metronidazole and Giardiasis studies

Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.
metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.

Giardiasis: An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"This study compares the efficacy and safety of ABZ versus metronidazole (MTZ) in human giardiasis."	9.16	Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. ( Brito, K; Cañete, R; Guilhem, D; Mesa, L; Novaes, MR; Prior, A; Rodríguez, P, 2012)
"We examined the therapeutic effects of albendazole compared to metronidazole in 120 patients with giardiasis in Hamdan."	9.12	Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of patients with giardiasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. ( Alizadeh, A; Bodaghi, M; Kashani, KM; Ranjbar, M; Taheri, MM, 2006)
"To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of albendazole and metranidazole treatment in giardiasis."	9.11	Albendazole versus metronidazole treatment of adult giardiasis: An open randomized clinical study. ( Arinc, H; Celebi, H; Gunduz, H; Karabay, O; Kayas, D; Tamer, A, 2004)
"The efficacy of albendazole for the treatment of giardiasis has been indicated by previous in-vitro and in-vivo studies."	9.11	Albendazole as an alternative therapeutic agent for childhood giardiasis in Turkey. ( Balcioğlu, IC; Ertan, P; Limoncu, E; Onağ, A; Yereli, K, 2004)
"This study was designed to compare the treatment efficacy of single dose of ornidazole with 5 d treatments of ornidazole and metronidazole in children with giardiasis."	9.10	Giardiasis treatment in Turkish children with a single dose of ornidazole. ( Balcioglu, IC; Degerli, K; Ertan, P; Kurt, O; Ok, UZ; Onag, A; Ozbilgin, A; Tamay, AT; Yereli, K, 2002)
"To compare the efficacy of the two drugs in the treatment of giardiasis, 146 children (aged 5-15 years) with confirmed Giardia lamblia infection were randomly allotted to treatment with mebendazole (200 mg three times daily for 3 days) or secnidazole (30 mg/kg, in a single dose)."	9.10	A randomized trial comparing mebendazole and secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis. ( Almirall, P; Cañete, R; Cimerman, S; Escobedo, AA; Gonzalez, ME; Pareja, A, 2003)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta-2m) and neopterin (NPT) in in patients with giardiasis."	9.09	Beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin in patients with giardiasis. ( Czarnowski, D; Prokopowicz, D; Wiercińska-Drapało, A, 2000)
"A 3-day course of nitazoxanide suspension is as efficacious as a standard 5-day course of metronidazole suspension in treating giardiasis in children."	9.09	Randomized clinical study of nitazoxanide compared to metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children from Northern Peru. ( Ayoub, A; Chegne, NL; Favennec, L; Gargala, G; Ortiz, JJ, 2001)
" In an open, randomized parallel group study, the safety and efficacy of albendazole was compared with that of metronidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in children."	9.08	A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in giardiasis. ( Agarwal, V; Jagota, SC; Kumar, A; Misra, PK, 1995)
" In an open, randomized parallel group study, the safety and efficacy of albendazole was compared with metronidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in children."	9.08	A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. ( Agarwal, V; Jagota, SC; Kumar, A; Misra, PK, 1995)
"Twenty patients with intestinal giardiasis, already resistant to 3-5 previous courses of oral metronidazole, were randomly distributed into 2 different groups: 10 subjects were given oral albendazole (440 mg/two times per day for 7 days) and 10 were submitted to the association of albendazole (400 mg/two times per day for 7 days) plus metronidazole (250 mg/three times per day for 7 days)."	9.08	[Synergic effect of albendazole plus metronidazole association in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis]. ( Bonaccorso, V; Bonforte, S; Brancati, G; Cacopardo, B; Di Paola, O; Patamia, I, 1995)
"The efficacy of single-dose ornidazole versus seven days metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis was tested in a randomized study of 75 Kibbutzim children in Israel."	9.07	Single-dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in Kibbutzim children in Israel. ( Ephros, M; Oren, B; Raz, R; Schgurensky, E; Tamir, I, 1991)
"One hundred children were entered into a randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of furazolidone and metronidazole when given in liquid suspension for treatment of giardiasis."	9.06	Furazolidone and metronidazole for treatment of giardiasis in children. ( Quiros-Buelna, E, 1989)
"50 patients with giardiasis were treated with either metronidazole or tinidazole in random order according to a code."	9.05	Treatment of giardiasis: relative efficacy of metronidazole as compared with tinidazole. ( Kyrönseppä, H; Pettersson, T, 1981)
"Furazolidone and quinacrine hydrochloride were compared for efficacy, toxicity, and ease of administration in 45 young children with giardiasis."	9.05	Furazolidone and quinacrine. Comparative study of therapy for giardiasis in children. ( Craft, JC; Murphy, T; Nelson, JD, 1981)
"One hundred children suffering from symptomatic giardiasis were treated with either tinidazole or metronidazole in random order."	9.04	Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. ( Banerjee, M; Gazder, AJ, 1977)
"Sixty patients with parasitologically confirmed giardiasis were treated with metronidazole using four different regimens administered to four groups of 15 patients each."	9.04	Comparison of four dosage schedules in the treatment of giardiasis with metronidazole. ( Jokipii, AM; Jokipii, L, 1978)
"In random order, a single dose of either tinidazole or metronidazole, calculated as 50mg/kg body weight, was given to 100 children with symptomatic giardiasis."	9.04	Single dose therapy of giardiasis with tinidazole and metronidazole. ( Banerjee, M; Gazder, AJ, 1978)
"Limited evidence exists on efficacy and tolerability of quinacrine for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis."	8.12	Quinacrine Treatment of Nitroimidazole-Refractory Giardiasis. ( Asgeirsson, H; Hellgren, U; Ydsten, KA, 2022)
"To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of secnidazole combined with high-dose mebendazole for treatment of 5-nitroimidazole-resistant giardiasis."	7.96	5-Nitroimidazole refractory giardiasis is common in Matanzas, Cuba and effectively treated by secnidazole plus high-dose mebendazole or quinacrine: a prospective observational cohort study. ( Brito, K; Cañete, R; Herrera, E; Kofoed, PE; Noda, AL; Rodríguez, M; Ursing, J, 2020)
" Inefficiency of metronidazole is commonly reported in the veterinary clinic routine in the treatment of giardiasis in dogs and cats."	7.77	Secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in naturally infected cats. ( Bertoletti, B; Brendler, S; Castro, VS; Costa, MM; Da Silva, AS; Jaques, JA; Lopes, ST; Mazzanti, CM; Monteiro, SG; Raiser, AG; Tonin, AA; Zanette, RA, 2011)
"There are several drugs available for the treatment of giardiasis in cats, including metronidazole."	7.72	Metronidazole for the treatment of feline giardiasis. ( Lappin, MR; Scorza, AV, 2004)
"A case of metronidazole- and albendazole-resistant giardiasis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was successfully treated with nitazoxanide (1."	7.71	Successful treatment of metronidazole- and albendazole-resistant giardiasis with nitazoxanide in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ( Abboud, P; Ballet, JJ; Borsa-Lebas, F; Brasseur, P; Caron, F; Favennec, L; Gargala, G; Lemée, V, 2001)
"Two of my patients have been diagnosed with giardiasis, and I would like to treat them with the drug of choice for this infection, metronidazole (Flagyl)."	7.70	Can we use metronidazole during pregnancy and breastfeeding? Putting an end to the controversy. ( Einarson, A; Ho, E; Koren, G, 2000)
"We report a case of isolated levothyroxine malabsorption in the course of chronic intestinal giardiasis, leading to severe hypothyroidism."	7.69	Chronic intestinal giardiasis with isolated levothyroxine malabsorption as reason for severe hypothyroidism--implications for localization of thyroid hormone absorption in the gut. ( Rose, F; Schlaghecke, R; Seppel, T, 1996)
"Application of a single drug for treatment of both giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthosis is highly desirable."	6.70	Comparative clinical trial of mebendazole and metronidazole in giardiasis of children. ( Alborzi, AW; Mostovfi, H; Sadjjadi, SM, 2001)
"Ornidazole or tinidazole were more effective, both of them were recommended as a drug of choice as single dose therapy, however transient increase of transaminases may occur in some cases."	6.65	Treatment of giardiasis in children with quinacrine, metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole. ( Attanath, P; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Sabchareon, A, 1980)
" A dosage of 15-25 mg/kg a day for 5 days is recommended."	6.65	Giardiasis in infancy and childhood: a prospective study of 160 cases with comparison of quinacrine (Atabrine) and metronidazole (Flagyl). ( Kavousi, S, 1979)
"Standard treatment for giardiasis is commonly with 5-nitroimidazole (5-NI) compounds, or nitazoxanide; however, some individuals experience treatment failure."	5.48	Treatment of refractory paediatric giardiasis using secnidazole plus albendazole: a case series. ( Almirall, P; Avila, I; Chirino, E; Duque, A; Escobedo, AA; Pacheco, F, 2018)
"Tinidazole (97."	5.28	Clinical profile of giardiasis and comparison of its therapeutic response to metronidazole and tinidazole. ( Gupta, AK; Kapoor, KK; Kumar, A; Nigam, P; Sarkari, NB, 1991)
" Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether Se and vitamins (A and E) applied via subcutaneous associated with secnidazole via oral exert positive effects in the antioxidant and immune systems, as well as whether prevent infections caused by protozoan and bacteria, and consequently, reduce the number of cases of diarrhea in heifers."	5.27	A prophylactic protocol to stimulate the immune response also controls infectious disease and, consequently, minimizes diarrhea in newborn heifers. ( Baldissera, MD; Bottari, NB; Crecencio, RB; Da Silva, AS; Fortuoso, BF; Machado, G; Morsch, VMM; Pereira, WAB; Ribeiro, MP; Schetinger, MRC; Secco, R; Stefani, LM; Tomasi, T; Volpato, A, 2018)
"Concurrent giardiasis is unlikely to influence metronidazole therapy for systemic anaerobic infections."	5.27	Metronidazole metabolism following oral benzoylmetronidazole suspension in children with giardiasis. ( Ali, HM; Daneshmend, TK; Homeida, MA; Kaye, CM, 1986)
"Tinidazole was more effective, produced fewer side effects, and was recommendable as the drug of choice in single-dose therapy."	5.26	Single-dose metronidazole and tinidazole as therapy for giardiasis: success rates, side effects, and drug absorption and elimination. ( Jokipii, AM; Jokipii, L, 1979)
" Patients were treated with metronidazole in either conventional dosage (400 mg."	5.25	A correlative study of duodenal aspirate and faeces examination in giardiasis, before and after treatment with metronidazole. ( Lakshmipathi, T; Madanagopalan, N; Rao, UP; Somasundaram, A, 1975)
"This study compares the efficacy and safety of ABZ versus metronidazole (MTZ) in human giardiasis."	5.16	Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. ( Brito, K; Cañete, R; Guilhem, D; Mesa, L; Novaes, MR; Prior, A; Rodríguez, P, 2012)
"After an epidemic of giardiasis, some patients experienced persisting abdominal symptoms despite becoming Giardia-negative in stool samples after metronidazole treatment."	5.13	Effects of albendazole/metronidazole or tetracycline/folate treatments on persisting symptoms after Giardia infection: a randomized open clinical trial. ( Eide, GE; Hanevik, K; Hausken, T; Langeland, N; Mørch, K, 2008)
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of giardiasis treatment on hematological indices in children in the Khuzestan area by comparing these indices before and after treatment with metronidazole."	5.13	Comparison of iron and hematological indices in Giardia lamblia infection before and after treatment in 102 children in Ahwaz, Iran. ( Monajemzadeh, M; Monajemzadeh, SM, 2008)
"We examined the therapeutic effects of albendazole compared to metronidazole in 120 patients with giardiasis in Hamdan."	5.12	Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of patients with giardiasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. ( Alizadeh, A; Bodaghi, M; Kashani, KM; Ranjbar, M; Taheri, MM, 2006)
"To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of albendazole and metranidazole treatment in giardiasis."	5.11	Albendazole versus metronidazole treatment of adult giardiasis: An open randomized clinical study. ( Arinc, H; Celebi, H; Gunduz, H; Karabay, O; Kayas, D; Tamer, A, 2004)
"The efficacy of albendazole for the treatment of giardiasis has been indicated by previous in-vitro and in-vivo studies."	5.11	Albendazole as an alternative therapeutic agent for childhood giardiasis in Turkey. ( Balcioğlu, IC; Ertan, P; Limoncu, E; Onağ, A; Yereli, K, 2004)
"According to a single blind protocol, the treatment with metronidazole was ineffective in the groups with giardiasis and IBS."	5.10	Giardia lamblia infections become clinically evident by eliciting symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. ( D'Anchino, M; De Feudis, L; Orlando, D, 2002)
"This study was designed to compare the treatment efficacy of single dose of ornidazole with 5 d treatments of ornidazole and metronidazole in children with giardiasis."	5.10	Giardiasis treatment in Turkish children with a single dose of ornidazole. ( Balcioglu, IC; Degerli, K; Ertan, P; Kurt, O; Ok, UZ; Onag, A; Ozbilgin, A; Tamay, AT; Yereli, K, 2002)
"To compare the efficacy of the two drugs in the treatment of giardiasis, 146 children (aged 5-15 years) with confirmed Giardia lamblia infection were randomly allotted to treatment with mebendazole (200 mg three times daily for 3 days) or secnidazole (30 mg/kg, in a single dose)."	5.10	A randomized trial comparing mebendazole and secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis. ( Almirall, P; Cañete, R; Cimerman, S; Escobedo, AA; Gonzalez, ME; Pareja, A, 2003)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta-2m) and neopterin (NPT) in in patients with giardiasis."	5.09	Beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin in patients with giardiasis. ( Czarnowski, D; Prokopowicz, D; Wiercińska-Drapało, A, 2000)
"A 3-day course of nitazoxanide suspension is as efficacious as a standard 5-day course of metronidazole suspension in treating giardiasis in children."	5.09	Randomized clinical study of nitazoxanide compared to metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children from Northern Peru. ( Ayoub, A; Chegne, NL; Favennec, L; Gargala, G; Ortiz, JJ, 2001)
" In an open, randomized parallel group study, the safety and efficacy of albendazole was compared with that of metronidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in children."	5.08	A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in giardiasis. ( Agarwal, V; Jagota, SC; Kumar, A; Misra, PK, 1995)
" In an open, randomized parallel group study, the safety and efficacy of albendazole was compared with metronidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in children."	5.08	A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. ( Agarwal, V; Jagota, SC; Kumar, A; Misra, PK, 1995)
"Twenty patients with intestinal giardiasis, already resistant to 3-5 previous courses of oral metronidazole, were randomly distributed into 2 different groups: 10 subjects were given oral albendazole (440 mg/two times per day for 7 days) and 10 were submitted to the association of albendazole (400 mg/two times per day for 7 days) plus metronidazole (250 mg/three times per day for 7 days)."	5.08	[Synergic effect of albendazole plus metronidazole association in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis]. ( Bonaccorso, V; Bonforte, S; Brancati, G; Cacopardo, B; Di Paola, O; Patamia, I, 1995)
"The efficacy of single-dose ornidazole versus seven days metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis was tested in a randomized study of 75 Kibbutzim children in Israel."	5.07	Single-dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in Kibbutzim children in Israel. ( Ephros, M; Oren, B; Raz, R; Schgurensky, E; Tamir, I, 1991)
"One hundred children were entered into a randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of furazolidone and metronidazole when given in liquid suspension for treatment of giardiasis."	5.06	Furazolidone and metronidazole for treatment of giardiasis in children. ( Quiros-Buelna, E, 1989)
" Further research into more recent clinical isolates is necessary to uncover mechanisms for the increase in metronidazole refractory giardiasis observed during the last decade."	5.05	Giardiasis treatment: an update with a focus on refractory disease. ( Hanevik, K; Mørch, K, 2020)
"50 patients with giardiasis were treated with either metronidazole or tinidazole in random order according to a code."	5.05	Treatment of giardiasis: relative efficacy of metronidazole as compared with tinidazole. ( Kyrönseppä, H; Pettersson, T, 1981)
"Furazolidone and quinacrine hydrochloride were compared for efficacy, toxicity, and ease of administration in 45 young children with giardiasis."	5.05	Furazolidone and quinacrine. Comparative study of therapy for giardiasis in children. ( Craft, JC; Murphy, T; Nelson, JD, 1981)
"One hundred children suffering from symptomatic giardiasis were treated with either tinidazole or metronidazole in random order."	5.04	Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. ( Banerjee, M; Gazder, AJ, 1977)
"Sixty patients with parasitologically confirmed giardiasis were treated with metronidazole using four different regimens administered to four groups of 15 patients each."	5.04	Comparison of four dosage schedules in the treatment of giardiasis with metronidazole. ( Jokipii, AM; Jokipii, L, 1978)
"In random order, a single dose of either tinidazole or metronidazole, calculated as 50mg/kg body weight, was given to 100 children with symptomatic giardiasis."	5.04	Single dose therapy of giardiasis with tinidazole and metronidazole. ( Banerjee, M; Gazder, AJ, 1978)
"We provide additional evidence that single-dose tinidazole is the best available treatment for giardiasis in symptomatic and asymptomatic children and adults."	4.98	Comparative efficacy of drugs for treating giardiasis: a systematic update of the literature and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. ( Fanshawe, TR; McCarthy, ND; Ordóñez-Mena, JM, 2018)
" Albendazole has been used to treat Giardia duodenalis infections in recent years."	4.86	A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis. ( Genkinger, JM; Loffredo, CA; Singer, SM; Solaymani-Mohammadi, S, 2010)
"A single dose of tinidazole appears to give the highest clinical cure rate for giardiasis with relatively few adverse effects."	4.84	WITHDRAWN: Drugs for treating giardiasis. ( Assendelft, WJ; Mank, TH; Zaat, JO, 2007)
"A single dose of tinidazole appears to give the highest clinical cure rate for giardiasis with relatively few adverse effects."	4.80	Drugs for treating giardiasis. ( Assendelft, WJ; Mank, Th; Zaat, JO, 2000)
" Metronidazole has become the drug of choice for most cases of giardiasis because of its efficacy, favorable tolerance, and availability."	4.78	Giardiasis. Issues in diagnosis and management. ( Hill, DR, 1993)
"Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease caused by the unicellular parasite Giardia intestinalis, for which metronidazole is the main treatment option."	4.12	Giardia intestinalis thymidine kinase is a high-affinity enzyme crucial for DNA synthesis and an exploitable target for drug discovery. ( Hofer, A; Jiménez-González, A; Krakovka, S; Larsen, NB; Luján, HD; Luján, LA; Ranjbarian, F; Reggenti, A; Saura, A; Svärd, SG, 2022)
"Limited evidence exists on efficacy and tolerability of quinacrine for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis."	4.12	Quinacrine Treatment of Nitroimidazole-Refractory Giardiasis. ( Asgeirsson, H; Hellgren, U; Ydsten, KA, 2022)
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii with or without metronidazole in experimental giardiasis."	4.02	Saccharomyces boulardii as therapeutic alternative in experimental giardiasis. ( Andrade, MER; Caliari, MV; Cara Machado, DC; Cardoso, VN; Dos Santos Martins, F; Gomes, MA; Nicoli, JR; Oliveira, DR; Ribeiro, MRS, 2021)
"To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of secnidazole combined with high-dose mebendazole for treatment of 5-nitroimidazole-resistant giardiasis."	3.96	5-Nitroimidazole refractory giardiasis is common in Matanzas, Cuba and effectively treated by secnidazole plus high-dose mebendazole or quinacrine: a prospective observational cohort study. ( Brito, K; Cañete, R; Herrera, E; Kofoed, PE; Noda, AL; Rodríguez, M; Ursing, J, 2020)
"Metronidazole was found to be an effective drug for the treatment of giardiasis."	3.80	[Giardia muris infection in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and treatment with metronidazole]. ( Beyhan, YE; Hökelek, M, 2014)
" Inefficiency of metronidazole is commonly reported in the veterinary clinic routine in the treatment of giardiasis in dogs and cats."	3.77	Secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in naturally infected cats. ( Bertoletti, B; Brendler, S; Castro, VS; Costa, MM; Da Silva, AS; Jaques, JA; Lopes, ST; Mazzanti, CM; Monteiro, SG; Raiser, AG; Tonin, AA; Zanette, RA, 2011)
" Children with giardiasis received secnidazole."	3.76	Could giardiasis be a risk factor for low zinc status in schoolchildren from northwestern Mexico? A cross-sectional study with longitudinal follow-up. ( Esparza, J; Leyva, JG; Méndez, RO; Morales, GG; Quihui, L; Valencia, ME, 2010)
"Gastrointestinal complaints in patients with persistent or cleared giardiasis were unrelated to hydrogen breath excretion after lactulose challenge."	3.74	Lactulose breath test results in patients with persistent abdominal symptoms following Giardia lamblia infection. ( Berstad, A; Hausken, T; Morken, MH; Nysaeter, G; Strand, EA, 2008)
"In patients with persisting symptoms after metronidazole treated Giardia infection we commonly found chronic Giardia infection and microscopic duodenal inflammation, especially in illness duration less than 7 months."	3.74	Persisting symptoms and duodenal inflammation related to Giardia duodenalis infection. ( Coll, P; Hanevik, K; Hausken, T; Helgeland, L; Langeland, N; Morken, MH; Mørch, K; Strand, EA, 2007)
"Albendazole and quinacrine both in combination with metronidazole were effective in treating metronidazole-refractory giardiasis in this cohort."	3.74	Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway. ( Hanevik, K; Langeland, N; Mørch, K; Robertson, LJ; Strand, EA, 2008)
"There are several drugs available for the treatment of giardiasis in cats, including metronidazole."	3.72	Metronidazole for the treatment of feline giardiasis. ( Lappin, MR; Scorza, AV, 2004)
"A case of metronidazole- and albendazole-resistant giardiasis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was successfully treated with nitazoxanide (1."	3.71	Successful treatment of metronidazole- and albendazole-resistant giardiasis with nitazoxanide in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. ( Abboud, P; Ballet, JJ; Borsa-Lebas, F; Brasseur, P; Caron, F; Favennec, L; Gargala, G; Lemée, V, 2001)
"This report describes a 3-year-old child who presented with generalised oedema and hypoproteinaemia owing to giardiasis, was treated with oral metronidazole and recovered fully 10 days after therapy."	3.71	Giardiasis as the cause of oedema and hypoproteinaemia in a child. ( Harmanci, K; Ozbek, N; Ozçay, F, 2002)
"0) years) with active or past giardiasis diagnosed on the basis of microscopic examination of stool specimens or duodenal secretions--53 were newly diagnosed and untreated (group A), 50 had active infections in spite of metronidazole therapy (group B), and 38 had been successfully treated, with negative stool specimens for 1-3 years (group C)."	3.70	Ocular changes associated with Giardia lamblia infection in children. ( Ardenti Morini, F; Bulgarini, D; Corsi, A; De Risi, F; Di Iorio, L; Knafelz, D; Nucci, C; Paone, FM; Polito, A, 1998)
"Two of my patients have been diagnosed with giardiasis, and I would like to treat them with the drug of choice for this infection, metronidazole (Flagyl)."	3.70	Can we use metronidazole during pregnancy and breastfeeding? Putting an end to the controversy. ( Einarson, A; Ho, E; Koren, G, 2000)
"Two Giardia isolates were axenised in vitro after recovery by duodenal aspiration from a man with hypo-gamma globulinaemia and chronic giardiasis, before and after three unsuccessful courses of metronidazole."	3.69	Phenotypic and genotypic variation in Giardia lamblia isolates during chronic infection. ( Alstead, EM; Butcher, PD; Carnaby, S; Cevallos, AM; Farthing, MJ; Swarbrick, ET, 1994)
"We report a case of isolated levothyroxine malabsorption in the course of chronic intestinal giardiasis, leading to severe hypothyroidism."	3.69	Chronic intestinal giardiasis with isolated levothyroxine malabsorption as reason for severe hypothyroidism--implications for localization of thyroid hormone absorption in the gut. ( Rose, F; Schlaghecke, R; Seppel, T, 1996)
" Therapy with metronidazole and a high-protein diet resulted in satisfactory weight gain and cessation of the diarrhea."	3.68	Weanling diarrhea: a case report. ( Bulux, J; Molina, S; Solomons, NW, 1990)
"Therapeutic effects of metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tricolam 500) and chlorhydrate of quinacrine in a study of 106 children with symptomatic giardiasis are compared."	3.67	[Therapeutic results in Giardia lamblia infestation]. ( Brines Solanes, J; Codoñer Franch, P; García Vila, A; Martínez Costa, C, 1988)
" Giardia lamblia were found in nine patients and 15 patients responded to an empirical course of either metronidazole or tinidazole, without a positive diagnosis of giardiasis being made."	3.66	A prospective study of persistent diarrhoea. ( Bolin, TD; Davis, AE; Duncombe, VM, 1982)
"Chromosome studies were performed in bone-marrow cells from thirty nine patients with hepatic or intestinal amibiasis, and/or giardiasis, who had been treated with metronidazole during ten days."	3.66	Chromosome studies of bone marrow cells from metronidazole-treated patients. ( Armendares, S; Castaneda, G; Del C Santillan, M; Farfan, J; Munoz, O; Salamanca-Gomez, F, 1980)
") with chronic symptomatic Giardiasis despite seven separate courses of either quinacrine or metronidazole who was cured by combined quinacrine and metronidazole."	3.66	Chronic giardiasis: studies on drug sensitivity, toxin production, and host immune response. ( Gillin, FD; Nash, TE; Smith, PD; Spira, WM, 1982)
"Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of metronidazole after single dose therapy were investigated in patients with giardiasis."	3.66	Absorption and excretion of metronidazole after administration of metronidazole benzoate mixture. ( Alestig, K; Arnold, E; Freij, L, 1980)
"Tinidazole, a synthetic imidazole derivative, has been used in the oral treatment of several protozoal infections - trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis."	3.65	Tinidazole: a review of its antiprotozoal activity and therapeutic efficacy. ( Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Pinder, RM; Sawyer, PR; Speight, TM, 1976)
"Giardiasis is one of the most common human protozoal infections worldwide."	2.82	Treatment strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a systematic review. ( Bourque, DL; Chen, LH; Libman, M; Neumayr, A, 2022)
"The treatment of Giardiasis is unsuccessful in some cases."	2.79	Clinical and diagnostic features and treatment of giardiasis. ( Alshinbekova, GK; Begaydorova, RKh; Iukhnevich, EA; Nasakaeva, GE; Tabagari, SI, 2014)
"Metronidazole-treated patients became 100% parasite free."	2.71	Serum cytokine changes in Turkish children infected with Giardia lamblia with and without allergy: Effect of metronidazole treatment. ( Bayraktar, MR; Durmaz, R; Mehmet, N, 2005)
"Application of a single drug for treatment of both giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthosis is highly desirable."	2.70	Comparative clinical trial of mebendazole and metronidazole in giardiasis of children. ( Alborzi, AW; Mostovfi, H; Sadjjadi, SM, 2001)
" The trials suffered from unclear methods, variability in study populations and total dosage of medication used, inaccuracy in determining outcomes, and inadequate sample sizes."	2.65	Issues in clinical parasitology: the treatment of giardiasis. ( Davidson, RA, 1984)
"Ornidazole or tinidazole were more effective, both of them were recommended as a drug of choice as single dose therapy, however transient increase of transaminases may occur in some cases."	2.65	Treatment of giardiasis in children with quinacrine, metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole. ( Attanath, P; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Sabchareon, A, 1980)
" A dosage of 15-25 mg/kg a day for 5 days is recommended."	2.65	Giardiasis in infancy and childhood: a prospective study of 160 cases with comparison of quinacrine (Atabrine) and metronidazole (Flagyl). ( Kavousi, S, 1979)
"Giardiasis is an important cause of waterborne and foodborne diarrhea, daycare center outbreaks, and traveler's diarrhea."	2.61	Giardiasis: An Overview. ( Kam, JKM; Leung, AAM; Leung, AKC; Sergi, CM; Wong, AHC, 2019)
"Giardiasis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide and 5-nitroimidazoles (5-NI) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of giardiasis."	2.50	Efficacy of 5-nitroimidazoles for the treatment of giardiasis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. ( Deshpande, A; Escobedo, AA; Hernandez, AV; Pasupuleti, V; Roman, Y; Thota, P, 2014)
"Metronidazole is a treatment of choice for several types of infections, but coexisting conditions or concomitant medications may preclude its use."	2.48	What would we do without metronidazole? ( Gandy, CL; Henderson, H; Riche, DM; Stover, KR, 2012)
"Albendazole probably has fewer side effects than metronidazole (gastrointestinal side effects: RR 0."	2.48	Drugs for treating giardiasis. ( Criollo, CP; Granados, CE; Reveiz, L; Uribe, LG, 2012)
"Recently, giardiasis was included in the 'Neglected Disease Initiative', estimating that 280 million people are infected each year with G."	2.46	Giardiasis in the post genomic era: treatment, drug resistance and novel therapeutic perspectives. ( Lalle, M, 2010)
"Giardiasis is not a rare infectious disease among the Japanese; therefore it should be taken into consideration in evaluating enteritis."	2.44	[Investigation of the Giardia lamblia infection rate using whole gut lavage fluid]. ( Iishi, H; Ishiguro, S; Ishikawa, H; Kawano, A; Otani, T; Yamamoto, T, 2008)
"Metronidazole is the treatment of choice, but benzimidazoles are now being used more frequently."	2.41	Antigiardial drugs. ( Harris, JC; Lloyd, D; Plummer, S, 2001)
"Metronidazole treatment over more than 3 days seems to achieve a better parasitological cure rate than other long treatment courses (pooled odds 2."	2.40	A systematic review on the treatment of giardiasis. ( Assendelft, WJ; Mank, TG; Zaat, JO, 1997)
"The synovitis subsided with treatment of the giardiasis, one with cefuroxime and the other with cefuroxime and metronidazole."	2.40	Synovitis secondary to giardiasis in children. ( Davidson, D; Lalonde, F; Letts, M, 1998)
"Giardiasis is the intestinal infection resulting from infestation with the human parasite Giardia intestinalis, also called Giardia lamblia."	2.40	Review article: the management of Giardiasis. ( Peterson, WL; Vesy, CJ, 1999)
"Three drugs have been advocated for the treatment of giardiasis; furazolidone (Furoxone), metronidazole (Flagyl), and quinacrine (Atabrine)."	2.36	Treatment of giardiasis: literature review and recommendations. ( Lerman, SJ; Walker, RA, 1982)
"Giardiasis is an intestinal protozoal disease caused by Giardia lamblia (G."	1.91	The impact of L-citrulline on murine intestinal cell integrity, immune response, and arginine metabolism in the face of Giardia lamblia infection. ( Ibrahim, FM; Nasef, NA; Saad, AE; Zoghroban, HS, 2023)
"Current treatments for giardiasis include drugs with undesirable side effects, which increase the levels of therapeutic desertion and promote drug resistance in the parasites."	1.62	Discovery of Benzopyrrolizidines as Promising Antigiardiasic Agents. ( Auriostigue-Bautista, JC; Castillo-Villanueva, A; Figueroa-Romero, JL; González-Calderón, D; Hernández-Vázquez, E; Martínez-Gordillo, M; Miranda, LD; Oria-Hernández, J; Ponce-Macotela, M; Reyes-Vivas, H; Rufino-González, Y; Torres-Arroyo, A, 2021)
"Giardiasis is a gastrointestinal parasitosis that has a great public health impact."	1.62	[Giardiasis in a paediatric population of the province of castellon. Clinical details and impact]. ( Aleixandre-Górriz, I; Gregori-Roig, P; Pérez-Olaso, O; Real-Fernández, A; Sánchez-Thevenet, P; Saura-Carretero, Z; Villanueva-Alarcón, M, 2021)
"Herein, we report a case of paragonimiasis in a Malaysian man who presented with incidental findings from chest radiographs."	1.56	First case report of paragonimiasis in a Malaysian man. ( Amir, A; Kukreja, A; Mahmud, R; Ponnampalavanar, S, 2020)
"Secnidazole is an efficacious, low-cost medication used for the treatment of giardiosis in humans and has the advantage of requiring only a single oral dose."	1.51	Successful use of secnidazole to manage a giardiosis outbreak in a shelter. ( Cheung, W; Maher, S; Malik, R; Russo, C; Šlapeta, J, 2019)
"Drug metronidazole was used as a negative control."	1.48	Effect of Piper betle on Giardia intestinalis infection in vivo. ( Doležal, K; Foitová, I; Kváč, M; Květoňová, D; Nurcahyo, W; Pecková, R; Sak, B, 2018)
"Treated with metronidazole, 500 mg twice daily for 6 days the patient reduced diarrhea after few days."	1.48	Improving basic skills in celiac-like disease diagnosis: a case report. ( Annibale, B; Antonelli, G; Coluccio, C; Corleto, VD; Di Cerbo, A; Di Marino, VP; Galli, G; Uccini, S, 2018)
"Standard treatment for giardiasis is commonly with 5-nitroimidazole (5-NI) compounds, or nitazoxanide; however, some individuals experience treatment failure."	1.48	Treatment of refractory paediatric giardiasis using secnidazole plus albendazole: a case series. ( Almirall, P; Avila, I; Chirino, E; Duque, A; Escobedo, AA; Pacheco, F, 2018)
"Chronic giardiasis is a rare and enigmatic disease that presents with many symptoms similar to chronic gastrointestinal disorders (e."	1.40	An adolescent with chronic giardiasis mimicking anorexia nervosa. ( Thomas Iv, LJ; Tosh, AK; Zweig, AP, 2014)
"Giardiasis is a severe intestinal parasitic disease caused by Giardia lamblia, which inflicts many people in poor regions and is the most common parasitic infection in the United States."	1.40	Discovery of novel antigiardiasis drug candidates. ( Chen, CZ; Galkin, A; Herzberg, O; Kulakova, L; Marugan, JJ; Southall, N; Zheng, W, 2014)
"Giardiasis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide."	1.39	A reprofiled drug, auranofin, is effective against metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia. ( Debnath, A; Eckmann, L; Gut, J; Leitsch, D; McKerrow, JH; Miyamoto, Y; Reed, SL; Santini, J; Tejman-Yarden, N, 2013)
"Giardiasis is a disease of gut, which is caused by the non-invasive (it does not pass the gut/blood barrier) protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia."	1.39	[Giardia lamblia as a rare cause of reactive arthritis]. ( Krol, A, 2013)
"Although giardiasis is rare, its histopathological and serological picture may resemble that of CD."	1.38	Celiac disease and giardiasis: a case report. ( Bohr, J; Edling, L; Eriksson, S; Rathsman, S, 2012)
"One of the cases was diagnosed as food poisoning, a second as a case of hypovolemic shock and the third also as a hypovolemic shock, though also considered to have sepsis and the last, a case of acute exacerbation of asthmatic attack."	1.36	Unusual presentations of Giardia lamblia; a report of four cases. ( Igbodo, C; Obidike, EO, 2010)
"Giardia infection is difficult to recognize on clinical grounds alone."	1.34	[The Giardia epidemic in 2004 and out-of-hours service in Bergen]. ( Damsgaard, E; Steen, K, 2007)
"Anterior necrotizing scleritis is a rare but potentially devastating complication of ocular surgery that most often occurs after cataract surgery in elderly patients who may have an underlying systemic autoimmune condition(1) or, less likely, an infectious cause."	1.34	Anterior necrotizing scleritis after strabismus surgery in a child. ( Blaikie, AJ; Gole, GA; Kearney, FM, 2007)
"Treatment with metronidazole per os or tinidazole per os was successful; the pruritic symptoms in one patient improved markedly."	1.33	[Giardia lamblia--cause of urticaria and pruritus or accidental association?]. ( Domula, E; Herrmann, J; Nenoff, P; Willing, U, 2006)
"Giardiasis is an infestation caused by a protozoo and may cause a malabsorption syndrome or run in a subclinic way."	1.33	Association between Whipple's disease and Giardia lamblia infection. ( Aparicio Duque, R; Gil Ruiz, JA; Gil Simón, P; Mayor Jerez, JL, 2005)
"Acute infectious lymphocytosis is characterized by marked peripheral blood lymphocytosis, often associated with a mild, nonspecific febrile illness."	1.31	[Acute infectious lymphocytosis associated to Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis coinfection]. ( Arribas, JM; Escalera, GI; Fernández, GH; González De La Rosa, JB; Martín, TA; Pardilla, AI, 2001)
" Dose-response curves were constructed for each isolate for metronidazole, the most common clinically used antigiardial agent, as well as for the benzimidazole compound albendazole."	1.29	In vitro drug susceptibility of 29 isolates of Giardia duodenalis from humans as assessed by an adhesion assay. ( Farbey, MD; Reynoldson, JA; Thompson, RC, 1995)
"The high Giardia infection rates and intensities in calves of a wide age range and the clinical response to metronidazole suggest that Giardia infection contributed to the outbreaks of diarrhea."	1.29	Concurrent infections of Giardia and Cryptosporidium on two Ohio farms with calf diarrhea. ( Herd, RP; Rings, DM; Xiao, L, 1993)
"Tinidazole (97."	1.28	Clinical profile of giardiasis and comparison of its therapeutic response to metronidazole and tinidazole. ( Gupta, AK; Kapoor, KK; Kumar, A; Nigam, P; Sarkari, NB, 1991)
"The giardiasis was eventually controlled by initial metronidazole and subsequent mepacrine therapy, but side effects necessitated the withdrawal of both of these drugs."	1.28	Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. A case report. ( Girdwood, AH; Marks, IN; Price, SK; Ress, SR; Ruttenberg, D, 1990)
"The mean prepatent period for Giardia infection in 7 cats was 9."	1.27	Feline giardiasis: observations on natural and induced infections. ( Farrell, JP; Kirkpatrick, CE, 1984)
"We conclude that giardiasis is frequently a chronic disease in our population with symptoms lasting years."	1.27	Giardiasis as a chronic disease. ( Chester, AC; MacMurray, FG; Mann, O; Restifo, MD, 1985)
"Praziquantel administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight/day for 14 days eliminated a fluke infection in a red-billed toucan."	1.27	Treatment of flukes in a toucan. ( Giddings, RF, 1988)
"Giardiasis is a common infection, and many of its symptoms are similar to those of Crohn's disease."	1.27	Crohn's disease is frequently complicated by giardiasis. ( Kruis, W; Lamina, J; Paumgartner, G; Scheurlen, C; Spengler, U; Weinzierl, M, 1988)
"Whether to treat asymptomatic giardiasis is debatable."	1.27	Giardiasis. A crimp in the life-style of campers, travelers, and others. ( Holtan, NR, 1988)
"Concurrent giardiasis is unlikely to influence metronidazole therapy for systemic anaerobic infections."	1.27	Metronidazole metabolism following oral benzoylmetronidazole suspension in children with giardiasis. ( Ali, HM; Daneshmend, TK; Homeida, MA; Kaye, CM, 1986)
"Xylose absorption was abnormal in five of the 10 patients."	1.27	Iron malabsorption in giardiasis. ( Acampora, A; Cucchiara, S; De Vizia, B; Poggi, V; Vajro, P, 1985)
"Giardia infection was believed responsible for chronic diarrhea, weight loss, lethargy, inappetence, and dermatitis in a 4-year-old Thoroughbred horse."	1.27	Giardiasis in a horse. ( Kirkpatrick, CE; Skand, DL, 1985)
"Tinidazole is a very promising drug, being effective in single dosage with infrequent side effects."	1.26	The treatment of giardiasis. ( Mendelson, RM, 1980)
"Giardiasis has been reported increasingly among visitors to the Soviet Union and is found at epidemic and endemic levels in the United States."	1.26	Giardiasis: a common cause of diarrheal disease. ( Amin, N, 1979)
"Tinidazole was more effective, produced fewer side effects, and was recommendable as the drug of choice in single-dose therapy."	1.26	Single-dose metronidazole and tinidazole as therapy for giardiasis: success rates, side effects, and drug absorption and elimination. ( Jokipii, AM; Jokipii, L, 1979)
"Epidemic Giardia lamblia infection has usually been associated with contaminated water."	1.26	Giardia lamblia infection in homosexual men. ( Holmes, KK; Kuharic, HA; Meyers, JD, 1977)
" Patients were treated with metronidazole in either conventional dosage (400 mg."	1.25	A correlative study of duodenal aspirate and faeces examination in giardiasis, before and after treatment with metronidazole. ( Lakshmipathi, T; Madanagopalan, N; Rao, UP; Somasundaram, A, 1975)
"The recent near-epidemic incidence of Giardia lamblia infection in visitors to the Soviet Union illustrates the importance of this intestinal flagellate as a cause of diarrhea in travelers worldwide."	1.25	Giardiasis. ( Wolfe, MS, 1975)
"Giardiasis is still regularly encountered in the United States, both as endemic cases from the local community as well as in patients returning from travel abroad."	1.25	Giardiasis in childhood. ( Burke, JA, 1975)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	213 (50.71)	18.7374
1990's	62 (14.76)	18.2507
2000's	71 (16.90)	29.6817
2010's	51 (12.14)	24.3611
2020's	23 (5.48)	2.80

Trial	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effects of Anti-Giardia and Antihelmintic Treatment on Infant Nutritional and Biochemical Status and Intestinal Permeability in Rural Bangladesh[NCT00607074]	410 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
Evaluation, Treatment, and Monitoring of Patients With Known or Suspected Parasitic Infection[NCT00001645]	500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	1998-10-10	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Article	Year
Anti- Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2020, 11-25, Volume: 63, Issue:22 Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Benzimidazoles; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Discovery; Drug Therapy,	2020
Giardiasis treatment: an update with a focus on refractory disease. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2020, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Benzimidazoles; Child; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance; Drug The	2020
Treatment strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a systematic review. Journal of travel medicine, 2022, Jan-17, Volume: 29, Issue:1 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Nitroimidazoles; Prospecti	2022
Nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a growing problem requiring rational solutions. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2018, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Chloroquine; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Giardia	2018
Comparative efficacy of drugs for treating giardiasis: a systematic update of the literature and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2018, 03-01, Volume: 73, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Network Meta-Ana	2018
Giardiasis: An Overview. Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery, 2019, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Asymptomatic Diseases; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Giardia; Giardiasis; Huma	2019
Efficacy of 5-nitroimidazoles for the treatment of giardiasis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug-Rela	2014
[Investigation of the Giardia lamblia infection rate using whole gut lavage fluid]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai zasshi = The Japanese journal of gastro-enterology, 2008, Volume: 105, Issue:11 Topics: Age Distribution; Aged; Animals; Colonoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Giardia lamblia; Giar	2008
Giardiasis in the post genomic era: treatment, drug resistance and novel therapeutic perspectives. Infectious disorders drug targets, 2010, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Drug Resistance; Genome, Protozoan; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Huma	2010
A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2010, May-11, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Randomized Co	2010
What would we do without metronidazole? The American journal of the medical sciences, 2012, Volume: 343, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Clostridioides difficile; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole;	2012
Drugs for treating giardiasis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012, Dec-12, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Giardiasis; Humans; Mebendazole; Metronidazole; Nit	2012
Giardiasis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2003, Volume: 57, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Fluids; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Life Cycle Stages	2003
Tinidazole: from protozoa to Helicobacter pylori--the past, present and future of a nitroimidazole with peculiarities. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 2004, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antitrichomonal Agents; Clinical	2004
WITHDRAWN: Drugs for treating giardiasis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2007, Jul-18, Issue:2 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Tinidazole	2007
Giardiasis: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2007, Volume: 8, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Nit	2007
Clinical inquiries. What's the most effective treatment for giardiasis? The Journal of family practice, 2008, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Albendazole; Antinematodal Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Giardiasis; Humans; Mebendazole; Metronid	2008
The treatment of intestinal protozoan infections. The Medical clinics of North America, 1982, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Amebicides; Antimalarials; Antiprotozoal Agents; Balantidiasis; Chloroquine; Coccidiosis; Dientamoeb	1982
Giardiasis: an overview. IMJ. Illinois medical journal, 1983, Volume: 164, Issue:1 Topics: Furazolidone; Giardia; Giardiasis; Metronidazole; Quinacrine	1983
Parasitic bowel disease: three pathogens important in primary care. Postgraduate medicine, 1982, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolytica; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Metron	1982
Giardiasis. Annual review of medicine, 1980, Volume: 31 Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Parasite Egg Count; Quina	1980
Drug therapy: metronidazole. The New England journal of medicine, 1980, Nov-20, Volume: 303, Issue:21 Topics: Anaerobiosis; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Carcinogens; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Kinetics; Metr	1980
Treatment of giardiasis: literature review and recommendations. Clinical pediatrics, 1982, Volume: 21, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Child; Diarrhea; Drug Evaluation; Female; Fever; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronid	1982
Giardiasis. Taming this pervasive parasitic infection. Postgraduate medicine, 1995, Volume: 98, Issue:2 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Metronidazole; Parasite Egg Count;	1995
Abnormal abdominal CT findings in a patient with giardiasis. Resolution after treatment. Digestive diseases and sciences, 1995, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestine, Small; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Radi	1995
Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 1994, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Australia; Child; Child Day Care Centers; Child, Preschool; Giardiasis; Health Surveys; Humans; Inci	1994
Giardiasis. Issues in diagnosis and management. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 1993, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Furazolidone; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Host-Par	1993
A systematic review on the treatment of giardiasis. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 1997, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tini	1997
Synovitis secondary to giardiasis in children. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.), 1998, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cefuroxime; Cephalosporins; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Giardia l	1998
[Giardiasis]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 1999, Issue:24 Pt 2 Topics: Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metro	1999
Review article: the management of Giardiasis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 1999, Volume: 13, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metron	1999
Drugs for treating giardiasis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000, Issue:2 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Tinidazole	2000
Treatment of Giardia lamblia infections. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2001, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Feces; Furazolidone; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazo	2001
Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2001, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Entamoeba histolytica; Entamoebiasis	2001
Diagnostic advantages and therapeutic options for giardiasis. Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2001, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Female; Giardiasis; HIV Infections; Humans; Metronidazole; Pregnancy;	2001
Antigiardial drugs. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2001, Volume: 57, Issue:5-6 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Benzimidazoles; Biotechnology; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole	2001
The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 1977, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Furazolidone; Giardia; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Intestina	1977
[Lambliasis. Pathogenicity, clinical picture, diagnosis and therapy]. Medizinische Klinik, 1978, Mar-24, Volume: 73, Issue:12 Topics: Chloroquine; Diarrhea; England; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Germany; Giardia; Giardiasis; Hum	1978
Chemotherapy of human intestinal parasitic diseases. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 1978, Volume: 18 Topics: Amebiasis; Amides; Ancylostomiasis; Ascariasis; Bephenium Compounds; Cestode Infections; Emetine; Fu	1978
Giardiasis. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1979, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Body Fluids; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Duodenum; Feces; Furazolidone; Giardiasis;	1979
Giardiasis and infections with Dientamoeba fragilis. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1985, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amebiasis; Animals; Cats; Child; Child, Preschool; Dientamoeba; Dientamoebiasis; Dogs; Female	1985
Summary of recent abstracts. II. Amoebiasis and intestinal protozoal infections. Tropical diseases bulletin, 1971, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Balantidiasis; Coccidiosis; Emetine; Entamoeba; Entamoeba histolytica; Giardiasi	1971
Drug therapy. Treatment of common parasitic infections of man encountered in the United States. 2. The New England journal of medicine, 1972, Oct-05, Volume: 287, Issue:14 Topics: Amebiasis; Amebicides; Anthelmintics; Antimalarials; Antimony; Benzenesulfonates; Chloroquine; Clono	1972
Summary of recent abstracts. II. Amoebiasis and intestinal protozoal infections. Tropical diseases bulletin, 1973, Volume: 70, Issue:2 Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Balantidiasis; Complement Fixation Tests; Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolyti	1973
Intestinal parasites. Gut, 1973, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Antimony; Chloroquine; Coccidiosis; Diphyllobothriasis; Dysentery, Amebic; E	1973
[Management of parasitic intestinal diseases]. Revista brasileira de medicina, 1968, Volume: 25, Issue:10 Topics: Amebicides; Anthelmintics; Balantidiasis; Brazil; Chloroquine; Chloroquinolinols; Dysentery, Amebic;	1968

Article	Year
Antiprotozoal effect of steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone in giardiosis patients. Annals of parasitology, 2022, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Ecdysterone; Giardia; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Ster	2022
A prophylactic protocol to stimulate the immune response also controls infectious disease and, consequently, minimizes diarrhea in newborn heifers. Microbial pathogenesis, 2018, Volume: 121 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cholesterol; Diarrh	2018
Clinical and diagnostic features and treatment of giardiasis. Georgian medical news, 2014, Issue:236 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Kazakhstan; Male; Metronidazole; Midd	2014
Effects of albendazole/metronidazole or tetracycline/folate treatments on persisting symptoms after Giardia infection: a randomized open clinical trial. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:6-7 Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Feces; Female; Folic Acid; Giardia; Giardiasis; H	2008
Impact of anti-Giardia and anthelminthic treatment on infant growth and intestinal permeability in rural Bangladesh: a randomised double-blind controlled study. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009, Volume: 103, Issue:5 Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Anthropometry; Antiprotozoal Agents; Bangladesh; Breast Feeding	2009
Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Current medical research and opinion, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cuba; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administrati	2012
Giardia lamblia infections become clinically evident by eliciting symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. The Journal of infection, 2002, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Colonic Diseases, Functional; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Female; Giardi	2002
Giardiasis treatment in Turkish children with a single dose of ornidazole. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2002, Volume: 34, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child, Preschool; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Ornidazole; T	2002
Dientamoeba fragilis, a neglected cause of diarrhea, successfully treated with secnidazole. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2003, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Dientamoeba; Di	2003
A randomized trial comparing mebendazole and secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology, 2003, Volume: 97, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male;	2003
Albendazole versus metronidazole treatment of adult giardiasis: An open randomized clinical study. World journal of gastroenterology, 2004, Apr-15, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male;	2004
Albendazole as an alternative therapeutic agent for childhood giardiasis in Turkey. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2004, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardia lam	2004
Serum cytokine changes in Turkish children infected with Giardia lamblia with and without allergy: Effect of metronidazole treatment. Acta tropica, 2005, Volume: 95, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Antiprotozoal Agents; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytokines; Female;	2005
Beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin in patients with giardiasis. Wiadomosci parazytologiczne, 2000, Volume: 46, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Antiprotozoal Agents; beta 2-Microglobulin; Biomarkers; D	2000
Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of patients with giardiasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 2006, Volume: 12, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Anorexia; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Admini	2006
Comparison of iron and hematological indices in Giardia lamblia infection before and after treatment in 102 children in Ahwaz, Iran. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2008, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythrocyte Indices; Female;	2008
Issues in clinical parasitology: the treatment of giardiasis. The American journal of gastroenterology, 1984, Volume: 79, Issue:4 Topics: Carcinogens; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; H	1984
Effect of periodic antiascaris and antigiardia treatment on nutritional status of preschool children. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1982, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Ascariasis; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Giardiasis; Growth; Humans;	1982
Treatment of giardiasis: relative efficacy of metronidazole as compared with tinidazole. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 1981, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Nitroimidazol	1981
Treatment of giardiasis in children with quinacrine, metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 1980, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Male; Metronidazole; Nitroimidazoles; O	1980
Furazolidone and quinacrine. Comparative study of therapy for giardiasis in children. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1981, Volume: 135, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Di	1981
A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in giardiasis. Indian pediatrics, 1995, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Albendazole; Anorexia; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Ma	1995
A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. Indian pediatrics, 1995, Volume: 32, Issue:7 Topics: Albendazole; Anorexia; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; In	1995
[Synergic effect of albendazole plus metronidazole association in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1995, Volume: 146, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism;	1995
Alternative treatment protocols in giardiasis: a pilot study. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 1996, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Feces; Female; Giard	1996
Serum vitamin A and beta-carotene levels in children with giardiasis before and after treatment. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 1998, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; beta Carotene; Child; Chronic Disease; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male; Metro	1998
Secnidazole response in amoebiasis and giardiasis. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 1999, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amebiasis; Antiprotozoal Agents; Feces; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male; M	1999
Clinical trial with Secnidazole in a single dose in Venezuelan children infected by Giardia intestinalis. Investigacion clinica, 2000, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Interpretation, S	2000
Comparative clinical trial of mebendazole and metronidazole in giardiasis of children. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 47, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antinematodal Agents; Child; Female; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Hu	2001
Randomized clinical study of nitazoxanide compared to metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children from Northern Peru. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:9 Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Giar	2001
Wheat germ supplement reduces cyst and trophozoite passage in people with giardiasis. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2001, Volume: 65, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Feces; Female; Gia	2001
Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. Current medical research and opinion, 1977, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasit	1977
How does tinidazole compare with metronidazole? A summary report of Indian trials in amoebiasis and giardiasis. Drugs, 1978, Volume: 15 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Amebiasis; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dysentery, Amebic; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; In	1978
Giardiasis in infancy and childhood: a prospective study of 160 cases with comparison of quinacrine (Atabrine) and metronidazole (Flagyl). The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1979, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; I	1979
Comparison of four dosage schedules in the treatment of giardiasis with metronidazole. Infection, 1978, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Administration Schedule; Feces; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male; Metronidaz	1978
Single dose therapy of giardiasis with tinidazole and metronidazole. Drugs, 1978, Volume: 15 Suppl 1 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Administration Schedule; Feces; Female; Giardiasis; Humans;	1978
Single dose therapy of giardiasis: a comparative study of tinidazole and metronidazole in pediatric patients. Indian pediatrics, 1978, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Nitroimidazoles; Tinidazol	1978
Drug therapy for giardia infestation. Indian pediatrics, 1978, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole	1978
Efficacy of various drugs for treatment of giardiasis. A comparative study. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1977, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Drug Evaluation; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Nimor	1977
Mebendazole in giardial infection: a comparative study with metronidazole. The Journal of infectious diseases, 1992, Volume: 165, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Male; Mebendazole; Metroni	1992
Single-dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in Kibbutzim children in Israel. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 1991, Volume: 10, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis;	1991
Furazolidone and metronidazole for treatment of giardiasis in children. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, 1989, Volume: 169 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Randomized Con	1989
Treatment of intestinal E. histolytica and G. lamblia with metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole: a comparative study. The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1987, Volume: 90, Issue:1 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Dysentery, Amebic; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Mal	1987
Single-dose tinidazole for the treatment of giardiasis. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1985, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Male; Metronidazole;	1985
Chemoprophylaxis of diarrhea. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1971, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Amebicides; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clioquinol; Diarrhea; Escherichia col	1971
Berberine in giardiasis. Indian pediatrics, 1972, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Berberine Alkaloids; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Giardiasis; Humans;	1972
[Metronidazole "Polfa" in the treatment of lambliasis in children]. Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 1966, Oct-31, Volume: 21, Issue:44 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; M	1966
The treatment of Giardia lamblia infection with mepacrine, metronidazole and furazolidone. The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1970, Volume: 73, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Furazolidone; Giardiasis; Humans; Metronidazole; Middle	1970

metronidazole and Giardiasis

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (420)

Authors

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

Authors	Studies
Valdez, CA	1
Tripp, JC	1
Miyamoto, Y	3
Kalisiak, J	1
Hruz, P	1
Andersen, YS	1
Brown, SE	1
Kangas, K	1
Arzu, LV	1
Davids, BJ	2
Gillin, FD	3
Upcroft, JA	2
Upcroft, P	1
Fokin, VV	1
Smith, DK	1
Sharpless, KB	1
Eckmann, L	3
Colín-Lozano, B	2
León-Rivera, I	1
Chan-Bacab, MJ	1
Ortega-Morales, BO	1
Moo-Puc, R	2
López-Guerrero, V	1
Hernández-Núñez, E	2
Argüello-Garcia, R	1
Scior, T	1
Barbosa-Cabrera, E	1
Navarrete-Vázquez, G	3
Pogula, PK	1
De Chatterjee, A	1
Chi, M	1
VanKoten, HW	1
Das, S	1
Patterson, SE	1
Riches, A	1
Hart, CJS	1
Trenholme, KR	1
Skinner-Adams, TS	1
de Almeida, CR	1
Bezagio, RC	2
Colli, CM	2
Romera, LIL	1
Ferrari, A	1
Gomes, ML	2
Auriostigue-Bautista, JC	1
Hernández-Vázquez, E	1
González-Calderón, D	1
Figueroa-Romero, JL	1
Castillo-Villanueva, A	1
Torres-Arroyo, A	1
Ponce-Macotela, M	1
Rufino-González, Y	1
Martínez-Gordillo, M	1
Miranda, LD	1
Oria-Hernández, J	1
Reyes-Vivas, H	1
Krakovka, S	1
Ranjbarian, F	1
Luján, LA	1
Saura, A	1
Larsen, NB	1
Jiménez-González, A	1
Reggenti, A	1
Luján, HD	1
Svärd, SG	1
Hofer, A	1
Baz, MG	1
Elmarhoumy, SM	1
Saied, EM	1
Zoghroban, HS	2
Eppler, ME	1
Hanzlicek, G	1
Londoño-Renteria, B	1
Jesudoss Chelladurai, JRJ	1
Ibrahim, FM	1
Nasef, NA	1
Saad, AE	1
Toychiev, A	1
Kerimov, F	1
Islamova, J	1
Shaislamova, M	1
Mirzakhmedov, M	1
Davis, N	1
Syrov, V	1
Osipova, S	1
Hulverson, MA	1
Michaels, SA	1
Lee, JW	1
Wendt, KL	1
Tran, LT	1
Choi, R	1
Van Voorhis, WC	1
Cichewicz, RH	1
Ojo, KK	1
Shrimali, T	1
Srivastava, S	1
Mohammad, N	1
John, N	1
Tak, V	1
Saxena, R	1
Cheung, W	1
Russo, C	1
Maher, S	1
Malik, R	1
Šlapeta, J	1
Iza, JA	1
Iza, SN	1
Olivera, MJ	1
Cañete, R	3
Noda, AL	1
Rodríguez, M	1
Brito, K	2
Herrera, E	1
Kofoed, PE	1
Ursing, J	1
Cock, IE	1
Rayan, P	1
Rocha-Garduño, G	1
Hernández-Martínez, NA	1
Estrada-Soto, S	1
Prieto-Martínez, FD	1
Medina-Franco, JL	1
Chale-Dzul, JB	1
Mørch, K	4
Hanevik, K	4
Vakkilainen, S	1
Nieminen, T	1
Björkbacka, S	1
Saavalainen-Hakala, T	1
Salo, E	1
Saura-Carretero, Z	1
Villanueva-Alarcón, M	1
Pérez-Olaso, O	1
Aleixandre-Górriz, I	1
Real-Fernández, A	1
Sánchez-Thevenet, P	1
Gregori-Roig, P	1
Lupia, T	1
Corcione, S	1
De Rosa, FG	1
Ribeiro, MRS	1
Oliveira, DR	1
Caliari, MV	1
Cara Machado, DC	1
Andrade, MER	1
Cardoso, VN	1
Dos Santos Martins, F	1
Nicoli, JR	1
Gomes, MA	2
Ponnampalavanar, S	1
Kukreja, A	1
Amir, A	1
Mahmud, R	1
Ydsten, KA	1
Hellgren, U	1
Asgeirsson, H	1
Bourque, DL	1
Neumayr, A	1
Libman, M	1
Chen, LH	1
Carter, ER	1
Nabarro, LE	1
Hedley, L	1
Chiodini, PL	1
Pecková, R	1
Doležal, K	1
Sak, B	1
Květoňová, D	1
Kváč, M	1
Nurcahyo, W	1
Foitová, I	1
Ordóñez-Mena, JM	1
McCarthy, ND	1
Fanshawe, TR	1
Volpato, A	2
Fortuoso, BF	2
Campigotto, G	1
Glombowsky, P	1
Bottari, NB	2
Lopes, LS	1
Da Silva, AS	3
Müller, J	2
Hemphill, A	2
Müller, N	2
Crecencio, RB	1
Tomasi, T	1
Ribeiro, MP	1
Secco, R	1
Pereira, WAB	1
Schetinger, MRC	1
Morsch, VMM	1
Baldissera, MD	1
Stefani, LM	1
Machado, G	1
Corleto, VD	1
Di Marino, VP	1
Galli, G	1
Antonelli, G	1
Coluccio, C	1
Di Cerbo, A	1
Uccini, S	1
Annibale, B	1
Akkelle, BS	1
Tutar, E	1
Sengul, OK	1
Celikel, CA	1
Ertem, D	1
Escobedo, AA	5
Almirall, P	3
Chirino, E	1
Pacheco, F	1
Duque, A	1
Avila, I	2
Zangenberg, M	1
Abdissa, A	1
Johansen, ØH	1
Tesfaw, G	1
Girma, T	1
Kurtzhals, JAL	1
Leung, AKC	1
Leung, AAM	1
Wong, AHC	1
Sergi, CM	1
Kam, JKM	1
Tejman-Yarden, N	2
Leitsch, D	1
Santini, J	1
Debnath, A	1
Gut, J	1
McKerrow, JH	1
Reed, SL	1
Ergül, B	1
Doğan, Z	1
Sarikaya, M	1
Filik, L	1
Turnbull, AM	1
Lin, Z	1
Matthews, BN	1
Thomas Iv, LJ	1
Zweig, AP	1
Tosh, AK	1
Chang, HY	1
Hu, JT	1
Huang, SH	1
Yang, SS	1
Galkin, A	2
Kulakova, L	2
Lim, K	1
Chen, CZ	2
Zheng, W	2
Turko, IV	1
Herzberg, O	2
Pasupuleti, V	1
Deshpande, A	1
Thota, P	1
Roman, Y	1
Hernandez, AV	1
Ajumobi, AB	1
Daniels, JA	1
Sostre, CF	1
Trevino, HH	1
Agrawal, R	1
De Salvo, G	1
Pavlidou, E	1
Smith, R	1
Pavesio, C	1
Cunningham, ET	1
Shields, CL	1
Nielsen, JA	1
Weber, JJ	1
Lager, DJ	1
Southall, N	1
Marugan, JJ	1
Beyhan, YE	1
Hökelek, M	1
Krol, A	1
Mukku, KK	1
Raju, S	1
Yelanati, R	1
Begaydorova, RKh	1
Nasakaeva, GE	1
Tabagari, SI	1
Iukhnevich, EA	1
Alshinbekova, GK	1
Romera, LI	1
Ferreira, ÉC	1
Falavigna-Guilherme, AL	1
Hashimoto, R	1
Aoki, H	1
Chonan, A	1
Pérez-Chacón, G	1
Pocaterra, LA	1
Rojas, E	1
Hernán, A	1
Jiménez, JC	4
Núñez, L	1
Eide, GE	1
Langeland, N	5
Hausken, T	4
Younas, M	1
Shah, S	1
Talaat, A	1
Goto, R	1
Mascie-Taylor, CG	1
Lunn, PG	1
Kawano, A	1
Ishikawa, H	1
Yamamoto, T	1
Otani, T	1
Iishi, H	1
Ishiguro, S	1
Wensaas, KA	1
Rortveit, G	1
Pinon, A	1
Dive, D	1
Capron, M	1
Dei-Cas, E	1
Convit, J	1
Kasirga, E	1
Gülen, H	1
Simşek, A	1
Ayhan, S	1
Yilmaz, O	1
Ellidokuz, E	1
Cortizo-Vidal, S	1
Rodríguez-Otero, LM	1
Villamil-Cajoto, I	1
Llovo-Taboada, J	1
Olson, ME	1
Heine, J	1
Jassam, J	1
Quihui, L	1
Morales, GG	1
Méndez, RO	1
Leyva, JG	1
Esparza, J	1
Valencia, ME	1
Lalle, M	1
Kreft, B	1
Oehme, A	1
Lübbert, C	1
Marsch, WC	1
Kekulé, AS	1
Solaymani-Mohammadi, S	1
Genkinger, JM	1
Loffredo, CA	1
Singer, SM	1
Obidike, EO	1
Igbodo, C	1
Elkins, MY	1
Kurita, A	1
Maguchi, H	1
Takahashi, K	1
Katanuma, A	1
Osanai, M	1
Kin, T	1
Yane, K	1
Hashigo, S	1
Ohtsubo, M	1
Kampitak, T	1
Alfonso, M	1
Salazar, Y	1
Cimerman, S	3
Núñez, FA	1
Dawkins, IV	1
Castro, VS	1
Tonin, AA	1
Brendler, S	1
Costa, MM	1
Jaques, JA	1
Bertoletti, B	1
Zanette, RA	1
Raiser, AG	1
Mazzanti, CM	1
Lopes, ST	1
Monteiro, SG	1
Anthony, JP	1
Fyfe, L	1
Stewart, D	1
McDougall, GJ	1
Stover, KR	1
Riche, DM	1
Gandy, CL	1
Henderson, H	1
Millman, M	1
Lauwaet, T	1
Dunn, L	1
Rodríguez, P	1
Mesa, L	1
Prior, A	1
Guilhem, D	1
Novaes, MR	1
Edling, L	1
Rathsman, S	1
Eriksson, S	1
Bohr, J	1
Granados, CE	1
Reveiz, L	1
Uribe, LG	1
Criollo, CP	1
Busatti, HG	1
Alves, RJ	1
Santana-Anjos, KG	1
Gil, FF	1
Cury, MC	1
Vannier-Santos, MA	1
Harder, A	1
Strandberg, T	1
D'Anchino, M	1
Orlando, D	1
De Feudis, L	1
Ozbilgin, A	1
Ertan, P	3
Yereli, K	2
Tamay, AT	1
Kurt, O	1
Degerli, K	1
Balcioglu, IC	2
Ok, UZ	2
Onag, A	2
Girginkardeşler, N	1
Coşkun, S	1
Cüneyt Balcioğlu, I	1
Cruz, A	1
Sousa, MI	1
Azeredo, Z	1
Leite, E	1
Figueiredo de Sousa, JC	1
Cabral, M	1
Lebwohl, B	1
Deckelbaum, RJ	1
Green, PH	1
Hopper, AD	1
Cross, SS	1
McAlindon, ME	1
Sanders, DS	1
Gonzalez, ME	1
Pareja, A	1
AMATO NETO, V	2
SCHVARTSMAN, S	2
CAMPOS, R	1
DARBON, A	1
PORTAL, A	1
GIRIER, L	1
PANTIN, J	1
LECLAIRE, C	1
FELIX, H	1
OURYOUX, C	1
de CARVALHO, H	1
COURA, LC	2
FLORENCIO, C	2
LIONETTO, MD	1
MANERA, OO	1
ROCCA, JA	1
DEPEDRE, O	1
DJABRI, SE	1
DIALLINAS, N	1
AMATONETO, V	1
CAPP, AB	1
FIORE, FF	1
DE CARVALHO, HT	1
DA SILVA, JR	1
DUFEK, M	2
BLAHA, R	1
KALIVODA, R	2
CHAKRAVARTI, A	1
SANNYAL, S	1
Olivares, JL	1
Fernández, R	1
Fleta, J	1
Rodríguez, G	1
Clavel, A	1
Karabay, O	1
Tamer, A	1
Gunduz, H	1
Kayas, D	1
Arinc, H	1
Celebi, H	1
Scorza, AV	1
Lappin, MR	1
Limoncu, E	1
Walkowiak, J	1
Krawczynski, M	1
Herzig, KH	1
Sheff, B	1
Yadollahie, M	1
Roshanipoor, M	1
Motallebipoor, SA	1
Habibzadeh, F	1
Fortunat, S	1
Stiglbauer, W	1
Röggla, G	1
Manes, G	1
Balzano, A	1
Charalabopoulos, K	1
Charalabopoulos, A	1
Papadopoulou, CH	1
Papalimneou, V	1
Nenoff, P	1
Domula, E	1
Willing, U	1
Herrmann, J	1
Bayraktar, MR	1
Mehmet, N	1
Durmaz, R	1
Pu, RT	1
Rosenthal, DL	1
Chon, SK	1
Kim, NS	1
Stephens, S	1
Brown, CD	1
Wiener, CM	1
Rojano-Vilchis, Mde M	1
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Mank, TH	2
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