Page last updated: 2024-10-31

metronidazole and Body Weight

metronidazole has been researched along with Body Weight in 41 studies

Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.
metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.

Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Treatment with metronidazole reversed steatorrhea but exacerbated the gaseous distention of the small intestine, precipitating emergency surgical decompression and ileostomy."5.27Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and contaminated small bowel syndrome--treatment with metronidazole, ileostomy, and indomethacin. ( Isaacs, P; Keshavarzian, A; McColl, I; Sladen, GE, 1983)
"Metronidazole (0."5.26Effect of metronidazole on the C3H/HeJ mouse and growth of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma. ( Haynes, MJ; Inch, WR; McCredie, JA; Sutherland, RM, 1977)
"For 3 weeks, we administered oral AB (ciprofloxacin/metronidazole) or control treatment to homozygous ΔF508 (Δ/Δ), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) knockout (-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice and quantified fat absorption using a 72-h fat balance test."3.78Effect of antibiotic treatment on fat absorption in mice with cystic fibrosis. ( Bijvelds, MJ; Burgerhof, JG; de Jonge, HR; De Lisle, RC; Verkade, HJ; Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M, 2012)
"Treatment with metronidazole and erythromycin reduced rates of premature delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis and an increased risk for preterm delivery."2.68Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. ( Andrews, WW; Copper, RL; DuBard, MB; Goldenberg, RL; Hauth, JC, 1995)
"Linking haemodynamic (HD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters provides much insight into interrelations between circulatory system and drug disposition."1.46Models describing metronidazole pharmacokinetics in relation to hemodynamics in turkeys. ( Grabowski, T; Pasławska, U; Poźniak, B; Świtała, M, 2017)
" The authors evaluated the effect of cigarette smoking on the bioavailability of metronidazole in plasma and saliva."1.38The effect of smoking on the bioavailability of metronidazole in plasma and saliva. ( Bergamaschi, Cde C; Brito, RB; Groppo, FC; Haas, DA; Montalli, VA; Motta, RH; Nolasco, FP; Ramacciato, JC, 2012)
" Such aberrations were higher in smaller fish samples for a particular dosage of MTZ, as established by correlation analysis between fish body weight and MN/BN count at P<0."1.36Therapeutic efficacies of Coriandrum sativum aqueous extract against metronidazole-induced genotoxicity in Channa punctatus peripheral erythrocytes. ( Auddy, M; Dasgupta, S; Guha, G; Mukhopadhyay, A; Talapatra, SN, 2010)
"Colitis was induced by feeding male SD rats with a diet containing 3."1.31Prebiotic treatment of experimental colitis with germinated barley foodstuff: a comparison with probiotic or antibiotic treatment. ( Andoh, A; Araki, Y; Bamba, T; Fujiyama, Y; Fukuda, M; Fukuoka, M; Kanauchi, O; Matsumoto, Y; Mitsuyama, K; Sata, M; Takagi, K; Toyonaga, A, 2002)
"Metronidazole was administered at various dose rates by crop gavage or in drinking water to eight groups of five to ten finches each."1.30Cochlosoma infections in finches. ( Filippich, LJ; O'Donoghue, PJ, 1997)
"Treatment with metronidazole reversed steatorrhea but exacerbated the gaseous distention of the small intestine, precipitating emergency surgical decompression and ileostomy."1.27Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and contaminated small bowel syndrome--treatment with metronidazole, ileostomy, and indomethacin. ( Isaacs, P; Keshavarzian, A; McColl, I; Sladen, GE, 1983)
" The dosage of metronidazole was about 10 or 20 mg/kg b."1.27Disposition kinetics of metronidazole in children. ( Amon, I; Amon, K; Franke, G; Nagel, F; Scharp, H, 1983)
"6."1.27Metronidazole excretion in human milk and its effect on the suckling neonate. ( D'Arcy, PF; McElnay, JC; Passmore, CM; Rainey, EA, 1988)
"Xylose absorption was abnormal in five of the 10 patients."1.27Iron malabsorption in giardiasis. ( Acampora, A; Cucchiara, S; De Vizia, B; Poggi, V; Vajro, P, 1985)
"Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis was a sequal in two patients."1.26Bypass enteropathy: an inflammatory process in the excluded segment with systemic complications. ( Ament, ME; Drenick, EJ; Finegold, SM; Passaro, E, 1977)
"Metronidazole (0."1.26Effect of metronidazole on the C3H/HeJ mouse and growth of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma. ( Haynes, MJ; Inch, WR; McCredie, JA; Sutherland, RM, 1977)

Research

Studies (41)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199019 (46.34)18.7374
1990's8 (19.51)18.2507
2000's5 (12.20)29.6817
2010's9 (21.95)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Grabowski, T1
Pasławska, U1
Poźniak, B1
Świtała, M1
Zarrinpar, A1
Chaix, A1
Xu, ZZ1
Chang, MW1
Marotz, CA1
Saghatelian, A1
Knight, R1
Panda, S1
Nagaoka, K1
Yanagihara, K1
Harada, Y1
Yamada, K1
Migiyama, Y1
Morinaga, Y1
Izumikawa, K1
Kakeya, H1
Nakashima, M1
Nishimura, M1
Kohno, S1
Ogut, H1
Parlak, R1
Bezagio, RC1
Colli, CM1
Romera, LI1
Ferreira, ÉC1
Falavigna-Guilherme, AL1
Gomes, ML1
Tian, J1
Hao, L1
Chandra, P1
Jones, DP1
Willams, IR1
Gewirtz, AT1
Ziegler, TR1
Noorafshan, A1
Karbalay-Doust, S1
Valizadeh, A1
Aliabadi, E1
Talapatra, SN1
Dasgupta, S1
Guha, G1
Auddy, M1
Mukhopadhyay, A1
Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M1
Bijvelds, MJ1
de Jonge, HR1
De Lisle, RC1
Burgerhof, JG1
Verkade, HJ1
Montalli, VA1
Bergamaschi, Cde C1
Ramacciato, JC1
Nolasco, FP1
Groppo, FC1
Brito, RB1
Haas, DA1
Motta, RH1
Fararjeh, M1
Mohammad, MK1
Bustanji, Y1
Alkhatib, H1
Abdalla, S1
Keshavarzian, A1
Isaacs, P1
McColl, I1
Sladen, GE1
Drenick, EJ2
Fisler, J1
Johnson, D1
Banwell, JG1
Boldt, DH1
Meyers, J1
Weber, FL1
Amon, I1
Amon, K1
Scharp, H1
Franke, G1
Nagel, F1
Hayes, JG1
Austin, TW1
Smith, EA1
Darwish, R1
Ralph, ED1
Pattison, FL1
Ludwig, E1
Magyar, T1
Csiba, A1
Kardos, J1
Graber, H1
Tannock, IF2
Hauth, JC1
Goldenberg, RL1
Andrews, WW1
DuBard, MB1
Copper, RL1
Gardiner, KR1
Anderson, NH1
McCaigue, MD1
Erwin, PJ1
Halliday, MI1
Rowlands, BJ1
Filippich, LJ1
O'Donoghue, PJ1
Ivnitskiĭ, IuIu1
Malakhovskiĭ, VN1
Hans, W1
Schölmerich, J1
Gross, V1
Falk, W1
Fukuda, M1
Kanauchi, O1
Araki, Y1
Andoh, A1
Mitsuyama, K1
Takagi, K1
Toyonaga, A1
Sata, M1
Fujiyama, Y1
Fukuoka, M1
Matsumoto, Y1
Bamba, T1
Ament, ME1
Finegold, SM1
Passaro, E1
Inch, WR1
McCredie, JA1
Haynes, MJ1
Sutherland, RM1
Eakins, MN1
Conroy, PJ1
Searle, AJ1
Slater, TF1
Willson, RL1
Loft, S2
Otte, J1
Poulsen, HE1
Sørensen, H1
Sullivan, PB1
Lunn, PG1
Northrop-Clewes, C1
Crowe, PT1
Marsh, MN1
Neale, G1
Bolin, TD1
Duncombe, VM1
Pereira, SP1
Linklater, JM1
Hamberg, O1
Ovesen, L1
Dorfeldt, A1
Sonne, J1
Passmore, CM1
McElnay, JC1
Rainey, EA1
D'Arcy, PF1
Spence, JA1
Aitchison, GU1
Fraser, J1
Lewin, MR1
Araujo, JG1
Sarmiento, JL1
Barton, TP1
Jayaraj, AP1
Harrison, RA1
De Vizia, B1
Poggi, V1
Vajro, P1
Cucchiara, S1
Acampora, A1
Powell, SJ1
Elsdon-Dew, R1
Heap, T1
Potts, GO1
Beyler, AL1
Schane, HP1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Phase III Trial of Antibiotics to Reduce Chorioamnionitis-Related Perinatal HIV Transmission[NCT00021671]Phase 33,720 participants InterventionalCompleted
Clindamycin to Reduce Preterm Birth in a Low Resource Setting: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT01800825]Phase 41,726 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trials

4 trials available for metronidazole and Body Weight

ArticleYear
Metronidazole in a single dose for the treatment of trichomoniasis. Failure of a 1-g single dose.
    The British journal of venereal diseases, 1982, Volume: 58, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Huma

1982
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin

1995
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin

1995
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin

1995
Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1995, Dec-28, Volume: 333, Issue:26

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Double-Blind Method; Erythromycin

1995
Effect of short-term intermittent antibiotic treatment on growth of Burmese (Myanmar) village children.
    Lancet (London, England), 1990, Nov-03, Volume: 336, Issue:8723

    Topics: Age Factors; Amoxicillin; Bacterial Infections; Body Height; Body Weight; Breath Tests; Child, Presc

1990
The effect of dietary energy and protein deficiency on drug metabolism.
    European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1990, Volume: 38, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Antipyrine; Biotransformation; Body Weight; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Glucuronates; Humans; Ma

1990

Other Studies

37 other studies available for metronidazole and Body Weight

ArticleYear
Models describing metronidazole pharmacokinetics in relation to hemodynamics in turkeys.
    Research in veterinary science, 2017, Volume: 112

    Topics: Aging; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Body Weight; Hemodynamics; Metronidazole; Models, Biological;

2017
Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion alters metabolic homeostasis by affecting gut signaling and colonic metabolism.
    Nature communications, 2018, 07-20, Volume: 9, Issue:1

    Topics: Amphotericin B; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Acids and Salts; Blood Glucose; Bod

2018
Establishment of a new murine model of liver abscess induced by Fusobacterium necrophorum injected into the caudal vein.
    Journal of medical microbiology, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:Pt 11

    Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Body Weight; Disease Mo

2013
Hexamitiasis leads to lower metabolic rates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) juveniles.
    Journal of fish diseases, 2014, Volume: 37, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Body Weight; Diplomonadida; Disease Susceptibility; Fish Diseases; In

2014
Synergistic effects of fenbendazole and metronidazole against Giardia muris in Swiss mice naturally infected.
    Parasitology research, 2017, Volume: 116, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Body Weight; Drug Synergism; Feces; Female; Fenbendazole; Giardia; Gi

2017
Dietary glutamine and oral antibiotics each improve indexes of gut barrier function in rat short bowel syndrome.
    American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2009, Volume: 296, Issue:2

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Translocation

2009
Ameliorative effects of curcumin on the structural parameters of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells in metronidazole-treated mice: a stereological approach.
    Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie, 2011, Volume: 63, Issue:7-8

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antiprotozoal Agents; Body Weight; Cell Count; Cur

2011
Therapeutic efficacies of Coriandrum sativum aqueous extract against metronidazole-induced genotoxicity in Channa punctatus peripheral erythrocytes.
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2010, Volume: 48, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Antimutagenic Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Body Weight; Cell Nucleus; Coriandrum; Erythr

2010
Effect of antibiotic treatment on fat absorption in mice with cystic fibrosis.
    Pediatric research, 2012, Volume: 71, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Ciprofloxacin; Cystic Fibrosis; C

2012
The effect of smoking on the bioavailability of metronidazole in plasma and saliva.
    Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 2012, Volume: 143, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Infective Agents; Area Under Curve; Biological Availability; Body Height; Body Mass

2012
Evaluation of immunosuppression induced by metronidazole in Balb/c mice and human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
    International immunopharmacology, 2008, Volume: 8, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Animals; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lymphocyte Activation; Lympho

2008
Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and contaminated small bowel syndrome--treatment with metronidazole, ileostomy, and indomethacin.
    The American journal of gastroenterology, 1983, Volume: 78, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Constipation; Humans; Ileostomy; Indomethacin; Intestinal Obstruction; Intestina

1983
Hepatic steatosis after intestinal bypass--prevention and reversal by metronidazole, irrespective of protein-calorie malnutrition.
    Gastroenterology, 1982, Volume: 82, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Body Weight; Fatty Liver; Female; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Liver; Male; Metronida

1982
Phytohemagglutinin derived from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): a cause for intestinal malabsorption associated with bacterial overgrowth in the rat.
    Gastroenterology, 1983, Volume: 84, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Germ-Free Life; Intestinal Absorption; Intesti

1983
Disposition kinetics of metronidazole in children.
    European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1983, Volume: 24, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Human

1983
Amoebic liver abscess: clinical presentation and diagnosis.
    The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery, 1980, Volume: 50, Issue:5

    Topics: Abdomen; Adult; Aged; Anorexia; Body Weight; Female; Fever; Humans; Liver Abscess, Amebic; Male; Met

1980
[Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole (Klion) in relation to age].
    Orvosi hetilap, 1981, Aug-23, Volume: 122, Issue:34

    Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Kinetics; Metronida

1981
In vivo interaction of anti-cancer drugs with misonidazole or metronidazole: methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin.
    British journal of cancer, 1980, Volume: 42, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Doxorubicin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fibrosarcoma; Fluorouracil; Leukocyte

1980
In vivo interaction of anti-cancer drugs with misonidazole or metronidazole: cyclophosphamide and BCNU.
    British journal of cancer, 1980, Volume: 42, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carmustine; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fibrosarcoma; Leukocy

1980
Enteral and parenteral anti-endotoxin treatment in experimental colitis.
    Hepato-gastroenterology, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antitoxins; Body Weight; Cefuroxime; Colitis; Endotoxins; Ent

1994
Cochlosoma infections in finches.
    Australian veterinary journal, 1997, Volume: 75, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Antiprotozoal Agents; Bird Diseases; Birds; Body Weight; Colon; Data Col

1997
[Gas exchange as a factor of the body radiation resistance].
    Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine, 1998, Volume: 32, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Blood Gas Analysis; Body Weight; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Hypoxia; Male; Metronidazole;

1998
The role of the resident intestinal flora in acute and chronic dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.
    European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2000, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Ciprofloxacin;

2000
Case problem: medical nutrition therapy for a patient with Crohn's disease.
    Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2000, Volume: 100, Issue:4

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Body Weight; Ciprofloxacin; Crohn Disease; Diarrhea

2000
Prebiotic treatment of experimental colitis with germinated barley foodstuff: a comparison with probiotic or antibiotic treatment.
    International journal of molecular medicine, 2002, Volume: 9, Issue:1

    Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Body Weight; Colitis; Diet; Dise

2002
Bypass enteropathy: an inflammatory process in the excluded segment with systemic complications.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1977, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Albumins; Arthritis; Body Weight; Dermatitis; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Ileum; Inflammation;

1977
Effect of metronidazole on the C3H/HeJ mouse and growth of the C3HBA mammary adenocarcinoma.
    Growth, 1977, Volume: 41, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Metr

1977
Metronidazole (Flagyl), a radiosensitiser of possible clinical use in cancer chemotherapy: some biochemical and pharmacological considerations.
    Biochemical pharmacology, 1976, May-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10

    Topics: Anaerobiosis; Animals; Bacteria; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Kinet

1976
Influence of intact and myrosinase-treated indolyl glucosinolates on the metabolism in vivo of metronidazole and antipyrine in the rat.
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 1992, Volume: 30, Issue:11

    Topics: Animals; Antipyrine; Body Weight; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Induction; Glucosinolates;

1992
Persistent diarrhea and malnutrition--the impact of treatment on small bowel structure and permeability.
    Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 1992, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Cell Membrane Permeability; C

1992
Metronidazole excretion in human milk and its effect on the suckling neonate.
    British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1988, Volume: 26, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Metronidazole; Milk, Human

1988
Development of periodontal disease in a single flock of sheep: clinical signs, morphology of subgingival plaque and influence of antimicrobial agents.
    Research in veterinary science, 1988, Volume: 45, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dental Plaque; Female; Gingiva; Metronidazole; Oxytetracycline; Periodontal Di

1988
Bypass induced liver disease: an experimental study of the effect of post-operative protein supplementation and metronidazole therapy in an animal model.
    British journal of experimental pathology, 1987, Volume: 68, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Female; Jejunoileal Bypass; Liver; Liver Diseases; Liver Fun

1987
Iron malabsorption in giardiasis.
    The Journal of pediatrics, 1985, Volume: 107, Issue:1

    Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Ferrous Compounds; Giardiasis; Hemoglobin

1985
Evaluation of metronidazole and MK-910 in invasive amebiasis.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1971, Volume: 20, Issue:6

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Body Weight; Dysentery, Amebic; Entamoeba histolytica; Feces; Fluorine; Humans

1971
Giardiasis: a common cause of prolonged diarrhoea in adults.
    The Medical journal of Australia, 1974, Oct-19, Volume: 2, Issue:16

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Body Weight; Diarrhea; Female; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Malabsorp

1974
Pituitary gonadotropin inhibitory activity of danazol.
    Fertility and sterility, 1974, Volume: 25, Issue:4

    Topics: Adrenal Glands; Androgens; Animals; Body Weight; Castration; Contraceptives, Oral; Depression, Chemi

1974