metronidazole and Pregnancy studies

Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.
metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"This was a sub-study of a larger randomized trial of oral versus vaginal metronidazole for treatment of BV in pregnancy."	9.14	Comparison of oral and vaginal metronidazole for treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: impact on fastidious bacteria. ( Agnew, KJ; Fredricks, DN; Hitti, JE; Mitchell, CM, 2009)
"This was a randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravaginal metronidazole for treatment of BV in early pregnancy (<20 weeks)."	9.14	Changes in the vaginal microenvironment with metronidazole treatment for bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. ( Agnew, K; Balkus, J; Hitti, J; Lawler, R; Mitchell, C, 2009)
"One week of oral metronidazole and 5 days of intravaginal metronidazole are equally efficacious for treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy."	9.10	Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. ( Hillier, SL; Landers, DV; Meyn, L; Yudin, MH, 2003)
"To estimate the efficacy of preoperative administration of intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis."	9.09	Adjunctive intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis: a randomized controlled trial. ( Kaunitz, AM; Pitt, C; Sanchez-Ramos, L, 2001)
"A case-control analysis of congenital abnormalities after oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy grouped by months of gestation."	9.08	A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. ( Czeizel, AE; Rockenbauer, M, 1998)
"To characterize the natural history of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and to assess the efficacy of short courses of oral metronidazole therapy for long-term suppression of bacterial vaginosis flora."	9.07	Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and efficacy of short-course oral metronidazole treatment: a randomized controlled trial. ( Jolley, PT; McDonald, HM; McDonald, PJ; O'Loughlin, JA; Vigneswaran, R, 1994)
"Our purpose was to determine whether treatment of bacterial vaginosis with metronidazole in patients with preterm delivery in the penultimate pregnancy from preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes reduces the risk of subsequent preterm birth."	9.07	Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. ( Albritton, J; Morales, WJ; Schorr, S, 1994)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metronidazole treatment on the incidence of postoperative pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis."	9.07	Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. ( Forsum, U; Larsson, PG; Påhlson, C; Platz-Christensen, JJ; Thejls, H, 1992)
"In a double-blind controlled trial the efficacy of prophylactic metronidazole and pivampicillin to women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) undergoing first-trimester abortion was assessed."	9.06	Comparison of preventive use of metronidazole and ampicillin in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease undergoing first-trimester abortion. ( Heisterberg, L; Nielsen, D; Petersen, K; Sørensen, SS, 1986)
"Studies investigating the association between gestational use of oral metronidazole on human subjects and the risk of preterm birth or/and birth defects were systematically retrieved from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases."	8.91	The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. ( Berard, A; Ferreira, E; Santos, F; Sheehy, O, 2015)
"Our purpose was to determine from published experience in humans whether metronidazole exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased teratogenic risk."	8.79	Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. ( Ariburnu, O; Burtin, P; Einarson, TR; Koren, G; Taddio, A, 1995)
"To investigate whether intrapartum antibiotic therapy with cefazolin versus the current standard clindamycin or metronidazole decreases the risk of postpartum infectious morbidity among women delivering by cesarean delivery who were receiving a base regimen of ampicillin or penicillin with gentamicin for chorioamnionitis."	7.96	Preoperative cefazolin rather than clindamycin or metronidazole is associated with lower postpartum infection among women with chorioamnionitis delivering by cesarean delivery. ( Dotters-Katz, SK; Grotegut, CA; Heine, RP; Hughes, BL; Stamilio, DM; Strauss, RA; Venkatesh, KK, 2020)
" A recent clinical recommendation by a guidelines group of the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology advised against the use of clindamycin for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth based on lack of evidence of efficacy."	7.85	The treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with clindamycin to reduce the risk of infection-related preterm birth: a response to the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology guideline group's clinical recommendations. ( Jørgensen, JS; Keelan, JA; Lamont, RF; Larsson, PG, 2017)
"To assess whether treatment with metronidazole during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, or major congenital anomalies, we conducted chart reviews and an analysis of electronic data from a cohort of women delivering at an urban New York State hospital."	7.78	Investigation of metronidazole use during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. ( Aubry, R; Baras, DC; Koss, CA; Koumans, EH; Lane, SD; Marcus, M; Markowitz, LE, 2012)
"To study the human teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy."	7.73	Teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. ( Czeizel, AE; Kazy, Z; Puhó, E, 2005)
"We have previously found an association between the combination of topical and vaginal clotrimazole treatment during pregnancy and a decreased prevalence of preterm births in the population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities."	7.72	Preterm birth reduction after clotrimazole treatment during pregnancy. ( Czeizel, AE; Fladung, B; Vargha, P, 2004)
"The Israeli Teratogen Information Service prospectively collected and followed up 228 women exposed to metronidazole in pregnancy, 86."	7.71	Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to metronidazole: a prospective controlled cohort study. ( Arnon, J; Diav-Citrin, O; Gotteiner, T; Ornoy, A; Shechtman, S, 2001)
"Two of my patients have been diagnosed with giardiasis, and I would like to treat them with the drug of choice for this infection, metronidazole (Flagyl)."	7.70	Can we use metronidazole during pregnancy and breastfeeding? Putting an end to the controversy. ( Einarson, A; Ho, E; Koren, G, 2000)
" After 8 days of prophylactic pivampicillin and metronidazol, culture from the cervix showed profuse growth of Group B Streptococci (GBS) and the patient developed symptoms of chorioamnionitis."	7.68	Group B streptococcal chorioamnionitis and neonatal septicemia following 8 days pivampicillin and metronidazol prophylaxis after premature rupture of membranes; a case report. ( Andersen, LF; Bruun, BB; Jensen, ET; Langhoff-Roos, J; Madsen, H; Svare, J, 1991)
"Introduced on the basis of a primary incidental observation metronidazole has gained more and more interest in the treatment of rosacea."	7.66	[Metronidazole therapy of rosacea. The drug and its indications]. ( Braun-Falco, O; Korting, HC, 1983)
"Pathogenic anaerobic bacteria may be among the causes of puerperal mastitis which, therefore, was treated by the authors with metronidazole (Vagimid) and with antibiotics, such as penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline."	7.66	[Metronidazole for treatment of puerperal mastitis (author's transl)]. ( Amon, I; Amon, K; Scharp, H, 1982)
"Four patients with Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia, one patient with a brain abscess due to Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium naviforme, and Peptostreptococcus species, and an infant with Bacteroides species ventriculitis and meningitis were treated with metronidazole."	7.66	Metronidazole therapy of anaerobic bacteremia, meningitis, and brain abscess. ( Cordero, L; Perkins, RL; Warner, JF, 1979)
"Metronidazole was found to be effective in preventing preterm births when used in conjunction with other antibiotics."	5.62	The safety of metronidazole in pregnancy. ( Bloom, K; Nwosu, OC, 2021)
"Nowadays, a wide range of treatments for rosacea is available: topical metronidazole, oral metronidazole, topical ivermectin, oral tetracyclines, oral isotretinoin, systemic steroids, photodynamic therapy, or pulsed dye laser."	5.56	Use of permethrin in the treatment of rosacea fulminans during pregnancy: One case report. ( Aguado García, Á; Garabito Solovera, E; Garayar Cantero, M; Manchado López, P; Ruiz Sánchez, D; Valtueña, J, 2020)
"Less than 20% of patients with trichomoniasis were submitted to a complete screening for other genital pathogens."	5.56	Trichomoniasis in a tertiary hospital of Madrid, Spain (2013-2017): prevalence and pregnancy rate, coinfections, metronidazole resistance, and endosymbiosis. ( Bolumburu, C; Escario, JA; Ibáñez-Escribano, A; Muñoz-Algarra, M; Portero-Azorín, F; Zamora, V, 2020)
"Clindamycin, but not metronidazole, was beneficial in studies providing IPD, but after imputing data from missing IPD studies, treatment of BV during pregnancy did not reduce PTD, nor prolong pregnancy, in any subgroup or when started earlier in gestation."	5.41	Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis to prevent preterm delivery: Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. ( Andrews, WW; Bhandaru, V; Emel, LM; Goldenberg, RL; Hoffman, MK; Kiss, H; Klebanoff, MA; Lamont, RF; Larsen, MD; Larsson, PG; Odendaal, HJ; Petricevic, L; Schuit, E; Seed, PT; Shennan, A; Ugwumadu, A; Weiner, S, 2023)
"Resistance during pregnancy has not been reported."	5.37	A case of high-level metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in pregnancy successfully treated. ( Sobel, JD; Subramanian, C, 2011)
"Although absolute estimates of metronidazole total body exposure were highest in women during early term pregnancy, weight-corrected estimates of exposure maximum plasma drug concentration (C(max)) and the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC(0-12)), along with apparent oral clearance and distribution volume, were not significantly different between women at early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy and were in the range of reported values for nonpregnant patients receiving a similar dose."	5.15	Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in pregnant patients with bacterial vaginosis. ( Abdel-Rahman, SM; Ahmed, MS; Hankins, GD; Jasek, M; Nanovskaya, TN; Wang, X; Zhan, Y, 2011)
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 280 women between 16 and 18 weeks of pregnancy who had 1 previous preterm birth and had just been successfully treated for bacterial vaginosis with metronidazole for 1 week."	5.14	Effect of oral N-acetyl cysteine on recurrent preterm labor following treatment for bacterial vaginosis. ( Hassanin, IM; Hirchenhain, J; Ismail, AM; Kruessel, JS; Shahin, AY, 2009)
"This was a sub-study of a larger randomized trial of oral versus vaginal metronidazole for treatment of BV in pregnancy."	5.14	Comparison of oral and vaginal metronidazole for treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: impact on fastidious bacteria. ( Agnew, KJ; Fredricks, DN; Hitti, JE; Mitchell, CM, 2009)
"This was a randomized controlled trial comparing oral and intravaginal metronidazole for treatment of BV in early pregnancy (<20 weeks)."	5.14	Changes in the vaginal microenvironment with metronidazole treatment for bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. ( Agnew, K; Balkus, J; Hitti, J; Lawler, R; Mitchell, C, 2009)
"Topical ivermectin was more effective than metronidazole, but has a more concerning pregnancy category."	5.12	Treatment of rosacea during pregnancy. ( Cline, A; Gomolin, T; Pereira, F, 2021)
"To determine whether metronidazole reduces early preterm labour in asymptomatic women with positive vaginal fetal fibronectin (fFN) in the second trimester of pregnancy."	5.12	A randomised controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin: the PREMET Study. ( Briley, A; Crawshaw, S; Hawken, J; Jones, G; Poston, L; Seed, P; Shennan, A, 2006)
"Women with a spontaneous preterm birth < 34 weeks' gestational age were randomized at 4 months' postpartum to receive oral azithromycin 1 g twice (4 days apart) plus sustained-release metronidazole 750 mg daily for 7 days, or identical-appearing placebos."	5.12	Interconceptional antibiotics to prevent spontaneous preterm birth: a randomized clinical trial. ( Andrews, WW; Cliver, SP; Conner, M; Copper, R; Goldenberg, RL; Hauth, JC, 2006)
"One week of oral metronidazole and 5 days of intravaginal metronidazole are equally efficacious for treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy."	5.10	Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. ( Hillier, SL; Landers, DV; Meyn, L; Yudin, MH, 2003)
" Adjunctive metronidazole therapy did not improve pregnancy outcome."	5.10	Periodontal disease and preterm birth: results of a pilot intervention study. ( Cliver, SP; Geurs, NC; Goldenberg, RL; Hauth, JC; Hodgkins, PM; Jeffcoat, MK; Reddy, MS, 2003)
"Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis during pregnancy may be deleterious, and we infer that this may be due to metronidazole."	5.10	Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. ( Brahmbhatt, H; Gray, RH; Kigozi, GG; Serwadda, D; Sewankambo, N; Wabwire-Mangen, F; Wawer, MJ, 2003)
"To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women undergoing first trimester suction termination of pregnancy and to evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole in reducing the risk of post abortal pelvic infection in women with bacterial vaginosis."	5.09	Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent post-abortal upper genital tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis: randomised controlled trial. ( Bidgood, K; Crowley, T; Harvey, I; Horner, P; Low, N; Turner, A, 2001)
"To estimate the efficacy of preoperative administration of intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis."	5.09	Adjunctive intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis: a randomized controlled trial. ( Kaunitz, AM; Pitt, C; Sanchez-Ramos, L, 2001)
"In a district rural hospital in Uganda, 850 surgical patients were evaluated prospectively over a 3-year period to compare the clinical efficacy of conventional postoperative penicillin therapy with single-dose ampicillin prophylaxis for hernia repair and ectopic pregnancy, and with single-dose ampicillin-metronidazole prophylaxis for hysterectomy and caesarean section."	5.08	Randomized study of antibiotic prophylaxis for general and gynaecological surgery from a single centre in rural Africa. ( Andreata, M; Cocozza, E; Mukasa, F; Ravera, M; Reggiori, A, 1996)
"Treatment with ampicillin and metronidazole was associated with a significant prolongation of pregnancy (admission to delivery 47."	5.08	Ampicillin-metronidazole treatment in idiopathic preterm labour: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. ( Andersen, LF; Borch-Christensen, H; Heisterberg, L; Kristensen, J; Kryger-Baggesen, N; Langhoff-Roos, J; Svare, J, 1997)
"To ascertain whether metronidazole treatment of women with a heavy growth of Gardnerella vaginalis during mid-pregnancy would reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth."	5.08	Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. ( Bof, A; Harvey, JA; Jolley, PT; McDonald, HM; McDonald, PJ; O'Loughlin, JA; Vigneswaran, R, 1997)
"A case-control analysis of congenital abnormalities after oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy grouped by months of gestation."	5.08	A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. ( Czeizel, AE; Rockenbauer, M, 1998)
"To ascertain whether adjuvant ampicillin and metronidazole given to women in preterm labour with intact membranes would prolong pregnancy and decrease the perinatal mortality and morbidity."	5.07	Ampicillin and metronidazole treatment in preterm labour: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. ( de Jong, P; de Souza, J; Kirsten, G; Moller, G; Norman, K; Pattinson, RC, 1994)
"To characterize the natural history of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and to assess the efficacy of short courses of oral metronidazole therapy for long-term suppression of bacterial vaginosis flora."	5.07	Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and efficacy of short-course oral metronidazole treatment: a randomized controlled trial. ( Jolley, PT; McDonald, HM; McDonald, PJ; O'Loughlin, JA; Vigneswaran, R, 1994)
"Our purpose was to determine whether treatment of bacterial vaginosis with metronidazole in patients with preterm delivery in the penultimate pregnancy from preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes reduces the risk of subsequent preterm birth."	5.07	Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. ( Albritton, J; Morales, WJ; Schorr, S, 1994)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metronidazole treatment on the incidence of postoperative pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis."	5.07	Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. ( Forsum, U; Larsson, PG; Påhlson, C; Platz-Christensen, JJ; Thejls, H, 1992)
"In a double-blind controlled trial the efficacy of prophylactic metronidazole and pivampicillin to women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) undergoing first-trimester abortion was assessed."	5.06	Comparison of preventive use of metronidazole and ampicillin in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease undergoing first-trimester abortion. ( Heisterberg, L; Nielsen, D; Petersen, K; Sørensen, SS, 1986)
"In a double-blind controlled trial the effect of prophylactic metronidazole on postabortal infection in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was assessed."	5.06	Prophylactic antibiotics in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease undergoing first-trimester abortion. ( Heisterberg, L, 1987)
"One hundred forty-six consecutive inpatients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were randomly treated either with the combination of doxycycline and metronidazole or with the combination of penicillin G/amoxicillin and metronidazole."	5.05	Factors predicting abnormal hysterosalpingographic findings in patients treated for acute pelvic inflammatory disease. ( Aantaa, K; Paavonen, J; Räsänen, J; Vesterinen, E, 1985)
"Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite of folic acid, which is used for management of ectopic pregnancy."	5.01	Low-dose methotrexate-induced vulvar edema: A case report. ( Chai, W; Cui, L; Gong, F; He, Z; Jia, G; Liu, X; Wen, Y, 2019)
"To evaluate whether treatment of BV with vaginal clindamycin or oral metronidazole before 28 weeks of pregnancy reduces PTL incidence."	5.01	Treatment of bacterial vaginosis before 28 weeks of pregnancy to reduce the incidence of preterm labor. ( Cobucci, RN; Costa, APF; Eleutério, J; Gonçalves, AK; Peixoto, RC; Rebouças, KF, 2019)
"Studies investigating the association between gestational use of oral metronidazole on human subjects and the risk of preterm birth or/and birth defects were systematically retrieved from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases."	4.91	The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. ( Berard, A; Ferreira, E; Santos, F; Sheehy, O, 2015)
"Metronidazole, given as a single dose, is likely to provide parasitological cure for trichomoniasis, but it is not known whether this treatment will have any effect on pregnancy outcomes."	4.87	Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. ( Azhar, M; Gülmezoglu, AM, 2011)
"Macrolides and clindamycin, given during the second trimester of pregnancy, are associated with a lower rate of preterm delivery, whereas second-trimester metronidazole used alone is linked with a greater risk of preterm delivery in a high-risk population."	4.84	The effect of second-trimester antibiotic therapy on the rate of preterm birth. ( Bujold, E; Morency, AM, 2007)
" Thus, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (NICHD MFMU) Network performed a randomized clinical trial to determine if antibiotic treatment (metronidazole plus erythromycin) of asymptomatic women with a positive cervical or vaginal fetal fibronectin test in early pregnancy will reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery."	4.82	What we have learned from an antibiotic trial in fetal fibronectin positive women. ( Andrews, WW; Goldenberg, RL, 2003)
"Metronidazole, given as a single dose, is likely to provide parasitological cure for trichomoniasis, but it is not known whether this treatment will have any effect on pregnancy outcomes."	4.81	Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. ( Gülmezoglu, AM, 2002)
"Our purpose was to determine from published experience in humans whether metronidazole exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased teratogenic risk."	4.79	Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. ( Ariburnu, O; Burtin, P; Einarson, TR; Koren, G; Taddio, A, 1995)
"In order to assess whether the use of metronidazole during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of congenital malformations, a meta-analysis was conducted."	4.79	Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. ( Alvarez Requejo, A; Caro-Patón, T; Carvajal, A; Martin de Diego, I; Martin-Arias, LH; Rodríguez Pinilla, E, 1997)
" Metronidazole has become the drug of choice for most cases of giardiasis because of its efficacy, favorable tolerance, and availability."	4.78	Giardiasis. Issues in diagnosis and management. ( Hill, DR, 1993)
"The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate whether oral antibiotics (doxycycline and metronidazole) combined with intrauterine perfusion (gentamicin and dexamethasone) are beneficial for patients with repeated implantation failure (RIF) and chronic endometritis (CE) to improve clinical pregnancy outcomes."	4.31	Combined oral antibiotics and intrauterine perfusion can improve in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer pregnancy outcomes in patients with chronic endometritis and repeated embryo implantation failure. ( Hang, F; Jin, Y; Li, J; Ma, N; Qin, A; Qin, W; Wang, J; Zhang, J, 2023)
"To investigate whether intrapartum antibiotic therapy with cefazolin versus the current standard clindamycin or metronidazole decreases the risk of postpartum infectious morbidity among women delivering by cesarean delivery who were receiving a base regimen of ampicillin or penicillin with gentamicin for chorioamnionitis."	3.96	Preoperative cefazolin rather than clindamycin or metronidazole is associated with lower postpartum infection among women with chorioamnionitis delivering by cesarean delivery. ( Dotters-Katz, SK; Grotegut, CA; Heine, RP; Hughes, BL; Stamilio, DM; Strauss, RA; Venkatesh, KK, 2020)
"After adjustment for potential confounders, use of macro-lides (excluding erythromycin), quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and metronidazole during early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion."	3.85	Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. ( Bérard, A; Muanda, FT; Sheehy, O, 2017)
" A recent clinical recommendation by a guidelines group of the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology advised against the use of clindamycin for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth based on lack of evidence of efficacy."	3.85	The treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with clindamycin to reduce the risk of infection-related preterm birth: a response to the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology guideline group's clinical recommendations. ( Jørgensen, JS; Keelan, JA; Lamont, RF; Larsson, PG, 2017)
" This case was managed with suppressive treatment with metronidazole during pregnancy and cleared with paromomycin vaginal treatment after delivery."	3.83	Management of recalcitrant Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy: a case report. ( Tayal, S, 2016)
"A new antibiotic combination consisting of ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, and metronidazole prolonged the latency period, reduced acute histologic chorioamnionitis/funisitis, and improved neonatal outcomes in patients with preterm PROM."	3.83	A new anti-microbial combination prolongs the latency period, reduces acute histologic chorioamnionitis as well as funisitis, and improves neonatal outcomes in preterm PROM. ( Chaemsaithong, P; Jun, JK; Kim, SM; Lee, J; Park, CW; Park, JS; Romero, R; Yoon, BH, 2016)
" For this reason, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of octenidine dihydrochloride/phenoxyethanol (OHP) in comparison to antimicrobial therapies in pregnant women in hospital suffering from different types of vaginitis."	3.81	Study results on the use of different therapies for the treatment of vaginitis in hospitalised pregnant women. ( Novakov Mikić, A; Stojic, S, 2015)
" A histological finding on the 15th day indicated the possibility of amoebic enteritis, and the patient was started on metronidazole therapy."	3.81	Fulminant amoebic enteritis that developed in the perinatal period. ( Goto, M; Matsuoka, T; Mizushima, Y, 2015)
"To assess whether treatment with metronidazole during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, or major congenital anomalies, we conducted chart reviews and an analysis of electronic data from a cohort of women delivering at an urban New York State hospital."	3.78	Investigation of metronidazole use during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. ( Aubry, R; Baras, DC; Koss, CA; Koumans, EH; Lane, SD; Marcus, M; Markowitz, LE, 2012)
"To investigate the association between treatment of maternal trichomoniasis with oral metronidazole and preterm birth."	3.75	Treatment of trichomoniasis in pregnancy and preterm birth: an observational study. ( Barnes, TL; Hardin, J; Mann, JR; McDermott, S; Zhou, L, 2009)
"The purpose of this study was to determine if a change in the vaginal flora was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, and to determine if metronidazole therapy before 32 weeks increased the risk of preterm birth."	3.73	Is a change in the vaginal flora associated with an increased risk of preterm birth? ( Carey, JC; Klebanoff, MA, 2005)
"To study the human teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy."	3.73	Teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. ( Czeizel, AE; Kazy, Z; Puhó, E, 2005)
" Only 12% of physicians prescribed oral metronidazole or clindamycin during the first trimester of pregnancy to treat BV."	3.72	Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment practices of physicians in San Diego, California, 1999. ( Callahan, DB; Gunn, RA; Weinberg, M, 2003)
"We have previously found an association between the combination of topical and vaginal clotrimazole treatment during pregnancy and a decreased prevalence of preterm births in the population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities."	3.72	Preterm birth reduction after clotrimazole treatment during pregnancy. ( Czeizel, AE; Fladung, B; Vargha, P, 2004)
"The Israeli Teratogen Information Service prospectively collected and followed up 228 women exposed to metronidazole in pregnancy, 86."	3.71	Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to metronidazole: a prospective controlled cohort study. ( Arnon, J; Diav-Citrin, O; Gotteiner, T; Ornoy, A; Shechtman, S, 2001)
" This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) in antenatal women with vaginal discharge and the effect of treatment with Metronidazole gel on pregnancy outcome."	3.71	Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in antenatal women. ( Bibi, R; Kalyani, J; Mallika, M; Mathew, R, 2001)
"The authors conclude that although there was no increase in risk for all cancers associated with in utero exposure to metronidazole, the observed increased risk for neuroblastomas, although not significant, requires further evaluation."	3.70	Prenatal exposure to metronidazole and risk of childhood cancer: a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 5 years. ( Brockman Worrell, KG; Gideon, P; Mitchel, EF; Pais, R; Ray, WA; Roberson, P; Thapa, PB; Whitlock, JA, 1998)
"Two of my patients have been diagnosed with giardiasis, and I would like to treat them with the drug of choice for this infection, metronidazole (Flagyl)."	3.70	Can we use metronidazole during pregnancy and breastfeeding? Putting an end to the controversy. ( Einarson, A; Ho, E; Koren, G, 2000)
"We evaluated the timing of initial antenatal visits to better characterize possible use of metronidazole or other antimicrobials for common reproductive tract infections in early pregnancy."	3.69	First antenatal visits and metronidazole. ( McGregor, JA; Roberts, AM, 1997)
" After 8 days of prophylactic pivampicillin and metronidazol, culture from the cervix showed profuse growth of Group B Streptococci (GBS) and the patient developed symptoms of chorioamnionitis."	3.68	Group B streptococcal chorioamnionitis and neonatal septicemia following 8 days pivampicillin and metronidazol prophylaxis after premature rupture of membranes; a case report. ( Andersen, LF; Bruun, BB; Jensen, ET; Langhoff-Roos, J; Madsen, H; Svare, J, 1991)
"Serum levels of tobramycin were determined with an enzyme immunoassay technique in 20 puerperal women with postcesarean endometritis who were being treated with metronidazole-tobramycin."	3.67	Tobramycin dosing in the puerperal patient. ( Pastorek, JG; Phelan, M; Ragan, FA, 1987)
" Teratogenicity tests in animals have given negative results in the case of metronidazole, ornidazole and tinidazole, and in the case of metronidazole no evidence of any adverse effect on the outcome of pregnancy was seen in women treated for trichomoniasis at various times during gestation, including the first trimester."	3.67	Safety of nitroimidazoles. ( Roe, FJ, 1985)
"Introduced on the basis of a primary incidental observation metronidazole has gained more and more interest in the treatment of rosacea."	3.66	[Metronidazole therapy of rosacea. The drug and its indications]. ( Braun-Falco, O; Korting, HC, 1983)
"Thirteen patients with abscess of the abdominal wall, including one case of endomyometritis following caesarean section, received metronidazole treatment (Vagimid), on the first two days of therapeutic action."	3.66	[Use of metronidazole in treatment of postoperative obstetric infections (author's transl)]. ( Amon, I; Amon, K; Bernhardt, H; Zschiesche, M, 1981)
"Pathogenic anaerobic bacteria may be among the causes of puerperal mastitis which, therefore, was treated by the authors with metronidazole (Vagimid) and with antibiotics, such as penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline."	3.66	[Metronidazole for treatment of puerperal mastitis (author's transl)]. ( Amon, I; Amon, K; Scharp, H, 1982)
"Four patients with Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia, one patient with a brain abscess due to Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium naviforme, and Peptostreptococcus species, and an infant with Bacteroides species ventriculitis and meningitis were treated with metronidazole."	3.66	Metronidazole therapy of anaerobic bacteremia, meningitis, and brain abscess. ( Cordero, L; Perkins, RL; Warner, JF, 1979)
"To evaluate the role of anaerobic bacteria in postpartum endomyometritis, intravenous metronidazole was used as the sole initial therapy in 25 women with clinical signs of infection."	3.66	The role of anaerobic bacteria in postpartum endomyometritis. ( Ledger, WJ; Platt, LD; Yonekura, ML, 1979)
"A single 2-g dose of benzoylmetronidazole (Flagyl suspension) was given to patients with vaginal trichomoniasis in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy."	3.66	Trichomoniasis treated with a single dose of benzoylmetronidazole. ( Roos, RF, 1978)
"Metronidazole was associated with significantly greater frequency of adverse effects than nitazoxanide."	3.01	Evaluating the efficacy of nitazoxanide in uncomplicated amebic liver abscess. ( Agarwal, VK; Ashdhir, P; Chauhan, V; Goel, V; Jain, A; Jhajharia, A; Pokharna, R; Sharma, G, 2021)
"The relationship between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and preterm delivery has become well known in recent years, although there are few studies on: (i) the differences in test results during the early gestational (EGP) and middle gestational (MGP) periods; (ii) the significance of the intermediate (I) group that does not develop overt BV; or (iii) the therapeutic effects of metronidazole."	2.90	Association between preterm delivery and bacterial vaginosis with or without treatment. ( Doh, K; Kotani, Y; Mandai, M; Matsumura, N; Shimaoka, M; Suzuki, A; Tsuji, I; Yo, Y, 2019)
"The primary outcome was pelvic infection within 14 days after surgery."	2.90	A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Miscarriage Surgery. ( Acam, J; Ahmed, I; Arulkumaran, S; Bar-Zeev, S; Bhutta, ZA; Bishop, JRB; Chibwana, J; Chirwa, A; Chiudzu, G; Coomarasamy, A; Daniels, J; Desmond, N; Ditai, J; Ekunait, J; Goranitis, I; Gulmezoglu, AM; Hewitt, CA; Ismail, H; Iyaku, M; Lissauer, D; Makiika, JJ; Mataya, R; Mbaruku, G; Mboma, A; Merriel, A; Mhango, C; Middleton, L; Mphasa, C; Mwalwanda, C; Ngalawesa, T; Oladapo, OT; Otim Tom, C; Qureshi, R; Roberts, T; Simon, B; Tambala, T; Taulo, F; Unzia, H; Watts, G; Weeks, A; Wilson, A; Zamora, J, 2019)
"The primary outcome is pelvic infection 2 weeks after surgery."	2.87	Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce pelvic infection in women having miscarriage surgery - The AIMS (Antibiotics in Miscarriage Surgery) trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ( Acam, JF; Ahmed, I; Anyango, M; Bishop, J; Chibwana, J; Chirwa, A; Chiudzu, G; Coomarasamy, A; Daniels, J; Desmond, N; Ditai, J; Ekunait, J; Goranitis, I; Gulmezoglu, M; Hewitt, C; Ismail, H; Iyaku, M; Lissauer, D; Mataya, R; Mbaruku, G; Mboma, A; Merriel, A; Mhango, C; Middleton, L; Mphasa, C; Mwalwanda, C; Ngalawesa, T; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, R; Roberts, T; Simon, B; Tambala, T; Taulo, F; Tom, CO; Uniza, H; Watts, G; Weeks, A; Wilson, A; Zamora, J, 2018)
" No serious adverse events were reported, and incidence was similar across treatment groups."	2.80	A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis. ( Beelen, AP; Marrazzo, J; Schwebke, JR; Sobel, JD, 2015)
" This study aimed to determine the comparative efficacy of a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection."	2.78	Single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania: a randomized, equivalence, controlled trial. ( Kidenya, BR; Konje, ET; Lyimo, FM; Massinde, AN; Mshana, SE, 2013)
" This study aims to determine the comparative efficacy of a single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post caesarean infection."	2.77	Efficacy of single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ( Kidenya, BR; Konje, E; Lyimo, FM; Massinde, AN; Mshana, SE, 2012)
"Significant reductions in surgical site infections (relative risk, 0."	2.72	Preincision adjunctive prophylaxis for cesarean deliveries a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Babatunde, I; Fan, C; Goje, O; Hackett, L; Joo, J; Markwei, MT; Prah, MA; Rathi, N; Soper, DE, 2021)
"Treatment with metronidazole plus erythromycin of asymptomatic women with a positive cervical or vaginal fetal fibronectin test in the late second trimester does not decrease the incidence of spontaneous preterm delivery."	2.71	Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole plus erythromycin to prevent spontaneous preterm delivery in fetal fibronectin-positive women. ( Andrews, WW; Caritis, SN; Dombrowski, M; Dudley, D; Ernest, JM; Iams, JD; Langer, O; Leveno, KJ; McNellis, D; Miodovnik, M; Moawad, A; O'Sullivan, MJ; Sibai, BM; Thom, EA; Wapner, R, 2003)
"Women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis on Gram stain were assigned randomly at 16 to 23 weeks of gestation to receive two 2-g doses of metronidazole or placebo 48 hours apart and were re-evaluated for changes in Gram stain score on one occasion > or =2 weeks later."	2.71	Time course of the regression of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with and without treatment. ( Carey, JC; Dombrowski, MP; Hauth, JC; Heine, RP; Iams, JD; Klebanoff, MA; MacPherson, CA; Miodovnik, M; Moawad, A; Sibai, BM; vanDorsten, JP; Wapner, RJ, 2004)
"Eighty-nine women with either bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginalis, or both, who also had a positive fetal fibronectin test result were randomized to two courses of metronidazole treatment as part of a Maternal-Fetal Medicine Network Units study of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development."	2.70	Metronidazole treatment of women with a positive fetal fibronectin test result. ( Carey, JC; Goldenberg, RL; Klebanoff, M; Macpherson, C, 2001)
"Sexually transmitted diseases were reduced: Trichomonas vaginalis (rate ratio, 0."	2.70	Randomized trial of presumptive sexually transmitted disease therapy during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda. ( Abramowsky, C; Gray, RH; Kigozi, G; Meehan, M; Moulton, LH; O'Brien, KL; Quinn, TC; Robb, M; Serwadda, D; Sewankambo, NK; Wabwire-Mangen, F; Wawer, MJ, 2001)
"To assess the efficacy of treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV) using metronidazole to reduce preterm labour in primigravidae and multigravidae with previous midtrimester abortion or preterm labour."	2.70	Preterm labour--is bacterial vaginosis involved? ( Grové, D; Odendaal, HJ; Popov, I; Schoeman, J; Smith, M, 2002)
"Prevalence rates: C."	2.69	A randomised comparison of strategies for reducing infective complications of induced abortion. ( Imrie, M; McKenzie, H; Norman, J; Penney, GC; Smith, R; Thomson, M; Vale, L, 1998)
"Treatment with metronidazole did not reduce the occurrence of preterm labor, intraamniotic or postpartum infections, neonatal sepsis, or admission of the infant to the neonatal intensive care unit."	2.69	Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. ( Carey, JC; Ernest, JM; Fischer, ML; Hauth, JC; Heine, RP; Hillier, SL; Klebanoff, MA; Leveno, KJ; Nugent, RP; Thom, EA; Varner, M; Wapner, R, 2000)
"Bacterial vaginosis was eradicated in 93% of women using intravaginal clindamycin and in 87% of women using intravaginal metronidazole."	2.69	[Therapeutic regimens for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women]. ( Borisov, I; Dimitrova, V; Mazneĭkova, V; Shopova, E, 1999)
"Treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin reduced rates of premature delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis and an increased risk for preterm delivery."	2.68	Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. ( Andrews, WW; Copper, RL; DuBard, MB; Goldenberg, RL; Hauth, JC, 1995)
"Treatment options for bacterial vaginosis are numerous."	2.68	Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a comparison of oral metronidazole, metronidazole vaginal gel, and clindamycin vaginal cream. ( Ferris, DG; Hendrich, J; Litaker, MS; Mathis, D; Woodward, L, 1995)
"Metronidazole was well tolerated by the mother and with this type of administration regimen, the fetus is not exposed to the drug."	2.67	Prevention of postcesarean infectious morbidity with a single dose of intravenous metronidazole. ( Garcia-Rojas, JM; Lozada-Leon, JD; Ruiz-Moreno, JA, 1991)
"Accuracy of screening tests for bacterial vaginosis varies."	2.66	Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Adolescents and Women to Prevent Preterm Delivery: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. ( Berkman, N; Clark, R; Kahwati, LC; Patel, SV; Urrutia, R; Viswanathan, M; Zeng, J, 2020)
"Once the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis has been established, delivery should be considered, regardless of the gestational age."	2.66	Management of clinical chorioamnionitis: an evidence-based approach. ( Conde-Agudelo, A; Garcia Sánchez, ÁJ; Jung, EJ; Romero, R, 2020)
"Of 25 women with a positive history of pelvic inflammatory disease, six contracted postabortal infection, which was a significantly increased frequency compared with women without previous episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease (P less than ."	2.66	Metronidazole prophylaxis in elective first trimester abortion. ( Heisterberg, L; Petersen, K, 1985)
"Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in high-income countries."	2.50	The early use of appropriate prophylactic antibiotics in susceptible women for the prevention of preterm birth of infectious etiology. ( Joergensen, JS; Kjær Weile, LK; Lamont, RF, 2014)
"Candida vulvovaginitis is a fungal infection that is very amenable to topical treatment."	2.47	Antimicrobial topical agents used in the vagina. ( Frey Tirri, B, 2011)
"Bacterial vaginosis is associated with infectious complications in pregnant and non-pregnant women and increasing risk of STI."	2.44	[The bacterial vaginosis--treatment problems]. ( Ekiel, AM; Martirosian, G; Romanik, MK; Tomana, L, 2007)
"Whether bacterial vaginosis (BV) is acquired from an endogenous or an exogenous source is subject to controversy."	2.43	Bacterial vaginosis. Transmission, role in genital tract infection and pregnancy outcome: an enigma. ( Bergström, M; Forsum, U; Jacobsson, B; Larsson, PG; Strand, A; Wölner-Hanssen, P, 2005)
"Metronidazole treatment of women with trichomoniasis significantly increased the risk of preterm birth compared to placebo."	2.42	What have we learned about vaginal infections and preterm birth? ( Carey, JC; Klebanoff, MA, 2003)
" The standard treatment is oral metronidazole in a dosage of 500 mg twice daily for seven days."	2.42	Management of vaginitis. ( Clenney, TL; Owen, MK, 2004)
"Treatment of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis or T."	2.41	Bacterial vaginosis and other asymptomatic vaginal infections in pregnancy. ( Carey, JC; Klebanoff, MA, 2001)
"Bacterial vaginosis is also associated with preterm delivery in certain risk groups, such as women with a history of preterm birth or of low maternal weight."	2.41	Treatment of sexually transmitted bacterial diseases in pregnant women. ( Donders, GG, 2000)
"Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the sexually active population are the main steps to prevent perinatal infection."	2.41	Sexually transmitted infections, adverse pregnancy outcome and neonatal infection. ( Moodley, P; Sturm, AW, 2000)
"Bacterial vaginosis is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes across all gestational ages."	2.41	Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. ( Ugwumadu, AH, 2002)
"Metronidazole remains the treatment of choice, and although surgical drainage is contraindicated, percutaneous drainage of abscesses and empyema may occasionally be indicated."	2.40	Pleuropulmonary amebiasis. ( Jensen, WA; Lyche, KD, 1997)
"Metronidazole is a cost-effective agent due to its low acquisition cost, its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, an acceptable adverse effect profile, and its undiminished antimicrobial activity."	2.40	Metronidazole. A therapeutic review and update. ( Freeman, CD; Klutman, NE; Lamp, KC, 1997)
"Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginal discharge."	2.40	Bacterial vaginosis: an update. ( Majeroni, BA, 1998)
"Here we discuss bacterial vaginosis, which often goes unrecognised despite being the cause of 40-50% of vaginal infections."	2.40	Management of bacterial vaginosis. ( , 1998)
" The hydroxy metabolite has biological activity of 30 to 65% and a longer elimination half-life than the parent compound."	2.40	Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. ( Freeman, CD; Klutman, NE; Lacy, MK; Lamp, KC, 1999)
"The importance for screening for bacterial vaginosis is pointed out especially before intrauterine procedures and in pregnant women at risk for premature deliveries."	2.40	[Current treatment of bacterial vaginosis]. ( Borisov, I, 1999)
"We reviewed data on the treatment of bacterial vaginosis published from 1989 through 1992 (articles published after the 1989 publication of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines)."	2.39	Bacterial vaginosis: review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy. ( Joesoef, MR; Schmid, GP, 1995)
"Extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease are well described."	2.39	[Crohn's disease with isolated vulvar localization and pregnancy. A case report]. ( Ben Osmane, A; Bitri, M; Chelly, H; Haouet, S, 1994)
"Studies addressing the complications of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, the risk of treatment in pregnancy, and the method of transmission of the disease also were reviewed."	2.39	Treatment of bacterial vaginosis. ( Schlicht, JR, 1994)
"Metronidazole has proven to be a useful and inexpensive antibiotic for the treatment of T."	2.38	Metronidazole. ( Hager, WD; Rapp, RP, 1992)
"Metronidazole was first introduced for the treatment of trichomoniasis."	2.38	Clinical pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole anti-infectives. ( Danziger, LH; Lam, NP; Lau, AH; Piscitelli, SC; Wilkes, L, 1992)
"Other causes of vaginitis are also discussed."	2.37	Vaginitis: current microbiologic and clinical concepts. ( Embil, JA; Hill, LV, 1986)
"The latter category includes pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic thrombophlebitis, septic abortion, and premature rupture of the membranes."	2.36	Infections in the female genital tract. ( Gall, SA, 1983)
"Pregnancy is a known risk factor for amebic enteritis, which develops into potentially fatal fulminant amebic enteritis in some cases."	1.91	Fulminant Amebic Enteritis in the Perinatal Period. ( Azuma, D; Inayama, Y; Kimura, H; Kunisaki, R; Maeda, K; Maeda, S; Nakamori, Y; Shibui, S; Tanabe, M; Toyoda, J; Watanabe, M; Yaguchi, K; Yukawa, T, 2023)
"In the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, direct microscopy (DM) is preferred, which is a cheap and fast method, although it has low sensitivity."	1.91	[Comparison of Conventional Methods with Molecular Methods in the Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis and Investigation of Metronidazole Resistance]. ( Çavuş, İ; Özbilgin, A; Özel, Y; Ünlü, M; Usta, A; Vardar Ünlü, G, 2023)
"Secnidazole (SEC) has been suggested as an alternative agent against Trichomonas vaginalis to overcome the adverse effects, antimicrobial resistance problems and poor adherence to the currently available therapy."	1.62	Thermosensitive hydrogels for vaginal delivery of secnidazole as an approach to overcome the systemic side-effects of oral preparations. ( Argenta, DF; Bernardo, BDC; Caon, T; Chamorro, AF; Matos, PR, 2021)
"Metronidazole was found to be effective in preventing preterm births when used in conjunction with other antibiotics."	1.62	The safety of metronidazole in pregnancy. ( Bloom, K; Nwosu, OC, 2021)
"Nowadays, a wide range of treatments for rosacea is available: topical metronidazole, oral metronidazole, topical ivermectin, oral tetracyclines, oral isotretinoin, systemic steroids, photodynamic therapy, or pulsed dye laser."	1.56	Use of permethrin in the treatment of rosacea fulminans during pregnancy: One case report. ( Aguado García, Á; Garabito Solovera, E; Garayar Cantero, M; Manchado López, P; Ruiz Sánchez, D; Valtueña, J, 2020)
"Less than 20% of patients with trichomoniasis were submitted to a complete screening for other genital pathogens."	1.56	Trichomoniasis in a tertiary hospital of Madrid, Spain (2013-2017): prevalence and pregnancy rate, coinfections, metronidazole resistance, and endosymbiosis. ( Bolumburu, C; Escario, JA; Ibáñez-Escribano, A; Muñoz-Algarra, M; Portero-Azorín, F; Zamora, V, 2020)
" She was administered cefoperazone and sulbactam sodium + metronidazole sodium chloride combined with morphine hydrochloride perioperatively, which caused a rash as an adverse side effect."	1.56	A case report of rash induced by cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium plus metronidazole sodium chloride combined with morphine hydrochloride. ( Huang, J; Jiang, C; Liu, Z; Zhu, X, 2020)
"Pregnancy has been described as a risk factor for development of invasive amoebiasis and management of these patients is especially complex."	1.56	Development of amoebic liver abscess in early pregnancy years after initial amoebic exposure: a case report. ( Allgeier, J; Kaiser, RWJ; Mayerle, J; Op den Winkel, M; Philipp, AB; Rothe, C; Wallrauch, C, 2020)
"Women who had ≥1 pregnancy affected by Trichomonas infection were more likely to have a positive test posttreatment (adjusted odds ratio, 20."	1.51	Unexpected High Rates of Persistent Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in a Retrospective Cohort of Treated Pregnant Women. ( Lazenby, GB; Powell, AM; Soper, DE; Thompson, L, 2019)
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is considered a valuable tool for predicting pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy to subsequently guide in-vivo pharmacokinetic trials in pregnant women."	1.48	A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Pregnant Women to Predict the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Metabolized Via Several Enzymatic Pathways. ( Coboeken, K; Dallmann, A; Eissing, T; Hempel, G; Ince, I, 2018)
"Infection of a maternal urachal cyst during pregnancy is rare; Sonography is an important diagnostic tool that can help minimize maternal and fetal complications."	1.48	Sonographic detection of an infected maternal urachal cyst during pregnancy. ( Sargent, J; Sohaey, R; Trivedi, N, 2018)
"Chronic endometritis was found in one-third of infertile women with RIF."	1.46	Live birth rate following oral antibiotic treatment for chronic endometritis in infertile women with repeated implantation failure. ( Ishikawa, T; Kitaya, K; Matsubayashi, H; Nishiyama, R; Takaya, Y; Takeuchi, T; Yamaguchi, K, 2017)
"Vulvovaginal candidiasis affects 75% of women at least once."	1.42	Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. ( van Schalkwyk, J; Yudin, MH, 2015)
"In women with bacterial vaginosis, intermediate flora and normal flora, the conception rates were 35% (9/26), 42% (14/33) and 58% (7/12), respectively (p = 0."	1.37	Effective of metronidazole to bacterial flora in vagina and the impact of microbes on live birth rate during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). ( Alasbahi, AA; Aziz, MH; El Alfy, SM; Mohamed, HM; Selim, SA, 2011)
"Resistance during pregnancy has not been reported."	1.37	A case of high-level metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in pregnancy successfully treated. ( Sobel, JD; Subramanian, C, 2011)
"Brain abscess is a rare but life-threatening complication of pregnancy."	1.37	Pregnancy complicated by recurrent brain abscess after extraction of an infected tooth. ( Awonuga, AO; Hobson, DTG; Imudia, AN; Soto, E, 2011)
"Treatment by metronidazole or clindamycin was used."	1.36	Bacterial vaginosis in threatened preterm, preterm and term labour. ( Chawanpaiboon, S; Pimol, K, 2010)
"As metronidazole effectively treats full BV, but is ineffective against other forms of AVF, the present data may help to explain why its use to prevent PTB has not been successful in most studies."	1.35	Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. ( Bellen, G; Donders, GG; Reybrouck, R; Riphagen, I; Van Calsteren, K; Van den Bosch, T; Van Lierde, S, 2009)
"Biliary ascariasis is one of the most common and well described entities caused by ascaris."	1.33	Management of biliary ascariasis in pregnancy. ( Javid, G; Khan, F; Robanni, I; Shah, OJ; Zargar, SA, 2005)
"Ampicillin has been reported to be an effective AMA in reducing post-partum endometritis and our observation also corroborates with this finding."	1.33	Current status of prophylactic use of antimicrobial agents for caesarean section in a tertiary care teaching hospital in eastern Nepal. ( Banerje, B; Bhattacharya, SK; Das, BP; Rauniar, GP, 2006)
"Accumulating evidence has associated bacterial vaginosis (BV) with serious medical complications such as premature delivery."	1.31	Indications for therapy and treatment recommendations for bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant and pregnant women: a synthesis of data. ( Hogan, V; Koumans, EH; Markowitz, LE, 2002)
"At the time of the third dose, bacterial vaginosis and T vaginalis specimens were collected again."	1.31	Sexual intercourse association with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and Trichomonas vaginalis treatment in relationship to preterm birth. ( Berghella, V; Carey, JC; Dombrowski, MP; Ernest, JM; Hauth, JC; Heine, RP; Klebanoff, M; Langer, O; Leveno, KJ; McPherson, C; Miodovnik, M; Moawad, A; O'Sullivan, MJ; Sibai, BM; Trout, W; Van Dorsten, JP; Varner, M; Wapner, RJ, 2002)
"Bacterial vaginosis is associated with preterm labor."	1.31	The role of bacterial vaginosis in preterm labor and preterm birth: a case-control study. ( Denoit, V; Husson, MO; Le Gouëff, F; Puech, F; Subtil, D; Trivier, D, 2002)
"Bacterial vaginosis is associated with adverse sequelae, including late miscarriage, preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis and preterm labour and delivery."	1.30	Bacterial vaginosis: its importance in obstetrics. ( Lamont, RF; Woodrow, N, 1998)
"Research on the relationship between sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV was presented at the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC)."	1.30	Data on HIV infection in women expands. ( Eagan, L, 1999)
"Bacterial vaginosis was more common in non-pregnant women (33% vs 23%) whereas C."	1.29	Aetiology of vaginal infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Barbados. ( Levett, PN, 1995)
"Fulminant transmural amoebic colitis is a rare life-threatening complication of invasive bowel amebiasis."	1.29	[Post-partum malignant amebic colitis. Apropos of a case]. ( Andreu, JM; Bourdeix, O; Brissiaud, JC; Diallo, B; Michel, G; Sartelet, H; Vicq, P, 1996)
"Ultrasonographic findings suggested a molar pregnancy with two live fetuses."	1.28	Hydatidiform mole with coexisting twin pregnancy after gamete intra-fallopian transfer. ( Hemrika, DJ; Schutte, MF; ten Velden, JJ; van de Geijn, EJ; Yedema, CA, 1992)
"Metronidazole treatment during pregnancy should be resorted to only when absolutely essential."	1.28	Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management. ( Kent, HL; Lossick, JG, 1991)
"A reported excess of liver tumors in rats exposed to metronidazole can be explained by the fact that the authors failed to age standardize their data despite a big and highly significant beneficial effect of the drug on survival."	1.27	Toxicologic evaluation of metronidazole with particular reference to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic potential. ( Roe, FJ, 1983)
"Metronidazole was superior in reducing febrile morbidity and wound sepsis, compared to ampicillin (P less than 0."	1.27	Prophylactic intravenous metronidazole in cesarean section. ( Abou-Seeda, M; el-Maraghy, M; Elyan, A; Mahran, M, 1984)
" Seven cases satisfied the criteria for a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, eight for a two-compartment model and one for a three compartment model."	1.27	The pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole in pregnant patients. ( Hundt, HK; Visser, AA, 1984)
"One female developed septicemia after cancer surgery, one male after heart surgery."	1.27	Septicemia due to Mycoplasma hominis. ( Bøe, O; Iversen, OE; Mehl, A, 1983)
"15, independent of dosage (Tab."	1.27	Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants. ( Branebjerg, PE; Heisterberg, L, 1983)
"Metronidazole which has been widely used in the treatment of trichomoniasis urogenitalis is the most active agent available against obligate anaerobes."	1.27	[Metronidazole in the treatment and prevention of infections in gynecology and obstetrics]. ( Amon, I; Amon, K, 1983)
" Elimination half-life was inversely related to gestational age, and ranged from 22."	1.26	Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of metronidazole in the new born infant. ( Baird-Lambert, J; Buchanan, N; Cvejic, M; Doyle, PE; Jager-Roman, E, 1982)
" The mean elimination half-life values were 5."	1.26	Pharmacokinetics of Metronidazole in pregnant women. ( Amon, I; Amon, K; Franke, G; Mohr, C, 1981)
"Oral metronidazole was given as therapy in 25 women with the clinical diagnosis of a postpartum anaerobic soft tissue pelvic infection following a vaginal delivery."	1.26	A new approach to patients with suspected anaerobic postpartum pelvic infections. Transabdominal uterine aspiration for culture and metronidazole for treatment. ( Finegold, SM; Gee, CL; Ledger, WJ; Lewis, WP; Pollin, PA; Sutter, VL, 1976)
"Metronidazole was given in various dosage regimens to 97 patients having microscopically diagnosed trichomoniasis."	1.24	Trichomoniasis. Clinical trial of metronidazole (Flagyl). ( MONROE, SE, 1963)

Research

Studies (491)

Authors

Clinical Trials (20)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Infant Pyloric Stenosis

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	204 (41.55)	18.7374
1990's	85 (17.31)	18.2507
2000's	98 (19.96)	29.6817
2010's	67 (13.65)	24.3611
2020's	37 (7.54)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Ekdahl, L	1
Eoh, KJ	1
Thumuluru, KM	1
Butler-Manuel, SA	1
Tae Kim, Y	1
Lönnerfors, C	1
Falconer, H	1
Persson, J	1
Cenkowski, M	1
Wudel, B	1
Poliquin, V	1
Mendling, W	1
Holzgreve, W	1
Kissinger, PJ	1
Gaydos, CA	2
Seña, AC	1
Scott McClelland, R	1
Soper, D	1
Secor, WE	1
Legendre, D	1
Workowski, KA	1
Muzny, CA	1
Ngobese, B	1
Singh, R	1
Han, KSS	1
Tinarwo, P	2
Mabaso, N	3
Abbai, NS	1
Tara, F	2
Danesteh, S	2
Rezaee, M	2
Geraylow, KR	2
Moodi Ghalibaf, A	2
Moeindarbari, S	2
Germano, C	1
Messina, A	1
Massaro, A	1
Attini, R	1
Leo, L	1
Manzoni, P	1
Masturzo, B	1
Azuma, D	1
Kunisaki, R	1
Yukawa, T	1
Yaguchi, K	1
Watanabe, M	1
Shibui, S	1
Nakamori, Y	1
Toyoda, J	1
Tanabe, M	1
Maeda, K	1
Inayama, Y	1
Kimura, H	1
Maeda, S	1
Klebanoff, MA	11
Schuit, E	1
Lamont, RF	5
Larsson, PG	4
Odendaal, HJ	2
Ugwumadu, A	2
Kiss, H	1
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Andrews, WW	9
Hoffman, MK	1
Shennan, A	3
Seed, PT	1
Goldenberg, RL	8
Emel, LM	1
Bhandaru, V	1
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Lan, J	1
Chen, C	1
Sousa, LGV	1
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Ma, N	1
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Jin, Y	1
Wang, J	2
Qin, W	1
Hang, F	1
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Lambert, KA	1
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Hughes, BL	2
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Shannon, CL	1
Hoff, NA	1
Mvumbi, G	1
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Okitolonda-Wemakoy, E	1
Hoffman, RM	1
Rimoin, AW	1
Klausner, JD	1
Kahwati, LC	1
Clark, R	1
Berkman, N	1
Urrutia, R	1
Patel, SV	1
Zeng, J	1
Viswanathan, M	1
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Garabito Solovera, E	1
Aguado García, Á	1
Valtueña, J	1
Ruiz Sánchez, D	1
Manchado López, P	1
Bolumburu, C	1
Zamora, V	1
Muñoz-Algarra, M	1
Portero-Azorín, F	1
Escario, JA	1
Ibáñez-Escribano, A	1
Sodje, JD	1
Ilevbare, FO	1
Rotem, R	1
Mastrolia, SA	1
Rottenstreich, M	1
Yohay, D	1
Weintraub, AY	1
Conde-Agudelo, A	3
Romero, R	5
Jung, EJ	1
Garcia Sánchez, ÁJ	1
Jin, WH	1
Ha Kim, Y	1
Kim, JW	1
Kim, TY	1
Kim, A	1
Yang, Y	1
Abbai, N	2
Huang, J	1
Zhu, X	1
Jiang, C	1
Liu, Z	1
Gay, C	1
Hamdaoui, N	1
Pauly, V	1
Rojat Habib, MC	1
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Kaiser, RWJ	1
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Venkatesh, KK	1
Grotegut, CA	1
Strauss, RA	1
Stamilio, DM	1
Heine, RP	5
Vodstrcil, LA	1
Bradshaw, CS	1
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Matos, PR	1
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Nishiyama, R	1
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Mphasa, C	2
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Mwalwanda, C	2
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Ismail, H	2
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Simon, B	2
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Lazenby, GB	1
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Thi Trung Thu, T	1
Margarita, V	1
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Marongiu, A	1
Dessì, D	1
Rappelli, P	1
Fiori, PL	1
Dinglas, C	1
Chavez, M	1
Vintzileos, A	1
Shimaoka, M	1
Yo, Y	1
Doh, K	1
Kotani, Y	1
Suzuki, A	1
Tsuji, I	1
Mandai, M	1
Matsumura, N	1
Buggio, L	1
Somigliana, E	1
Borghi, A	1
Vercellini, P	1
Hewitt, CA	1
Bishop, JRB	1
Otim Tom, C	1
Acam, J	1
Unzia, H	1
Makiika, JJ	1
Bar-Zeev, S	1
Arulkumaran, S	1
Bhutta, ZA	1
Gulmezoglu, AM	3
Oh, KJ	2
Park, JY	2
Lee, J	4
Hong, JS	2
Yoon, BH	4
Rebouças, KF	1
Eleutério, J	1
Peixoto, RC	1
Costa, APF	1
Cobucci, RN	1
Gonçalves, AK	1
Yefet, E	1
Romano, S	1
Chazan, B	1
Nachum, Z	1
Lyimo, FM	2
Massinde, AN	2
Kidenya, BR	2
Konje, ET	1
Mshana, SE	2
Jensen, ML	1
Thymann, T	2
Cilieborg, MS	2
Lykke, M	1
Mølbak, L	1
Jensen, BB	1
Schmidt, M	1
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Mulder, I	1
Burrin, DG	1
Sangild, PT	2
Nashaat, EH	3
Mansour, GM	3
Kulkarni, SS	1
Teoh, WH	1
Sia, AT	1
Nair, S	1
Ijarotimi, AO	1
Badejoko, OO	1
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Loto, OM	1
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Fasubaa, OB	1
Doubova, SV	1
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Ortiz-Panozo, E	1
Hernández-Prado, B	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparison of the Efficacy of Emergency Double-level and Single Cervical Cerclage in Cervical Insufficiency in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy - Multicenter Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT05268640]		78 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-11	Recruiting
Does Eradication of H-pylori in Pregnant Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia Have an Effect on Iron Replacement Therapy?[NCT03347513]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-25	Recruiting
Effect of Oral N-Acetyl Cysteine on Pregnancy Outcome After Cervical Cerclage: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT00787813]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
New Tool to Predict Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Asymptomatic High-risk Women[NCT03062020]		258 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-11-16	Recruiting
Prevention of Maternal and Neonatal Death/Infections With a Single Oral Dose of Azithromycin in Women in Labor (in Low- and Middle-income Countries): a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03871491]	Phase 3	34,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Active, not recruiting
Peri-operative Cefazolin Prophylaxis at Time of Cesarean Delivery in the Obese Gravida[NCT01904500]	Phase 1	26 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
Cesarean Section Optimal Antibiotic Prophylaxis Trial[NCT01235546]		2,013 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Azithromycin-based Extended-spectrum Prophylaxis in Scheduled Cesarean Deliveries[NCT03960970]	Phase 2	800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-15	Recruiting
Maternal Effects of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Treatment in Pregnancy (Randomized Trial of BV Treatment in Pregnancy)[NCT00153517]	Phase 2	126 participants	Interventional	1999-10-31	Completed
Preventing Preterm Birth With Probiotics - Pilot Randomised Trial[NCT02692820]		304 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
A Randomized Clinical Trial Between Clindamycin Once and Thrice a Day in Septic Abortion.[NCT02309346]	Phase 4	190 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Recruiting
Study of Antenatal Model to Prevent Preterm Delivery: Early Detection and Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis[NCT01232192]		220 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Recruiting
Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Early of Transvaginal and Laparoscopic Approaches for Drainage of Tubo -Ovarian Abscess. Randomized Noninferiority[NCT03166982]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-10-26	Recruiting
Use of 48 Hour Course of Antibiotics to Prevent Surgical Site Infection in Obese Patients Undergoing Cesarean Delivery[NCT01194115]		475 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Enrolling by invitation
Real-world Performance and Safety of Cerviron® Medical Device in the Treatment of Various Types of Vaginitis[NCT05652959]		111 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-05-20	Completed
Clindamycin to Reduce Preterm Birth in a Low Resource Setting: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT01800825]	Phase 4	1,726 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Phase III Trial of Antibiotics to Reduce Chorioamnionitis-Related Perinatal HIV Transmission[NCT00021671]	Phase 3	3,720 participants	Interventional		Completed
Pregnancy Outcomes Following Preconception Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis in an Infertility Population: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.[NCT01322971]		2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Terminated (stopped due to Disease prevalence lower than expected in population.)
A Phase IIa Study of the Colonization Efficiency, Safety and Acceptability of LACTIN-V Administered Vaginally to Women With Bacterial Vaginosis[NCT00635622]	Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
A Phase I Study of the Safety of LACTIN-V Administered Vaginally to Healthy Women[NCT00537576]	Phase 1	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Any diagnosis of pyloric stenosis based on clinical presentation and radiological and/or surgical confirmation (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: up to 3 months after birth

Maternal Fever

Maternal Postpartum Antibiotic Use

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	1
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo With Standard Prophylaxis	81
Azithromycin (Zithromax) With Standard Prophylaxis	51

Maternal postpartum use of antibiotics (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 6 weeks after delivery

Maternal Postpartum Readmission or Unscheduled Visit

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	166
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	126

Maternal postpartum unscheduled visit or readmission to the hospital (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 6 weeks after delivery

Maternal Serious Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	123
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	83

All maternal serious adverse events (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 6 weeks after delivery

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Admission

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	29
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	15

Neonates who are admitted to the NICU due to morbidities diagnosed from birth and up to three months of life. Morbidities as defined in the Neonatal morbidities outcome measure. (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months after birth

Neonatal Morbidities (Listed Below)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	169
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	171

morbidities include: death, Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD), Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) suspected or proven sepsis, Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months after birth

Neonatal Readmission

Neonatal Serious Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	135
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	146

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo With Standard Prophylaxis	43
Azithromycin (Zithromax) With Standard Prophylaxis	39

Composite for all neonatal serious adverse events (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months after birth

Participants With Endometritis and/or Wound Infection and/or Other Post-cesarean Infections (Occurring Within 6 Weeks of Delivery)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo and Standard of Care	5
Azithromycin and Standard of Care	7

Endometritis was defined as the presence of at least two of the following signs with no other recognized cause: fever (temperature of at least 38°C [100.4°F]), abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, or purulent drainage from the uterus. Wound infection was defined as the presence of either superficial or deep incisional surgical-site infection characterized by cellulitis or erythema and induration around the incision or purulent discharge from the incision site with or without fever and included necrotizing fasciitis. Wound hematoma, seroma, or breakdown alone in the absence of the preceding signs did not constitute infection. (NCT01235546)
Timeframe: Up to 6 weeks after delivery

Acceptability of LACTIN-V in Pre-filled Applicators

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	119
Azithromycin	62

"Acceptability and overall satisfaction with the study product was measured using the response to the following question: I would use the product again with the following response options (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)~Acceptability is reported as the number of women in each group who strongly agreed or agreed with the statement that they would use the product again." (NCT00537576)
Timeframe: 35 days

Safety of LACTIN-V in Healthy Pre-menopausal Women.

Intervention	participants (Number)
Low Dose Applicator	3
Medium Dose Applicator	3
High Dose Applicator	2
Placebo Control Substance Low Dose	1
Placebo Control Substance Medium Dose	0
Placebo Control Substance High Dose	1

Safety was measured by comparing the number of women experiencing adverse events of grade 3 or higher during the study. (NCT00537576)
Timeframe: 35 days

Tolerability of LACTIN-V in a Pre-filled Applicator.

Intervention	participants (Number)
Low Dose Applicator	0
Medium Dose Applicator	0
High Dose Applicator	0
Placebo Control Substance Low Dose	0
Placebo Control Substance Medium Dose	0
Placebo Control Substance High Dose	0

Tolerability was measured as proportion of women remaining in the study, and NOT prematurely exiting the trial due to an adverse event. (NCT00537576)
Timeframe: 35 days

Article	Year
Astodrimer sodium and bacterial vaginosis: a mini review. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2022, Volume: 306, Issue:1 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Clindamycin; Dendrimers; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Polylysine;	2022
Maternal Origins of Neonatal Infections: What Do Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should/Could Do? American journal of perinatology, 2022, Volume: 39, Issue:S 01 Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriuria; Cesarean Section; Chorioamnionitis; Clindamycin; Com	2022
Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis to prevent preterm delivery: Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2023, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Prema	2023
Fighting polymicrobial biofilms in bacterial vaginosis. Microbial biotechnology, 2023, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacter	2023
Low-dose methotrexate-induced vulvar edema: A case report. Medicine, 2019, Volume: 98, Issue:35 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Administration, Oral; Adult; China; Female; Glycyrrhizic Acid; Humans; Injections, I	2019
Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Adolescents and Women to Prevent Preterm Delivery: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2020, 04-07, Volume: 323, Issue:13 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asymptomatic Infections; Clindamycin; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Metroni	2020
The use of metronidazole in women undergoing obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a systematic review of the literature. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2020, Volume: 302, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anal Canal; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Human	2020
Management of clinical chorioamnionitis: an evidence-based approach. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2020, Volume: 223, Issue:6 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, L	2020
Preincision adjunctive prophylaxis for cesarean deliveries a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2021, Volume: 225, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Drug Therapy, Combinatio	2021
Treatment of rosacea during pregnancy. Dermatology online journal, 2021, Jul-15, Volume: 27, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Brimonidine Tartrate; Dermatologic	2021
Treatment of bacterial vaginosis before 28 weeks of pregnancy to reduce the incidence of preterm labor. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2019, Volume: 146, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Female; Huma	2019
The early use of appropriate prophylactic antibiotics in susceptible women for the prevention of preterm birth of infectious etiology. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2014, Volume: 15, Issue:15 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregn	2014
Diagnostic and therapeutic advancements for aerobic vaginitis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2015, Volume: 291, Issue:2 Topics: Bacteria, Aerobic; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lactobacillus; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnan	2015
The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Current drug safety, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Metronid	2015
Treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy in order to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery - a clinical recommendation. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2016, Volume: 95, Issue:8 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complication	2016
Peripartum Clostridium difficile infection: case series and review of the literature. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2008, Volume: 199, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Clostridioides difficile; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Female; Hum	2008
The Women's Health II Medical Education Network _Part 1: Understanding bacterial vaginosis: diagnosis, treatment, and improved outcomes. The Journal of family practice, 2007, Volume: 56, Issue:9 Suppl Wo Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Compl	2007
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Cefazolin; Cesarean Section; Endometrit	2009
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Neonatal Trichomonas vaginalis infection: a case report and review of literature. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2010, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infectious Disease	2010
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What have we learned about vaginal infections and preterm birth? Seminars in perinatology, 2003, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; National Institutes of	2003
What we have learned from an antibiotic trial in fetal fibronectin positive women. Seminars in perinatology, 2003, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Female; Fibronectins; Humans; Metron	2003
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Avoiding serious infections associated with abdominal hysterectomy: a meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1993, Volume: 169, Issue:5 Topics: Abdomen; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefazolin; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; P	1993
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Trichomonas vaginalis: a reemerging pathogen. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1993, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outco	1993
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Management of vulvovaginitis in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1993, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Acyclovir; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cesarean Section; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Incidence; Laser The	1993
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Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1997, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicati	1997
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Article	Year
Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022, 04-13, Volume: 74, Issue:Suppl_2 Topics: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; M	2022
Effectiveness of postoperative oral administration of cephalexin and metronidazole on surgical site infection among obese women undergoing cesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study-phase III. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2022, 12-05, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cellulitis; Cephalexin; Cesarea	2022
Effectiveness of postoperative oral administration of cephalexin and metronidazole on surgical site infection among obese women undergoing cesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study-phase III. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2022, 12-05, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cellulitis; Cephalexin; Cesarea	2022
Effectiveness of postoperative oral administration of cephalexin and metronidazole on surgical site infection among obese women undergoing cesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study-phase III. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2022, 12-05, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cellulitis; Cephalexin; Cesarea	2022
Effectiveness of postoperative oral administration of cephalexin and metronidazole on surgical site infection among obese women undergoing cesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study-phase III. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2022, 12-05, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cellulitis; Cephalexin; Cesarea	2022
Comparison of Short Course Versus Long Course Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Caesarean Section: A Randomised Controlled Trial. West African journal of medicine, 2021, Apr-23, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Preg	2021
Evaluating the efficacy of nitazoxanide in uncomplicated amebic liver abscess. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, 2021, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Topics: Female; Humans; Lactation; Liver Abscess, Amebic; Metronidazole; Nitro Compounds; Pregnancy; Thiazol	2021
Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce pelvic infection in women having miscarriage surgery - The AIMS (Antibiotics in Miscarriage Surgery) trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2018, Apr-23, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Pr	2018
Association between preterm delivery and bacterial vaginosis with or without treatment. Scientific reports, 2019, 01-24, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prematur	2019
A Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Antibiotics for Miscarriage Surgery. The New England journal of medicine, 2019, 03-14, Volume: 380, Issue:11 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Antibiot	2019
Single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania: a randomized, equivalence, controlled trial. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2013, May-31, Volume: 13 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Drug	2013
Comparison of short versus long term antibiotic prophylaxis in elective caesarean section at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2013, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Cloxacillin; Drug Admin	2013
Single-dose compared with multiple day antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section in low-resource settings, a randomized controlled, noninferiority trial. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2015, Volume: 94, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Confidence Intervals; Devel	2015
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis. Sexually transmitted diseases, 2015, Volume: 42, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Met	2015
Comparison of ceftriaxone versus triple drug regimen in the prevention of cesarean section infectious morbidities. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2008, Volume: 21, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Ceftriaxone; Cesarean Section; Clo	2008
Effect of oral N-acetyl cysteine on recurrent preterm labor following treatment for bacterial vaginosis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2009, Volume: 104, Issue:1 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Femal	2009
Quantitative fetal fibronectin screening in asymptomatic high-risk patients and the spectrum of risk for recurrent preterm delivery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2009, Volume: 200, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Fetal Blood; Fibronectins; Gestational Age; Humans; Kaplan-Mei	2009
Fertility intentions of HIV-1 infected and uninfected women in Malawi: a longitudinal study. AIDS and behavior, 2009, Volume: 13 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Family Planning Services; Female; Fertility; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Hu	2009
Helicobacter pylori and hyperemesis gravidarum. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2009, Volume: 106, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylor	2009
Comparison of oral and vaginal metronidazole for treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: impact on fastidious bacteria. BMC infectious diseases, 2009, Jun-10, Volume: 9 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Female;	2009
Changes in the vaginal microenvironment with metronidazole treatment for bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. Journal of women's health (2002), 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:11 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Me	2009
Treatment of trichomoniasis in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa does not appear to be associated with low birth weight or preterm birth. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 2010, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-Infective Agents; Cohort Studies; Erythromycin; Female; Huma	2010
Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in pregnant patients with bacterial vaginosis. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2011, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Area Under Curve; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chrom	2011
Are antibiotics necessary after 48 hours of improvement in infected/septic abortions? A randomized controlled trial followed by a cohort study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2011, Volume: 204, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Septic; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Cohort Studies; D	2011
Influence of early self-diagnosis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis on preterm birth rate. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2012, Volume: 117, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Female; Gentian Violet; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Conc	2012
Efficacy of single dose of gentamicin in combination with metronidazole versus multiple doses for prevention of post-caesarean infection: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 2012, Jun-21, Volume: 13 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug	2012
Randomized clinical trial of metronidazole plus erythromycin to prevent spontaneous preterm delivery in fetal fibronectin-positive women. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2003, Volume: 101, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enzyme-Linked Immuno	2003
Choice of antibiotics for infection prophylaxis in emergency cesarean sections in low-income countries: a cost-benefit study in Mozambique. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2003, Volume: 82, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administration Schedule	2003
Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2003, Volume: 102, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Cytokines; Dose-Response Rela	2003
Periodontal disease and preterm birth: results of a pilot intervention study. Journal of periodontology, 2003, Volume: 74, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Dental Scaling; Double-Blind Method; Feasibility Studies; Female; Huma	2003
Cefazolin versus cefazolin plus metronidazole for antibiotic prophylaxis at cesarean section. Southern medical journal, 2003, Volume: 96, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cefazolin; Cesarean Sec	2003
Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2003, Volume: 189, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Birth Rate; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant Morta	2003
Time course of the regression of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with and without treatment. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2004, Volume: 190, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Inf	2004
Randomised treatment trial of bacterial vaginosis to prevent post-abortion complication. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2004, Volume: 111, Issue:9 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Double-Blind Method; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2004
Spontaneous resolution of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2005, Volume: 105, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Double-Blind Method; Fema	2005
Routine use of antimicrobials by pregnant Indian women does not improve birth outcome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 2005, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Birth Weight; Cephalexin; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Gestationa	2005
A randomised controlled trial of metronidazole for the prevention of preterm birth in women positive for cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin: the PREMET Study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2006, Volume: 113, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Biomarkers; Birth Weight; Cervix Uteri; Double-B	2006
Interconceptional antibiotics to prevent spontaneous preterm birth: a randomized clinical trial. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2006, Volume: 194, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Prec	2006
A phase III clinical trial of antibiotics to reduce chorioamnionitis-related perinatal HIV-1 transmission. AIDS (London, England), 2006, Jun-12, Volume: 20, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chorioamnionitis; Developing Countries; Disease-Free Survival; Double-	2006
Clinical trial of interconceptional antibiotics to prevent preterm birth: subgroup analyses and possible adverse antibiotic-microbial interaction. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2007, Volume: 197, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Bacterial Infections; Double-Bli	2007
The relationship between resolution of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and spontaneous preterm birth in fetal fibronectin-positive women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2007, Volume: 197, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Comorbidity; Female; Fibronectins; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; P	2007
Treatment options for bacterial vaginosis in patients at high risk of preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2007, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Femal	2007
[Perioperative short-term prevention of puerperal infections following cesarean section with metronidazole]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1984, Volume: 44, Issue:9 Topics: Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Preg	1984
Trichomonas infection in pregnancy--does it affect perinatal outcome? South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1983, Apr-09, Volume: 63, Issue:15 Topics: Antitrichomonal Agents; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Pre	1983
Prophylactic metronidazole in appendicectomy: a controlled trial. The British journal of surgery, 1980, Volume: 67, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Appendectomy; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1980
The prophylactic use of metronidazole in caesarean section. The New Zealand medical journal, 1980, Aug-27, Volume: 92, Issue:666 Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Human	1980
Prophylactic and antimicrobial therapy using lincomycin in patients undergoing emergency caesarean section. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1981, Jun-13, Volume: 59, Issue:25 Topics: Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Lincom	1981
[Perioperative metronidazole-prophylaxis for cesarian section (author's transl]. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Perinatologie, 1980, Volume: 184, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Endometritis; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Surgical Wound Infe	1980
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin	1995
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin	1995
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin	1995
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin	1995
Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a comparison of oral metronidazole, metronidazole vaginal gel, and clindamycin vaginal cream. The Journal of family practice, 1995, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candid	1995
Ampicillin and metronidazole treatment in preterm labour: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1994, Volume: 101, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Birth Weight; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Metroni	1994
[Antibiotic prophylaxis in a priori cesarean sections without a high risk of infection. Experiences of a Tunisian maternity department]. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction, 1994, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephapirin; Cesarean Section; Drug Costs; Escherichia coli Infections;	1994
Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and efficacy of short-course oral metronidazole treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1994, Volume: 84, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up St	1994
Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1994, Volume: 171, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inf	1994
A prospective randomized study comparing amoxycillin/clavulanate with cefuroxime plus metronidazole for perioperative prophylaxis in gynaecological surgery. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 1993, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Bacterial Infections; Cefuroxime;	1993
Randomized study of antibiotic prophylaxis for general and gynaecological surgery from a single centre in rural Africa. The British journal of surgery, 1996, Volume: 83, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cesarean Section; Drug Therapy, Combina	1996
Ampicillin-metronidazole treatment in idiopathic preterm labour: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1997, Volume: 104, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Ampicillin; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Ges	1997
Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1997, Volume: 104, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Antitrichomonal Agents; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Humans; Metronidazole; Obstetric Labor	1997
A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1998, Volume: 105, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Administration, Intravaginal; Administration, Oral; Animals; Antitricho	1998
A randomised comparison of strategies for reducing infective complications of induced abortion. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1998, Volume: 105, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Age Distribution; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cost of I	1998
Single or triple dose piperacillin prophylaxis in elective cesarean section. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1998, Volume: 62, Issue:1 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Cephalosporins; Cephradine; Cesarean Section; Drug Ad	1998
Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. The New England journal of medicine, 2000, Feb-24, Volume: 342, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Disease-Free Survival; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Ne	2000
[Therapeutic regimens for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1999, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective A	1999
Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent post-abortal upper genital tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis: randomised controlled trial. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2001, Volume: 108, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Administration, Intravaginal; Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Animals; Anti-Bacter	2001
Metronidazole treatment of women with a positive fetal fibronectin test result. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2001, Volume: 185, Issue:2 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Cervix Uteri; Female; Fibronectins; Gestational Age; Glycoproteins; Humans; M	2001
Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. The New England journal of medicine, 2001, Aug-16, Volume: 345, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant,	2001
Adjunctive intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2001, Volume: 98, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; E	2001
Randomized trial of presumptive sexually transmitted disease therapy during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2001, Volume: 185, Issue:5 Topics: Azithromycin; Birth Weight; Cefixime; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endophthalmitis; Female; Folic Acid	2001
[Klion D - possibilities of prophylaxis and treatment during pregnancy]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 2001, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cerclage, Cervical; Drug Therapy, Comb	2001
Preterm labour--is bacterial vaginosis involved? South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 2002, Volume: 92, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Gestational Age; Gravidity; Humans; Metronidazole; Obstetric L	2002
Drug treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clinics in gastroenterology, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antidiarrheals; Azathio	1979
Metronidazole compared with penicillin in the treatment of acute dental infections. The British journal of oral surgery, 1977, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Female; Focal Infection, Den	1977
An evaluation of metronidazole in the prophylaxis of anaerobic infections in obstetrical patients. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 1978, Volume: 4 Suppl C Topics: Anaerobiosis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnanc	1978
Metronidazole in the prevention and treatment of anaerobic sepsis. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. Supplementum, 1979, Issue:19 Topics: Administration, Oral; Appendectomy; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Colectomy; Double-Bl	1979
Metronidazole in the prevention and treatment of anaerobic sepsis. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, 1979, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Anaerobiosis; Appendectomy; Bacterial Infections; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Colon;	1979
Prevention of postcesarean infectious morbidity with a single dose of intravenous metronidazole. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1991, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Endometritis; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Metronidazole; Postop	1991
Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1992, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Pt 1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Metronida	1992
Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1992, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Pt 1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Metronida	1992
Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1992, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Pt 1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Metronida	1992
Incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease after first-trimester legal abortion in women with bacterial vaginosis after treatment with metronidazole: a double-blind, randomized study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1992, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Pt 1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Metronida	1992
Prophylactic short course rectal metronidazole for cesarean section. A double-blind controlled trial of a simple low cost regimen. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1989, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infection Co	1989
[Follow-up and wound healing following cesarean section with prophylactic use of Vagimid in comparison with the puerperal course without the use of Vagimid]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie, 1989, Volume: 111, Issue:7 Topics: Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy; Prospective St	1989
Single dose prophylactic antibiotics in caesarean sections. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 1989, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Maternal Age; Metronidazol	1989
Factors predicting abnormal hysterosalpingographic findings in patients treated for acute pelvic inflammatory disease. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1985, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Amoxicillin; Chlamydia Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Doxyc	1985
Comparison of preventive use of metronidazole and ampicillin in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease undergoing first-trimester abortion. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1986, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Ampicillin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;	1986
[Comparative double-blind study of intravenous metronidazole versus placebo in preventing infection after cesarean section]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1988, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;	1988
Prophylactic antibiotics in women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease undergoing first-trimester abortion. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 1987, Volume: 66, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Hum	1987
Metronidazole prophylaxis in elective first trimester abortion. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1985, Volume: 65, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind M	1985
[Comparative clinical study between Rocephin (Roche) and doxycycline, amoxycillin, erythromycin and amoxycillin + metronidazole combination in gynecology]. Gynakologische Rundschau, 1985, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Abscess; Adult; Aged; Amoxicillin; Breast Diseases; Cefotaxime; Ceftriaxone; Clinical Trials as Topi	1985
[Therapy of combined vaginal infections with Trichomonas vaginalis and Blastomycetes. A controlled double-blind comparison of Metronidazole and Clotrimazole]. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 1974, Volume: 34, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antifungal Agents; Benz	1974
[Treatment of trichomoniasis during puerperium]. Wiadomosci parazytologiczne, 1969, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Antitrichomonal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Tolerance; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Pre	1969
Trichomonas vaginalis. V. Further observations on metronidazole (Flagyl) (including infant follow-up). American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1965, Oct-15, Volume: 93, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Fe	1965
Leucorrhoea due to Trichomonas vaginalis--clinical trial with hamycin. Hindustan antibiotics bulletin, 1966, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Arsenicals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Leukorrh	1966
[The use of a new drug (Deflamon) in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis]. Minerva ginecologica, 1968, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Muramidase; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Trichomon	1968

metronidazole and Pregnancy