promising non-narcotic analgesic techniques for labour. Bailliere's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 1998, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Clonidine; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Midazolam;	1998
Comparing drugs for short-term sedation. Contemporary internal medicine, 1994, Volume: 6, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Benzodiazepines; Conscious Sedation; Diazepam; Flumazenil; Humans; Lorazepam; Midazolam;	1994

midazolam and Ache

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (323)

Authors

Clinical Trials (71)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Administered Additional Pain Medications

Provider Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the VAS

Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the ISAS

Postoperative Pain Assessed by the VAS

Satisfaction With Anesthesia (Iowa Satisfaction With Anesthesia Scale [ISAS])

Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score for Maximum Procedural Pain

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine (LDK) on Opioid Usage in the ED

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Discharge Rates From the ED

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Pain Scores on Presentation to the ED

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Patient Pain Scores on Discharge From the ED/Admission to the Hospital

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Percent Difference of Length of Stay (LOS) in the ED

Effect of Low-dose Ketamine on Time to 50% Pain Reduction

Subjective Effect of Low Dose Ketamine on Pain Relief Assessed Via a Patient Survey

Quality of Recovery Score Post Operative at 24 Hours

Length of Time From Extubation to Discharge From Postanesthesia Recovery Unit

Postanesthesia Quality Recovery Scale Score

Average Total Propofol Consumption Per Group

Lowest Intraoperative % Change in MAP From Baseline

Number of Participants With Apneic Episodes Intraoperatively Requiring Positive Pressure Ventilation

Percentage of Subjects Ready for Discharge in Each Group at 30 Minutes Post Procedure

Colonoscopy Success With Minimal Sedation

Patient Satisfaction

Time to Cecum

Number of Participants That Experienced Nausea or Vomiting

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) at Rest

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Movement

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Postoperative Pain Score (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) on Uterine Cramping

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Ramsay Sedation Score(RSS)

Relative Infant Dose (RID) of Dexmedetomidine

The Degree of Satisfaction

Duration of Mechanical Ventilation

Duration of MICU Stay

Duration of Vasopressor Support

Mortality

Hospital Length of Stay

In Hospital Mortality

Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay

Number of Days Alive During Admission and Free From Delirium or Coma

Number of Days From Decision to Extubate to True Extubation

Number of Participants Requiring Reintubation

Number of Participants With Bradycardia

Number of Participants With Delirium

Number of Participants With Increased Vasopressor Requirement

Number of Ventilator Days

Pain Management

Percentage of Time at Goal Sedation

Time From Withdrawal of Sedation to ICU Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding 7-15 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at 30 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at 60 Days After Discharge

Maternal Breastfeeding at Infant Discharge

Event of Hypoxia

Number of Intervention

Insertion Time

Proportion of Patients With No Insertion Pain

Real Time Maximum Insertion Pain

Right Colon Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR)

Observational Score Behavioral Distress Revised (OSBD-R)

Parent Survey

Reviews

Trials