metronidazole and Urethritis studies

Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.
metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.

Urethritis: Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial using triple tetracycline (Deteclo, Lederle) 300 mg twice daily for two weeks in conjunction with metronidazole (Flagyl, May & Baker) 400 mg or matching placebo twice daily for seven days, it was shown that the addition of anti-anaerobic therapy did not significantly affect the number of cases of persistent urethritis or the relapse of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)."	9.06	Efficacy of combined metronidazole and triple tetracycline therapy in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis. ( Duerden, BI; Kinghorn, GR; Talbot, MD; Woolley, PD, 1990)
"Six men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) who remained symptomatic after specific therapy with different antibiotic regimens were empirically treated with either of two regimens of oral metronidazole: 500 mg."	7.66	Use of oral metronidazole HCl (Flagyl) for posturethritis syndrome. ( Toth, A, 1982)
"In areas with a high prevalence of trichomoniasis, the addition of metronidazole to the syndromic management of male urethritis can eliminate infection with T vaginalis and may help to reduce the transmission of HIV."	5.10	Addition of treatment for trichomoniasis to syndromic management of urethritis in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial. ( Chilongozi, D; Cohen, MS; Hobbs, MM; Hoffman, IF; Kaydos-Daniels, SC; Kazembe, P; Kip, E; Martinson, F; Miller, WC; Msowoya, E; Price, MA; Zimba, D, 2003)
"In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial using triple tetracycline (Deteclo, Lederle) 300 mg twice daily for two weeks in conjunction with metronidazole (Flagyl, May & Baker) 400 mg or matching placebo twice daily for seven days, it was shown that the addition of anti-anaerobic therapy did not significantly affect the number of cases of persistent urethritis or the relapse of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)."	5.06	Efficacy of combined metronidazole and triple tetracycline therapy in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis. ( Duerden, BI; Kinghorn, GR; Talbot, MD; Woolley, PD, 1990)
"Six men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) who remained symptomatic after specific therapy with different antibiotic regimens were empirically treated with either of two regimens of oral metronidazole: 500 mg."	3.66	Use of oral metronidazole HCl (Flagyl) for posturethritis syndrome. ( Toth, A, 1982)
"Urethritis is characterized by discharge, dysuria and/or urethral discomfort but may be asymptomatic."	2.52	Management of non-gonococcal urethritis. ( Blee, K; Horner, PJ; Moi, H, 2015)
"It is associated with other STIs, adverse pregnancy outcomes and pelvic inflammatory disease."	1.51	Survey of Obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States About Trichomoniasis, 2016. ( Jones, JL; Liu, EW; Schulkin, J; Secor, WE; Taouk, LH; Workowski, KA, 2019)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	34 (68.00)	18.7374
1990's	5 (10.00)	18.2507
2000's	5 (10.00)	29.6817
2010's	6 (12.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Liu, EW	1
Workowski, KA	1
Taouk, LH	1
Schulkin, J	1
Secor, WE	1
Jones, JL	1
Horner, P	1
Blee, K	3
O'Mahony, C	1
Muir, P	1
Evans, C	1
Radcliffe, K	1
Moi, H	2
Horner, PJ	2
Babics, A	1
Roussellier, P	1
Falk, L	1
van der Meijden, W	1
Andreeva, IV	1
Kozlov, SN	1
Korolev, SV	1
Belikov, AN	1
Grinev, AV	1
Evstaf'ev, VV	1
Kirpicheva, NN	1
Serdiutskaia, MV	1
Stetsiuk, OU	1
Fokin, AA	1
Khrianin, AA	1
Komolafe, AJ	1
Cornford, PA	1
Fordham, MV	1
Timmins, DJ	1
Price, MA	2
Zimba, D	1
Hoffman, IF	1
Kaydos-Daniels, SC	2
Miller, WC	2
Martinson, F	2
Chilongozi, D	2
Kip, E	1
Msowoya, E	1
Hobbs, MM	2
Kazembe, P	1
Cohen, MS	2
POPCHRISTOV, P	1
BEROV, V	2
POPKHRISTOV, P	1
WILLCOX, RR	1
ROSEDALE, N	1
TEOKHAROV, BA	1
ANIKIN, AF	1
KLINYSHKOVA, VM	1
SZELL, I	1
EMBER, M	1
NOVAK, E	1
DUTTA, AK	1
GHOSH, R	1
GUPTA, P	1
GHOSH, S	1
TODOROFF, K	1
NNOCHIRI, E	1
SOLOMKIN, M	1
EDELSTEIN, SW	1
SCHAPIRA, HE	1
Hoffman, I	1
Namakwha, D	1
Gama, S	1
Phakati, S	1
Rackstraw, S	1
Viswalingam, ND	1
Goh, BT	1
Amar, AD	1
Hartmann, AA	1
Elsner, P	1
Toth, A	1
Ozbilgin, A	1
Ozbel, Y	1
Alkan, MZ	1
Gürüz, Y	1
Atambay, M	1
Tasçi, S	1
Ozcel, MA	1
Ogawa, Y	1
Hatano, T	1
Stiles, JK	1
Shah, PH	1
Xue, L	1
Meade, JC	1
Lushbaugh, WB	1
Cleary, JD	1
Finley, RW	1
Berić, B	1
Pribicević, V	1
Djordjević, M	1
Pavlović, N	1
Potapnev, FV	1
Niunikova, OI	1
Gol'berg, DM	1
Kalinichenko, IaN	1
Hofstetter, A	1
Schmiedt, E	1
Weissenbacher, ER	1
Frank, S	1
Roser, H	1
Woolley, PD	1
Kinghorn, GR	1
Talbot, MD	1
Duerden, BI	1
Gerstenkorn, T	1
Kurnatowska, A	1
Rakus, E	1
Saultz, JW	1
Toffler, WL	1
Hawkins, DA	1
Fontaine, EA	1
Thomas, BJ	1
Boustouller, YL	1
Taylor-Robinson, D	1
Hernanz, JM	1
Clavo, I	1
Menendez, B	1
Jareño, M	1
Moya, D	1
Jover, J	1
Berg, AO	1
Soman, MP	1
Watson, RA	1
Catterall, RD	1
Sogbetun, AO	1
Osoba, AO	1
Haschek, H	1
Kofler, K	1
Nielsen, R	1
Woodcock, KR	1
Marberger, H	1
Decristoforo, A	1
Swoboda, HP	1
Willocx, RR	1
Bell, DR	1
Roy, RB	1
Laird, SM	1
Kresbach, H	1
Luger, A	1

Article	Year
Management of non-gonococcal urethritis. BMC infectious diseases, 2015, Jul-29, Volume: 15 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia trachomatis; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Bacterial;	2015
[Urethritis]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 1999, Issue:23 Pt 1 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Diagnosi	1999
Lower genitourinary infections in women. The Journal of family practice, 1986, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Cystitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Combinations; F	1986
Gardnerella vaginalis: genitourinary pathogen in men. Urology, 1985, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Bacteriuria; Balanitis; Child; Culture Media; Cystitis; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Genita	1985
[Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the male]. Medizinische Klinik, 1973, Jan-26, Volume: 68, Issue:4 Topics: Chronic Disease; Coitus; Epididymitis; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Metronidazole; Prostatitis;	1973

Article	Year
Addition of treatment for trichomoniasis to syndromic management of urethritis in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial. Sexually transmitted diseases, 2003, Volume: 30, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Animals; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gentamicins; HIV; HIV	2003
The use of specimens from various genitourinary sites in men, to detect Trichomonas vaginalis infection. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2004, May-15, Volume: 189, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudi	2004
Trichomoniasis in non-gonococcic urethritis among male patients. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1994, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Animals; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Ornidazole; Trichomonas	1994
Efficacy of combined metronidazole and triple tetracycline therapy in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis. International journal of STD & AIDS, 1990, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Recu	1990
The enigma of non-gonococcal urethritis: role for Bacteroides ureolyticus. Genitourinary medicine, 1988, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Bacteroides; Bacteroides Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Male; Me	1988
Management of nonspecific urethritis. British medical journal, 1971, Jul-10, Volume: 3, Issue:5766 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Placebos; Tetracycline; Trichomonas I	1971

Article	Year
Survey of Obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States About Trichomoniasis, 2016. Sexually transmitted diseases, 2019, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Education, Medical, Continuing; Female; Gynecology; Health Knowledge, Attitude	2019
2015 UK National Guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2016, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Disease Management	2016
Gardnerella vaginalis: An overlooked pathogen in male patients? Medecine et maladies infectieuses, 2015, Volume: 45, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacteremia; Ceftriaxone; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance,	2015
2016 European guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2016, Volume: 27, Issue:11 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia trachomatis; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Bacterial;	2016
[Diagnostic and treatment patterns in management of male patients with nongonococcal urethritis: results of Russian multicentral cross-sectional study]. Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic], 2012, Volume: 57, Issue:5-6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiprotozoal Agents; Azithromycin; Ceftriaxone; Chl	2012
Periurethral abscess complicating male gonococcal urethritis treated by surgical incision and drainage. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2002, Volume: 13, Issue:12 Topics: Abscess; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Catheterization; Drainage; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Metronida	2002
Treatment of trichomonal vaginitis and urethritis and their complications with metronidazole ("Flagyl"). The British journal of venereal diseases, 1961, Volume: 37 Topics: Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Metronidazole; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Urethritis	1961
[On treatment of urethritis and vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis with the imidazole preparation flagyl]. Suvremenna meditsina, 1961, Volume: 12(1) Topics: Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Metronidazole; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; Urethritis	1961
Effect of metronidazole ('Flagyl') upon non-gonococcal urethritis in the male. The British journal of venereal diseases, 1962, Volume: 38 Topics: Imidazoles; Metronidazole; Urethritis	1962
[EXPERIENCE WITH PERORAL THERAPY OF UROGENITAL TRICHOMONIASIS WITH FLAGYL]. Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii, 1963, Volume: 37 Topics: Cystitis; Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Inflammation; Intraabdominal Infections; Metronidazole; Tricho	1963
[TREATMENT OF TRICHOMONAL VAGINITIS WITH IMIDAZOLE DERIVATE]. Magyar noorvosok lapja, 1963, Volume: 26 Topics: Chloramphenicol; Cystitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Metronidazole; N	1963
METRONIDAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF TRICHOMONIASIS. Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 1964, Jan-16, Volume: 42 Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Metronidazole; Toxicology; Trichomonas; Trichomonas Infectio	1964
[TRICHOMONAS URETHRITIS]. Zeitschrift fur Urologie, 1964, Volume: 57 Topics: Balneology; Drug Therapy; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Organic Chemicals; Trichomonas; Trichomonas	1964
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TRICHOMONAL URETHRITIS IN NIGERIAN MALES. The British journal of venereal diseases, 1964, Volume: 40 Topics: Adolescent; Black People; Child; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Thera	1964
METRONIDAZOLE--A REPORT OF A CLINICAL INVESTIGATION. Connecticut medicine, 1964, Volume: 28 Topics: Azo Compounds; Biomedical Research; Cystitis; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Sulfisoxazole; Toxicolo	1964
STUDIES ON METRONIDAZOLE (FLAGYL) IN THE THERAPY OF UROGENITAL TRICHOMONIASIS IN THE MALE PATIENT. The Journal of urology, 1965, Volume: 93 Topics: Drug Therapy; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Metronidazole; Toxicology; Trichom	1965
[HUMAN UROGENITAL TRICHOMONAS INFECTION AND ITS TREATMENT]. Das Medizinische Laboratorium, 1964, Volume: 17 Topics: Cystitis; Diagnosis; Drug Therapy; Female; Genitalia; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Intraabdominal Infect	1964
Can chlamydial conjunctivitis result from direct ejaculation into the eye? International journal of STD & AIDS, 2006, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Azithromycin; Cervix Uteri; Chlamydia Infection	2006
Probable Trichomonas vaginalis epididymitis. JAMA, 1967, May-01, Volume: 200, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Cystoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Prostatitis;	1967
[Gardnerella vaginalis infection--another sexually transmitted disease]. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete, 1984, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Haemophilus Infe	1984
Use of oral metronidazole HCl (Flagyl) for posturethritis syndrome. Urology, 1982, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Urethriti	1982
Drugs for sexually transmitted infections. The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics, 1999, Sep-24, Volume: 41, Issue:1062 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia	1999
Molecular typing of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by HSP70 restriction fragment length polymorphism. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2000, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Blotting, Southern; DNA Restriction Enzymes; DNA, Protozoan; Drug R	2000
[Clinical studies on the therapeutic effect of tinidazole ("Fasigyn") during treatment of urogenital trichomonas infections in women and men (with comparative laboratory studies on the effect of metronidazole and tinidazole)]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie, 1978, Volume: 100, Issue:24 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Nitroimidazoles; Tinidazole; Trichomonas Infections; Tri	1978
[Treatment of mixed gonorrheal-Trichomonas infection]. Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii, 1976, Issue:9 Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Penicillin G; Trichomonas	1976
[Urethritis syndrome and atypical germ flora of the exterior female genitalia (author's transl)]. Medizinische Klinik, 1976, Oct-29, Volume: 71, Issue:44 Topics: Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Cervix Uteri; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Mycop	1976
[Treatment of unspecific urethritis]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1975, Jan-31, Volume: 100, Issue:5 Topics: Antigens, Viral; Antiviral Agents; Female; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Mycoplasma I	1975
[Use of the Fuzzy Set Theory in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory conditions of the genital organs and the urinary system in women]. Wiadomosci parazytologiczne, 1990, Volume: 36, Issue:5-6 Topics: Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Mathematics; Metronidazole; Mode	1990
Trichomonas infections in men. American family physician, 1989, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Prostatitis; Trichomonas Infections; Urethritis	1989
[Urethritis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis in men. Epidemiology]. Medicina cutanea ibero-latino-americana, 1987, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Animals; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vagina	1987
Trichomonal infections of the genital tract. The Medical clinics of North America, 1972, Volume: 56, Issue:5 Topics: Coitus; Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Prostatitis; Trichom	1972
Trichomonal urethritis in Nigerian males. Tropical and geographical medicine, 1974, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Family Characteristics; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Trichomonas Infect	1974
[Laboratory investigations in trichomonas infections]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 1973, May-14, Volume: 135, Issue:20 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Microscopy, Phas	1973
Two-day treatment with metronidazole in vaginal trichomoniasis. The British journal of venereal diseases, 1972, Volume: 48, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Marriage; Metronidazole; Tetracycline; Time	1972
[Fertility disorders due to inflammatory male adnexal diseases]. Archiv fur dermatologische Forschung, 1972, Volume: 244 Topics: Abscess; Adult; Fructose; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Metronidazole; Mi	1972
'Epidemiological' treatment in venereal diseases other than syphilis. The British journal of venereal diseases, 1973, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Imidazoles; Male; Methods; Metronidazole; Morpholi	1973
Treatment of venereal diseases. Tropical doctor, 1973, Volume: 3, Issue:4 Topics: Chancroid; Drug Combinations; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Granuloma Inguinale; Humans; Injectio	1973
Comparison of procaine penicillin alone with ampicillin plus probenecid in the treatment of gonorrhoea in the male. The British journal of venereal diseases, 1974, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alcohol Drinking; Ampicillin; Drug Therapy, Combination; England; Female; Gono	1974
[The treatment of gonorrhea and nongonorrheal urethral diseases]. Zeitschrift fur Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, 1968, Nov-01, Volume: 43, Issue:21 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Penicillins; Urethri	1968

metronidazole and Urethritis

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