methadone and Heroin Abuse studies

Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)
methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.
6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Smoking cessation rates in methadone-maintained smokers are low and novel treatment strategies are required."	9.17	Varenicline for smoking cessation among methadone-maintained smokers: a randomized clinical trial. ( Anderson, BJ; Audet, D; Caviness, CM; Kurth, ME; Olson, J; Stein, MD, 2013)
" In a double-blind, randomly stratified clinical trial investigating whether add-on dextromethorphan (60-120 mg/day) attenuated inflammation and the combined use of opioids in heroin-dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment, we evaluated whether inflammation is related to the progression of opioid dependence."	9.16	Dextromethorphan attenuated inflammation and combined opioid use in humans undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chang, YH; Chen, PS; Chen, SH; Chen, SL; Chu, CH; Hong, JS; Lee, IH; Lee, SY; Lu, RB; Tao, PL; Yang, YK; Yeh, TL, 2012)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of substitution therapy in heroin addicted pregnant women on the course of pregnancy, perinatal outcomes and course of the neonatal abstinence syndrome."	9.13	Prospective randomised comparative study of the effect of buprenorphine, methadone and heroin on the course of pregnancy, birthweight of newborns, early postpartum adaptation and course of the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in women followed up in the ( Binder, T; Vavrinková, B, 2008)
"To review the scientific literature on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy and safety of (supervised) oral diacetylmorphine for patients with severe heroin dependence."	9.12	The suitability of oral diacetylmorphine in treatment-refractory patients with heroin dependence: A scoping review. ( Beck, T; Beijnen, JH; de Grave, N; F Martins, ML; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Schinkel, AH; Uchtenhagen, A; Van den Brink, W; Wilthagen, EA, 2021)
"Dysphoria and depression have been cited as side effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone."	9.12	Does naltrexone treatment lead to depression? Findings from a randomized controlled trial in subjects with opioid dependence. ( Connor, JP; Dean, AJ; Jones, RT; Lawford, BR; Saunders, JB; Young, RM, 2006)
"Both methadone and buprenorphine are effective therapy for heroin dependence."	9.12	A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. ( Grönbladh, L; Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Nilsson, LH; Rawlings, B; Rück, C; Svanborg, KD; von Wachenfeldt, J, 2007)
"Buprenorphine offers an alternative to methadone in the treatment of heroin dependence, and has the advantage of allowing alternate-day dosing."	9.11	A randomised trial of the cost effectiveness of buprenorphine as an alternative to methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence in a primary care setting. ( Gospodarevskaya, E; Harris, AH; Ritter, AJ, 2005)
"To examine the long-term impact of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users."	9.11	Four-year follow-up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment: mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C infection. ( Dolan, KA; Kaldor, J; Shearer, J; White, B; Wodak, AD; Zhou, J, 2005)
"This study was designed to compare the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in neonates of methadone and buprenorphine maintained pregnant opioid-dependent women and to provide preliminary safety and efficacy data for a larger multi-center trial."	9.11	Buprenorphine versus methadone in the treatment of pregnant opioid-dependent patients: effects on the neonatal abstinence syndrome. ( Chisholm, CA; Choo, RE; Crocetti, M; Dudas, R; Harrow, C; Huestis, MA; Jansson, LM; Jasinski, DR; Johnson, RE; Jones, HE; Lantz, M; Lester, BM; Milio, L; O'Grady, KE, 2005)
"The relationship between tobacco and illicit drug use was examined among 166 methadone-maintained persons participating in a smoking cessation intervention."	9.10	Using latent-variable models to analyze smoking cessation clinical trial data: an example among the methadone maintained. ( Frosch, DL; Shoptaw, S; Stein, JA, 2002)
"This 13-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of desipramine hydrochloride (0 or 150 mg/d) plus buprenorphine hydrochloride (12 mg/d) or methadone hydrochloride (65 mg/d) in 180 opioid-dependent cocaine abusers (124 men, 56 women)."	9.09	Desipramine in opioid-dependent cocaine abusers maintained on buprenorphine vs methadone. ( Feingold, A; Jatlow, P; Kosten, TR; Oliveto, AH; Schottenfeld, R, 1999)
"To determine the success threshold at which a theoretical course of deep brain stimulation (DBS) would provide the same quality of life (QoL) and cost-effectiveness for heroin dependence as methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	8.88	Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost-effectiveness analysis. ( Balmuri, U; Baltuch, GH; Barrios, CJ; Caplan, AL; Halpern, CH; Kampman, KM; Pisapia, JM; Stein, SC; Stephen, JH; Wolf, JA, 2012)
"To compare the efficacy and acceptability of LAAM maintenance with methadone maintenance in the treatment of heroin dependence."	8.81	LAAM maintenance vs methadone maintenance for heroin dependence. ( Clark, N; Dunlop, A; Gijsbers, A; Ling, W; Lintzeris, N; Ritter, A; Whelan, G, 2002)
"Methadone treatment during pregnancy offers overwhelming advantages compared with the less acceptable option of medical detoxification or the unacceptably dangerous option of leaving heroin-addicted women dependent on street drugs."	8.80	The methadone-maintained pregnancy. ( Doberczak, TM; Jantunen, M; Kandall, SR; Stein, J, 1999)
"Heroin dependence is a complex disease with multiple phenotypes."	7.96	Association studies of dopamine synthesis and metabolism genes with multiple phenotypes of heroin dependence. ( Chen, Y; Lai, J; Li, Y; Shi, X; Wei, S; Zhang, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)
" The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of suicide attempt in Chinese individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence."	7.91	Prevalence and correlates of suicide attempt among Chinese individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. ( Chen, H; Lu, J; Xie, WX; Zhong, BL; Zhu, JH, 2019)
"The switch from methadone to buprenorphine-naloxone for individuals with heroin dependence is associated with several obstacles and challenges."	7.91	Traditional Chinese Medicine-facilitated switch from methadone to buprenorphine-naloxone for treatment of heroin dependence: a case report. ( Han, KC; Hsu, CH; Huang, KY; Wei, HT; Yeh, YH; Yu, KC, 2019)
"The results suggested an important role for GRK5 in the regulatory mechanisms of methadone dose and course of heroin dependence."	7.88	GRK5 Is Associated with the Regulation of Methadone Dosage in Heroin Dependence. ( Chen, ACH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Kuo, HW; Liu, CC; Liu, SC; Liu, TH; Liu, YL; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC, 2018)
"To date there have been no studies investigating the characteristics of pain in Chinese heroin-dependent patients (HDPs) receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	7.85	Prevalence of pain and its socio-demographic and clinical correlates among heroin-dependent patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chen, WC; Lu, J; Xu, YM; Yang, YJ; Zhong, BL; Zhu, JH, 2017)
" We studied the interaction between early onset and rapid transition to heroin dependence recorded with retrospective interviews in 213 patients with severe heroin dependence and history of methadone maintenance treatment."	7.83	Anxiety disorders are associated with early onset of heroin use and rapid transition to dependence in methadone maintained patients. ( Avril, E; Belforte, B; Bellivier, F; Bloch, V; Coeuru, P; Dupuy, G; Fortias, M; Icick, R; Jarroir, M; Karsinti, E; Ksouda, K; Laqueille, X; Lépine, JP; Orizet, C; Polomeni, P; Scott, J; Simonpoli, AM; Touzeau, D; Vorspan, F, 2016)
"Five unique SNPs in four genes showed nominally significant associations with non-dependent opioid use and heroin dependence."	7.83	Variants of opioid system genes are associated with non-dependent opioid use and heroin dependence. ( Blanken, P; Butelman, ER; da Rosa, JC; Kreek, MJ; Levran, O; Ott, J; Randesi, M; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM; Yuferov, V, 2016)
"There is a dearth of information about mothers in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), their parental stress, and suicidal ideation."	7.83	Suicidal Ideation Among Heroin-Abusing Mothers in Methadone Maintenance Treatment. ( Isralowitz, R; Reznik, A; Sarid, O; Yehudai, M, 2016)
"This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among heroin dependent individuals who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan."	7.79	High prevalence but low awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among heroin users who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan. ( Chang, TJ; Chen, VC; Chou, JY; Gossop, M; Lee, PC; Lin, TY; Ng, MH; Shao, WC, 2013)
"The need for research to develop and test tailored interventions for this population is highlighted, as is the need for methadone services and staff to facilitate client smoking cessation."	7.78	Smoking cessation among Australian methadone clients: prevalence, characteristics and a need for action. ( Bartlem, K; Bowman, J; Colyvas, K; Walsh, RA; Wiggers, J; Wye, P, 2012)
"In a tertiary neonatal care center in Taiwan, three neonates whose mothers self-reported heroin abuse with methadone treatment during pregnancy were studied."	7.78	Perinatal effects of combined use of heroin, methadone, and amphetamine during pregnancy and quantitative measurement of metabolites in hair. ( Chang, YZ; Chen, JY; Chen, SC; Ng, YY; Su, PH; Yang, C, 2012)
"Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common among methadone-maintained patients and reduces their quality of life."	7.78	Erectile dysfunction among male heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Guangdong, China. ( Chen, J; Chen, W; He, Q; Li, X; Ling, L; Xia, Y, 2012)
"Forty-four male patients with heroin dependence were recruited from a methadone maintenance treatment program."	7.78	Methadone-mediated autonomic functioning of male patients with heroin dependence: the influence of borderline personality pattern. ( Chang, LR; Chen, YZ; Huang, WL; Kuo, TB; Lin, YH; Yang, CC, 2012)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of childhood and adulthood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and clinical obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among adult patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and to characterize possible risk factors."	7.78	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder among former heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment. ( Adelson, M; Peles, E; Schreiber, S; Sutzman, A, 2012)
"To provide evidence for policy makers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and control, we investigated HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the availability of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) among migrant drug users in Beijing."	7.78	High prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HCV, and low methadone maintenance treatment in a migrant population in Beijing. ( Cao, X; Chu, P; Jia, Z; Li, D; Li, S; Liu, Z; Lu, L; Ruan, Y; Yang, Y, 2012)
"The reports on pain perception among former heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) vary with regard to pain and intolerance threshold, and perception of suprathreshold stimuli has not been previously evaluated."	7.77	The differential effect of methadone dose and of chronic pain on pain perception of former heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment. ( Adelson, M; Defrin, R; Hetzroni, T; Peles, E; Schreiber, S, 2011)
"To estimate risk of death due to cardiac arrhythmia during methadone maintenance treatment."	7.77	Estimating the risk of fatal arrhythmia in patients in methadone maintenance treatment for heroin addiction. ( Batey, R; Bell, J; Butler, B; Lawrance, A; Rubin, G, 2011)
"Participants were 445 heroin abusers from four methadone clinics in Northern Taiwan."	7.77	Psychometric properties of the Chinese craving beliefs questionnaire for heroin abusers in methadone treatment. ( Chang, CW; Huang, CW; Lee, TS; Liu, YL; Shen, HC; Wang, BE; Wu, WH, 2011)
"Those using methadone and heroin simultaneously may increase risk of rhabdomyolysis and ischemic stroke."	7.75	Rhabdomyolysis and brain ischemic stroke in a heroin-dependent male under methadone maintenance therapy. ( Chiu, NY; Hsu, WY; Liao, YC, 2009)
"Methadone, a pharmacological agent used to treat heroin dependence is relatively safe, but may cause cardiac arrhythmias in the concurrent presence of other risk factors."	7.75	Itraconazole-induced torsade de pointes in a patient receiving methadone substitution therapy. ( Narayanan, S; NoorZurani, MH; Vicknasingam, B, 2009)
"The aims of this study was to assess the prevalence of lifetime pathological gambling (pathological gambling) and current obsessive compulsive disorder among former heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment."	7.75	Pathological gambling and obsessive compulsive disorder among methadone maintenance treatment patients. ( Adelson, M; Peles, E; Schreiber, S, 2009)
"The purpose of this article was to investigate the personal and social barriers experienced by methadone maintained clients when seeking treatment for alcohol abuse along with strategies for engaging such clients in treatment programs."	7.74	Alcohol use reduction program in methadone maintained individuals with hepatitis C virus infection. ( Cohen, A; de Castro, V; Khalilifard, F; Marfisee, M; McNeese-Smith, D; Nyamathi, A; Nyamathi, K; Shoptaw, S, 2008)
"Methadone is associated with QT prolongation and higher reporting of syncope in a population of heroin addicts."	7.74	Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen. ( Ege, P; Fanoe, S; Hvidt, C; Jensen, GB, 2007)
"Data from this non-randomized comparison suggest that buprenorphine may offer advantages for treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy."	7.74	Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series. ( Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Sarman, I, 2008)
"Measurement of plasma methadone concentration to investigate the rate of clearance of methadone prescribed for heroin dependence in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy."	7.73	Changes to methadone clearance during pregnancy. ( Boys, A; Hay, A; Raistrick, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Wolff, K, 2005)
"There was described and discussed a case of methadone maintenance participant, former polydrug abuser, who has received a standard treatment with bupropion SR for smoking cessation."	7.73	[Bupropion in cigarettes smoking cessation by former polydrug user participating in methadone maintenance programme]. ( Habrat, B; Steinbarth-Chmielewska, K, 2005)
" A bibliographic review was conducted to evaluate the impact of adherence to heroin dependence treatment on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and to identify interventions proven to be effective in improving adherence."	7.72	Adherence to heroin dependence therapies and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infection rates among drug abusers. ( De Castro, S; Sabaté, E, 2003)
" Factors associated with recent suicide attempts were: being an RR entrant, female gender, younger age, less education, more extensive polydrug use, benzodiazepine use, recent heroin overdose, Major Depression, current suicidal ideation, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder."	7.72	Attempted suicide among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS): prevalence and risk factors. ( Darke, S; Lynskey, M; Ross, J; Teesson, M, 2004)
"To evaluate a series of methadone-treated patients experiencing torsade de pointes."	7.71	Torsade de pointes associated with very-high-dose methadone. ( Hays, H; Krantz, MJ; Lewkowiez, L; Mehler, PS; Robertson, AD; Woodroffe, MA, 2002)
"Several studies have shown high levels of interest in smoking cessation among methadone maintained heroin users, yet little is known about how to intervene most effectively with this population."	7.71	Optimizing smoking cessation outcomes among the methadone maintained. ( Frosch, DL; Nahom, D; Shoptaw, S, 2002)
"This study measured the extent and examined implications of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) population."	7.71	Hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: prevalence and public policy implications. ( Flynn, N; McCarthy, JJ, 2001)
" This is a case report of euphoria and choreoathetoid movements both transiently induced by rapid adjustment to the selective mu-opioid receptor agonist methadone in an inpatient previously abusing heroine and cocaine."	7.70	Choreoathetoid movements associated with rapid adjustment to methadone. ( Banger, M; Bonnet, U; Gastpar, M; Wolstein, J, 1998)
"To study the efficacy of standard hepatitis B (HB) vaccination in methadone-maintained former intravenous drug users."	7.70	Methadone-maintained former heroin addicts, including those who are anti-HIV-1 seropositive, comply with and respond to hepatitis B vaccination. ( Bergasa, NV; Borg, L; Ho, A; Khuri, E; Kreek, MJ; Melia, D; Wells, A, 1999)
"In this paper we assess participation in various forms of gambling activities and establish the prevalence of pathological gambling in a sample of patients (N = 117) enrolled in a large methadone maintenance treatment program in New York City."	7.69	Gambling among methadone patients. ( Cahill, L; Hunt, D; Lesieur, H; Spunt, B, 1995)
"This paper examines the correlates of problem gambling among a population of 220 methadone patients receiving treatment in the New York metropolitan area."	7.69	Pathological gambling among methadone patients. ( Feigelman, W; Kleinman, PH; Lesieur, HR; Lesser, ML; Millman, RB, 1995)
" heroin abusers supervised by physicians offer levomethadone (L-Polamidon) as an oral substitute for heroin to allow social stabilisation of the addict."	7.69	[Bilateral candida endophthalmitis in 2 i. v. drug-dependent patients with oral L-methadone substitution]. ( Althaus, C; Möller, M; Sundmacher, R, 1997)
"We describe a patient on methadone maintenance who developed distal leg edema after years of treatment."	7.68	Methadone and edema. ( Dhopesh, V; Manny, I; O'Conor, LM; Woody, G; Yeh, HS, 1991)
"We studied natural killer (NK) activity and lymphocyte subsets in 11 active parenteral heroin abusers, 11 long-term methadone-maintained former heroin abusers and 11 apparently healthy individuals."	7.67	Natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte subsets in parenteral heroin abusers and long-term methadone maintenance patients. ( Chiorazzi, N; Croxson, TS; Ghali, V; Kreek, MJ; Mercer, WD; Novick, DM; Ochshorn, M, 1989)
"The course of pregnancy and delivery in 28 women under closely supervised methadone maintenance (group 1) was compared with that of 57 women using heroin or methadone under less controlled circumstances (group 2) and with that of 30 women free of mood-altering medications (group 3)."	7.65	Narcotic dependency in pregnancy. Methadone maintenance compared to use of street drugs. ( Adamsons, K; Stimmel, B, 1976)
"In a study of 106 predominantly young, lower-social-class men participating in a methadone maintenance program, the authors found that about one-third were moderately to severely depressed as assessed on standard rating scales of depression."	7.65	Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community. ( Howard, P; Mezritz, M; Prusoff, B; Slobetz, F; Weissman, MM, 1976)
"A hitherto unreported clinical entity, namely fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction, is described."	7.65	Fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction,. ( Rubenstein, R; Spira, IA; Wolff, D; Wolff, WI, 1975)
" After pairwise tagger analyses, tagger SNP rs204047 showed a significant association with methadone dosage (P = 0."	6.94	Genetic polymorphisms in the opioid receptor delta 1 (OPRD1) gene are associated with methadone dose in methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. ( Chen, ACH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Hsu, YT; Kuo, HW; Liu, SC; Liu, TH; Liu, YL; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC, 2020)
"Methadone is a synthetic opioid that binds to the κ-opioid receptor with a low affinity."	6.79	The association of genetic polymorphisms in the κ-opioid receptor 1 gene with body weight, alcohol use, and withdrawal symptoms in patients with methadone maintenance. ( Chang, YS; Chen, AC; Chen, CH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Ho, IK; Hsiao, CF; Huang, BH; Kuo, HW; Lin, KM; Liu, SC; Liu, YL; Shih, YH; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC; Wu, HY, 2014)
" Although these specific dosing procedures would not necessarily be used in clinical settings, they provide a procedural template that might be applied safely and effectively with a broader range of treatment-seeking individuals."	6.72	Early impact of methadone induction for heroin dependence: differential effects of two dose sequences in a randomized controlled study. ( Greenwald, MK, 2006)
"Methadone is a very potent analgesic drug."	6.68	Pain perception of intravenous heroin users on maintenance therapy with levomethadone. ( Gastpar, M; Katta, T; Klöppel, A; Pries, E; Schall, U, 1996)
"Undertreatment of acute pain is suboptimal medical treatment, and patients receiving long-term OAT are at particular risk."	6.43	Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy. ( Alford, DP; Compton, P; Samet, JH, 2006)
"The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and immunosuppression caused by HIV was retained."	5.46	[TB/HIV co-infection associated with Kaposi's sarcoma under opioid substitution treatment using methadone: about a case]. ( Cisse Diallo, VMP; Deguenonvo, LF; Dièye, A; Diop Nyafouna, SA; Diop, M; Ka, D; Lakhe, NA; Massaly, A; Mbaye, KD; Ndiaye, I; Ndour, CT; Seydi, M; Thioub, D, 2017)
"Pregnancy care for these women needs to continue to develop to improve overall outcomes."	5.38	Maternal and neonatal outcomes following methadone substitution during pregnancy. ( Ash, A; Douiri, A; Greig, E, 2012)
"Methadone was significantly less likely to have ever been prescribed than OOA."	5.35	A comparison of drug overdose deaths involving methadone and other opioid analgesics in West Virginia. ( Crosby, AE; Hall, AJ; Kaplan, JA; Logan, JE; McKinstry, E; Paulozzi, LJ, 2009)
" Methadone maintenance dosage was generally dispensed daily by registered community pharmacies."	5.35	Comparing drug-related hospital morbidity following heroin dependence treatment with methadone maintenance or naltrexone implantation. ( Hulse, GK; Ngo, HT; Tait, RJ, 2008)
"Methadone is a mu-opioid receptor agonist used for treating opiate dependence."	5.35	ABCB1 (MDR1) genetic variants are associated with methadone doses required for effective treatment of heroin dependence. ( Adelson, M; Barral, S; Borg, L; Kreek, MJ; Levran, O; Li, D; O'Hara, K; Ott, J; Peles, E; Ray, B, 2008)
"We report a patient who developed torsade de pointes while receiving high-dose methadone and was successfully inducted onto buprenorphine under close medical supervision."	5.33	Effects of buprenorphine on cardiac repolarization in a patient with methadone-related torsade de pointes. ( Garcia, JA; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS, 2005)
"Methadone is a long-acting mu-opioid and is an effective treatment for heroin addiction."	5.33	Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. ( Cunnington, D; Drummer, OH; Kronborg, I; Quinnell, T; Teichtahl, H; Tran, H; Wang, D, 2005)
" Methadone plasma concentration-time data were fit to a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model by extended least-squares regression."	5.28	Altered methadone pharmacokinetics in pregnancy: implications for dosing. ( Camara, P; DePetrillo, P; Dudley, M; Griffiths, W; Swift, RM, 1989)
" Smoking cessation rates in methadone-maintained smokers are low and novel treatment strategies are required."	5.17	Varenicline for smoking cessation among methadone-maintained smokers: a randomized clinical trial. ( Anderson, BJ; Audet, D; Caviness, CM; Kurth, ME; Olson, J; Stein, MD, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance for heroin dependence reduces illicit drug use, crime, HIV risk, and death."	5.17	A randomized investigation of methadone doses at or over 100 mg/day, combined with contingency management. ( Epstein, DH; Kennedy, AP; Phillips, KA; Preston, KL; Reamer, DA; Schmittner, J, 2013)
" In a double-blind, randomly stratified clinical trial investigating whether add-on dextromethorphan (60-120 mg/day) attenuated inflammation and the combined use of opioids in heroin-dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment, we evaluated whether inflammation is related to the progression of opioid dependence."	5.16	Dextromethorphan attenuated inflammation and combined opioid use in humans undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chang, YH; Chen, PS; Chen, SH; Chen, SL; Chu, CH; Hong, JS; Lee, IH; Lee, SY; Lu, RB; Tao, PL; Yang, YK; Yeh, TL, 2012)
"Heroin dependence (HD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by a compulsion to seek and use heroin."	5.15	Heroin reduces startle and cortisol response in opioid-maintained heroin-dependent patients. ( Albrich, J; Degen, B; Dürsteler-MacFarland, KM; Oppel, M; Schächinger, H; Schulz, A; Walter, M; Wiesbeck, GA, 2011)
"Opioid detoxification is not an effective stand-alone treatment for heroin dependence but is nevertheless an essential step in the path to recovery."	5.15	Outpatient versus inpatient opioid detoxification: a randomized controlled trial. ( Day, E; Strang, J, 2011)
"In order to investigate the effects of exposure to buprenorphine compared with methadone during pregnancy, a prospective multicenter study was conducted in collaboration with maternity hospitals, maintenance therapy centers, and general practitioners involved in addiction care."	5.15	Buprenorphine versus methadone in pregnant opioid-dependent women: a prospective multicenter study. ( Berrebi, A; Chaumerliac, C; Damase-Michel, C; Garipuy, D; Hammou, Y; Lacroix, I; Lapeyre-Mestre, M; Montastruc, JL; Schmitt, L, 2011)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of substitution therapy in heroin addicted pregnant women on the course of pregnancy, perinatal outcomes and course of the neonatal abstinence syndrome."	5.13	Prospective randomised comparative study of the effect of buprenorphine, methadone and heroin on the course of pregnancy, birthweight of newborns, early postpartum adaptation and course of the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in women followed up in the ( Binder, T; Vavrinková, B, 2008)
"To review the scientific literature on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy and safety of (supervised) oral diacetylmorphine for patients with severe heroin dependence."	5.12	The suitability of oral diacetylmorphine in treatment-refractory patients with heroin dependence: A scoping review. ( Beck, T; Beijnen, JH; de Grave, N; F Martins, ML; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Schinkel, AH; Uchtenhagen, A; Van den Brink, W; Wilthagen, EA, 2021)
"Effective alternatives to long waiting lists for entry into methadone hydrochloride maintenance treatment are needed to reduce the complications of continuing heroin dependence and to increase methadone treatment entry."	5.12	A randomized controlled trial of interim methadone maintenance. ( Battjes, RJ; Brady, JV; Butler, CB; Callaman, JM; Highfield, DA; Jaffe, JH; O'Grady, KE; Rouse, CO; Schwartz, RP, 2006)
"Dysphoria and depression have been cited as side effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone."	5.12	Does naltrexone treatment lead to depression? Findings from a randomized controlled trial in subjects with opioid dependence. ( Connor, JP; Dean, AJ; Jones, RT; Lawford, BR; Saunders, JB; Young, RM, 2006)
"Both methadone and buprenorphine are effective therapy for heroin dependence."	5.12	A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. ( Grönbladh, L; Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Nilsson, LH; Rawlings, B; Rück, C; Svanborg, KD; von Wachenfeldt, J, 2007)
"Buprenorphine offers an alternative to methadone in the treatment of heroin dependence, and has the advantage of allowing alternate-day dosing."	5.11	A randomised trial of the cost effectiveness of buprenorphine as an alternative to methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence in a primary care setting. ( Gospodarevskaya, E; Harris, AH; Ritter, AJ, 2005)
"To examine the long-term impact of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users."	5.11	Four-year follow-up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment: mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C infection. ( Dolan, KA; Kaldor, J; Shearer, J; White, B; Wodak, AD; Zhou, J, 2005)
"This study was designed to compare the neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in neonates of methadone and buprenorphine maintained pregnant opioid-dependent women and to provide preliminary safety and efficacy data for a larger multi-center trial."	5.11	Buprenorphine versus methadone in the treatment of pregnant opioid-dependent patients: effects on the neonatal abstinence syndrome. ( Chisholm, CA; Choo, RE; Crocetti, M; Dudas, R; Harrow, C; Huestis, MA; Jansson, LM; Jasinski, DR; Johnson, RE; Jones, HE; Lantz, M; Lester, BM; Milio, L; O'Grady, KE, 2005)
"Methadone maintenance has been an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of heroin dependence for nearly four decades."	5.11	Methadone doses of 100 mg or greater are more effective than lower doses at suppressing heroin self-administration in opioid-dependent volunteers. ( Bigelow, GE; Brasser, SM; Donny, EC; Stitzer, ML; Walsh, SL, 2005)
"The relationship between tobacco and illicit drug use was examined among 166 methadone-maintained persons participating in a smoking cessation intervention."	5.10	Using latent-variable models to analyze smoking cessation clinical trial data: an example among the methadone maintained. ( Frosch, DL; Shoptaw, S; Stein, JA, 2002)
"This 13-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of desipramine hydrochloride (0 or 150 mg/d) plus buprenorphine hydrochloride (12 mg/d) or methadone hydrochloride (65 mg/d) in 180 opioid-dependent cocaine abusers (124 men, 56 women)."	5.09	Desipramine in opioid-dependent cocaine abusers maintained on buprenorphine vs methadone. ( Feingold, A; Jatlow, P; Kosten, TR; Oliveto, AH; Schottenfeld, R, 1999)
"Although methadone maintenance is an effective therapy for heroin dependence, some patients continue to use heroin and may benefit from therapeutic modifications."	5.09	Methadone dose increase and abstinence reinforcement for treatment of continued heroin use during methadone maintenance. ( Epstein, DH; Preston, KL; Umbricht, A, 2000)
"In two trials of a small-group AIDS prevention approach, 50 methadone maintenance patients and 98 heroin abusers in outpatient detoxification were randomly assigned to experimental or comparison conditions."	5.07	Psychoeducational group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users. ( Acree, M; Dumontet, R; Gibson, DR; Heitzmann, C; London, J; Morales, ES; Sorensen, JL, 1994)
"Thirty-four drug addicts, aged 20 - 24 years, with a history of 4 - 8 years of intravenous heroin abuse, were randomly assigned either to a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) (17) or to an untreated group (17)."	5.05	The Swedish methadone maintenance program: a controlled study. ( Grönbladh, L; Gunne, LM, 1981)
"Alcoholism is a frequent complication of methadone treatment and is one of the few behaviors found to correlate with methadone treatment failure."	5.04	A behavioral treatment of alcoholic methadone patients. ( Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Tommasello, A, 1978)
" Dole DD-RG) patients according to the following six discussion points: (1) Treatment of personality disorders during Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT); (2) Treatment of Mood Disorders during MMT; (3) Treatment of Anxiety Disorders during MMT; (4) Treatment of Psychotic Disorders during MMT; (5) Treatment of violence during MMT; (6) Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) during MMT."	5.01	What we have learned from the Methadone Maintenance Treatment of Dual Disorder Heroin Use Disorder patients. ( Maremmani, AGI; Maremmani, I; Pacini, M, 2019)
"SIH is found to be an effective way of treating heroin dependence refractory to standard treatment."	4.91	Heroin on trial: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of diamorphine-prescribing as treatment for refractory heroin addiction†. ( Bell, J; Groshkova, T; Haasen, C; Lintzeris, N; Metrebian, N; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Pirona, A; Schechter, MT; Simon, R; Strang, J; Uchtenhagen, A; van den Brink, W, 2015)
"Methadone is prescribed in France as a maintenance treatment for heroin dependence since 1969."	4.89	[When and how to detoxify clients from methadone maintenance treatment?]. ( Bloch, V; Dugarin, J; Dupuy, G; Ksouda, K; Laqueille, X; Lépine, JP; Vorspan, F, 2013)
"To determine the success threshold at which a theoretical course of deep brain stimulation (DBS) would provide the same quality of life (QoL) and cost-effectiveness for heroin dependence as methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	4.88	Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost-effectiveness analysis. ( Balmuri, U; Baltuch, GH; Barrios, CJ; Caplan, AL; Halpern, CH; Kampman, KM; Pisapia, JM; Stein, SC; Stephen, JH; Wolf, JA, 2012)
"Despite agreement that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is an effective and safe option for treatment of heroin dependence, there have been controversies about its effect on heroin craving."	4.87	Effect of methadone maintenance treatment on heroin craving, a literature review. ( Bailey, SP; Casarella, J; Drexler, K; Fareed, A; Stout, S; Vayalapalli, S, 2011)
" Examples of situations that characterise these special populations are: co-infection with hepatitis virus B and/or C, pregnancy, lipodystrophy, cardiovascular risk, renal failure, treatment of children and adolescents, immigrant health care, and the management of patients receiving methadone replacement therapy, among others."	4.84	[Utility of atazanavir in special populations]. ( Antela López, A, 2008)
"The results confirm that, in a nonexperimental clinical practice setting, BUP is as effective as methadone in the treatment of heroin dependence, with significantly better opiate abuse control, thus possibly allowing longer and more effective treatment programs with reduced relapse rates."	4.83	Multimodal drug addiction treatment: a field comparison of methadone and buprenorphine among heroin- and cocaine-dependent patients. ( Cocchi, L; Corrado, F; Cozzolino, E; De Chiara, M; Guglielmino, L; Marzorati, P; Silenzio, R; Vigezzi, P, 2006)
"To compare the efficacy and acceptability of LAAM maintenance with methadone maintenance in the treatment of heroin dependence."	4.81	LAAM maintenance vs methadone maintenance for heroin dependence. ( Clark, N; Dunlop, A; Gijsbers, A; Ling, W; Lintzeris, N; Ritter, A; Whelan, G, 2002)
"Methadone treatment during pregnancy offers overwhelming advantages compared with the less acceptable option of medical detoxification or the unacceptably dangerous option of leaving heroin-addicted women dependent on street drugs."	4.80	The methadone-maintained pregnancy. ( Doberczak, TM; Jantunen, M; Kandall, SR; Stein, J, 1999)
"Although they developed from different backgrounds, therapeutic communities and methadone maintenance programs became major treatments of heroin abuse in the 1970s."	4.76	Treatment collaboration of methadone maintenance programs and therapeutic communities. ( Acampora, A; Deitch, DA; Sorensen, JL, 1984)
"Based on hubs of neural circuits associated with addiction and their degree centrality (DC), this study aimed to construct the addiction-related brain networks for patients diagnosed with heroin dependence undertaking stable methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and further prospectively identify the ones at high risk for relapse with cluster analysis."	4.31	Relapse risk revealed by degree centrality and cluster analysis in heroin addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. ( Guo, J; Hu, F; Li, Q; Li, W; Li, Y; Qin, Y; Shi, H; Wang, L; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Wei, X; Yang, J; Zhu, J, 2023)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is considered as an effective and mainstream therapy for heroin dependence."	4.12	The effect of long-term methadone maintenance treatment on coupling among three large-scale brain networks in male heroin-dependent individuals: A resting-state fMRI study. ( Chen, J; Huang, P; Li, Q; Li, W; Li, Y; Li, Z; Liang, Z; Liu, W; Shi, H; Wang, F; Wang, S; Wang, W; Xue, J; Zhu, J, 2022)
"Heroin dependence may result in suppression of adaptive immune responses."	4.02	Heroin-assisted treatment of heroin-addicted patients normalizes regulatory T cells but does not restore CD4 ( Barthel, R; Broemstrup, J; Buer, J; Chang, DI; Hansen, W; Luppus, S; Scherbaum, N; Shibata, J; Westendorf, AM; Zwarg, T, 2021)
" This finding supports the feasibility of using a common metric to specifically assess satisfaction with medications to treat heroin dependence."	3.96	Towards a common metric for assessing heroin-dependent patient satisfaction with medications: Testing methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone. ( Alcaraz, S; González-Saiz, F; Pérez de Los Cobos, J; Siñol, N; Trujols, J; Vergara-Moragues, E, 2020)
"Heroin dependence is a complex disease with multiple phenotypes."	3.96	Association studies of dopamine synthesis and metabolism genes with multiple phenotypes of heroin dependence. ( Chen, Y; Lai, J; Li, Y; Shi, X; Wei, S; Zhang, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)
" The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of suicide attempt in Chinese individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence."	3.91	Prevalence and correlates of suicide attempt among Chinese individuals receiving methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. ( Chen, H; Lu, J; Xie, WX; Zhong, BL; Zhu, JH, 2019)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) services have been used in China for treatment of heroin dependence."	3.91	Monitoring consumption of methadone and heroin in major Chinese cities by wastewater-based epidemiology. ( Bai, Y; Du, P; Hao, F; Li, X; Thai, PK; Wang, J; Xu, Z; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zhou, Z, 2019)
"The switch from methadone to buprenorphine-naloxone for individuals with heroin dependence is associated with several obstacles and challenges."	3.91	Traditional Chinese Medicine-facilitated switch from methadone to buprenorphine-naloxone for treatment of heroin dependence: a case report. ( Han, KC; Hsu, CH; Huang, KY; Wei, HT; Yeh, YH; Yu, KC, 2019)
"We recruited 109 participants: (i) patients with a history of opioid dependence due to chronic heroin use (n = 24), (ii) heroin users stabilised on methadone maintenance treatment (n = 29), (iii) participants with a history of chronic pain and prescribed tramadol and codeine (n = 28) and (iv) healthy controls (n = 28)."	3.91	Profiles of visuospatial memory dysfunction in opioid-exposed and dependent populations. ( Baldacchino, A; Balfour, DJ; Matthews, K; Tolomeo, S, 2019)
"The results suggested an important role for GRK5 in the regulatory mechanisms of methadone dose and course of heroin dependence."	3.88	GRK5 Is Associated with the Regulation of Methadone Dosage in Heroin Dependence. ( Chen, ACH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Kuo, HW; Liu, CC; Liu, SC; Liu, TH; Liu, YL; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC, 2018)
" We investigated FADS gene family genetic polymorphisms and variations of lipid profiles in patients with heroin dependence receiving 6-month methadone maintenance therapy (MMT)."	3.88	Genetic polymorphisms of FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3 and fatty acid profiles in subjects received methadone maintenance therapy. ( Huang, CL; Huang, SY; Su, KP; Wang, RY; Yang, HT, 2018)
"To date there have been no studies investigating the characteristics of pain in Chinese heroin-dependent patients (HDPs) receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	3.85	Prevalence of pain and its socio-demographic and clinical correlates among heroin-dependent patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chen, WC; Lu, J; Xu, YM; Yang, YJ; Zhong, BL; Zhu, JH, 2017)
"Thirty outpatients receiving methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence and 38 healthy controls completed a visual probe task with concurrent eye movement monitoring."	3.85	Eye Movement Evidence of Attentional Bias for Substance-Related Cues in Heroin Dependents on Methadone Maintenance Therapy. ( Guo, X; Huang, X; Xiao, Y; Yang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, Z; Zhao, H; Zhu, Q, 2017)
"A white woman in her 40s on methadone maintenance therapy and with morbid obesity was referred for bariatric surgery."	3.83	Bioavailability of Methadone After Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Planned Case Observation. ( Helland, A; Kulseng, B; Spigset, O; Strømmen, M, 2016)
"The present study shows that patients affected by opioid-dependence in OST with methadone and buprenorphine have a high prevalence of constipation and reduced QoL."	3.83	High prevalence of constipation and reduced quality of life in opioid-dependent patients treated with opioid substitution treatments. ( Addolorato, G; Casari, R; Cossari, A; Faccini, M; Gasbarrini, A; Lugoboni, F; Mirijello, A; Zamboni, L, 2016)
" We studied the interaction between early onset and rapid transition to heroin dependence recorded with retrospective interviews in 213 patients with severe heroin dependence and history of methadone maintenance treatment."	3.83	Anxiety disorders are associated with early onset of heroin use and rapid transition to dependence in methadone maintained patients. ( Avril, E; Belforte, B; Bellivier, F; Bloch, V; Coeuru, P; Dupuy, G; Fortias, M; Icick, R; Jarroir, M; Karsinti, E; Ksouda, K; Laqueille, X; Lépine, JP; Orizet, C; Polomeni, P; Scott, J; Simonpoli, AM; Touzeau, D; Vorspan, F, 2016)
"Five unique SNPs in four genes showed nominally significant associations with non-dependent opioid use and heroin dependence."	3.83	Variants of opioid system genes are associated with non-dependent opioid use and heroin dependence. ( Blanken, P; Butelman, ER; da Rosa, JC; Kreek, MJ; Levran, O; Ott, J; Randesi, M; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM; Yuferov, V, 2016)
"There is a dearth of information about mothers in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), their parental stress, and suicidal ideation."	3.83	Suicidal Ideation Among Heroin-Abusing Mothers in Methadone Maintenance Treatment. ( Isralowitz, R; Reznik, A; Sarid, O; Yehudai, M, 2016)
"Using the retrospective matched cohort study design, 396 births to women on methadone treatment during pregnancy (the methadone-treated group) and 609 to women who started methadone treatment after childbirth (the heroin-exposed group) were identified in the National Methadone Maintenance Program."	3.81	Comparison of adverse obstetric outcomes and maternity hospitalization among heroin-exposed and methadone-treated women in Taiwan. ( Chen, CY; Ho, IK; Lien, YT; Su, LW; Yeh, HH, 2015)
"While methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is beneficial for heroin dependence, there is little information regarding the reductions in monetary cost and gains in productivity following MMT."	3.81	The reductions in monetary cost and gains in productivity with methadone maintenance treatment: one year follow-up. ( Chang, WH; Chen, KC; Chen, PS; Hsiao, CY; Lee, IH; Lee, LT; Lu, RB; Tsai, HC; Yang, YK, 2015)
" This paper presents analysis of Australian print media reporting on two treatment options for heroin dependence (naltrexone and methadone)."	3.80	'Miracle cure' or 'liquid handcuffs': reporting on naltrexone and methadone in the Australian print media. ( Matthew-Simmons, F; Ritter, A, 2014)
"Surveys of current trends indicate heroin abuse is associated with nonmedical use of pain relievers."	3.80	Prevalence of heroin markers in urine for pain management patients. ( Black, DL; Caplan, YH; Cone, EJ; DePriest, A; Heltsley, R; Hild, C; Knight, J; Puet, BL; Robert, T, 2014)
"The objective of this study was to assess craving and mood related to opioid and cocaine use among asymptomatic hepatitis C virus (HCV)+ and HCV- methadone patients who have not started antiviral treatment."	3.80	Substance use and hepatitis C: an ecological momentary assessment study. ( Epstein, DH; Lin, JL; Mezghanni, M; Phillips, KA; Preston, KL; Vahabzadeh, M, 2014)
"Forty patients with heroin abuse history, who referred to Imam Reza Hospital for MMT were included."	3.80	Evaluation of the effect of diacetyl morphine on salivary factors and their changes after methadone therapy. ( Afshari, R; Akbari, M; Hashemy, SI; Majidinia, S; Sharif, M, 2014)
"Methadone is largely used as the primary opioid substitution therapy for the treatment of heroin addiction; the objective of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics of heroin abusers admitted into a methadone maintenance program (MMP) in metropolitan Barcelona."	3.80	[Characteristics of heroin dependent patients admitted to a methadone treatment program]. ( Faure, E; Fuster, D; Muga, R; Muñoz, T; Rivas, I; Rubio, M; Sanvisens, A; Tor, J, 2014)
"This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among heroin dependent individuals who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan."	3.79	High prevalence but low awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among heroin users who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan. ( Chang, TJ; Chen, VC; Chou, JY; Gossop, M; Lee, PC; Lin, TY; Ng, MH; Shao, WC, 2013)
"Abstract Methadone maintenance therapy is an established treatment for heroin dependence."	3.79	Functional genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 gene in relation to cardiac side effects and treatment dose in a methadone maintenance cohort. ( Chang, YS; Chen, AC; Chen, CH; Ho, IK; Hsiao, CF; Huang, CL; Kuo, HW; Lin, KM; Lin, L; Liu, ML; Liu, SC; Liu, SW; Liu, YL; Su, LW; Tan, HK; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC; Wu, CS; Wu, HY; Yang, YH, 2013)
"Several studies have reported prolonged QTc intervals in patients under methadone maintenance treatment, including development of torsade-de-pointes arrhythmia and death."	3.79	QTc prolongation in methadone maintenance--the role of HCV infection. ( Boesch, L; Bruggmann, P; Falcato, L; Gholami, N; Stohler, R, 2013)
"Implementation of injectable heroin treatment for patients with chronic heroin dependence unresponsive to oral methadone maintenance treatment has stagnated, even though the evidence for its effectiveness in this population continues to accrue."	3.79	Injectable heroin - effective treatment for opiate misusers, but is it cost-effective? ( Hasan, S; Hunter, RM, 2013)
"The commencement of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in 2005 represents a quantum leap in the management of heroin dependence in Malaysia."	3.78	Two-year outcomes of methadone maintenance therapy at a clinic in Malaysia. ( Abu Bakar, AZ; Ali Khan, U; Musa, R, 2012)
"The need for research to develop and test tailored interventions for this population is highlighted, as is the need for methadone services and staff to facilitate client smoking cessation."	3.78	Smoking cessation among Australian methadone clients: prevalence, characteristics and a need for action. ( Bartlem, K; Bowman, J; Colyvas, K; Walsh, RA; Wiggers, J; Wye, P, 2012)
" Methadone use in pregnancy has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)."	3.78	Methadone and perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study. ( Carmody, D; Clarke, T; Cleary, BJ; Eogan, M; Fahey, T; Gallagher, PJ; Gleeson, J; McDermott, C; Murphy, DJ; O'Connell, MP; O'Sullivan, A; White, MJ, 2012)
"To explore the differences of working memory task performance between male patients with heroin dependence in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and healthy controls (HC)."	3.78	[Effects of methadone maintenance treatment on working memory in male heroin dependent patients]. ( Dai, J; Li, ZA; Pang, LJ; Tang, WC; Wang, SM; Yin, LS; Zhang, L; Zhu, CY, 2012)
"In a tertiary neonatal care center in Taiwan, three neonates whose mothers self-reported heroin abuse with methadone treatment during pregnancy were studied."	3.78	Perinatal effects of combined use of heroin, methadone, and amphetamine during pregnancy and quantitative measurement of metabolites in hair. ( Chang, YZ; Chen, JY; Chen, SC; Ng, YY; Su, PH; Yang, C, 2012)
"Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common among methadone-maintained patients and reduces their quality of life."	3.78	Erectile dysfunction among male heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Guangdong, China. ( Chen, J; Chen, W; He, Q; Li, X; Ling, L; Xia, Y, 2012)
"Forty-four male patients with heroin dependence were recruited from a methadone maintenance treatment program."	3.78	Methadone-mediated autonomic functioning of male patients with heroin dependence: the influence of borderline personality pattern. ( Chang, LR; Chen, YZ; Huang, WL; Kuo, TB; Lin, YH; Yang, CC, 2012)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of childhood and adulthood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and clinical obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among adult patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and to characterize possible risk factors."	3.78	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder among former heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment. ( Adelson, M; Peles, E; Schreiber, S; Sutzman, A, 2012)
"To provide evidence for policy makers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and control, we investigated HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the availability of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) among migrant drug users in Beijing."	3.78	High prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HCV, and low methadone maintenance treatment in a migrant population in Beijing. ( Cao, X; Chu, P; Jia, Z; Li, D; Li, S; Liu, Z; Lu, L; Ruan, Y; Yang, Y, 2012)
"Besides significant reduction in heroin consumption, weight gain is an accompanying phenomenon during methadone maintenance treatment."	3.78	[Weight changes of patients in methadone maintenance treatment during four years period]. ( Okruhlica, Ĺ; Slezáková, S, 2012)
"The reports on pain perception among former heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) vary with regard to pain and intolerance threshold, and perception of suprathreshold stimuli has not been previously evaluated."	3.77	The differential effect of methadone dose and of chronic pain on pain perception of former heroin addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment. ( Adelson, M; Defrin, R; Hetzroni, T; Peles, E; Schreiber, S, 2011)
"To estimate risk of death due to cardiac arrhythmia during methadone maintenance treatment."	3.77	Estimating the risk of fatal arrhythmia in patients in methadone maintenance treatment for heroin addiction. ( Batey, R; Bell, J; Butler, B; Lawrance, A; Rubin, G, 2011)
"Participants were 445 heroin abusers from four methadone clinics in Northern Taiwan."	3.77	Psychometric properties of the Chinese craving beliefs questionnaire for heroin abusers in methadone treatment. ( Chang, CW; Huang, CW; Lee, TS; Liu, YL; Shen, HC; Wang, BE; Wu, WH, 2011)
" Data on HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, methadone dosage, and morphine in the urine were retrieved from patient files on the clinical premises, with permission of the participants."	3.77	Clinical characteristics and risk behavior as a function of HIV status among heroin users enrolled in methadone treatment in northern Taiwan. ( Chou, YC; Chuang, P; Huang, CW; Lee, TS; Liu, YL; Shen, HC; Shih, CY; Wang, BE; Wu, WH; Yen, MY, 2011)
"The aims of this study were to compare the quality of life (QOL) between subjects with and without heroin use and to examine the association of QOL with sociodemographic characteristics, characteristics of heroin use, family support, and depression among heroin users at entry to a methadone maintenance treatment program."	3.77	Quality of life and its correlates among heroin users in Taiwan. ( Chang, HC; Chen, HF; Wang, CS; Wang, TY; Yen, CN, 2011)
"This study found no differences in the pain responses of ME infants and non-exposed infants when given sucrose during heel lance procedures."	3.76	Efficacy of oral sucrose in infants of methadone-maintained mothers. ( Marceau, JR; Murray, H; Nanan, RK, 2010)
"High quality MMT clinic services, high self-satisfied score, longer treatment retention and low dropout rate seemed to have the effects of reducing the risk of ongoing heroin abuse under the methadone maintenance treatment program."	3.76	[Risk factors which were associated with heroin use during the methadone maintenance treatment among 1301 patients in 9 cities of China.]. ( Cao, XB; Li, ZJ; Luo, W; Pang, L; Rou, KM; Wang, CH; Wu, ZY; Xiao, YK; Xu, JS; Yin, WY; Zhang, B; Zhang, CB; Zhang, RM, 2010)
"The study aimed to determine patterns of major depression (MD) across 36 months, and the relationship to outcomes for the treatment of heroin dependence."	3.75	Patterns of major depression and drug-related problems amongst heroin users across 36 months. ( Darke, S; Havard, A; Mills, K; Ross, J; Teesson, M; Williamson, A, 2009)
"Those using methadone and heroin simultaneously may increase risk of rhabdomyolysis and ischemic stroke."	3.75	Rhabdomyolysis and brain ischemic stroke in a heroin-dependent male under methadone maintenance therapy. ( Chiu, NY; Hsu, WY; Liao, YC, 2009)
"A statistically significant association was found between diabetes mellitus and between liver and gastrointestinal cancer and premature mortality in this sample of older patients maintained on methadone (OR=30."	3.75	Benefits of retention in methadone maintenance and chronic medical conditions as risk factors for premature death among older heroin addicts. ( Amar, R; Casarella, J; Drexler, K; Fareed, A; Vayalapalli, S, 2009)
"Methadone, a pharmacological agent used to treat heroin dependence is relatively safe, but may cause cardiac arrhythmias in the concurrent presence of other risk factors."	3.75	Itraconazole-induced torsade de pointes in a patient receiving methadone substitution therapy. ( Narayanan, S; NoorZurani, MH; Vicknasingam, B, 2009)
"The aims of this study was to assess the prevalence of lifetime pathological gambling (pathological gambling) and current obsessive compulsive disorder among former heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment."	3.75	Pathological gambling and obsessive compulsive disorder among methadone maintenance treatment patients. ( Adelson, M; Peles, E; Schreiber, S, 2009)
" Use of heroin alone during pregnancy was recorded in 51 women (50%), methadone alone in 6 (7%), and a combination of heroin and methadone in 9 (11%)."	3.74	Maternal and neonatal effects of substance abuse during pregnancy: our ten-year experience. ( Banovic, I; Bucat, M; Capkun, V; Roje, D; Vucinovic, M; Vucinovic, Z, 2008)
"Methadone is associated with prolongation of the corrected QT interval (QTc) and torsade de pointes in case series, cross sectional studies, a prospective cohort study, and one randomized trial."	3.74	Heterogeneous impact of methadone on the QTc interval: what are the practical implications? ( Krantz, MJ, 2008)
"The purpose of this article was to investigate the personal and social barriers experienced by methadone maintained clients when seeking treatment for alcohol abuse along with strategies for engaging such clients in treatment programs."	3.74	Alcohol use reduction program in methadone maintained individuals with hepatitis C virus infection. ( Cohen, A; de Castro, V; Khalilifard, F; Marfisee, M; McNeese-Smith, D; Nyamathi, A; Nyamathi, K; Shoptaw, S, 2008)
"Methadone is associated with QT prolongation and higher reporting of syncope in a population of heroin addicts."	3.74	Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen. ( Ege, P; Fanoe, S; Hvidt, C; Jensen, GB, 2007)
"Alcohol and cocaine abuse result in unsatisfactory treatment outcomes for heroin and illicit opioid addicts engaged in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs (MMTPs)."	3.74	Alcohol and cocaine use and abuse among opioid addicts engaged in a methadone maintenance treatment program. ( Lovrecic, M; Maremmani, I; Marini, G; Mellini, A; Pacini, M; Pani, PP; Perugi, G; Shinderman, M, 2007)
"The authors refer to their experience with alternative matrices to supervise the methadone therapy of heroin abusers."	3.74	Methadone in hair and sweat from patients in long-term maintenance therapy. ( De Giovanni, N; Fucci, N, 2007)
"Participants received maintenance treatment with oral methadone or sublingual buprenorphine for the treatment of heroin dependence."	3.74	Quality of life among heroin users on buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance. ( Grinshpoon, A; Ponizovsky, AM, 2007)
"Concerns that treatment for heroin dependence using naltrexone may increase suicide rates during treatment and fatal overdoses posttreatment have been expressed."	3.74	Mortality in heroin users 3 years after naltrexone implant or methadone maintenance treatment. ( Hulse, GK; Ngo, HT; Tait, RJ, 2008)
"Statistically birth weight of newborns was significantly lowest in the group of heroin-addicted women as compared to the group receiving substitution with buprenorphine p<0."	3.74	[The effect of substitution therapy on the birth weight of the newborn, its postpartum adaptation, trophic and course of the neonatal abstinence syndrome]. ( Binder, T; Vavrinková, B, 2007)
"Environmental drug-related cues have been implicated as a cause of illicit heroin use during methadone maintenance treatment of heroin dependence."	3.74	Acute effect of methadone maintenance dose on brain FMRI response to heroin-related cues. ( Busch-Winokur, S; Childress, AR; Elman, I; Langleben, DD; Loughead, J; O'Brien, CP; Pratiwadi, R; Ruparel, K, 2008)
"Data from this non-randomized comparison suggest that buprenorphine may offer advantages for treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy."	3.74	Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series. ( Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Sarman, I, 2008)
"Among the many patients served by methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) is a small population with severe, refractory pain that may be effectively managed using long-term opioid therapy."	3.74	MMTP patients with chronic pain switching to pain management clinics. A problem or an acceptable practice? ( Altilio, T; Bookbinder, M; Cruciani, RA; Esteban, S; Portenoy, RK; Seewald, RM; Sheu, R, 2008)
"In 189 opioid-dependent subjects on methadone maintenance treatment in Barcelona (Spain), we assessed the prevalence of co-occurrence substance use and non-substance-use disorders (dual diagnosis) by the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders [PRISM], and the impact on quality of life (HRQoL) by the SF-12 (PCS-12 and MCS-12 scales)."	3.74	Impact of substance dependence and dual diagnosis on the quality of life of heroin users seeking treatment. ( Astals, M; Buenaventura, CC; Domingo-Salvany, A; Martín-Santos, R; Tato, J; Torrens, M; Vazquez, JM, 2008)
"Although methadone maintenance is the standard treatment of opiate addiction in pregnancy, opinion as to its utility is divided."	3.73	Methadone maintenance program in a Swiss perinatal center: (I): Management and outcome of 89 pregnancies. ( Arlettaz, R; Hebisch, G; Kashiwagi, M; Lauper, U; Zimmermann, R, 2005)
"The majority of injecting drug users in Ireland are infected with hepatitis C (HCV) and many attend general practice for methadone maintenance treatment."	3.73	Experience of hepatitis C among current or former heroin users attending general practice. ( Bury, G; Cullen, W; Kelly, Y; Langton, D; Stanley, J, 2005)
"Measurement of plasma methadone concentration to investigate the rate of clearance of methadone prescribed for heroin dependence in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy."	3.73	Changes to methadone clearance during pregnancy. ( Boys, A; Hay, A; Raistrick, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Wolff, K, 2005)
"There was described and discussed a case of methadone maintenance participant, former polydrug abuser, who has received a standard treatment with bupropion SR for smoking cessation."	3.73	[Bupropion in cigarettes smoking cessation by former polydrug user participating in methadone maintenance programme]. ( Habrat, B; Steinbarth-Chmielewska, K, 2005)
"An accumulating body of research suggests that former heroin abusers in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) exhibit deficits in cognitive function."	3.73	Neuropsychological functioning in opiate-dependent subjects receiving and following methadone maintenance treatment. ( Cohen, LJ; Eisenberg, D; Galynker, II; London, ED; Prosser, J; Steinfeld, M, 2006)
" A bibliographic review was conducted to evaluate the impact of adherence to heroin dependence treatment on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and to identify interventions proven to be effective in improving adherence."	3.72	Adherence to heroin dependence therapies and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infection rates among drug abusers. ( De Castro, S; Sabaté, E, 2003)
" Factors associated with recent suicide attempts were: being an RR entrant, female gender, younger age, less education, more extensive polydrug use, benzodiazepine use, recent heroin overdose, Major Depression, current suicidal ideation, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder."	3.72	Attempted suicide among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS): prevalence and risk factors. ( Darke, S; Lynskey, M; Ross, J; Teesson, M, 2004)
"To evaluate a series of methadone-treated patients experiencing torsade de pointes."	3.71	Torsade de pointes associated with very-high-dose methadone. ( Hays, H; Krantz, MJ; Lewkowiez, L; Mehler, PS; Robertson, AD; Woodroffe, MA, 2002)
"Several studies have shown high levels of interest in smoking cessation among methadone maintained heroin users, yet little is known about how to intervene most effectively with this population."	3.71	Optimizing smoking cessation outcomes among the methadone maintained. ( Frosch, DL; Nahom, D; Shoptaw, S, 2002)
"The New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) licenses the largest system of methadone maintenance clinics nationwide."	3.71	Selected in-treatment outcomes of long-term methadone maintenance treatment patients in New York State. ( Appel, PW; Habel, E; Joseph, H; Kott, A; Nottingham, W; Tasiny, E, 2001)
"This study measured the extent and examined implications of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) population."	3.71	Hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: prevalence and public policy implications. ( Flynn, N; McCarthy, JJ, 2001)
"In 61 patients with the ICD-10 diagnosis "heroin dependence" an evaluation of subjective well-being with consideration given to coexisting symptoms prior to and 4 months after initiation of methadone maintenance."	3.71	[Subjective wellbeing and somatic markers in methadone substitution. Evaluation of 61 heroin addicts]. ( Ertl, M; Giacomuzzi, SM; Hinterhuber, H; Kemmler, G; Richter, R; Riemer, Y; Rössler, H, 2001)
" The delay in N75 latency was strongly correlated with self-reported years of heroin abuse, but not with years of cocaine, alcohol, or other drug abuse."	3.70	Effects of chronic opioid dependence and HIV-1 infection on pattern shift visual evoked potentials. ( Bauer, LO, 1998)
" This is a case report of euphoria and choreoathetoid movements both transiently induced by rapid adjustment to the selective mu-opioid receptor agonist methadone in an inpatient previously abusing heroine and cocaine."	3.70	Choreoathetoid movements associated with rapid adjustment to methadone. ( Banger, M; Bonnet, U; Gastpar, M; Wolstein, J, 1998)
"To study the efficacy of standard hepatitis B (HB) vaccination in methadone-maintained former intravenous drug users."	3.70	Methadone-maintained former heroin addicts, including those who are anti-HIV-1 seropositive, comply with and respond to hepatitis B vaccination. ( Bergasa, NV; Borg, L; Ho, A; Khuri, E; Kreek, MJ; Melia, D; Wells, A, 1999)
" Compared to patients with pre-existing heroin, codeine, or morphine abuse respectively, patients from the methadone maintenance programme had significantly higher (P<0."	3.70	Safety, efficacy, and long-term results of a modified version of rapid opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia: a prospective study in methadone, heroin, codeine and morphine addicts. ( Hensel, M; Kox, WJ, 2000)
" The drug-dependent women had used combinations of methadone, heroin, cocaine and other drugs during pregnancy."	3.69	Development after prenatal exposure to cocaine, heroin and methadone. ( Akkerhuis, GW; Gunning, WB; Soepatmi, S; van Baar, AL, 1994)
"In this paper we assess participation in various forms of gambling activities and establish the prevalence of pathological gambling in a sample of patients (N = 117) enrolled in a large methadone maintenance treatment program in New York City."	3.69	Gambling among methadone patients. ( Cahill, L; Hunt, D; Lesieur, H; Spunt, B, 1995)
"In order to elucidate better the immunological effect of opioid abuse in the absence of HIV infection as a confounding factor, granulocyte function was investigated in three groups of HIV-negative subjects, including 20 active parenteral heroin abusers (H), 20 long-term methadone-maintained former opiate abusers (M) and 20 healthy controls (C)."	3.69	Granulocyte defects and opioid receptors in chronic exposure to heroin or methadone in humans. ( Fea, M; Fossati, G; Gritti, D; Mazzone, A; Mazzucchelli, I; Ricevuti, G, 1994)
"This paper examines the correlates of problem gambling among a population of 220 methadone patients receiving treatment in the New York metropolitan area."	3.69	Pathological gambling among methadone patients. ( Feigelman, W; Kleinman, PH; Lesieur, HR; Lesser, ML; Millman, RB, 1995)
" All nine patients met DSM-III-R criteria for concurrent cocaine and heroin dependence, were neurologically normal, were negative for the human immunodeficiency virus, and had normal clinical brain MRI scans."	3.69	Abnormal cerebral metabolism in polydrug abusers during early withdrawal: a 31P MR spectroscopy study. ( Christensen, JD; Cohen, BM; Holman, BL; Kaufman, MJ; Levin, JM; Mendelson, JH; Renshaw, PF, 1996)
"Heroin dependence remains a serious and costly public health problem, even in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment."	3.69	Increasing opiate abstinence through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. ( Brooner, RK; Contoreggi, C; Higgins, ST; Montoya, ID; Preston, KL; Schuster, CR; Silverman, K; Umbricht-Schneiter, A; Wong, CJ, 1996)
" heroin abusers supervised by physicians offer levomethadone (L-Polamidon) as an oral substitute for heroin to allow social stabilisation of the addict."	3.69	[Bilateral candida endophthalmitis in 2 i. v. drug-dependent patients with oral L-methadone substitution]. ( Althaus, C; Möller, M; Sundmacher, R, 1997)
"This study examines the predictors of alcoholism among 201 patients from three methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) in New York City."	3.68	Correlates of alcohol use among methadone patients. ( el-Bassel, N; Schilling, RF; Su, KH; Turnbull, JE, 1993)
"Determination of methadone (MET) in biological fluids can serve to adjust dosages in patients suffering from cancer pain or participating in methadone maintenance programs."	3.68	Rapid determination of methadone in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine by gas chromatography and its application to routine drug monitoring. ( Brune, K; Geisslinger, G; Schmidt, N; Sittl, R, 1993)
"We describe a patient on methadone maintenance who developed distal leg edema after years of treatment."	3.68	Methadone and edema. ( Dhopesh, V; Manny, I; O'Conor, LM; Woody, G; Yeh, HS, 1991)
"To determine whether sublingual naloxone could precipitate withdrawal in opioid-dependent subjects, naloxone was administered in increasing doses (0-8 mg in four or six sessions conducted over 2 days) to six heroin abusers and three methadone (30 mg/day, p."	3.68	Effects of sublingually given naloxone in opioid-dependent human volunteers. ( Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1990)
" A new program is described that provides methadone maintenance treatment to opiate addicts who are "AIDS affected"--heroin addicts diagnosed with AIDS, AIDS-related complex (ARC), or other significant symptoms of HIV infection."	3.67	Methadone maintenance program for AIDS-affected opiate addicts. ( Batki, SL; Good, P; Sorensen, JL; Wilkinson, K, 1989)
"We studied natural killer (NK) activity and lymphocyte subsets in 11 active parenteral heroin abusers, 11 long-term methadone-maintained former heroin abusers and 11 apparently healthy individuals."	3.67	Natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte subsets in parenteral heroin abusers and long-term methadone maintenance patients. ( Chiorazzi, N; Croxson, TS; Ghali, V; Kreek, MJ; Mercer, WD; Novick, DM; Ochshorn, M, 1989)
"This article explores the issues raised by methadone maintenance during pregnancy with a focus on intervention techniques for the drug counselor."	3.67	When the client is pregnant: information for counselors. ( Williams, A, 1985)
"Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and added airway resistance were studied before and after methadone intake in 7 normal subjects (Group I) and 7 subjects receiving chronic methadone maintenance therapy (Group II)."	3.66	Respiratory consequences of methadone: the response to added resistance to breathing. ( Edelman, NH; Goldblatt, K; Pugliese, AC; Santiago, TV; Winters, K, 1980)
"Minute ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, O2 and CO2 concentrations in expired air, pulse rate and arterial blood pressure were measured in the last half of pregnancy in eight women taking methadone daily."	3.66	Respiratory and hemodynamic effects of methadone in pregnant women. ( Dunham, MJ; Krall, MA; Metcalfe, J; Olsen, GD, 1980)
" A principal factor analysis of the men's self-ratings revealed four major dimensions-Fatigue-inertia, Confused-depression, Anger-hostility, and Friendliness; these dimensions were similar to factors reported for male psychiatric patients, but only the dimensions of Fatigue-inertia, Confused-depression, and Anger-hostility matched comparable factors reported for male heroin addicts seeking methadone maintenance."	3.66	Affect dimensions of male heroin addicts admitted for inpatient detoxification. ( Schut, J; Steer, RA, 1981)
" One, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after the drug was administered rats were injected with naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) and during the following 4 hours body weights, core temperature and behavioral signs such as diarrhea, writhing, teeth chattering and wet dog shakes were recorded."	3.66	Dependence in rats after one injection of heroin-, LAAM- or hydromorphone-zinc tannate. ( Baskerville, JC; Brands, B; Gowdey, CW; Hirst, M, 1979)
"Biofeedback was used as a means to relieve stress and anxiety for methadone patients."	3.66	Biofeedback application to drug addiction in the University of Colorado drug rehabilitation program. ( Brinkman, DN, 1978)
"Evidence exists that alcohol abuse frequently coexists with narcotic addiction and methadone maintenance treatment, and it is the major factor in the development of cirrhosis and liver failure."	3.66	Quantitative and temporal relationships of alcohol use in narcotic addicts and methadone maintenance patients undergoing alcohol detoxification. ( Anand, OP; Gelb, AM; Richman, BL, 1978)
" Heroin abuse declined while methadone usage increased during those years."	3.65	The narcotic-dependent mother: fetal and neonatal consequences. ( Albin, S; Eidelman, A; Gartner, LM; Kandall, SR; Lee, KS; Lowinson, J, 1977)
" Among 42 active heroin users or former heroin addicts maintained on methadone, 79% were heavy alcohol abusers."	3.65	The spectrum and causes of liver diseases in narcotic addicts. ( Gelb, AM; Mildvan, D; Stenger, RJ, 1977)
"The course of pregnancy and delivery in 28 women under closely supervised methadone maintenance (group 1) was compared with that of 57 women using heroin or methadone under less controlled circumstances (group 2) and with that of 30 women free of mood-altering medications (group 3)."	3.65	Narcotic dependency in pregnancy. Methadone maintenance compared to use of street drugs. ( Adamsons, K; Stimmel, B, 1976)
" Mean birthweight of infants born to mothers abusing heroin during the pregnancy was 2,490 gm, an effect primarily of intrauterine growth retardation."	3.65	Differential effects of maternal heroin and methadone use on birthweight. ( Albin, S; Berle, B; Eidelman, AI; Gartner, LM; Kandall, SR; Lowinson, J, 1976)
"In a study of 106 predominantly young, lower-social-class men participating in a methadone maintenance program, the authors found that about one-third were moderately to severely depressed as assessed on standard rating scales of depression."	3.65	Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community. ( Howard, P; Mezritz, M; Prusoff, B; Slobetz, F; Weissman, MM, 1976)
"We have demonstrated the dangers of alcoholism that complicate methadone treatment of heroin addiction."	3.65	Methadone and alcohol. ( Freedman, LZ, 1976)
"A hitherto unreported clinical entity, namely fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction, is described."	3.65	Fecal impaction following methadone ingestion simulating acute intestinal obstruction,. ( Rubenstein, R; Spira, IA; Wolff, D; Wolff, WI, 1975)
"Immediate attention must be given to the respiratory system of the heroin abuser; then he should be given naloxone HCl."	3.65	Treating heroin overdose. ( Calabro, JJ; Neaderthal, RL, 1975)
"A pregnant patient in the midtrimester of pregnancy was begun on a methadone detoxification program."	3.65	Fetal stress from methadone withdrawal. ( Davis, R; Gumpel, JA; Madden, J; Mejia-Zelaya, A; Zuspan, FP, 1975)
" Morphine was detected in significant amounts in maternal and fetal urine regardless of whether the mother was on a methadone program or whether she denied any use of heroin during the last trimester of pregnancy."	3.65	A study of factors that influence the severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. ( Chavez, CJ; Ostrea, EM; Strauss, ME, 1975)
"Drug addiction during pregnancy has been managed in two ways: the detoxification program and the methadone-maintenance treatment program."	3.65	Drug addiction in pregnancy and the neonate. ( Ackerman, BD; Blinick, G; Jerez, E; Wallach, RC, 1976)
" After pairwise tagger analyses, tagger SNP rs204047 showed a significant association with methadone dosage (P = 0."	2.94	Genetic polymorphisms in the opioid receptor delta 1 (OPRD1) gene are associated with methadone dose in methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. ( Chen, ACH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Hsu, YT; Kuo, HW; Liu, SC; Liu, TH; Liu, YL; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC, 2020)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is an effective way to address opioid use disorder and prevent overdose; however, few jails and prisons in the United States initiate or continue people who are incarcerated on MMT."	2.87	A randomized, open label trial of methadone continuation versus forced withdrawal in a combined US prison and jail: Findings at 12 months post-release. ( Brinkley-Rubinstein, L; Dauria, E; Larney, S; Macmadu, A; McKenzie, M; Rich, J; Zaller, N, 2018)
"Methadone maintenance treatment has proven effectiveness in the treatment of opioid use disorder, but significant barriers remain to treatment retention."	2.87	Re-engineering methadone-Cost-effectiveness analysis of a patient-centered approach to methadone treatment. ( Dunlap, LJ; Gryczynski, J; Kelly, SM; Meinhofer, A; Mitchell, SG; O'Grady, KE; Orme, S; Schwartz, RP; Zarkin, GA, 2018)
"Two methadone treatment programs (MTPs) in Baltimore, MD, USA."	2.84	Patient-centered methadone treatment: a randomized clinical trial. ( Gandhi, D; Gryczynski, J; Jaffe, JH; Kelly, SM; Mitchell, SG; O'Grady, KE; Olsen, Y; Schwartz, RP, 2017)
" A total of 554 heroin addicts in accordance with the inclusion criteria from 81 streets in 12 districts of Shanghai, China were divided into 4 groups: group 1--daily dosage taken orally of 60 mL of methadone or under combined with psychological counseling and social supports (n = 130); group 2--daily dosage taken orally of over 60 mL of methadone combined with psychological counseling and social supports (n = 50); group 3--JTT (Jitai tablets) combined with psychological counseling and social supports (n = 206); group 4--JTT combined with social supports (n = 168)."	2.82	Factors Associated with Relapse among Heroin Addicts: Evidence from a Two-Year Community-Based Follow-Up Study in China. ( Feng, XS; Jiang, HF; Rong, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, JC; Zhang, LJ; Zhang, RW, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is widely available in China; but, high rates of illicit opiate use and dropout are problematic."	2.80	Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Opiate Use and Retention in Methadone Maintenance Treatment in China: A Randomised Trial. ( Chen, H; Du, J; Jiang, H; Li, Z; Ling, W; Pan, S; Zhao, M, 2015)
"Methadone is a synthetic opioid that binds to the κ-opioid receptor with a low affinity."	2.79	The association of genetic polymorphisms in the κ-opioid receptor 1 gene with body weight, alcohol use, and withdrawal symptoms in patients with methadone maintenance. ( Chang, YS; Chen, AC; Chen, CH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Ho, IK; Hsiao, CF; Huang, BH; Kuo, HW; Lin, KM; Liu, SC; Liu, YL; Shih, YH; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC; Wu, HY, 2014)
"Methadone and Suboxone were highly and equally effective for preventing relapse to regular heroin use, with all but 3 of 37 (91."	2.78	Medically assisted recovery from opiate dependence within the context of the UK drug strategy: methadone and Suboxone (buprenorphine-naloxone) patients compared. ( Cockayne, L; McKeganey, N; Russell, C, 2013)
"(1) Methadone was associated with normalisation of dorsal ACC biochemistry (increased N-acetylaspartate and glutamate/glutamine levels, and decreased myo-inositol levels) in a dose-dependent manner; (2) buprenorphine-treated individuals had higher myo-inositol and glutamate/glutamine levels than methadone-treated patients in the right dorsal ACC; and (3) myo-inositol levels were positively correlated with depressive symptoms in participants stabilised on buprenorphine."	2.78	Cingulate biochemistry in heroin users on substitution pharmacotherapy. ( Bora, E; Lubman, DI; MacKenzie, T; Roffel, K; Verdejo-García, A; Vilar-López, R; Yücel, M, 2013)
"Heroin craving was not and illicit heroin use was marginally related to multi-domain treatment response, but only in MMT and not in HAT."	2.77	Craving and illicit heroin use among patients in heroin-assisted treatment. ( Blanken, P; Hendriks, VM; Koeter, MW; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM, 2012)
"The significance of the insomnia findings was mainly contributed by a subgroup of patients who had a positive urine morphine test (p<0."	2.77	Genetic polymorphisms in the opioid receptor mu1 gene are associated with changes in libido and insomnia in methadone maintenance patients. ( Chen, AC; Chen, CH; Chen, YT; Chiang, IC; Chou, SY; Fang, KC; Fang, YC; Ho, IK; Hsiao, CF; Huang, CL; Kuo, HW; Lin, KM; Lin, YF; Liu, ML; Liu, SC; Liu, YL; Su, LW; Tian, JN; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC; Wu, HY, 2012)
"Disulfiram is a cocaine pharmacotherapy that may act through increasing serotonin, benefiting patients with genetically low serotonin transporter levels (5-HTTLPR, S' allele carriers) and low serotonin synthesis (TPH2, A allele carriers)."	2.77	Modifying the role of serotonergic 5-HTTLPR and TPH2 variants on disulfiram treatment of cocaine addiction: a preliminary study. ( Hamon, SC; Harding, MJ; Huang, W; Kosten, TR; Nielsen, DA, 2012)
"To investigate the effectiveness of psychosocial services provided by social workers in reducing dropout rate and increasing treatment dosage in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) users."	2.77	[Effectiveness of intervention services provided by social workers in methadone maintenance treatment clinics]. ( Fan, LR; Gu, J; Pan, WL; Wang, M; Xu, CJ; Xu, HF; Zhao, YT; Zhong, Y, 2012)
"Comorbid psychiatric disorders among opioid-dependent patients are associated with several negative outcome factors."	2.75	Effects of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment outcome in patients undergoing diamorphine or methadone maintenance treatment. ( Dilg, C; Eiroa-Orosa, FJ; Haasen, C; Reimer, J; Schäfer, I; Verthein, U, 2010)
" The greater benefit of HAT in reducing alcohol use may be due to the greater daily frequency of dispensing heroin coupled with a requirement of sobriety at each dosing occasion."	2.74	Effects of heroin-assisted treatment on alcohol consumption: findings of the German randomized controlled trial. ( Dilg, C; Eiroa-Orosa, FJ; Haasen, C; Reimer, J; Schäfer, I; Soyka, M; Verthein, U, 2009)
"Heroin addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, best treated with opioid-agonist substitution therapy such as methadone maintenance."	2.74	Scientific and political challenges in North America's first randomized controlled trial of heroin-assisted treatment for severe heroin addiction: rationale and design of the NAOMI study. ( Anis, A; Brissette, S; Gartry, C; Guh, D; Krausz, M; Marsh, DC; Nosyk, B; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Schechter, MT, 2009)
"Methadone is an effective therapy for heroin addiction, but the public health benefits are compromised by diversion and injection of prescribed methadone."	2.74	The acceptability, safety, and tolerability of methadone/naloxone in a 50:1 ratio. ( Bell, J; Graham, R; Korompay, K; Rizzo, S; Ryan, A; Shearer, J; Sindhusake, D; Somogyi, AA, 2009)
" This study examined occurrences of serious adverse events (SAEs) reported in multicenter psychosocial trials of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network."	2.73	Serious adverse events in randomized psychosocial treatment studies: safety or arbitrary edicts? ( Ball, SA; Blaine, J; Carroll, KM; Kirby, KC; McCarty, D; Peirce, JM; Petry, NM; Roll, JM; Rounsaville, BJ; Stitzer, M, 2008)
" As defined by US federal regulations, IM provides observed methadone dosing and emergency counseling only for a maximum of 120 days."	2.73	A randomized controlled trial of interim methadone maintenance: 10-Month follow-up. ( Callaman, JM; Highfield, DA; Jaffe, JH; O'Grady, KE; Schwartz, RP, 2007)
" Four groups were studied: group A included nine heroin addicted subjects, who were still injecting heroin; groups B and C were composed of 12 patients previously addicted to heroin, being treated with methadone (mean dosage 58+/-12."	2.73	Buprenorphine and methadone maintenance treatment of heroin addicts preserves immune function. ( Franchi, S; Gerra, G; Leccese, V; Panerai, AE; Sacerdote, P; Somaini, L, 2008)
"Methadone maintenance was augmented with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management (CM), both (CBT+CM), or neither."	2.72	Changes in HIV risk behaviors among patients receiving combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions for heroin and cocaine dependence. ( Epstein, DH; Preston, KL; Schroeder, JR; Umbricht, A, 2006)
" Although these specific dosing procedures would not necessarily be used in clinical settings, they provide a procedural template that might be applied safely and effectively with a broader range of treatment-seeking individuals."	2.72	Early impact of methadone induction for heroin dependence: differential effects of two dose sequences in a randomized controlled study. ( Greenwald, MK, 2006)
"Heroin dependence is a chronic relapsing disease often requiring multiple treatment experiences."	2.72	The effectiveness of outreach case management in re-enrolling discharged methadone patients. ( Alterman, AI; Coviello, DM; Wesnoski, SA; Zanis, DA, 2006)
"The Therapeutic Workplace is a substance abuse treatment wherein patients are hired and paid to work in a job contingent on daily drug-free urine samples."	2.71	Effects of reinforcer magnitude on data-entry productivity in chronically unemployed drug abusers participating in a Therapeutic Workplace. ( Bedient, G; Dallery, J; Robles, E; Sheppard, JM; Silverman, K; Svikis, D; Wong, CJ, 2003)
"Objective and subjective withdrawal symptoms showed largely identical outcomes and were equally low in the two groups for those who remained in the study."	2.71	Rapid detoxification from opioid dependence under general anaesthesia versus standard methadone tapering: abstinence rates and withdrawal distress experiences. ( De Jong, CA; Heinen, N; Koning, JP; Krabbe, PF; Laheij, RJ; van Cauter, RM, 2003)
" Methadone and LAAM dosing was supervised through local community pharmacies."	2.71	A randomized trial comparing levo-alpha acetylmethadol with methadone maintenance for patients in primary care settings in Australia. ( Bammer, G; Clark, N; Kutin, JJ; Lintzeris, N; Panjari, M; Ritter, AJ, 2003)
"In conclusion, neither the intensity of withdrawal symptoms nor the intensity of heroin craving constitutes the primary reason for premature termination of detoxification."	2.71	[Is premature termination of opiate detoxification due to intensive withdrawal or craving?]. ( Heppekausen, K; Rist, F; Scherbaum, N, 2004)
"Caffeine was rapidly and effectively absorbed after inhalation."	2.71	Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline after inhalation in combination with diacetylmorphine. ( Beijnen, JH; de Jonge, ME; den Hoed, R; Hendriks, VM; Huitema, AD; Sparidans, RW; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM; Zandvliet, AS, 2005)
"LAAM is an effective medication for the treatment of opiate dependence with clinical advantages due not only to the reduction of opiate use but also to the alternate-day dosing schedule."	2.71	Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) versus methadone: treatment retention and opiate use. ( Anglin, MD; Annon, J; Longshore, D; Rawson, RA, 2005)
"This study compared the safety and efficacy of sublingual buprenorphine tablets with oral methadone in a population of opioid-dependent individuals in a double-blind, randomized, 6-week trial using a flexible dosing procedure."	2.70	Double-blind randomized trial of buprenorphine and methadone in opiate dependence. ( Déglon, JJ; Ladewig, D; Livoti, S; Petitjean, S; Stohler, R; Uehlinger, C; Waldvogel, D, 2001)
"The occurrence of PTSD-related symptoms was associated with greater drug abuse severity after controlling for gender, depression, and lifetime diagnosis of PTSD."	2.70	Violent traumatic events and drug abuse severity. ( Clark, HW; Delucchi, KL; Hall, SM; Masson, CL; Sees, KL, 2001)
"This study evaluated a novel drug abuse treatment, the Therapeutic Workplace."	2.70	A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: six-month abstinence outcomes. ( Bigelow, GE; Robles, E; Silverman, K; Stitzer, ML; Svikis, D, 2001)
" Pharmacokinetic data sets for dextromoramide in each subject were conducted and analysed further, indicating short elimination half-life values (71 min, range 31-152 min)."	2.69	Determination and pharmacokinetics of dextromoramide in methadone maintenance therapy. ( de Vos, JW; Ufkes, JG; van Brussel, GH, 1998)
"Objective and subjective withdrawal symptoms were measured until urine was free of drugs and patients had no withdrawal symptoms."	2.69	Opiate detoxification under anesthesia: no apparent benefit but suppression of thyroid hormones and risk of pulmonary and renal failure. ( Hirtl, C; Pfab, R; Zilker, T, 1999)
" Comparisons of physiological and subjective measures collected in agonist exposure sessions indicate that LAAM is not less potent than methadone under acute dosing conditions."	2.69	Relative potency of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol and methadone in humans under acute dosing conditions. ( Bigelow, GE; Buchhalter, AR; Eissenberg, T; Stitzer, ML; Walsh, SL, 1999)
"A double-blind, cross-over design was used to compare the effects of a 33% increase in patient's daily dosage of methadone with a matched placebo linctus."	2.69	Additional methadone increases craving for heroin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of chronic opiate users receiving methadone substitution treatment. ( Bolton, J; Curran, HV; Smyth, C; Wanigaratne, S, 1999)
"Withdrawal symptoms were significantly less severe on days 4-7, and 9-13, in the naltrexone/lofexidine combination group."	2.69	Naltrexone and lofexidine combination treatment compared with conventional lofexidine treatment for in-patient opiate detoxification. ( Bearn, J; Buntwal, N; Gossop, M; Strang, J, 2000)
"Amantadine was well tolerated."	2.68	Amantadine does not reduce cocaine use or craving in cocaine-dependent methadone maintenance patients. ( Handelsman, L; Limpitlaw, L; Paris, P; Schmeidler, J; Stimmel, B; Williams, D, 1995)
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor that has been proposed as an alternative to traditional full agonist maintenance therapy for the treatment of opioid addiction."	2.68	A controlled trial comparing buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in opioid dependence. ( Charuvastra, C; Klett, CJ; Ling, W; Wesson, DR, 1996)
"Methadone is a very potent analgesic drug."	2.68	Pain perception of intravenous heroin users on maintenance therapy with levomethadone. ( Gastpar, M; Katta, T; Klöppel, A; Pries, E; Schall, U, 1996)
"The lofexidine treatment more severe symptoms from day 3 to 7 and again on day 10 (the last day of treatment), but thereafter both groups showed a similar progressive symptom decline."	2.68	Randomised double-blind comparison of lofexidine and methadone in the in-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal. ( Bearn, J; Gossop, M; Strang, J, 1996)
"Clonidine was more effective than lefetamine in suppressing withdrawal in the first 3 days of treatment (day 3: F = 4."	2.67	Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and buprenorphine. ( Janiri, L; Mannelli, P; Persico, AM; Serretti, A; Tempesta, E, 1994)
"Thus, antisocial personality disorder was a poor prognostic factor for treatment retention and continued cocaine abuse, and medication did not improve treatment outcome for the ASP patients, but did for the non-ASP patients."	2.67	Antisocial personality disorder as a prognostic factor for pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence. ( Kosten, T; Leal, J; Ziedonis, D, 1994)
"Peak methadone miosis was best detected under moderately dim interior lighting (4, 16 fl) 90 min after methadone."	2.67	Opioid miosis: effects of lighting intensity and monocular and binocular exposure. ( Bigelow, GE; Weinhold, LL, 1993)
" As hypothesized, 6 mg of buprenorphine were superior to 2 mg of buprenorphine in reducing illicit opioid use, but higher dosage did not improve treatment retention."	2.67	Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. ( Falcioni, J; Kosten, TR; Schottenfeld, R; Ziedonis, D, 1993)
"No methadone-treated patient required modification of the therapeutic regimen, whereas eight of eleven placebo-treated patients needed treatment with methadone."	2.67	Assessment and management of opioid withdrawal symptoms in buprenorphine-dependent subjects. ( Camí, J; Fernández, T; Ollé, JM; Peri, JM; San, L; Torrens, M, 1992)
"Buprenorphine was as effective as methadone, 60 mg/d, and both were superior to methadone, 20 mg/d, in reducing illicit opioid use and maintaining patients in treatment for 25 weeks."	2.67	A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence. ( Fudala, PJ; Jaffe, JH; Johnson, RE, 1992)
"Precipitated withdrawal symptoms were mild and related to dose of buprenorphine."	2.67	Treatment of heroin addicts using buprenorphine. ( Kleber, HD; Kosten, TR; Morgan, C, 1991)
" Although buprenorphine dose was not associated with retention or illicit opioid use, patterns of withdrawal symptoms differed among dosage groups during the 30 day study."	2.66	Buprenorphine detoxification from opioid dependence: a pilot study. ( Kleber, HD; Kosten, TR, 1988)
" Overall, the results show that a choice procedure can be used successfully to assess the reinforcing properties of drugs in methadone maintenance patients and that methadone dose increases can function as a reinforcer in this population even under blind dosing conditions."	2.66	Choice of blind methadone dose increases by methadone maintenance patients. ( Bickel, WK; Higgins, ST; Stitzer, ML, 1986)
" Patients randomly assigned to the gradual group (group G) began 4-mg/wk reduction the Monday of week 9 and reached zero dosage (placebo) the Monday of week 23; patients in the abrupt group (group A) continued to receive 50, 50, and 65 mg until the Monday of week 23, when their dosage was dropped to zero (placebo)."	2.65	Methadyl acetate (LAAM) in the treatment of heroin addicts. II. Double-blind comparison of gradual and abrupt detoxification. ( Goldstein, A; Inturrisi, CE; Judson, BA, 1983)
" Because the two maintenance programs differed in clinical practices and in enforcement of rules, it was concluded that clients who continue chronic heroin use need not only long-term dosage increases, but also clear, consistently applied program policies."	2.65	Chronic heroin use during methadone treatment: a test of the efficacy of high maintenance doses. ( Havassy, BE; Tschann, JM, 1984)
" Outcome measures included retention to the end of the dosing schedule, use of illicit drugs during treatment, subjective discomfort, satisfaction, staff ratings of global progress, and durability of change at a three-month follow-up."	2.65	Withdrawal from heroin in three or six weeks. Comparison of methadyl acetate and methadone. ( Hargreaves, WA; Sorensen, JL; Weinberg, JA, 1982)
" They also preferred LAAM to methadone on nine of 15 criteria such as the dosage schedule, feeling 'normal', and reduction of craving for heroin."	2.65	A comparison of thrice weekly LAAM and daily methadone in employed heroin addicts. ( Czertko, G; Freedman, RR, 1981)
" The starting dose was identical to the previously established dose of methadone, but beginning with the second visit, dosage was flexible."	2.64	A cooperative clinical study of methadyl acetate. I. Three-times-a-week regimen. ( Gillis, RD; Klett, CJ; Ling, W, 1978)
" Dosage was fixed for the balance of the 40-week treatment period."	2.64	Methadyl acetate and methadone as maintenance treatments for heroin addicts. A veterans administration cooperative study. ( Charuvastra, C; Kaim, SC; Klett, CJ; Ling, W, 1976)
" The initial dosage was 24 mg/day for methadone hydrochloride and 800 mg/day for propoxyphene napsylate."	2.64	Heroin detoxification. A comparison of propoxyphene and methadone. ( Bleich, RN; Casas, SK; Russell, BA; Tennant, FS, 1975)
"Buprenorphine which is a long-acting partial agonist was also approved as pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence."	2.50	[Therapy in heroin addiction]. ( Fürst, Z; Hosztafi, S, 2014)
"The field of opioid dependence treatment is poised to undergo a process of reinforcement and transformation."	2.50	Long term outcomes of pharmacological treatments for opioid dependence: does methadone still lead the pack? ( Bascaran, MT; Bobes, J; Bobes-Bascaran, MT; Garcia-Portilla, MP; Saiz, PA, 2014)
"Methadone treatment has been 'programmatic', with a one-size-fits-all approach that in part reflects the perceived need to impose discipline on deviant individuals."	2.50	Pharmacological maintenance treatments of opiate addiction. ( Bell, J, 2014)
"Methadone maintenance treatment has definite advantages for the mother and is currently recommended in the UK."	2.47	The management of heroin misuse in pregnancy: time for a rethink? ( Mactier, H, 2011)
"There are three stages to treating opioid dependence."	2.47	Opioid dependence. ( Law, F; Melichar, J; O'Shea, J; Praveen, KT, 2011)
" With respect to the particular consumed drug substances other than opioids during pregnancy variable forms of teratogenic and toxic effects can be assigned to the baby."	2.47	[Pregnant opioid addicted patients and additional drug intake. Part I. Toxic effects and therapeutic consequences]. ( Havemann-Reinecke, U; Hoell, I, 2011)
"Methadone has been the standard medication for the management of heroin craving."	2.46	Heroin anticraving medications: a systematic review. ( Amar, R; Casarella, J; Drexler, K; Fareed, A; Vayalapalli, S, 2010)
"Methadone is a long-acting synthetic opioid with high affinity for various opioid receptors, especially for m-opioid receptors."	2.45	[Methadone treatment and its dangers]. ( Jodziūniene, L; Lazauskas, R; Reingardiene, D, 2009)
"Etravirine (ETR) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with a potent and broad in vitro spectrum of activity against HIV-1 and viruses with NNRTI resistances, allowing sequential use of drugs of this family."	2.45	[Etravirine in first-line therapy]. ( Garcés, PA; Tena, EV, 2009)
"There are three approaches to treating opioid dependence."	2.45	Opioid dependence. ( Law, F; Melichar, J; O'Shea, J, 2009)
" Flexible dosing (i."	2.44	Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. ( Burls, A; Connock, M; Day, E; Frew, E; Fry-Smith, A; Jowett, S; Juarez-Garcia, A; Lintzeris, N; Liu, Z; Roberts, T; Taylor, RJ; Taylor, RS, 2007)
"Methadone has been the mainstay of pharmacological management of opioid dependence since the 1960s but buprenorphine is fast gaining acceptance among addiction specialists and patients."	2.44	Buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid dependence. ( Day, E; George, S, 2007)
"Methadone maintenance is an effective and most widely used treatment for opiate addiction, allowing normalization of many physiological abnormalities caused by chronic use of short-acting opiates."	2.43	Pharmacogenetics and human molecular genetics of opiate and cocaine addictions and their treatments. ( Bart, G; Kreek, MJ; LaForge, KS; Lilly, C; Nielsen, DA, 2005)
"Undertreatment of acute pain is suboptimal medical treatment, and patients receiving long-term OAT are at particular risk."	2.43	Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy. ( Alford, DP; Compton, P; Samet, JH, 2006)
"This paper on drug use and HIV/AIDS in China follows on from the column's May 2005 article on the description of the first methadone maintenance clinic in Beijing."	2.43	Drug use and HIV/AIDS in China. ( Lian, Z; Liu, Z; Zhao, C, 2006)
"Treatment of cocaine addiction includes anti-craving agents, dopamine agonists or blocking agents, antidepressants, and treatment of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, but all with mixed results."	2.42	Pharmacologic treatments for heroin and cocaine dependence. ( Kleber, HD, 2003)
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist to the opiate mu-receptor and is therefore safer in overdose."	2.41	[Buprenorphine as maintenance treatment in rehabilitation of heroin addicts]. ( Bachs, LC; Bramness, JG; Waal, H, 2002)
"Methadone maintenance treatment for heroin (diamorphine) addiction has been extensively researched."	2.41	A risk-benefit analysis of methadone maintenance treatment. ( Bell, J; Zador, D, 2000)
" Most of the biomedical and epidemiological research literature on methadone obscures these power dynamics by technocratically debating dosage titrations in a social vacuum."	2.41	Disciplining addictions: the bio-politics of methadone and heroin in the United States. ( Bourgois, P, 2000)
"They hypothesized that heroin addiction is a disease of the brain with behavioral manifestations, and not merely a personality disorder or criminal behavior and began to address the specific question of whether a long-acting opioid agonist could be used in the long-term maintenance treatment of heroin addiction."	2.41	Methadone-related opioid agonist pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction. History, recent molecular and neurochemical research and future in mainstream medicine. ( Kreek, MJ, 2000)
" Therapeutic drug monitoring for methadone in plasma continues to be evaluated for use in establishing adequate dosing and detecting diversion, and new methods have been devised for measurement of the optical isomers of methadone in plasma."	2.41	Toxicologic aspects of heroin substitution treatment. ( Cone, EJ; Preston, KL, 2002)
" Topics in program organization are described: indications, daily dosage and its administration, treatment duration, professional job-sharing and control of the treatment."	2.40	[Use of methadone in the treatment of narcotic addiction]. ( Tiljak, H, 1998)
" Dosage is important for effectiveness as are counseling, rehabilitation services, and employment support."	2.40	Effectiveness of methadone maintenance for heroin addiction. ( Murray, JB, 1998)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opioid addiction is safe and effective but underutilized because of inaccessibility, under-financing and the stigma generally attached to maintenance therapies."	2.40	Access to narcotic addiction treatment and medical care: prospects for the expansion of methadone maintenance treatment. ( Lewis, DC, 1999)
"In the treatment of drug addiction, we apply pharmacological and psychological therapy but also psychosocial techniques to address the problems of an addict."	2.39	[Are there new methods in therapy of drug dependence?]. ( Täschner, KL, 1996)
"Also methadone has been shown to be very effective when appropriately used in programs which combine pharmacotherapy with the best elements of "drug free" treatment, that is, counseling and psychological support."	2.38	Rationale for maintenance pharmacotherapy of opiate dependence. ( Kreek, MJ, 1992)
"Buprenorphine is an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist that has potential usefulness as a pharmacotherapy for opiate addiction."	2.37	Behavioral pharmacology of buprenorphine. ( Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH, 1985)
" Furthermore, mQTL rs5326 was associated with the susceptibility and effective dosage of MMT for heroin use disorder, and demonstrated allele-specific correlation with the expression of the DRD1 gene in the human caudate."	1.62	Methylation quantitative trait locus rs5326 is associated with susceptibility and effective dosage of methadone maintenance treatment for heroin use disorder. ( Fan, Y; Gao, K; Ma, T; Xiao, Y; Xu, M; Zhang, J; Zhou, J; Zhu, Y, 2021)
"Methadone is a synthetic opioid, a pure agonist of the μ receptor."	1.62	Forensic pathological study of methadone-related deaths in the Genoa (Italy) district: A six-year study. ( Barranco, R; Bedocchi, D; Bonsignore, A; Drommi, M; Errico, S; Ventura, F, 2021)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) remains the cornerstone for the management of opiate abuse."	1.62	Add-On Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators for Methadone Maintenance Treatment. ( Chang, WC; Cheng, WC; Chiang, YC; Ho, IK; Huang, CL; Lane, HY; Ma, WL; Su, YT; Yang, JC, 2021)
"A single poisoning was found in 62."	1.56	Non-Opioid Substances Acute Poisonings with Suicidal Intent in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder. ( Babulovska, A; Simonovska, NK; Stefanovska, VV, 2020)
"To perform a quantitative trait locus association for identifying genetic variants for MMT dosage that underlie heroin addiction and methadone metabolism and then integrate several genotypic and phenotypic factors are potential predictors for clinically optimal MMT dose for personalized prescription."	1.56	Precision therapeutic opioid dosing implications from genetic biomarkers and craving score. ( Chang, HW; Ho, WC; Huang, CL; Wang, RY, 2020)
"344 methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients were recruited with records and measurements on methadone dose, plasma methadone concentrations, and treatment emergent symptom scales (TESS)."	1.56	Genetic variants in NECTIN4 encoding an adhesion molecule are associated with continued opioid use. ( Chen, ACH; Chung, RH; Fang, CP; Kuo, HW; Liu, CC; Liu, SC; Liu, TH; Liu, YL; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC, 2020)
"Methadone is known to be a risk factor for sudden death by enlarging ECG QT corrected (QTc) interval."	1.51	QT length during methadone maintenance treatment: gene × dose interaction. ( Bellivier, F; Bloch, V; Laplanche, JL; Lepine, JP; Marees, AT; Marie-Claire, C; Mouly, S; Naccache, F; Prince, N; Vorspan, F; Zerdazi, EH, 2019)
"Methadone maintenance treatment, initially introduced in Vietnam for HIV harm reduction, has marked a significant switch in the country's drug policy - from addiction as a moral issue to addiction as a brain disease."	1.51	Struggling to achieve a 'normal life': A qualitative study of Vietnamese methadone patients. ( Chauvin, C; Feelemyer, J; Jarlais, DD; Jauffret-Roustide, M; Le, MG; Luong, AN; Nagot, N; Nguyen, TT; Nham, TTT, 2019)
"Oral and dental care in heroin addiction might be complicated by altered mental status, negative attitude towards oral health, dental anxiety and fear, drug interaction, and associated medical co-morbidity."	1.51	Oral healthcare management in heroin and methadone users. ( Abed, H; Hassona, Y, 2019)
"To develop more effective treatments for heroin abusers, a comprehensive psychosocial model of heroin use should be established and examined."	1.48	The relationships between depression, neuroticism, and attitudes (NDA model) in heroin abusers in Taiwan. ( Lee, KH; Yen, CF, 2018)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is highly effective for reducing heroin use and HIV transmission among people who inject opioids."	1.48	Factors associated with concurrent heroin use among patients on methadone maintenance treatment in Vietnam: A 24-month retrospective analysis of a nationally representative sample. ( Bingham, T; Duong, H; Hoang, T; Lyss, S; Nguyen, D; Nguyen, H; Nguyen, M; Nguyen, T; Shiraishi, RW; Tran, H, 2018)
"Seventy-seven patients with heroin addiction were enrolled."	1.48	The Association between the Level of Plasma Oxytocin and Craving among Former Heroin Users. ( Chen, KC; Chen, PS; Chen, WT; Lee, IH; Lee, LT; Lee, SY; Lin, SH; Lu, RB; Tsai, HC; Yang, YK, 2018)
"Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) program's success depends on the likelihood of reducing drop-out rate and keeping patients remaining in the program."	1.48	Variation Overtime among Patients of the Six Methadone Maintenance Treatment Clinics in Thai Nguyen from 2011 to 2015. ( Dao, ATM; Nguyen, HTT; Nguyen, LH, 2018)
" Ensuring that methadone dosing is adequate and reducing or eliminating the co-payment fee for those who cannot afford it could improve retention."	1.46	A longitudinal and case-control study of dropout among drug users in methadone maintenance treatment in Haiphong, Vietnam. ( Han, PV; Khue, PM; Lindan, C; Tham, NT; Thanh Mai, DT; Thuc, PV; Thuc, VM, 2017)
"The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and immunosuppression caused by HIV was retained."	1.46	[TB/HIV co-infection associated with Kaposi's sarcoma under opioid substitution treatment using methadone: about a case]. ( Cisse Diallo, VMP; Deguenonvo, LF; Dièye, A; Diop Nyafouna, SA; Diop, M; Ka, D; Lakhe, NA; Massaly, A; Mbaye, KD; Ndiaye, I; Ndour, CT; Seydi, M; Thioub, D, 2017)
"Male heroin users were more likely to be in detention facilities and MMT clinics, and relapse when they felt hopeless (p <."	1.46	Gender Differences and Correlated Factors of Heroin Use Among Heroin Users. ( Li, J; Lyu, X; Wang, Z; Yang, X; Yi, Z; Zhou, X, 2017)
"Fentanyl was commonly detected during this period with some clients having multiple fentanyl-positive UDS."	1.46	Characterizing fentanyl use in methadone-maintained clients. ( Arfken, CL; Greenwald, MK; Suchanek, J, 2017)
"The syndemic of opioid addiction, HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, imprisonment, and overdose in Russia has been worsened by the illegality of opioid substitution therapy."	1.43	Emergence of methadone as a street drug in St. Petersburg, Russia. ( Barbour, R; Heimer, R; Levina, OS; Lyubimova, A, 2016)
"Methadone dosages were recorded among heroin-dependent patients on maintenance treatment."	1.43	Sexual Dysfunction in Men Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Clinical History and Psychobiological Correlates. ( Donnini, C; Gerra, G; Leonardi, C; Manfredini, M; Maremmani, I; Somaini, L, 2016)
"Methadone has long been regarded as an effective treatment for opioid dependence."	1.43	Sexual Dysfunction in Heroin Dependents: A Comparison between Methadone and Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment. ( Danaee, M; Loh, HS; Ng, CG; Sulaiman, AH; Yee, A, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has long been used to treat heroin-dependent patients."	1.43	Satisfaction With Methadone Among Heroin-Dependent Patients With Current Substance Use Disorders During Methadone Maintenance Treatment. ( Batlle, F; Duran-Sindreu, S; Perez de Los Cobos, J; Siñol, N; Trujols, J, 2016)
"To test if polysubstance use profiles and drug-related outcomes differ between those receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies (OST) among people who inject drugs (PWID)."	1.43	Differences in polysubstance use patterns and drug-related outcomes between people who inject drugs receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies. ( Alati, R; Betts, KS; Burns, L; Chan, G; Dietze, P; McIlwraith, F; Whittaker, E, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance was less frequently abandoned by women."	1.43	Gender Differences in Heroin Addiction and Treatment: Results from the VEdeTTE Cohort. ( Bargagli, AM; Beccaria, F; Burroni, P; Garneri, M; Mathis, F; Picciolini, A; Rotelli, M; Versino, E; Vigna-Taglianti, FD, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is commonly used for controlling opioid dependence, preventing withdrawal symptoms, and improving the quality of life of heroin-dependent patients."	1.43	Genome-Wide Pharmacogenomic Study on Methadone Maintenance Treatment Identifies SNP rs17180299 and Multiple Haplotypes on CYP2B6, SPON1, and GSG1L Associated with Plasma Concentrations of Methadone R- and S-enantiomers in Heroin-Dependent Patients. ( Chu, SK; Ho, IK; Huang, CL; Kuo, HW; Liu, SW; Liu, YL; Wang, SC; Yang, HC, 2016)
" We wanted to explore if the Opiate Dosage Adequacy Scale (ODAS) is a helpful instrument in methadone titration."	1.43	The opiate dosage adequacy scale for identification of the right methadone dose--a prospective cohort study. ( Koc, J; Reichel, V; Reimer, J; Schlote, F; Verthein, U; Walcher, S, 2016)
" Dosage increase(26."	1.43	[Overdose of heroin and influencing factors in intravenous drug users in parts of Yunnan]. ( Cao, XB; Luo, W; Wu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhou, Y, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is recognized as one of the most effective treatments for heroin addiction but its effect is dimmed by the high incidence of heroin relapse."	1.43	Regional homogeneity changes between heroin relapse and non-relapse patients under methadone maintenance treatment: a resting-state fMRI study. ( Chang, H; Chen, J; Li, Q; Li, W; Li, Y; Li, Z; Liu, J; Shi, M; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Ye, J; Zhu, J, 2016)
"Alcohol drinking was also associated with higher craving ratings and prestudy alcohol use."	1.43	Real-time assessment of alcohol drinking and drug use in opioid-dependent polydrug users. ( Epstein, DH; Jobes, ML; Phillips, KA; Preston, KL, 2016)
"Although the DRD2 TaqI B genotype was not associated with methadone use requirements, borderline index was revealed as a potential predictive marker for the adjustment of methadone dosage requirements in heroin addicts."	1.43	Relationship among methadone dose, polymorphisms of dopamine D2 receptor and tri-dimensional personality questionnaire in heroin-addicted patients. ( Chiang, TA; Huang, CS; Huang, MW; Lo, PY, 2016)
"Methadone-specific DRDs were defined as: methadone implicated but neither heroin nor buprenorphine."	1.43	Risk-factors for methadone-specific deaths in Scotland's methadone-prescription clients between 2009 and 2013. ( Bennie, M; Bird, SM; Dimitropoulou, P; Gao, L; McTaggart, S; Robertson, JR, 2016)
" Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly correlated with the dairy methadone dosage administered, and the IL-1β level was significantly correlated with the duration of methadone maintenance treatment."	1.42	Inflammatory response in heroin addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chan, YY; Chang, JL; Lin, JC; Lin, JG; Lo, WY; Yang, SN, 2015)
"2% among those with a methadone dosage ≥60 mg/day."	1.42	Relationship between plasma concentrations of the l-enantiomer of methadone and response to methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chericoni, S; Daini, L; Giarratana, T; Meini, M; Moncini, M; Rucci, P; Scaramelli, D; Stefanelli, F, 2015)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was introduced to China in 2004 to reduce the harm of injecting drug users (IDUs)."	1.42	Illicit Heroin and Methamphetamine Use among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients in Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province, China. ( Bai, H; Ding, Y; Duan, S; Gao, M; He, N; Tang, R; Wang, J; Wang, R; Yang, Y; Ye, R, 2015)
"Despite the variability of frequency and consistency of attendance of drug users enrolling in the low-threshold MMT programme in Hong Kong, a consistent pattern could be seen in the proportional distribution of dosage and participation efforts."	1.42	Participation dynamics of a cohort of drug users in a low-threshold methadone treatment programme. ( Kwan, TH; Lee, SS; Wong, NS, 2015)
"Methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) are important public health intervention to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the drug use problems."	1.42	Effects of publicly funded and quality of life on attendance rate among methadone maintenance treatment patients in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study. ( Chang, KC; Lin, CY, 2015)
"40), low methadone dosage in the first treatment episode (<50 ml versus ≥50 ml, HR = 1."	1.42	Investigation of Repeat Client Drop-Out and Re-Enrolment Cycles in Fourteen Methadone Maintenance Treatment Clinics in Guangdong, China. ( Li, X; Ling, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, L; Zhao, P; Zou, X, 2015)
"10 patients (9/10 with chronic airflow obstruction) undergoing supervised injectable opioid treatment for heroin addiction received their usual prescribed dose of injectable opioid (diamorphine or methadone) (IOT), and their usual prescribed dose of oral opioid (methadone or sustained release oral morphine) after 30 minutes."	1.42	Understanding Heroin Overdose: A Study of the Acute Respiratory Depressant Effects of Injected Pharmaceutical Heroin. ( Bell, J; Jolley, CJ; Moxham, J; Rafferty, GF; Strang, J, 2015)
"Compared to MMT, TC participants had poorer family support, higher rate of unmarried, higher rate of unemployment, earlier onset of heroin use, longer length of heroin use, and lower daily dosage of heron."	1.42	Comparison of socio-demographic characteristics, substance, and depression among male heroin users attending therapeutic community and methadone maintenance treatment program in Nantou, Taiwan. ( Chen, VC; Gossop, M; Ho, YF; Lin, TY; Wang, HY; Wu, MH, 2015)
"To learn about the effects of psychological counseling intervention on reducing heroin use, increasing methadone dosage and improving compliance rate of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	1.42	[Effects of psychological counseling intervention on increasing methadone dosage and reducing heroin use among patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment]. ( Ji, H; Li, J; Li, Y; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wen, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, L; Zhang, B, 2015)
"Methadone dose was not associated with QTc change."	1.40	Effect of amphetamine on corrected-QT interval change during methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: a prospective cohort study. ( Chen, CY; Chen, LM; Chen, VC; Gossop, M; Huang, CL; Lin, NC; Lin, TY; Lu, YH; Wang, HY, 2014)
"A cohort of 82 patients treated with stable dosage of methadone (mean dosage 65 mg/d) for at least three months was genotyped for five polymorphisms in KCNE1, KCNE2 and KCNH2 genes and had their corrected QT (QTc) assessed."	1.40	KCNH2 polymorphism and methadone dosage interact to enhance QT duration. ( Bloch, V; Curis, E; Deveaux, LL; Drici, MD; Hajj, A; Ksouda, K; Laplanche, JL; Lépine, JP; Messali, A; Mouly, S; Peoc'h, K; Prince, N; Scherrmann, JM; Vorspan, F, 2014)
" Questionnaire was developed to collect information on demographic characters, behaviours on drug use, sexual behaviour, daily dosage of methadone intake, adherence to MMT, and psychological problems."	1.40	[A case-control study on the causes of new HIV infection among heroin addicts attendees at the methadone maintenance treatment clinics]. ( Cao, X; He, L; Luo, W; Pang, L; Rou, K; Wang, C; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2014)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is safe and effective for heroin addiction, but the neural basis of the length effects of long-term MMT on brain activity during craving in former heroin addicts is unclear."	1.40	Reduced responses to heroin-cue-induced craving in the dorsal striatum: effects of long-term methadone maintenance treatment. ( Cheng, J; Gold, MS; Li, Q; Li, W; Li, Y; Wang, H; Wang, L; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yan, X; Zhang, D; Zhu, J, 2014)
" For analysis of the prescribed methadone dose distribution, the patient sample was split into three methadone dosage groups: a low dose group (LDG) (n = 200; < 60 mg/day), a medium dose group (MDG) (n = 273; 60 to 100 mg/day), and a high dose group (HDG) (n = 140; > 100 mg/day)."	1.40	Association between methadone dose and concomitant cocaine use in methadone maintenance treatment: a register-based study. ( Baumeister, M; Dürsteler-MacFarland, KM; Gerhard, U; Petitjean, SA; Strasser, J; Vogel, M; Walter, M; Wiesbeck, GA, 2014)
"We present a case of chronic posterior hip dislocation after severe joint destruction following septic arthritis."	1.40	Atraumatic posterior dislocation of the native hip: an unusual presentation of septic arthritis. ( Naique, S; Patel, NK; Windley, J, 2014)
"Methadone treatment was not found to increase the treatment requirement for neonatal abstinence syndrome compared with those using heroin only (P = 0."	1.39	Predictors of neonatal outcomes amongst a methadone- and/or heroin-dependent population referred to a multidisciplinary Perinatal and Family Drug Health Service. ( Buckley, V; Haber, P; Razaghi, A, 2013)
"The methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program has been implemented in Shanghai since 2005."	1.39	Trends and predictors in methadone maintenance treatment dropout in Shanghai, China: 2005-2011. ( Asche, CV; Fu, J; Kirkness, CS; Ning, Z; Pan, Q; Ren, J; Ye, X; Zhuang, M, 2013)
"METODO (methadone efficacy therapy optimization dosage on-going) is a prospective observational study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of methadone in 500 heroin-addicted patients taking a methadone maintenance treatment, enrolled through 2010 to 2011 in five Italian sites, observed over 2 years."	1.39	METODO, a prospective observational study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of methadone in heroin-addicted patients undergoing a methadone maintenance treatment: preliminary results at baseline evaluation. ( Bignamini, E; D'Egidio, PF; De Vivo, E; González-Saiz, F; Leonardi, C; Lucchini, A; Pieri, MC, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was first introduced in Nepal in 1994."	1.39	The trajectory of methadone maintenance treatment in Nepal. ( Ambekar, A; Kishore, K; Kumar, S; Pun, A; Rao, R, 2013)
" Bipolar 1 patients needed a higher methadone dosage in the stabilization phase, but this difference was not statistically significant."	1.39	The long-term outcomes of heroin dependent-treatment-resistant patients with bipolar 1 comorbidity after admission to enhanced methadone maintenance. ( Akiskal, H; Bacciardi, S; Maremmani, AGI; Maremmani, I; Osso, LD; Pacini, M; Paolo Pani, P; Rovai, L; Rugani, F, 2013)
"Heroin addicts were enrolled based on their fulfillment to eligibility criteria and provision of informed consent."	1.39	Referring heroin users from compulsory detoxification centers to community methadone maintenance treatment: a comparison of three models. ( Comulada, S; Duan, S; Liu, E; McGoogan, JM; Wu, LT; Wu, Z; Yan, L, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment has been subjected to much debate and controversy in Sweden during the last decades."	1.39	Excusing exclusion: Accounting for rule-breaking and sanctions in a Swedish methadone clinic. ( Petersson, FJ, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has become an important modality of substitution treatment for opioid addicts in China since 2006."	1.39	Sexual dysfunction during methadone maintenance treatment and its influence on patient's life and treatment: a qualitative study in South China. ( Chen, J; Chen, W; He, Q; Hu, P; Jahn, HJ; Li, X; Ling, L; Xia, Y; Zhang, D, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment is evidenced as a successful harm reduction initiative in regard to the prevention of blood borne viruses and other injecting related harms."	1.39	Methadone diversion as a protective strategy: the harm reduction potential of 'generous constraints'. ( Harris, M; Rhodes, T, 2013)
" High heroin expenses, more severe harm caused by heroin use, perceived lower family support, and lower methadone dosage at 3 months after starting MMT increased the risk of dropout in the follow-up period."	1.39	Predictors for dropping-out from methadone maintenance therapy programs among heroin users in southern Taiwan. ( Chang, HC; Chen, KY; Chung, KS; Lin, HC; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2013)
"Multivariate analysis showed that the substance use involvement of network members was higher in those patients still using heroin, even when other treatment factors were controlled for."	1.39	Social network support for individuals receiving opiate substitution treatment and its association with treatment progress. ( Chohan, G; Copello, A; Day, E; George, S; Grewal, P; Haque, S; Karia, M; Roche, J, 2013)
" Data on methadone dosage at each follow-up interview and the duration of retention in the MMT program were also collected."	1.38	Predictors of the severity of depressive symptoms among intravenous heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study. ( Chang, HC; Chung, KS; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2012)
"Clients from two opioid treatment programs, one implementing ICM and one implementing the TBCM, were recruited to undertake a self-complete survey examining satisfaction with case-management during dosing hours over 7 months."	1.38	Individual versus team-based case-management for clients of opioid treatment services: an initial evaluation of what clients prefer. ( Curry, K; Day, CA; Demirkol, A; Haber, PS; Hines, S; Lintzeris, N; Tynan, M, 2012)
"buprenorphine treatment to determine whether BT was attracting different types of patients."	1.38	African American patients seeking treatment in the public sector: characteristics of buprenorphine vs. methadone patients. ( Gryczynski, J; Jaffe, JH; Kelly, SM; Mitchell, SG; Myers, CP; O'Grady, KE; Olsen, YK; Schwartz, RP, 2012)
" Data on methadone dosage at each follow-up point and the duration of retention in the MMT program were also collected."	1.38	Change in quality of life and its predictors in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study. ( Chang, HC; Chung, KS; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2012)
"The methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program is scaling up in China, but little is known about drug users' cognitions of MMT."	1.38	Misconceptions toward methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and associated factors among new MMT users in Guangzhou, China. ( Fan, L; Gu, J; Hao, C; He, W; Lau, JT; Ling, W; Xu, H; Zhao, Y; Zhong, Y, 2012)
"The Methadone Maintenance Treatment Outcome Study was an 18-month prospective study from March 2007 to July 2008."	1.38	Self-efficacy and HIV risk behaviors among heroin users in Taiwan. ( Chung, KS; Hsu, ST; Ko, NY; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2012)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has elevated rates of co-morbid memory deficit and depression that are associated with higher relapse rates for substance abuse."	1.38	White matter abnormalities correlating with memory and depression in heroin users under methadone maintenance treatment. ( Chen, CC; Chen, HL; Cheng, YF; Chou, KH; Huang, CC; Li, SH; Lin, CP; Lin, WC; Lu, CH; Wang, YL, 2012)
"Our findings suggest a role for our rooming-in program in mitigating the relationship between maternal methadone dosage and the need to treat opiate withdrawal in the newborn."	1.38	A rooming-in program to mitigate the need to treat for opiate withdrawal in the newborn. ( Abrahams, RR; Hodgson, ZG, 2012)
"Pregnancy care for these women needs to continue to develop to improve overall outcomes."	1.38	Maternal and neonatal outcomes following methadone substitution during pregnancy. ( Ash, A; Douiri, A; Greig, E, 2012)
"366 methadone maintenance treatment patients in Taiwan were recruited and genotyped."	1.38	UGT2B7 genetic polymorphisms are associated with the withdrawal symptoms in methadone maintenance patients. ( Chen, ACh; Chen, CH; Chen, YT; Fang, CP; Ho, IK; Hsiao, CF; Hsu, YT; Huang, CL; Kuo, HW; Lin, L; Liu, CT; Liu, ML; Liu, SC; Liu, YL; Shih, YH; Su, LW; Tan, HK; Tian, JN; Tsou, HH; Wu, CS; Yang, YH; Yang, YT, 2012)
"Aims of the present investigation were: (i) to assess the prevalence of current smokers and relative smoking status among a large number of heroin addicts attending opioid-substitution therapy prevalence; (ii) to evaluate the relationship between the type (methadone, buprenorphine) and dosage of opioid substitution therapy and nicotine dependence."	1.38	Tobacco addiction and smoking status in heroin addicts under methadone vs. buprenorphine therapy. ( Amen, G; Casari, R; Chiamulera, C; Faccini, M; Lugoboni, F; Moro, L; Pajusco, B; Quaglio, G, 2012)
"021), with daily dosage 60 mg/day or more (HR = 0."	1.38	[Rate of retention and related factors on patients under methadone maintenance treatment in Beijing: a prospective cohort study]. ( Liu, GW; Lu, HY; Wang, J, 2012)
"Multiple substance use is a common problem among heroin users."	1.37	Multiple substance use among heroin-dependent patients before and during attendance at methadone maintenance treatment program, Yunnan, China. ( Chongsuvivatwong, V; Li, J; Li, L; McNeil, E; Sangthong, R, 2011)
" The objective of this study is to elucidate the reason for the low methadone dosage prescribed in MMT clinics in China."	1.37	A qualitative study exploring the reason for low dosage of methadone prescribed in the MMT clinics in China. ( Detels, R; Lin, C, 2011)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) might cause the impairments of neuropsychological and neurotransmitter function in opioid addicts."	1.37	White matter impairment in heroin addicts undergoing methadone maintenance treatment and prolonged abstinence: a preliminary DTI study. ( Li, Q; Li, W; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yang, W; Zhu, J, 2011)
"Heroin abuse is a major public health problem with high morbidity and mortality."	1.37	Sleeping problems among Chinese heroin-dependent individuals. ( Chen, X; Hao, W; Liao, Y; Liu, T; Luo, T; Tang, J, 2011)
"These findings provide new insight to the fact that the interindividual variability of methadone dosage requirement is polygenetic and cannot be explained by a single-gene effect."	1.37	Impact of genetic polymorphisms in ABCB1, CYP2B6, OPRM1, ANKK1 and DRD2 genes on methadone therapy in Han Chinese patients. ( Chiou, MH; Hsieh, TJ; Hsieh, YW; Huang, BH; Huang, CL; Hung, CC; Lane, HY, 2011)
"Further analyses on specific withdrawal symptoms in COWS showed that the genetic variants in rs4646440 are significantly associated with heart rate (allele type p = 0."	1.37	Genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4 are associated with withdrawal symptoms and adverse reactions in methadone maintenance patients. ( Chen, ACh; Chen, CH; Chou, SY; Fang, KC; Fang, YC; Ho, IK; Hsiao, CF; Hsu, YT; Huang, CL; Lin, KM; Lin, YF; Liu, ML; Liu, SC; Liu, YL; Su, LW; Tian, JN; Tsou, HH; Wang, SC; Yu, CJ, 2011)
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist with a "ceiling effect" for respiratory depression."	1.36	Prospective comparative assessment of buprenorphine overdose with heroin and methadone: clinical characteristics and response to antidotal treatment. ( Baud, FJ; Buisine, A; Chevillard, L; Jacobs, F; Mégarbane, B; Résière, D; Vicaut, E, 2010)
" Patients with additional heroin intake over the past 30 days had been treated with a significantly lower L-methadone dosage (P<0."	1.36	Psychiatric comorbidity and additional abuse of drugs in maintenance treatment with L- and D,L-methadone. ( Baumann, P; Cimander, K; Havemann-Reinecke, U; Jacobs, S; Karg, I; Luedecke, C; Poser, W; Ruether, E; Schneider, U; Wedekind, D, 2010)
"While long-term heroin addiction is associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, few studies have used in vivo brain imaging to examine the impact on pituitary gland volume (PGV) or its relationship with substitution pharmacotherapy."	1.36	Pituitary gland volume among heroin users stabilised on substitution pharmacotherapy. ( Lorenzetti, V; Lubman, DI; Velakoulis, D; Yücel, M, 2010)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in primary care settings is used increasingly as a standard method of delivering treatment for heroin users."	1.36	The effect of time spent in treatment and dropout status on rates of convictions, cautions and imprisonment over 5 years in a primary care-led methadone maintenance service. ( Ewins, E; Griffiths, L; Keen, J; Mathers, N; Oliver, P; Rowse, G, 2010)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is the most widely available pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction and has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment over a period of 40 years."	1.36	Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of addiction: methadone. ( Borg, L; Ducat, E; Kreek, MJ; Ray, B, 2010)
"Methadone maintenance has an important role in the treatment of injecting heroin users and the reduction of harm connected to drug abuse."	1.36	[Monitoring and evaluation of the Hungarian methadone maintenance programmes]. ( Márványkövi, F; Melles, K; Rácz, J; Vadász, V, 2010)
"Methadone patients were more likely to report feeling uncomfortable the first few days, having side/withdrawal effects during treatment, and being concerned about continued dependency on medication after release."	1.36	Heroin-dependent inmates' experiences with buprenorphine or methadone maintenance. ( Awgu, E; Magura, S; Rosenblum, A, 2010)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been shown to dramatically reduce illicit opioid use and criminal activity among injection drug users (IDU)."	1.35	Effect of methadone treatment on incarceration rates among injection drug users. ( Kerr, T; Li, K; Marsh, D; Montaner, J; Werb, D; Wood, E, 2008)
"The treatment of heroin addiction as a chronic disease is reviewed, including social, medical, and cultural issues and pharmacologic treatment with methadone and the more experimental medication options of buprenorphine and naltrexone."	1.35	A 50-year-old woman addicted to heroin: review of treatment of heroin addiction. ( O'Brien, CP, 2008)
" Because methadone clinics have been available in China only recently, this study explored the relationship between methadone dosage and client retention in methadone maintenance programmes in Guizhou province."	1.35	Correlates of methadone client retention: a prospective cohort study in Guizhou province, China. ( Detels, R; Liang, T; Liu, E; Shen, L; Wang, B; Wu, Z; Zhong, H, 2009)
"Recent clinical studies suggest that substance use may be associated with an acceleration of the ageing process, possibly related to a deficit of stem cell number or function."	1.35	An intriguing association between dental and mental pathology in addicted and control subjects: a cross-sectional survey. ( Reece, AS, 2008)
"This is a case report of a CPP treated by a pain physician."	1.35	Alleged breaches of "standards of medical care" in a patient overdose death possibly related to chronic opioid analgesic therapy, application of the controlled substances model guidelines: case report. ( Cole, B; Fishbain, DA; Gao, J; Lewis, JE; Rosomoff, RS, 2009)
"0) years, and the average daily methadone dosage was (38."	1.35	[Risk factors associated with continued heroin use during methadone maintenance treatment in Guizhou province, China]. ( Liang, T; Liu, EW; Roger, D; Shen, LM; Wang, B; Wu, ZY; Zhong, H, 2008)
" Additional electrocardiography is recommended if the methadone dosage exceeds 100 mg/d or if patients have unexplained syncope or seizures."	1.35	QTc interval screening in methadone treatment. ( Haigney, MC; Krantz, MJ; Martin, J; Mehta, D; Stimmel, B, 2009)
"Methadone clinics were used as the channel for accessing drug users in Hong Kong."	1.35	Multilevel analysis of HIV related risk behaviors among heroin users in a low prevalence community. ( Goggins, W; Lee, SS; Li, H, 2009)
" Predictors included binary dosing with methadone in the jail, final dose received (mg), age, gender, race/ethnicity, previous bookings and days in jail."	1.35	The effect of a jail methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) program on inmate recidivism. ( Lackey, M; Lapham, S; McMillan, GP, 2008)
" Factors as the MMT clinics themselves that the clients visited, daily methadone dosage they took, and the awareness on MMT etc."	1.35	[Factors influencing the rate on retention to methadone maintenance treatment program among heroin addicts in Guizhou, China]. ( Liang, T; Liu, EW; Shen, LM; Wang, B; Wu, ZL; Zhong, H, 2009)
"Methadone was significantly less likely to have ever been prescribed than OOA."	1.35	A comparison of drug overdose deaths involving methadone and other opioid analgesics in West Virginia. ( Crosby, AE; Hall, AJ; Kaplan, JA; Logan, JE; McKinstry, E; Paulozzi, LJ, 2009)
" Dosage for methadone and gender may be the risk factors of craving change."	1.35	[Change and influence factors of craving for patients after 6 month methadone maintenance treatment]. ( Chen, M; Li, X; Ou, Q; Sun, Z; Tan, H; Zhang, H, 2009)
" This is in keeping with research showing that this dosage corresponds to optimal opioid receptor blockade."	1.35	Craving and self-efficacy in the first five weeks of methadone maintenance therapy: a daily process study. ( Barta, WD; Kiene, SM; Kurth, ME; Stein, MD; Tennen, H, 2009)
"It has been shown that opioid dependence can be characterized as a disease of brain metastable balance, wherein local functional connectivity (synchronicity within neuronal assemblies) increased and remote functional connectivity (synchronicity between neuronal assemblies) decreased."	1.35	Methadone restores local and remote EEG functional connectivity in opioid-dependent patients. ( Autti, T; Borisov, S; Fingelkurts, AA; Jokela, O; Kähkönen, S; Kivisaari, R; Puuskari, V, 2009)
"This case report introduces methadone withdrawal symptoms experienced by a heroin addict who used MRT for a period of four months."	1.35	[A case report on methadone withdrawal syndrome]. ( Chuang, P, 2009)
"Secondary data on substance abuse treatment admissions, from 1995 through 2000, were obtained from the Department of Public Health, Community Substance Abuse Services, San Francisco, California."	1.35	Investigating the effects of San Francisco's Treatment on Demand Initiative on a publicly-funded substance abuse treatment system: a time series analysis. ( Davis, T; Gleghorn, A; Guydish, J; Sears, C, 2009)
" Patients who were HIV negative at baseline but still secretly using heroine during treatment or accepted low daily average dosage of methadone, had the tendency to drop out."	1.35	[Predictors of retention related factors at the initial methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangdong province]. ( Chen, A; Chen, W; Ling, L; Tan, WK; Xia, YH; Zheng, RJ, 2009)
"Compared to National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS), programs located in medical settings are over-represented and centers that are mental health clinics are under-represented."	1.35	Treatment programs in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. ( Arfken, C; Copersino, M; Edmundson, E; Floyd, A; Forman, R; Fuller, B; Kaskutas, LA; Magruder, KM; McCarty, D; Miller, M; Nunes, EV; Sindelar, J; Wendt, WW, 2008)
"Methadone was used (71."	1.35	Prescription opioid use, misuse, and diversion among street drug users in New York City. ( Davis, WR; Johnson, BD, 2008)
"Amitriptyline was found in 12 (7."	1.35	Tricyclic antidepressants abuse, with or without benzodiazepines abuse, in former heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). ( Adelson, M; Peles, E; Schreiber, S, 2008)
" Both chronic use of large doses and a recent increase in the daily dose of methadone have been associated with QT prolongation and subsequent development of torsades de pointes."	1.35	Chronic methadone therapy complicated by torsades de pointes: a case report. ( Mayo, D; Pimentel, L, 2008)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was first piloted in April 2004 in Yunnan, China, to reduce HIV transmission."	1.35	Societal perception and support for methadone maintenance treatment in a Chinese province with high HIV prevalence. ( Cheng, W; Dai, F; Li, H; Li, J; Qi, G; Ren, Z; Yang, L; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2008)
" Methadone maintenance dosage was generally dispensed daily by registered community pharmacies."	1.35	Comparing drug-related hospital morbidity following heroin dependence treatment with methadone maintenance or naltrexone implantation. ( Hulse, GK; Ngo, HT; Tait, RJ, 2008)
"Methadone is a mu-opioid receptor agonist used for treating opiate dependence."	1.35	ABCB1 (MDR1) genetic variants are associated with methadone doses required for effective treatment of heroin dependence. ( Adelson, M; Barral, S; Borg, L; Kreek, MJ; Levran, O; Li, D; O'Hara, K; Ott, J; Peles, E; Ray, B, 2008)
"Treatment with methadone, for both pain and opioid dependence, should be preceded by an abuse liability evaluation."	1.35	Methadone- and heroin-related deaths in Florida. ( Gold, MS; Goldberger, BA; Graham, NA; Merlo, LJ, 2008)
"Expanded treatment for heroin dependence appears to have the greatest potential for improved care."	1.35	Poor adherence to HIV monitoring and treatment guidelines for HIV-infected injection drug users. ( Guillemi, S; Hogg, RS; Kerr, T; Montaner, JS; Palepu, A; Wood, E; Zhang, R, 2008)
"The first phase of withdrawal symptoms was attributed to the antagonistic effect of naltrexone, which possibly also improved under the weakening of naltrexone."	1.34	Naltrexone-assisted rapid methadone discontinuation: a pilot study. ( Besson, J; Camarasa, X; Khazaal, Y; Zullino, DF, 2007)
"Mean methadone dose was 170."	1.34	Corrected-QT intervals as related to methadone dose and serum level in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients: a cross-sectional study. ( Adelson, M; Bodner, G; Kreek, MJ; Peles, E; Rados, V, 2007)
"In a cohort of 501 drug abusers admitted to treatment in the period 1981-1991, mortality has been calculated as incidence rates."	1.34	Fatal overdoses and deaths by other causes in a cohort of Norwegian drug abusers--a competing risk approach. ( Amundsen, EJ; Kielland, KB; Ødegård, E, 2007)
"The SOWS measures withdrawal symptoms at the time of assessment."	1.34	Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS). ( De Jong, CA; Dijkstra, BA; Krabbe, PF; Riezebos, TG; van der Staak, CP, 2007)
"It is argued that treatment for heroin dependence is money well spent, and leads to clear and sustained benefits to both heroin users and society."	1.34	The Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS): what have we learnt about treatment for heroin dependence? ( Darke, S; Ross, J; Teesson, M, 2007)
"Although it is said that drug addiction is associated with poor dental health, there is little research in this area."	1.34	Dentition of addiction in Queensland: poor dental status and major contributing drugs. ( Reece, AS, 2007)
"Methadone was subsequently shown to prolong the QT interval as well."	1.34	Physician awareness of the cardiac effects of methadone: results of a national survey. ( Bucher Bartelson, B; Krantz, MJ; Rowan, SB; Schmittner, J, 2007)
" Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, is very poorly absorbed with sublingual administration, but if it is injected intravenously, it will antagonise the effects of buprenorphine."	1.34	Buprenorphine + naloxone: new combination. Opiate dependence: no proof of reduced risk of self-administered injection. ( , 2007)
"Eight HIV seroconversions were found among 1153 clients during 12 months."	1.34	Effectiveness of first eight methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China. ( Hao, Y; Li, J; Luo, W; Mi, G; Pang, L; Rou, K; Wang, C; Wu, Z, 2007)
"Desired adjustment of methadone dose, perceived participation in dosage regulation, and satisfaction with methadone treatment centres were assessed in a sample of opioid-dependent patients from the Valencia Region (eastern Spain)."	1.33	Patient perspectives on methadone maintenance treatment in the Valencia Region: dose adjustment, participation in dosage regulation, and satisfaction with treatment. ( Pérez de Los Cobos, J; Puig, T; Trujols, J; Valderrama, JC; Valero, S, 2005)
"Methadone was detected in subclavian blood at a concentration of 0."	1.33	Fatal methadone intoxication in an infant. ( Chopra, K; Couper, FJ; Pierre-Louis, ML, 2005)
"We report a patient who developed torsade de pointes while receiving high-dose methadone and was successfully inducted onto buprenorphine under close medical supervision."	1.33	Effects of buprenorphine on cardiac repolarization in a patient with methadone-related torsade de pointes. ( Garcia, JA; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS, 2005)
"Methadone is a long-acting mu-opioid and is an effective treatment for heroin addiction."	1.33	Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. ( Cunnington, D; Drummer, OH; Kronborg, I; Quinnell, T; Teichtahl, H; Tran, H; Wang, D, 2005)
"Thirty percent of MMT patients had a central apnea index (CAI) > 5, and 20% had a CAI > 10."	1.33	Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. ( Cherry, G; Cunnington, D; Drummer, O; Goodman, C; Kronborg, I; Teichtahl, H; Wang, D, 2005)
"Eighty-six people with heroin addiction first seen in in 1966-1967 in a small town in the south-east of England were located and their clinical state assessed using multiple sources, including personal interviews with a proportion of the cohort."	1.33	Heroin dependence in an English town: 33-year follow-up. ( Addenbrooke, WM; Rathod, NH; Rosenbach, AF, 2005)
"In a specialized heroin addiction treatment setting, patient compliance isjust as good as in other risk groups."	1.33	[HIV and drug users: current trends]. ( Golz, JH, 2005)
"Buprenorphine was approved in 1996, and was subject to less restrictive conditions."	1.33	Buprenorphine replacement therapy: a confirmed benefit. ( , 2006)
" The pronounced and variable fluctuations in methadone disposition evident in these patients highlight the need for an individualized approach to patient dosing and monitoring."	1.33	Fluctuations in (R,S)-methadone pharmacokinetics and response among long-term methadone maintenance patients. ( Dyer, KR; Mitchell, TB; Newcombe, D; Somogyi, AA; White, JM, 2006)
" The information was collectively considered and, using the best available evidence, translated into safe dosing guidelines for methadone induction."	1.33	Methadone induction doses: are our current practices safe? ( Kahan, M; Srivastava, A, 2006)
"Methadone treatment for heroin addiction in the UK, the 'British system', is unique as it is largely provided by General Practitioners."	1.33	Association between availability of heroin and methadone and fatal poisoning in England and Wales 1993-2004. ( Griffiths, C; Hickman, M; Morgan, O, 2006)
"Similarly, the impact of cocaine abuse on psychiatric and social function in subjects already affected by opioid addiction is still poorly understood and further studies are necessary to investigate this specific area that could profoundly affect methadone maintenance treatment."	1.33	Comparison between heroin and heroin-cocaine polyabusers: a psychopathological study. ( Bandettini Di Poggio, A; Fornai, F; Maremmani, I; Pacini, M; Paparelli, A; Perugi, G, 2006)
"Treating heroin addiction in a therapeutic community may be a better treatment modality than methadone or hospital therapy."	1.32	Treating heroin addiction: comparison of methadone therapy, hospital therapy without methadone, and therapeutic community. ( Vidjak, N, 2003)
" The effects of this compound are probably more favorable when combined with a psychosocial intervention such as the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA)."	1.32	Experiences with an outpatient relapse program (community reinforcement approach) combined with naltrexone in the treatment of opioid-dependence: effect on addictive behaviors and the predictive value of psychiatric comorbidity. ( Kerkhof, AJ; Roozen, HG; van den Brink, W, 2003)
"Methadone injectors were also more likely to engage in risky behaviours associated with heroin overdose, including using heroin when no other people were present, not trial-tasting new batches of heroin and polydrug use."	1.32	Prevalence and correlates of intravenous methadone syrup administration in Adelaide, Australia. ( Ali, R; Darke, S; Humeniuk, R; McGregor, C, 2003)
" NV as well as MM displayed a dose-response effect in plasma ACTH and cortisol levels."	1.32	Corticotropin-releasing factor testing reveals a dose-dependent difference in methadone maintained vs control subjects. ( Bart, G; Green, M; Ho, A; Kreek, MJ; Schluger, JH, 2003)
" The major areas which were addressed by this report are Initial assessment of candidates for MMT Appropriate settings for initiation of MMT (general and special cases) Appropriateness of methadone supportive therapy Co-treatments and accompanying measures Dosage schedules and pharmacokinetic testing Withdrawal from MMT Miscellaneous questions Appropriateness of other (non-methadone) substitution treatment Summary statements for each of the above categories are derived from the panel meeting and presented in the report."	1.32	Appropriateness of methadone maintenance treatment for opiate addiction: evaluation by an expert panel. ( Besson, J; Burnand, B; Eastus, C; Eggenberger, C; Hämmig, R; Vader, JP, 2003)
"Treatment with methadone was found to be both less expensive and more effective than treatment with buprenorphine, which suggests methadone dominates buprenorphine."	1.32	Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance: a cost-effectiveness analysis. ( Ali, R; Bell, J; Doran, CM; Mattick, RP; Shanahan, M; White, J, 2003)
"Comorbid psychiatric disorders did not appear to influence methadone effectiveness, but psychopharmacological treatment associated with methadone was associated with a lower rate of urine samples positive for drug use."	1.32	Long-term methadone maintenance effectiveness: psychosocial and pharmacological variables. ( Ferri, M; Gerra, G; Polidori, E; Santoro, G; Sternieri, E; Zaimovic, A, 2003)
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal methadone dosage correlates with neonatal withdrawal in a large heroin-addicted pregnant population."	1.32	Maternal methadone dose and neonatal withdrawal. ( Berghella, V; Chennat, J; Cherpes, J; Hill, MK; Kaltenbach, K; Lim, PJ, 2003)
"Methadone maintenance treatment restores altered bone turnover only."	1.32	[Bone metabolism in individuals dependent on heroin and after methadone administration]. ( Stĕpán, J; Wilczek, H, 2003)
"Heroin was the most frequently prescribed narcotic."	1.32	Dosage regimes in the prescription of heroin and other narcotics to chronic opioid addicts in Switzerland--Swiss national cohort study. ( Blättler, R; Bürki, C; Christen, S; Gschwend, P; Gutzwiller, F; Rehm, J; Seidenberg, A; Steffen, T, 2004)
"Methadone is a well-established maintenance drug for the therapy of opioid addicts."	1.32	[Intoxication with methadone and benzodiazepines in a morbidly obese patient in the social environment of a heroin addict receiving methadone maintenance therapy]. ( Hammer, B; Kleinschmidt, S; Risch, B; Wilhelm, W, 2004)
"The sample mean methadone dose was 111 mg, with a lower dosage level in Oslo than in the other counties."	1.32	[Methadone dose, treatment duration and heroin use in drug-assisted rehabilitation]. ( Kornør, H; Waal, H, 2004)
" Daily supervised dosing by a pharmacist for the first six months resulted in significantly better treatment retention (80% vs 46%) and lower heroin use."	1.32	French field experience with buprenorphine. ( Auriacombe, M; Daulouède, JP; Dubernet, J; Fatséas, M; Tignol, J, 2004)
"Buprenorphine was registered in Australia as a maintenance and detoxification agent for the management of opioid dependence in November, 2000, and became widely available in August, 2001."	1.32	Implementing buprenorphine treatment in community settings in Australia: experiences from the Buprenorphine Implementation Trial. ( Bammer, G; Clark, N; Kutin, J; Lintzeris, N; Panjari, M; Ritter, A, 2004)
"Mean duration of heroin addiction was 9 years."	1.32	[Serum leptin levels in patients with heroin addiction, the effect of one year of methadone substitution]. ( Haluzík, M; Parízková, J; Svobodová, J; Wilczek, H, 2004)
"All methadone maintenance treatment starting between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 1999."	1.32	[Is methadone maintenance provided by private practitioners effective?]. ( Dürsteler-MacFarland, KM; Falcato, L; Nordt, C; Rössler, W; Stohler, R, 2004)
" The modest increase in Amsterdam is explained by low background risk of overdose mortality, low starting dosage and the low threshold to treatment."	1.31	An increase in overdose mortality during the first 2 weeks after entering or re-entering methadone treatment in Amsterdam. ( Buster, MC; van Brussel, GH; van den Brink, W, 2002)
"The percentage of patients receiving methadone dosage levels less than the recommended 60 mg/d has decreased from 79."	1.31	Changes in methadone treatment practices: results from a national panel study, 1988-2000. ( D'Aunno, T; Pollack, HA, 2002)
"The utility of traits associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder in making risk assessments of violent and nonviolent crimes was examined in 254 subjects sampled from a methadone maintenance population."	1.31	The prediction of violent and nonviolent criminal behavior in a methadone maintenance population. ( Alterman, AI; Bovasso, GB; Cacciola, JS; Rutherford, MJ, 2002)
" These two viewpoints are presented in the light of a number of specific methadone maintenance treatment and drug abuse related issues such as the question whether drug abuse is an illness of the body, the mind or society; whether the disease model really de-stigmatized drug abuse; what the correct methadone dosing policy should be; the place of psychotherapy in methadone maintenance treatment and drug abuse and how polydrug abuse should be treated."	1.31	An integration of three approaches to addiction and methadone maintenance treatment: the self-medication hypothesis, the disease model and social criticism. ( Bleich, A; Gelkopf, M; Levitt, S, 2002)
"Chronic heroin smoking seems to be related to an impaired lung function and higher prevalence of dyspnoea."	1.31	Chasing the dragon, related to the impaired lung function among heroin users. ( Buster, M; Rook, L; van Brussel, GH; van den Brink, W; van Ree, J, 2002)
"Methadone treatment in Canada features a long, turbulent, and instructive history as an exemplary case study in public policy."	1.31	Prescriptions, power and politics: the turbulent history of methadone maintenance in Canada. ( Fischer, B, 2000)
"A life-time diagnosis of alcohol dependence and the number of non-fatal heroin overdoses were independent significant predictors of poorer cognitive performance."	1.31	Cognitive impairment among methadone maintenance patients. ( Darke, S; McDonald, S; Sims, J; Wickes, W, 2000)
"Methadone maintenance was considered antithetical to this philosophy."	1.31	Integrating the methadone patient in the traditional addiction inpatient rehabilitation program--problems and solutions. ( Herron, A; Joseph, H; Kipnis, SS; Perez, J, 2001)
"Methadone advocacy has grown into a powerful network of groups working toward the same major goals."	1.31	Methadone advocacy: the voice of the patient. ( Woods, J, 2001)
"Influence of parental alcohol/substance abuse on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) outcome was examined in 164 DSM-III-R opioid dependent adults with no other current DSM Axis I disorder."	1.31	Family history influence on drug abuse severity and treatment outcome. ( Gupman, AE; Johnson, EO; Miles, DR; Newlin, DB; Pickens, RW; Preston, KL; Soriano, J; Umbricht, A; van den Bree, MB, 2001)
" Our data has provided the basis for a population-based pharmacokinetic (POP-PK) model which is intended for use as a clinical tool in association with plasma measurements in methadone maintenance patients."	1.31	Population-based pharmacokinetic approach for methadone monitoring of opiate addicts: potential clinical utility. ( Hay, AW; Raistrick, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Tucker, G; Wolff, K, 2000)
"Methadone reduction treatment processes were associated with poor outcomes, and many patients who were allocated to methadone reduction treatment did not receive reduction treatment as intended."	1.31	Outcomes after methadone maintenance and methadone reduction treatments: two-year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. ( Gossop, M; Marsden, J; Stewart, D; Treacy, S, 2001)
"Characteristics of recent drug abuse-related deaths in the city of Sheffield were examined from the coroner's records."	1.31	Deaths from drugs of abuse in Sheffield, 1998: the role of prescribed medication. ( Keen, J; Mathers, N; Oliver, P; Rowse, G, 2001)
" Although the current analysis did not rule out differences in pharmacological effects as a contributing factor, the results are consistent with an interpretation of a dose-response association between psychosocial/psychotherapeutic support and detoxification outcome."	1.31	Predictors for completing an inpatient detoxification program among intravenous heroin users, methadone substituted and codeine substituted patients. ( Backmund, M; Eichenlaub, D; Meyer, K; Schütz, CG, 2001)
"Long-term drug abuse detrimentally affects the stomatognathic system, as expressed in a high prevalence of oral motor behavior and signs and symptoms of TMD."	1.31	Oral motor parafunctions among heavy drug addicts and their effects on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. ( Gavish, A; Gazit, E; Halachmi, M; Volfin, G; Winocur, E, 2001)
"Long-term opioid dependence seems to decrease prefrontal CBF in particular."	1.31	Opioid addiction changes cerebral blood flow symmetry. ( Brücke, T; Fischer, G; Jagsch, R; Kasper, S; Pezawas, L; Podreka, I; Schindler, S; Thurnher, M, 2002)
"Methadone maintenance treatment has been shown in many studies to reduce mortality and morbidity among heroin users."	1.31	Methadone maintenance treatment can be provided in a primary care setting without increasing methadone-related mortality: the Sheffield experience 1997-2000. ( Keen, J; Mathers, N; Oliver, P, 2002)
" After 6-8 weeks on LAAM, plasma concentrations of the norLAAM metabolite varied significantly by LAAM dosing day, plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) concentrations were significantly increased compared to methadone, and two of the seven subjects remaining in LAAM treatment were free of illicit opioids and nonprescribed methadone."	1.31	The use of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in methadone patients who have not achieved heroin abstinence. ( Appel, P; Borg, L; Ho, A; Joseph, H; Kreek, MJ; Moody, D; Wells, A, 2002)
" The dosage of the two comparatine groups is given according to Documentation, the method of abserving the treatment protocols and detoxification standard is according to current regulation."	1.30	[Clinial study of "qingjunyin" detoxification for the treatment of heroin addicts]. ( Lan, S; Lu, H; Wang, G; Yuan, D; Zhan, C, 1997)
"Heroin and cocaine were smoked as well as injected by 22% and 31% respectively."	1.30	[Anticipated effects of experimental heroin prescription on the method of administration and the use of other drugs]. ( Benschop, A; Blanken, P; Hendriks, VM, 1997)
"A significant percentage of IDUs have antisocial personality disorder (APD)."	1.30	Validity of three measures of antisociality in predicting HIV risk behaviors in methadone-maintenance patients. ( Alterman, A; Cacciola, JS; McKay, JR; Metzger, D; Rutherford, M; Tourian, K, 1997)
"Working from the AIDS risk reduction model and other theories of behavior change, we tested psychosocial antecedents of needle/syringe disinfection by 136 injection drug users."	1.30	Psychosocial antecedents of needle/syringe disinfection by drug users: a theory-based prospective analysis. ( Anglin, MD; Longshore, D; Stein, JA, 1997)
"To evaluate the Methadone Dispensing Circuit in Amsterdam by identifying determinants of methadone dosage and client characteristics in the different types of methadone programmes."	1.30	Differentiation in the Amsterdam methadone dispensing circuit: determinants of methadone dosage and site of methadone prescription. ( Coutinho, RA; Langendam, MW; Reurs, H; van Ameijden, EJ; van Brussel, GH; van den Hoek, AA; van Haastrecht, HJ, 1998)
"Diagnosing comorbid psychiatric disorders in methadone maintained patients may help to identify subgroups with different outcomes and needs for treatment."	1.30	Psychiatric comorbidity in methadone maintained patients. ( Borg, L; Khuri, ET; Kocsis, JH; Kreek, MJ; Mason, BJ; Melia, D; Millman, RB; Sweeney, J; Wells, A, 1998)
" For patients in maintenance, methadone dosage and clinic policy were the most important factors for retention."	1.30	Retention in treatment of heroin users in Italy: the role of treatment type and of methadone maintenance dosage. ( Bargagli, AM; D'Ippoliti, D; Davoli, M; Pasqualini, F; Perucci, CA, 1998)
" At the time of the study, the majority of the test persons (29) were on low dosage methadone maintenance (up to 60 mg/day)."	1.30	[Driving fitness/driving capacity of patients treated with methadone]. ( Bär, W; Friedrich-Koch, A; Hauri-Bionda, R, 1998)
"Withdrawal symptoms were still present 24 h after detoxification and 80% of the patients relapsed during a 6-month follow-up."	1.30	Ultra-rapid opiate detoxification using deep sedation with oral midazolam: short and long-term results. ( Bertschy, G; Cucchia, AT; Ferrero, F; Monnat, M; Spagnoli, J, 1998)
"Methadone maintenance is a treatment program designed for chronic heroin addicted patients."	1.30	Methadone maintenance: results of treatment in heroin addict at Thanyarak Hospital (1990-1996). ( Dechongkit, S; Lukanapichonchut, L; Patarakorn, A; Verachai, V, 1998)
"Methadone treatment does not reduce opioid dependency but compensates for neurobiological complications of long-term use."	1.30	[Methadone used in the treatment of opioid dependence]. ( Blix, O; Krook, A; Olsen, H; Waal, H, 1999)
"Methadone is an effective treatment for heroin addiction; however, insufficient information is available on its interactions with HAART."	1.30	Methadone and antiretroviral medications, part I. ( Friedland, GH; Gourevitch, MN, 1999)
"Experts on heroin addiction had previously said that the program would not work."	1.30	Methadone restored. ( , 1999)
"Published data confirm the substantial presence of alcohol in combination with cocaine, heroin and methadone among ME cases."	1.29	Alcohol use in combination with cocaine, heroin and methadone by medical examiner cases. ( Dufour, MC; Haberman, PW; Noble, JA, 1995)
" To determine if raising the daily methadone dosage is an effective way to eliminate cocaine abuse, 74 methadone maintenance patients maintained at daily dosages between 30 and 80 mg and who chronically abused cocaine were studied by a standard protocol."	1.29	Cocaine abuse in methadone maintenance patients is associated with low serum methadone concentrations. ( Shannon, J; Tennant, F, 1995)
"The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment depends in part on meeting clients' medical and social needs related to drug abuse."	1.29	An organizational analysis of service patterns in outpatient drug abuse treatment units. ( D'Aunno, T; Vaughn, TE, 1995)
"Subjects' knowledge concerning HIV and AIDS had no measurable association with the outcome."	1.29	Methadone maintenance and the likelihood of risky needle-sharing. ( Caplehorn, JR; Ross, MW, 1995)
" Cocaine users were more likely than nonusers of cocaine to use heroin at all methadone dosage levels."	1.29	Heroin use during methadone maintenance treatment: the importance of methadone dose and cocaine use. ( Davenny, K; Friedland, GH; Hartel, DM; Klein, RS; Kline, J; Schoenbaum, EE; Selwyn, PA, 1995)
"1."	1.29	Methadone anonymous: a 12-step program. Reducing the stigma of methadone use. ( McGonagle, D, 1994)
" A good dose-response relationship was found between the 100% suppressive withdrawal sign doses of DHE and the degree of withdrawal sign in heroin addicts."	1.29	[Clinical assessment of physical dependence potential of dihydroetorphine hydrochloride (DHE)]. ( Cai, ZJ; Ge, Y; Li, M; Sun, WL, 1994)
" The positive correlation between compliance and methadone dosage confirms that MMTPs are effective in rehabilitating patients when 'adequate' dosage, i."	1.29	Methadone dosages and therapeutic compliance during a methadone maintenance program. ( Castrogiovanni, P; Maremmani, I; Nardini, R; Zolesi, O, 1994)
"47 had experienced the AIDS-related deaths of 1 or more family members and 16 of those married were HIV-seropositive."	1.29	HIV infection and the meaning of condoms. ( Pivnick, A, 1993)
" To prevent such mistakes in the future a change in labelling of the bottle giving directions for correct dosing is suggested."	1.29	[Iatrogenic methadone poisoning]. ( Rabl, W; Sigrist, T; Sutter, K, 1993)
"Subjects were 281 intravenous drug abusers, 146 enrolled in outpatient methadone treatment (Treatment group) and 135 not in treatment (Community group)."	1.29	Validity of intravenous drug abusers' self-reported changes in HIV high-risk drug use behaviors. ( Bigelow, GE; Brooner, RK; Greenfield, L, 1995)
"Relapse is a central problem in the treatment of addictive behaviour, and a specific problem in the out-patient treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome."	1.28	Factors associated with relapse among opiate addicts in an out-patient detoxification programme. ( Gossop, M; Strang, J; Unnithan, S, 1992)
"Individual Dosing in Methadone Maintenance Therapy/Plasma level determination by means of high performance liquid chromatography versus immunoassay."	1.28	[Individual dosing in methadone substitution therapy. Determination of concentration with high performance liquid chromatography in comparison to immunoassay]. ( Loimer, N; Rauch, B; Schmid, R, 1992)
"Illicit drug abuse, as well as smoking, are known risk factors in the development of intrauterine growth retardation."	1.28	[Drug dependence, smoking and fetal growth retardation]. ( Hanzal, E; Hoffmann, G; Kölbl, H, 1992)
"Clonidine has been used to assist opiate detoxification in the past 10 years."	1.28	Two cases of clonidine abuse/dependence in methadone-maintained patients. ( Lauzon, P, 1992)
"When methadone maintenance was introduced in 1965, daily doses of approximately 100 mg were advocated and used; later, doses under 50 mg became common; recently, doses between 50 and 100 mg have been recommended."	1.28	Methadone dose and urine morphine. ( Desmond, DP; Esquivel, M; Maddux, JF; Vogtsberger, KN, 1991)
"Drug use by patients during inpatient substance abuse treatment is frequently a cause of premature hospital discharge."	1.28	Patients who use drugs during inpatient substance abuse treatment. ( Greenfield, SF; Griffin, ML; Weiss, RD, 1992)
" Significant predictors included professional classifications of the diagnosing and treatment-planning staff members, measures of early treatment services, client attitudes and satisfaction, methadone dosage level, and frequency of urine monitoring."	1.28	Treatment predictors of tenure in methadone maintenance. ( Hubbard, RL; Joe, GW; Simpson, DD, 1991)
"This paper presents the results of an AIDS educational intervention for intravenous drug users (IVDUs) who participated in the New Jersey State Department of Health's Coupon program."	1.28	AIDS education in drug user treatment programs. ( Jackson, JF; Passannante, MR; Quinones, MA; Rotkiewicz, LG; Wells, DV, 1991)
"Methadone treatment offers a first step toward social rehabilitation for drug addicts who have been living as criminals on the fringe of society."	1.28	[Stabilizing the social and health status of drug dependent patients with methadone. Long-term maintainance therapy--Vienna results]. ( Hollerer, E; Loimer, N; Pfersmann, V; Presslich, O; Schmid-Siegel, B; Werner, E, 1991)
"Relapses were even more frequent than among active abusers, especially if the drug-free period before admission had been shorter than 1 year."	1.28	A prospective assessment of opiate addiction treatment protocols for inpatients with HIV-related syndromes. ( Di Giannantonio, M; Persico, AM; Tempesta, E, 1991)
"Clonidine doses used were lower than in similar studies and all patients were alert and mobile throughout withdrawal."	1.28	Clonidine versus long- and short-term methadone-aided withdrawal from opiates. An uncontrolled comparison. ( Bradley, B; Gossop, M; Griffiths, P; Kasvikis, Y; Marks, I, 1990)
"The metyrapone test was administered to 15 former heroin addicts: 10 (8 male, 2 female) in steady-state methadone maintenance therapy (30 to 90 mg/d) and 5 (3 male, 2 female) in the final phase of a slow methadone dose reduction procedure (0 to 10 mg/d)."	1.28	Metyrapone-induced withdrawal symptoms. ( Hartman, N; Kennedy, JA; Khuri, E; Kreek, MJ; Sbriglio, R, 1990)
" In the future, increasing the average dosage and the provision of injectable drug users will be discussed to assess their role in further harm reduction."	1.28	The 'methadone by bus' project in Amsterdam. ( Buning, EC; Van Brussel, GH; Van Santen, G, 1990)
"Amphetamine alone was rarely the cause of death but the drug was seen in an increasing number of deaths in recent years."	1.28	[Narcotic abuse in Jylland. A study based on narcotics and deaths of addicts examined at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Aarhus during the period 1981-1988. 2. Deaths among addicts]. ( Kaa, E, 1990)
" Methadone plasma concentration-time data were fit to a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model by extended least-squares regression."	1.28	Altered methadone pharmacokinetics in pregnancy: implications for dosing. ( Camara, P; DePetrillo, P; Dudley, M; Griffiths, W; Swift, RM, 1989)
" In very few patients the permanent success of the treatment was at high risk due to unsatisfactory social care, lack of social security measures, progression of the underlying disease, a too low methadone dosage level, and partnership conflicts."	1.28	[Medical and psychosocial effects of methadone substitution in HIV infected substance-dependent patients]. ( Baumgart, P; Dorst, KG; Kupfer, U; von Eiff, M; Walger, P; Wilke, G, 1989)
"Seventy-eight opiate abusers were followed up after successful in-patient detoxification in order to examine renewed opiate use."	1.28	Circumstances surrounding the initial lapse to opiate use following detoxification. ( Bradley, BP; Gossop, M; Green, L; Phillips, G, 1989)
"Buprenorphine was investigated with a radioimmunoassay technique."	1.28	[Prevalence of buprenorphine use by heroin addicts undergoing treatment]. ( de la Torre, R; Ollé, JM; Porta Serra, M; San, L; Tremoleda, J, 1989)
"Methadone maintenance has become the treatment of choice for heroin addiction because of its beneficial effects on illicit opiate use and criminality."	1.28	A psychoeducational approach to methadone maintenance treatment. ( Stark, MJ, 1989)
"Different theories of drug abuse and treatment generate different predictions of perceived emotional effects of treatment."	1.27	A cognitive behavioral analysis of relaxation training in drug abusers. ( Chaney, EF; Roszell, DK, 1983)
"Methadone was only one among the risk factors affecting interaction."	1.27	A longitudinal study of offspring born to methadone-maintained women. II. Dyadic interaction and infant behavior at 4 months. ( Bernstein, V; Hans, SL; Jeremy, RJ; Marcus, J, 1984)
"All ten cases reported little or no withdrawal symptoms after the last injection containing small amounts of heroin."	1.27	Street pharmacology: uses of cocaine and heroin in the treatment of addiction. ( Goldsmith, D; Hunt, DE; Lipton, DS; Strug, D, 1984)
"We present a patient with a history of heroin addiction and 19 years of methadone maintenance who died of respiratory failure following nine years of slowly progressive dyspnea."	1.27	Progressive massive fibrosis of the lung secondary to intravenous injection of talc. A pathologic and mineralogic analysis. ( Churg, A; Crouch, E, 1983)
"Parenteral substance abuse is widespread."	1.27	Primary care of parenteral substance abusers. ( Williams, A, 1986)
"There are multiple causes for intrauterine growth retardation but one etiology proposed is maternal drugs."	1.27	Maternal drug therapy: effect on fetal and neonatal growth and neurobehavior. ( Hill, RM; Tennyson, LM, 1986)
"Methadone dosage levels have typically been examined with regard to patient symptomatology, treatment retention, and continued narcotic use."	1.27	Methadone dose levels and client characteristics in heroin addicts. ( Metzger, DS; Platt, JJ, 1987)
"The increased rate of prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and perinatal complications associated with perinatal exposure to cocaine or methamphetamine was greater than that predicted by coexisting risk factors and was consistent with the pharmacologic properties of these drugs."	1.27	Perinatal cocaine and methamphetamine exposure: maternal and neonatal correlates. ( Dixon, SD; Oro, AS, 1987)
" These data suggest that maternal drug abuse and increased methadone dosage during pregnancy may predispose infants to the development of strabismus."	1.27	Occurrence of strabismus in infants born to drug-dependent women. ( Calhoun, JH; Ehrlich, S; Finnegan, LP; Matteucci, T; Nelson, LB, 1987)
"Methadone maintenance treatment involves a great deal of governmental regulations and controls which have to be enforced by the clinician, thus having important transferential implications for therapy."	1.27	Issues of transference in methadone maintenance treatment. ( Curet, ER; Langrod, J; Lowinson, JH; Page, J, 1985)
"Relapse was prevented in BT, decreased in MBT, but was not prevented in M."	1.26	An evaluation of a behaviour therapy programme as an intervention treatment for the fear of withdrawal with heroin-dependent persons. ( Hollonds, GB; Oei, TP; Turecek, LR, 1980)
"Methadone disposition was studied in three patients receiving chronic methadone treatment and having chronic renal disease: one oliguric patient during peritoneal dialysis, one anuric patient on hemodialysis, and one patient following renal transplantation."	1.26	Methadone use in patients with chronic renal disease. ( Gutjahr, CL; Hecht, M; Kreek, MJ; Schecter, AJ, 1980)
"The increase of drug abuse by alcoholics and the increase of alcohol abuse and alcoholism by polydrug abusers is documented."	1.26	The relationship of alcoholism and alcohol abuse to the abuse of other drugs. ( Kaufman, E, 1982)
" It is hypothesized that tolerance to methadone resembles immunity comparable to that against infections, and not a dose-response curve."	1.26	Methadone dose assessment in heroin addiction. ( Aylett, P, 1982)
" The following trends were found: (1) clients' dosage of methadone reduced over time, (2) clients' progressed toward drug-free life-style changes over time, and (3) the intensification of counseling was associated with a reduction of the frequency of chemical abuse of clients."	1.26	Effects of intensive counseling on client outcome in a methadone maintenance program. ( Kuncel, EE, 1981)
"Methadone maintenance patients who use benzodiazepine drugs were interviewed about the dosage levels, patterns, frequency and motives for their use of these drugs."	1.26	Diazepam use among methadone maintenance patients: patterns and dosages. ( Grabowski, J; Griffiths, RR; Hawthorne, JW; McLellan, AT; Stitzer, ML, 1981)
" It was found that methadone dosage was not positively correlated with psychopathology, but that diffuse nonspecific psychopathology was observed in all participants."	1.26	Methadone Patients: dosage, psychopathology, and research participation. ( Katz, SE; Meltzer, JD, 1980)
"The origin of the psychiatric illnesses observed in drug abusers is often unclear."	1.26	Development of psychiatric illness in drug abusers. Possible role of drug preference. ( Mc Lellan, AT; O'Brien, CP; Woody, GE, 1979)
"Thrombocytosis was not related to withdrawal symptoms or treatment (phenobarbital or paregoric)."	1.26	Thrombocytosis and increased circulating platelet aggregates in newborn infants of polydrug users. ( Burstein, Y; Giardina, PJ; Kandall, SR; Peterson, CM; Rausen, AR; Siljestrom, K, 1979)
"Although most studies suggest that alcohol abuse by heroin addicts is an important problem, the estimated extent of problem drinking ranges from less than 10 to 50%."	1.26	Alcohol abuse by heroin addicts: review of research findings and issues. ( Belenko, S, 1979)
"Confused-depression was positively correlated with being White, using marijuana, and seeking treatment without prior screening by a social agency; Vigor-friendliness was positively related to having been referred from a social agency and having started using opiates at a later age; Anger-hostility was positively correlated with using other drugs, such as Valium, not being religiously active, and smoking marijuana; and Fatigue-inertia was only positively associated with having been referred from a social agency."	1.26	Mood components of heroin addicted men: psychosocial correlates. ( Schut, J; Steer, RA, 1979)
"This incidence of SIDS was 5."	1.26	Sudden unexpected death in infants of narcotic-dependent mothers. ( Falciglia, H; Kandall, SR; Rajegowda, BK, 1978)
"Commonly diagnosed conditions included drug abuse, psychiatric disorder, trauma, and alcohol abuse."	1.26	Health status of the New York City prison population. ( Loewenstein, R; Novick, LF; Penna, RD; Remmlinger, E; Schwartz, MS, 1977)
"Theories on the causes of heroin addiction are reviewed in this two part article."	1.26	The causes of heroin addiction-- a review of the literature. Part II. ( Salmon, R; Salmon, S, 1977)
"The results of a 2-year-study of the relationship between methadone dosage and treatment outcome are reported."	1.26	Comparison of the effect of high and low doses of methadone on treatment outcome. ( Alston, DC; Angle, BP; Siassi, I, 1977)
"When methadone was administered on a divided dosage regimen, there was a dramatic clinical improvement in both patients and a marked flattening of the curve of serum methadone levels."	1.26	Serum methadone as an aid in managing methadone maintenance patients. ( Thornton, TL; Wahl, GF; Walton, RG, 1978)
" The opportunity to take medication home from the clinic on 4 days of the week was ranked as most desirable, on the average, followed by receiving cash payments ($30 and $10) and the opportunity for limited dosage self-control."	1.26	Contingency management in a methadone maintenance program: availability of reinforcers. ( Bigelow, G; Stitzer, M, 1978)
" It is suggested that reduction of methadone dosage in late pregnancy results in reduced incidence of withdrawal but must be carefully carried out."	1.26	Observation and treatment of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. ( Chappel, JN; Davis, R; Gumpel, J; Madden, JD; Mejia, A; Zuspan, F, 1977)
"Naloxone was used to precipitate the narcotic withdrawal syndrome."	1.26	The safety and value of naloxone as a therapeutic aid. ( Rich, CR; Stockdale, SL; Wang, RI; Wiesen, RL, 1977)
" In the unblocked condition, patients initially experienced an increase in positive mood, but with chronic administration there was a significant rise in psychopathology and the development of a generalized dysphoric state."	1.26	Psychopathology, craving, and mood during heroin acquisition: an experimental study. ( McDougle, M; McNamee, HB; Meyer, RE; Mirin, SM, 1976)
"A classification of multiple drug abuse is presented which demonstrates recent increases in each of four categories."	1.26	The abuse of multiple drugs. I. Definition, classification, and extent of problem. ( Kaufman, E, 1976)
"This is especially true in the field of substance abuse, in part because there simply are no clear-cut answers which can be universally applied."	1.26	The epidemiological approach to drug abuse: its relevance to the teaching of future professionals. ( Newman, RG, 1976)
" In the mothers, no significant differences were found with respect to dosage and duration of methadone treatment and years of heroin abuse."	1.26	Cytogenetics of methadone-managed and heroin-addicted pregnant women and their newborn infants. ( Amarose, AP; Norusis, MJ, 1976)
"A system of treatment for heroin addiction is proposed under the acronym STEPS (sequential treatment employing pharmacologic supports)."	1.26	Heroin addiction. Sequential treatment employing pharmacologic supports. ( Goldstein, A, 1976)
"Neonatal withdrawal symptoms appear to be related to individual variation in maternal metabolism of the drug, placental transfer of methadone, and most importantly, to the individual variations in the rate of excretion of methadone as reflected in the neonatal plasma t 1/2."	1.26	Pharmacologic observations on the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. ( Pippenger, CE; Rosen, TS, 1976)
" Nocturnal sleep was not markedly altered during the chronic administration of methadone."	1.25	Human sleep and EEG through a cycle of methadone dependence. ( Kay, DC, 1975)
"It would appear that long-term heroin addiction either contributes directly to lowered oral health status, or more likely, causes individuals to lead a life style which has ramifications to their oral health."	1.25	Effect of long-term addiction to heroin on oral tissues. ( Rosenstein, DI, 1975)
"Management of heroin addiction with oral methadone continues to create controversy."	1.25	Methadone maintenance. ( Russell-Taylor, WJ, 1975)
" No significant association was found between maternal dosage of methadone in the last trimester of pregnancy and lentth of gestation, birth weight, or the reported presence of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate."	1.25	Results of 313 consecutive live births of infants delivered to patients in the New York City Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. ( Bashkow, S; Calko, D; Newman, RG, 1975)
"Methadone hydrochloride has been found to be medically safe when administered in the setting of a well-organized heroin addition treatment program."	1.25	Controlling the abuse of illicit methadone in Washington, DC. ( Brown, BS; DuPont, RL; Greene, MH, 1975)
" Heroin addicts maintained on high dosage methadone (80-150 mg/day) also had depressed testosterone levels."	1.25	Plasma testosterone levels in heroin addiction and during methadone maintenance. ( Mendelson, JE; Mendelson, JH; Patch, VD, 1975)
"Hypertension was present in 2."	1.25	Prevalence of renal disease in asymptomatic heroin addicts. ( Arruda, JA; Kurtzman, NA; Pillay, VK, 1975)
"Several cases of chronic unsuspected infections in addicts' infants are reported, raising the question of the significance of undiagnosed infection as it affects growth."	1.25	Somatic growth effects of perinatal addiction. ( Wilson, GS, 1975)
" Plasma testosterone levels decreased signifcantly when heroin dosage was between 45 and 65 mg/day contrasted to predrug base-line levels."	1.25	Effects of heroin and methadone on plasma cortisol and testosterone. ( Ellingboe, J; McDougle, M; Mendelson, JH; Meyer, RE; Mirin, SM, 1975)
"A diverse group of drug abusers in New Haven has benefited from a multifaceted treatment program at the Connecticut Mental Health Center's drug dependence unit."	1.25	A unit for delivering multiple drug treatment and prevention services. ( , 1975)

Research

Studies (2,677)

Authors

Clinical Trials (61)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Carbon Monoxide (CO)-Confirmed 7-day Abstinence

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1112 (41.54)	18.7374
1990's	456 (17.03)	18.2507
2000's	612 (22.86)	29.6817
2010's	458 (17.11)	24.3611
2020's	39 (1.46)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Zhang, J	8
Fan, Y	1
Zhou, J	2
Ma, T	1
Gao, K	1
Xu, M	1
Xiao, Y	2
Zhu, Y	2
F Martins, ML	1
Wilthagen, EA	1
Oviedo-Joekes, E	8
Beijnen, JH	3
de Grave, N	1
Uchtenhagen, A	8
Beck, T	3
Van den Brink, W	18
Schinkel, AH	1
Wang, L	4
Hu, F	3
Li, W	11
Li, Q	11
Li, Y	16
Zhu, J	10
Wei, X	4
Yang, J	2
Guo, J	1
Qin, Y	2
Shi, H	4
Wang, W	11
Wang, Y	10
Tolomeo, S	2
Davey, F	1
Steele, JD	1
Baldacchino, A	3
Idrissi Samlali, W	1
Ghailan, T	1
Karjouh, K	1
Ahami, AOT	1
Azzaoui, FZ	1
Jiménez-Treviño, L	2
Martínez-Cao, C	1
Sánchez-Lasheras, F	2
Iglesias, C	1
Antuña, MJ	1
Riera, L	1
Sáiz-Martínez, PA	1
Bobes, J	5
Chang, TG	1
Yen, TT	1
Hsu, WY	2
Chang, SM	1
Wyatt, JP	1
Suen, LW	1
Coe, WH	1
Adams, ZM	1
Gandhi, M	1
Batchelor, HM	1
Castellanos, S	1
Joshi, N	1
Satterwhite, S	1
Pérez-Rodríguez, R	1
Rodríguez-Guerra, E	1
Albizu-Garcia, CE	2
Knight, KR	1
Jordan, A	1
Romero-Mendoza, M	1
Peláez-Ballestas, I	1
Almanza-Avendaño, AM	1
Figueroa, E	1
Chen, J	7
Wang, S	1
Li, Z	6
Huang, P	1
Wang, F	1
Liu, W	1
Xue, J	1
Liang, Z	1
You, WR	1
Lin, LC	1
Lin, WC	2
Tsai, MC	3
Gaye, S	1
Malissin, I	1
Gadji, M	1
Thiam, MH	1
Mégarbane, B	2
Xie, X	2
Gu, J	6
Zhuang, D	2
Zhou, Y	4
Chen, X	3
Shen, W	3
Li, L	12
Liu, Y	10
Xu, W	2
Hong, Q	2
Xu, Z	3
Chen, W	6
Zhou, W	5
Liu, H	3
Rhodes, T	4
Kyaw, KWY	1
Harris, M	2
McNair, R	1
Monaghan, M	2
Montgomery, P	1
Lv, Q	1
Zhang, M	3
Jiang, H	4
Zhao, S	1
Xu, X	2
Zhang, W	2
Chen, T	1
Su, H	1
Wang, H	4
Feng, Y	2
Li, B	1
Zhao, M	7
Wang, Z	3
Lu, Q	1
Zou, X	3
Gong, C	1
Ling, L	6
Chung, KS	10
Wu, HC	10
Hsu, CY	4
Lu, YS	1
Li, DJ	1
Zhong, BL	3
Xie, WX	1
Zhu, JH	3
Lu, J	3
Chen, H	3
Du, P	1
Thai, PK	1
Bai, Y	1
Zhou, Z	3
Zhang, X	1
Wang, J	4
Zhang, C	1
Hao, F	1
Li, X	9
Fang, CP	6
Wang, SC	14
Tsou, HH	11
Chung, RH	4
Hsu, YT	4
Liu, SC	11
Kuo, HW	12
Liu, TH	4
Chen, ACH	6
Liu, YL	17
Zhang, Q	1
Shi, M	2
Tang, H	1
Zhong, H	7
Lu, X	1
Suljević, D	1
Šiljak, A	1
Fočak, M	1
Scheibe, A	2
Shelly, S	1
Gerardy, T	1
von Homeyer, Z	1
Schneider, A	1
Padayachee, K	1
Naidoo, SB	1
Mtshweni, K	1
Matau, A	1
Hausler, H	1
Marks, M	1
Huang, KY	1
Hsu, CH	1
Yu, KC	1
Yeh, YH	1
Han, KC	1
Wei, HT	1
Rodríguez Mega, E	1
Simonovska, NK	1
Stefanovska, VV	1
Babulovska, A	1
Pérez de Los Cobos, J	11
Alcaraz, S	2
Siñol, N	7
González-Saiz, F	2
Vergara-Moragues, E	1
Trujols, J	12
Jones, S	2
Jack, B	1
Kirby, J	1
Wilson, TL	1
Murphy, PN	2
Chang, HW	1
Ho, WC	1
Huang, CL	14
Wang, RY	2
Ordak, M	1
Nasierowski, T	1
Pawlik, K	1
Muszynska, E	1
Bujalska-Zadrozny, M	1
Yang, S	2
Gao, B	1
Gong, Y	1
Yu, B	1
Han, J	3
Dong, P	1
Jia, P	1
Liu, CC	3
Lai, J	1
Shi, X	1
Chen, Y	4
Wei, S	1
Chen, WT	3
Wang, IA	1
Tsay, JH	1
Chen, CY	3
Hansen, W	1
Luppus, S	1
Barthel, R	1
Chang, DI	1
Broemstrup, J	1
Zwarg, T	1
Shibata, J	1
Westendorf, AM	1
Buer, J	1
Scherbaum, N	8
Gloeck, NR	1
Harris, BN	1
Webb, EM	1
Tsai, TY	1
Wang, TY	2
Liu, YC	1
Lee, PW	1
Chang, WH	2
Lu, TH	1
Tseng, HH	1
Lee, SY	5
Chang, YH	2
Yang, Y	6
Chen, PS	6
Chen, KC	5
Yang, YK	6
Lu, RB	6
Errico, S	1
Bedocchi, D	1
Drommi, M	1
Barranco, R	1
Bonsignore, A	1
Ventura, F	1
Smart, R	1
Reuter, P	1
Chen, YJ	1
Lu, JT	1
Huang, CW	4
Wu, WH	4
Lee, KF	1
Liu, HT	1
Shih-Hsin Wu, L	1
Chiang, YC	2
Chang, WC	2
Su, YT	1
Yang, JC	1
Cheng, WC	1
Lane, HY	3
Ho, IK	13
Ma, WL	1
Arranz, MJ	1
Batlle, F	5
Calafell, F	1
Durán-Sindreu, S	2
Salazar, J	1
Liang, LJ	1
Lin, C	6
Feng, N	2
Wu, Z	9
Shih, CL	1
Tsung, JH	1
Liu, SW	5
Chu, SK	2
Yang, HC	2
Wang, ZH	1
Chen, AC	5
Soyka, M	8
Strehle, J	1
Rehm, J	4
Bühringer, G	2
Wittchen, HU	2
Brown, LS	7
Kritz, S	1
Lugoboni, F	4
Levin, FR	1
Pieri, MC	2
Manfredini, M	3
Zamboni, L	2
Somaini, L	6
Gerra, G	14
Scherbaum, S	1
Haber, P	3
Morley, K	1
Underhill, D	1
Moustafa, AA	2
Zhou, K	1
Wang, D	5
Li, H	3
Yin, J	1
Liang, P	1
Kou, L	1
Hao, M	1
You, L	1
Zhuang, G	1
Bell, J	22
Waal, RV	1
Strang, J	28
Tuan, NA	1
Seabra, PRC	1
Sá, LO	1
Amendoeira, JJP	1
Ribeiro, AL	1
Pang, NTP	1
Mohamad Isa, MF	1
Suarn Singh, V	1
Masiran, R	1
Yang, YJ	1
Xu, YM	2
Chen, WC	1
Khue, PM	1
Tham, NT	1
Thanh Mai, DT	1
Thuc, PV	1
Thuc, VM	1
Han, PV	1
Lindan, C	1
Levran, O	6
Peles, E	13
Randesi, M	5
da Rosa, JC	2
Adelson, M	15
Kreek, MJ	52
Heidebrecht, F	1
MacLeod, MB	1
Dawkins, L	1
Cisse Diallo, VMP	1
Deguenonvo, LF	1
Mbaye, KD	1
Ka, D	1
Lakhe, NA	1
Ndiaye, I	1
Thioub, D	1
Diop Nyafouna, SA	1
Massaly, A	1
Dièye, A	1
Diop, M	1
Ndour, CT	1
Seydi, M	1
Marotta, PL	1
McCullagh, CA	1
Magalhães, TP	1
Cravo, S	1
Silva, DDD	1
Dinis-Oliveira, RJ	1
Afonso, C	1
Lourdes Bastos, M	1
Carmo, H	1
Neale, J	3
Tompkins, CNE	2
McDonald, R	1
Hsieh, J	1
Rou, K	5
Brinkley-Rubinstein, L	1
McKenzie, M	2
Macmadu, A	1
Larney, S	2
Zaller, N	3
Dauria, E	1
Rich, J	1
Lee, KH	2
Yen, CF	13
Correa da Rosa, J	1
Shen, PH	1
Rotrosen, J	1
Vuong, T	2
Ritter, A	9
Shanahan, M	4
Ali, R	8
Nguyen, N	2
Pham, K	2
Vuong, TTA	2
Le, GM	1
Hoang, T	1
Nguyen, H	1
Shiraishi, RW	1
Nguyen, M	1
Bingham, T	1
Nguyen, D	1
Nguyen, T	1
Duong, H	1
Lyss, S	1
Tran, H	2
Klimas, J	2
Nosova, E	2
Socías, E	1
Nolan, S	1
Brar, R	1
Hayashi, K	3
Milloy, MJ	4
Kerr, T	10
Wood, E	9
Huang, TL	2
Smyth, BP	5
Elmusharaf, K	1
Cullen, W	5
D'Hotman, D	1
Pugh, J	1
Douglas, T	1
de Bernardis, E	1
Moroni, F	3
Mannaioni, G	1
Lin, SH	3
Lee, LT	2
Tsai, HC	2
Lee, IH	4
Metrebian, N	8
Weaver, T	1
Pilling, S	1
Hellier, J	2
Byford, S	3
Shearer, J	6
Mitcheson, L	1
Astbury, M	1
Bijral, P	1
Bogdan, N	1
Bowden-Jones, O	1
Day, E	6
Dunn, J	1
Finch, E	1
Forshall, S	1
Glasper, A	1
Morse, G	1
Akhtar, S	1
Bajaria, J	1
Bennett, C	2
Bishop, E	1
Charles, V	6
Davey, C	1
Desai, R	1
Goodfellow, C	1
Haque, F	1
Little, N	1
McKechnie, H	1
Morris, J	1
Mosler, F	1
Mutz, J	1
Pauli, R	1
Poovendran, D	1
Slater, E	1
Liu, XJ	1
Mohammed, F	1
Wareing, M	1
Cotton, A	1
McNeill, J	1
Irving, P	1
Sharples, L	1
Monk, R	1
Elton, P	1
Lozano, R	1
Domeque, N	1
Perálvarez, C	1
Torrellas, MD	1
Gonzalo, C	1
Zerdazi, EH	1
Vorspan, F	5
Marees, AT	1
Naccache, F	1
Lepine, JP	5
Laplanche, JL	3
Prince, N	2
Marie-Claire, C	1
Bellivier, F	2
Mouly, S	3
Bloch, V	5
Dao, ATM	1
Nguyen, HTT	1
Nguyen, LH	1
Lo, A	1
Fairbairn, N	1
Dunlap, LJ	2
Zarkin, GA	2
Orme, S	1
Meinhofer, A	1
Kelly, SM	14
O'Grady, KE	22
Gryczynski, J	8
Mitchell, SG	11
Schwartz, RP	24
Motlagh, F	1
Ibrahim, F	1
Rashid, R	2
Shafiabady, N	1
Seghatoleslam, T	2

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
The Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With Opioid Use Disorders: Analysis of Clinical Outcomes, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Biomarkers, and Neuropsychological Tests[NCT03229642]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-08-01	Recruiting
Screen, Treat and Retain Meth-using People With Opioid Use Disorders at Methadone Clinics[NCT04706624]		640 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-02	Active, not recruiting
Economic Evaluation Comparing Center-based Compulsory Drug Treatment With Community-based Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Hai Phong City, Vietnam[NCT03071315]		522 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-01-20	Completed
Pomegranate Juice Consumption by Patients Under Medication for Addiction Treatment as a Regulator of Craving and Blood Redox Status: The Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (the NUTRIDOPE Study)[NCT05861544]		58 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-23	Enrolling by invitation
A Pilot Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Trial of Buprenorphine vs. Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy.[NCT03098407]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-20	Completed
Studio Osservazionale Per Valutare l'Adeguatezza Del Dosaggio Del Metadone, Nelle Terapie di Mantenimento, in Rapporto Agli Obbiettivi di Outcome, in Pazienti Tossicodipendenti da Eroina. (METODO)[NCT02062736]		500 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-02-28	Completed
Varenicline Versus Nicotine Replacement for Methadone-Maintained Smokers[NCT00790569]		315 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Time to Detox: A Patient-Centered Comparison of Length of Detoxification Treatment and Time to Naltrexone Maintenance Therapy in Opioid-Dependent Individuals[NCT03678792]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-15	Withdrawn (stopped due to Infeasible to conduct at this time.)
Efficacy of Acupuncture as an Adjunct to Methadone Treatment Services for Heroin Addicts[NCT03012373]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Enrolling by invitation
Factors Associated With the Variance of Oral Methadone Dosage at Steady State of Maintenance Treatment: Description of Bio-markers of Phenotype and Genotype.[NCT00894452]		210 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-12-31	Completed
Influence of KCNH2 Polymorphisms on the QTc Interval in Kelantanese Malays Patients Receiving Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) in Malaysia[NCT03603158]		111 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-02-01	Completed
Randomised, Controlled Clinical Study Regarding the Feasibility of Converting Opiate Dependents From Methadone Substitutes to Slow Release Morphine Sulphate (Sevre-Long™)[NCT01079117]	Phase 3	276 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
[NCT01059747]		500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2008-12-31	Recruiting
Barriers and Effect of Optimizing Intervention Protocols for Heroin Dependence in Community-based Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT): a Cohort Study[NCT01144390]		240 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Active, not recruiting
Real Time Assessment of Drug Craving, Use, and Abstinence During Outpatient: A Development and Feasibility Study[NCT00292136]		230 participants (Actual)	Observational	2003-08-15	Completed
Chronic Pain and Opioid Dependence Assessment and Treatment[NCT00727675]		15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Clinical Trial of Integrated Treatment for Pain and Opioid Dependence[NCT00634803]	Phase 1/Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
Enhancing Office-based Buprenorphine Treatment: An Adaptive Psychosocial Approach[NCT04650386]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-21	Recruiting
Comparing Opioid Prescription Patterns in Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03236155]	Phase 4	304 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-01	Completed
Multimodal Anesthesia and Analgesia for Total Shoulder and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03586934]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Difficult to enroll patients for the study)
Peer-Delivered Behavioral Activation Intervention to Improve Adherence to MAT Among Low-Income, Minority Individuals With OUD - Pilot Phase[NCT04248933]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-09	Completed
Genetic, Epigenetic, Psychosocial, and Biological Determinants of Post-surgical Pain After Pectus or Spine Surgery[NCT04031716]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-07-06	Enrolling by invitation
Methadone Maintenance for Prisoners[NCT00378079]	Phase 3	211 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
Exploring the Utility and Safety of Benzodiazepine Prescribing Among People Receiving Opiate Replacement Therapy in Scotland (the BENZORT Study).[NCT04622995]		46,899 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-08-01	Completed
North American Opiate Medication Initiative (NAOMI): Multi-Centre, Randomized Controlled Trial of Heroin-Assisted Therapy for Treatment-Refractory Injection Opiate Users[NCT00175357]	Phase 3	192 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
SALOME: Multi-Centre, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing The Effectiveness Of Diacetylmorphine Vs. Hydromorphone For The Treatment Of Long-Term Injection Opioid Users Who Do Not Benefit From Available Therapies[NCT01447212]	Phase 3	202 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
An Innovative Digital Smoking Cessation Intervention for Low-Income Adults With Substance Use Disorder[NCT04419922]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-04-02	Active, not recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness of Immediate Versus Delayed Access to Hospital-based Addiction Services[NCT01934751]		124 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Recruiting
Effect of Opioid Taper on Pain Responses in Patients With Chronic Pain[NCT03912298]		7 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-04-15	Completed
Efficacy of Drug and Risk Behavior Counseling Intervention Among Injecting Drug Users at Opioid Substitution Treatment[NCT03721380]		118 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-14	Completed
The Behavioral Activation for Chinese Substance Users (C-BA) Research Protocol[NCT03705143]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-04	Completed
Entry Into Comprehensive Methadone Treatment Via Interim Maintenance[NCT00712036]		230 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
Study of Non-Invasive Deep Brain Stimulation With Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound Pulse (LIFUP) for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Mild Alzheimer's Disease (AD)[NCT03347084]		8 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-10	Active, not recruiting
Modulation of Hippocampal Circuitry and Memory Function With Focused Ultrasound in Amnestic MCI[NCT05417555]		144 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-01	Recruiting
Peer-Delivered Behavioral Activation Intervention to Improve Adherence to MT Among Low-Income, Minority Individuals With OUD[NCT05299515]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-05	Recruiting
Reducing HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse Among Heroin Addicts Released From Compulsory Rehabilitation in China[NCT01270100]		0 participants	Interventional		Completed
An Open-label, Randomised Pilot Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Raltegravir With Protease Inhibitor-based Therapy in Treatment-naïve, HIV/Hepatitis C Co-infected Injecting Drug Users Receiving Methadone[NCT01105611]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Recruiting
HAART Adherence Among HIV-infected Persons and the Factors Affecting Treatment Adherence[NCT01369056]		150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
Testing an Integrated Bio-Behavioral Primary HIV Prevention Intervention Among High-Risk People Who Use Drugs[NCT03282890]		237 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-20	Completed
Secondary HIV Prevention and Adherence Among HIV-infected Drug Users[NCT01741311]		133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Donor Human Milk for Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome[NCT02182973]		12 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Acute Intravenous Morphine Administration on Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) in Patients With Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): A Paired Design Trial[NCT03127800]	Phase 3	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-20	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulties with recruitment)
A Prospective Cohort Study Comparing the Effectiveness of Zepatier for the Treatment of Hepatitis C in an Academic Center Population to People Who Inject Drugs (PWIDs) in a Safety Net Clinic Setting Engaged in Either a Medication Assisted Therapy (MAT) or[NCT03093415]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-30	Completed
A Randomized Pilot Study of Long Acting Buprenorphine Injection Compared to Sublingual Buprenorphine/Naloxone Films[NCT03744663]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-06-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Funding for uninsured subjects could not be realized and staffing after COVID hit was also a problem.)
Evaluating the Use of Sublingual Sufentanil in Patients With Suboxone Treatment Who Are Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery- a Case Series[NCT04716413]	Phase 4	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-09-27	Terminated (stopped due to Terminated early due to funding, lack of participants)
[NCT00292123]	Phase 1	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-06-30	Completed
Automated Prize-Based Contigency Management to Increase Counseling Attendance in Opiate-Replacement-Therapy Patients[NCT01229163]	Early Phase 1	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-03	Completed
Feasibility, Mechanism of Action and Potential Side Effects of Extended Release Depot Naltrexone in Opioid Dependent Patients[NCT01471145]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Testosterone Replacement in Hypogonadal Opioid-treated Chronic Pain Patients: A Pilot Study.[NCT00398034]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to The original PI (David Siegel) Left the VA)
Motivational Interviewing to Reduce Substance Use Among Depression Patients[NCT02420561]		307 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Completed
The Effectiveness of a Brief Motivational Interviewing (MI) Communication Via Instant Massaging on the Reduction of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents in Hong Kong: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04634968]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-15	Completed
Can Cognitive-bias Modification Training During Inpatient Alcohol Detoxification Reduce Relapse Rates Post-discharge?[NCT02634476]		83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
Buprenorphine Maintenance Protocol[NCT00000205]	Phase 3	0 participants	Interventional	1990-10-31	Completed
Methadone Effects on Zidovudine (ZDV, AZT) Disposition[NCT00000800]	Phase 1	15 participants	Interventional		Completed
Role of CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and MDR1 in the Metabolic Clearance of Methadone in Human Subjects[NCT00504413]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Recruiting
A Randomized Community Intervention Trial on Reducing HIV Infection Among Drug Users Attending Methadone Maintenance Treatment(MMT) and Preventing Secondary Transmission From HIV Positive Clients to Their Sexual Partners in China[NCT01108614]	Phase 3	12,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Recruiting
Telemedicine for Smoking Cessation in Rural Primary Care[NCT00843505]	Phase 3	566 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
Four Models of Telephone Support for Stimulant Recovery[NCT00744068]		302 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)[NCT00000797]		4,982 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	1994-10-31	Active, not recruiting
Behavioral Pharmacological Examination of a Novel Buprenorphine Induction Method Among Individuals Who Use Fentanyl[NCT06089707]	Phase 3	25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-15	Not yet recruiting
Continuing Care Following Drug Abuse Treatment: Linkage With Primary Care[NCT01621711]		504 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Number of participants reporting 7-day abstinence at 6-months, confirmed with CO measurement. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6-Months

Change in Cigarettes Per Day

Change in Smoking Urges

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	5
Arm II	1
Arm III	11

Intervention	cigarettes/day (Mean)
Arm I	-8.7
Arm II	-8.5
Arm III	-7.8

Smoking urges was measured on a 0 (not at all) - 100 (strongest feeling possible) scale. Higher values represent greater urge to smoke. Change in smoking urges was calculated as Follow-up score (6 month) - Baseline Score. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 months

CO-confirmed 7-day Abstinence

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Arm I	-29.971
Arm II	-25.015
Arm III	-24.177

Number of participants reporting 7-day abstinence at 12-months, confirmed with CO measurement. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 12 Months

Rates of Smoking Cessation Continuous From First Quit Day to 6 Months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	4
Arm II	1
Arm III	8

Number of participants who self-reported continuous abstinence from their initial quit day (study day 14) to 6 Months (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6-Months

Reinforcing Effects of Smoking

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	2
Arm II	0
Arm III	2

Reinforcing effects of smoking was measured using the modified version of the Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire. Participants were asked to indicate on a 12-item scale how smoking made them feel in the prior 30 days on a scale from 1 (Not at all) to 7 (Extremely). Higher values indicated that smoking was a more positive experience for 10 of 12 items. Two items were reverse coded. Change in reinforcing effects of smoking was calculated as Follow-up score (6 month) - Baseline Score. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 months

Self- Reported 7-day Abstinence

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Arm I	-1.005
Arm II	-.683
Arm III	-.761

Number of participants with self-reported, 7-day abstinence at 6-months (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 Months

Self-reported 7-day Abstinence

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	11
Arm II	3
Arm III	16

Number of participants with self-reported 7-day abstinence at 12-months (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 12 Months

Withdrawal Symptoms

Intervention	participants (Number)
Arm I	4
Arm II	3
Arm III	11

Withdrawal Symptoms were measured using a modified version of the Minnesota Behavior Rating Scale. The scale asked subjects to rate their smoking withdrawal symptoms over the previous 24 hours on a scale from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Higher values indicate more severe withdrawal symptoms. Change in withdrawal symptoms was calculated as Follow-up score (6 month) - Baseline Score. (NCT00790569)
Timeframe: 6 months

Number of Opioid-negative Urine Toxicology Tests

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Arm I	-.222
Arm II	-.163
Arm III	-.113

"Reduced illicit opioid use is defined as the number of documented opioid negative urine tests in each of the time periods.This measures the reduction in illicit opioid use - more opioid-negative tests means greater reductions in illicit opioid use. The highest possible score is 4- which would indicate 4 negative urine tests during the assessment period. Originally titled Reduced illicit opioid use and the timeframe was listed as 16 weeks." (NCT00634803)
Timeframe: 3 Months

Pain Intensity

Intervention	opioid negative urine tests (Mean)
	Intake/Induction	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3
CBT for POD	0.67	2.67	2.96	2.80
Educational Counseling for POD	0.67	2.80	3.30	3.25
Physician Management	0.55	2.48	2.56	2.04

Pain intensity comprises the average of 4 items related to current pain and past-week average pain, pain at its worst, and pain at its least. Pain intensity is scored on 0-10 scale (average score ranges from 0-10), where higher scores indicate higher pain intensity.Originally labeled as Pain Reduction at 16 weeks- 3 months was the correct timeframe. (NCT00634803)
Timeframe: 3 months

Pain Interference

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Intake/Induction	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3
CBT for POD	5.43	4.75	4.79	4.41
Educational Counseling for POD	5.92	5.02	4.98	4.62
Physician Management	5.28	4.53	4.72	4.84

Pain interference comprises the average of 7 items related to past-week pain-related interference in general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with others, and sleep. Each item is scored on a 0-10 scale (averaged 0-10), where higher scores indicate higher pain interference. (NCT00634803)
Timeframe: 3 Months

Compliance

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Intake/Induction	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3
CBT for POD	5.75	4.15	4.08	3.22
Educational Counseling for POD	5.48	3.74	3.61	3.23
Physician Management	5.01	3.32	3.45	3.87

This will be done as monitored through the Illinois prescription monitoring program, collecting data on each patient enrolled to be sure that patients do not receive additional narcotic prescriptions beyond what is provided to them as part of the study. (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: 90 days

Complications

Intervention	Number of Compliant Participants (Number)
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	143
30 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	161

Complications will be recorded as follows post-operatively for 90 days following surgery; any patient that has a DVT/Pulmonary embolism, any return to the operating room within 90-days, any re-admission to the hospital within 90-days, Any report of superficial infection, any report of deep infection, a periprosthetic fracture of the joint replaced, cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, report of dislocation, or patients who report opioid withdrawal. (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: 90 days from time of surgery

Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME) of Oxycodone Tablets Taken by Patient

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	0
30 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	0

Self-reported by patient, we are asking for the number of Oxycodone taken by patients (5mg doses). This will be verified with patient bringing their pill bottle in and counted by a study investigator. (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: 30 days

Number of Tablets Received From Pharmacy That Went Unused

Intervention	Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME) (Mean)
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	1089.7
30 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	777.1

"304 opioid naïve patients undergoing THA or TKA between August 2017 and April 2018, reporting number of pills not used~Illinois prescription monitoring program- utilized to confirm no other physician prescribed opiates to the participating patients. They were asked at each visit regarding unused medications and brought to the office to properly dispose." (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: 90 days

Postoperative Inpatient Opioid Utilization

Intervention	Unused pills (Median)
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	73
30 (5mg OxyIR) Prescribed	15

Using the primary outcome of number of opioids taken by the patients while inpatient, those will be converted into morphine equivalents. This was obtained from the hospital chart during the patient's inpatient stay. (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: from time of surgery to discharge from hospital (1 day - 2 weeks)

Postoperative Inpatient Pain Scores

Intervention	Morphine Equivalent while inpatient (Mean)
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	64.6
30 (5 mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	72.2

Using a Defense and Veterans Pain Rating scale, patients were asked from date of surgery to the date of discharge for daily inpatient pain scores. This is a pain assessment tool, using numerical rating scale, 0 (no pain), 1, 2, and 3 (mild), 4, 5, and 6 (moderate), 7, 8, and 9 (severe) to 10 (worst pain possible). The higher the score, the more pain. (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: assessed daily from time of surgery to discharge from hospital (1 days - 2 weeks), Day 14 scores reported

Postoperative Outpatient Pain Scores

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
90 (5mg OxyIR) Prescribed	4
30 (5mg OxyIR) Prescribed	4.5

Utilizing the defense & veterans pain rating scale, patients enrolled will be asked at multiple time points after surgery regarding their pain. This is a pain assessment tool, using numerical rating scale, 0 (no pain), 1, 2, and 3 (mild), 4, 5, and 6 (moderate), 7, 8, and 9 (severe) to 10 (worst pain possible). The higher the score, the more pain. (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: Days 1-3, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3-4 weeks post discharge from surgery

Postoperative Patient Reported Outcomes of Opioid naïve Patients Undergoing THA or TKA Between August 2017 and April 2018

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Days 1-3 after discharge	Week 1 after discharge	Week 2 after discharge	Weeks 3-4 after discharge
30 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	4.3	4.1	3.1	2.2
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	4.0	3.9	3.3	2.2

"Postoperative total hip and total knee arthroplasty patient reported outcomes at 90 days (All reported as scores on a scale, ranges below.). For hips: Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Joint Replacement (Hoos Jr), for knees: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement, (Koos Jr), additionally, all will complete the Veterans Rand-12 outcome (VR-12). All outcomes, closer to 100 are better outcomes.~HOOS, JR: Questions coded 0 - 4 points, none - extreme pain, scored by summing responses (range 0-24), convert to t-score. Answer ranges 0 - 100 (0 - total hip disability, 100 -perfect hip health).~KOOS, Jr: Same but for Knees VR-12: Assesses physical functioning, physical/ mental limitations. Scored as summary of mental/physical, measure in standard deviations out of 100 points, where a score of 100 shows a patient's health functioning physically and mentally at their their best, zero represents a worse outcome." (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: 90 days post operative (higher values represent better functioning total hip or total knee replacements).

Preoperative Patient Reported Outcomes

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Postop Koos Jr	Postop Hoos Jr	Postop VR-12
30 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	65.0	73.7	92.1
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	65.9	73.5	93.2

"Utilizing Preop Koos Jr, Preop Hoos Jr, and Pre operative VR-12, all subjects will be asked to provide a pre-operative patient reported outcome to compare to post-operative patient reported outcomes. All reported as scores on a scale, ranges below.~HOOS, JR: Questions coded 0 to 4 points, none to extreme pain, scored by summing responses (range of 0-24), convert to interval score ranges 0 to 100 (0 - total hip disability, 100 -perfect hip health).~KOOS, Jr: Same but for Knees VR-12: Assesses physical functioning, physical/ mental limitations. Scored as summary of mental and physical, measure in standard deviations. The scale range is 0 to 100, where a score of 100 represents the best physical and mental health and zero is the worst outcome." (NCT03236155)
Timeframe: 10 days prior to surgery (higher values represent better functioning total hip or total knee replacements).

Intervention Acceptability: % of Patients Who Attend ≥75% Sessions

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Preop Koos Jr	Preop Hoos Jr	Preop VR-12
30 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	51.5	50.7	89.1
90 (5mg OxyIR) Pills Prescribed	49.3	53.2	90.8

Acceptability, defined as satisfaction with or tolerability of the proposed approach, was measured quantitatively by session attendance. Specifically, we measured the % of patients who attended ≥75% of core intervention sessions. (NCT04248933)
Timeframe: Assessed between the baseline assessment and the acute outcome (approximately 12-weeks post-baseline assessment/ post-treatment assessment)

Intervention Feasibility: % of Patients Who Agree to Participate in the Intervention

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
"Peer-Delivered Behavioral Activation (Peer Activate)"	26

Feasibility, defined as the suitability and practicability of the approach, was measured quantitatively as the % of patients who agreed to participate in the intervention. (NCT04248933)
Timeframe: Assessed between the baseline assessment and the acute outcome (approximately 12-weeks post-baseline assessment/ post-treatment assessment)

Intervention Fidelity: Percentage of Intervention Components Delivered by Peer as Intended

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
"Peer-Delivered Behavioral Activation (Peer Activate)"	32

Fidelity, defined as the delivery of the intervention as intended, was measured based on PRS adherence to the intervention delivery. A random selection of 20% of sessions was rated for fidelity, and we assessed the % of intervention components delivered as intended. (NCT04248933)
Timeframe: Assessed between the baseline assessment and the acute outcome (approximately 12-weeks post-baseline assessment/ post-treatment assessment)

MOUD Retention Rate: % of Patients Retained at 3 Months

Intervention	Percentage fidelity to treatment (Mean)
"Peer-Delivered Behavioral Activation (Peer Activate)"	87.9

Percent of patients retained in MOUD treatment at three months (i.e. still engaged in care) after intervention enrollment. (NCT04248933)
Timeframe: Measured daily from intake to post-treatment (approximately 12-weeks)

Cocaine Use

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
"Peer-Delivered Behavioral Activation (Peer Activate)"	31

cocaine urine test results-percent of participants testing positive for cocaine (NCT00378079)
Timeframe: one year post prison release

Criminal Activity

Intervention	percent cocaine positive participants (Number)
1 Counseling Only in Prison	71.9
2 Counseling Only in Prison, With Initiation of Methadone Main	66.6
3 Counseling and Methadone Maintenance in Prison, With Continu	43.2

self reported days of criminal activity (NCT00378079)
Timeframe: one year post prison release

Employment

Intervention	number of days (Mean)
1 Counseling Only in Prison	106.7
2 Counseling Only in Prison, With Initiation of Methadone Main	65.2
3 Counseling and Methadone Maintenance in Prison, With Continu	81.8

number of days employed, past 30 days-self report, assessed one year post-prison release (NCT00378079)
Timeframe: one year

Heroin Use

Intervention	number of days employed, past 30 (Mean)
1 Counseling Only in Prison	12.0
2 Counseling Only in Prison, With Initiation of Methadone Main	10.3
3 Counseling and Methadone Maintenance in Prison, With Continu	8.5

opioid urine test results-percent of participants who were opioid-positive (NCT00378079)
Timeframe: results at one year post prison release

Treatment Retention in the Community

Intervention	% participants opioid positive (Number)
1 Counseling Only in Prison	65.6
2 Counseling Only in Prison, With Initiation of Methadone Main	48.7
3 Counseling and Methadone Maintenance in Prison, With Continu	25.0

days in community treatment (NCT00378079)
Timeframe: one year post prison release

Conditioned Pain Modulation Measured Using the Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST)

Intervention	Days in community treatment (Mean)
1 Counseling Only in Prison	23.1
2 Counseling Only in Prison, With Initiation of Methadone Main	91.3
3 Counseling and Methadone Maintenance in Prison, With Continu	166.0

Conditioned pain modulation will be measured using the quantitative sensory testing (QST) employing procedures consistent with those described in the literature to capture supra-spinal mechanisms of OIH. To detect conditioned modulation, the subject is asked to verbally report the severity of pain experienced on a visual analogue scale (0- no pain, 10-worst pain ever) to a three-second painful heat stimulus (47○C) delivered at 12-15 second intervals, in the presence or absence of the non-dominant limb being immerged in a cold-water bath (12○C). The reported value is the difference between the average of pain scores reported in the absence of vs. the presence of the counter-stimulation. Reported are changes in the conditioned pain modulation assay both prior to and following taper. Taper is individualized thus length of taper varies between subjects. (NCT03912298)
Timeframe: up to one year (individualized, variable taper length)

Pain Perception Measured Using the Cold-pressor Test (CPT)

Intervention	units on a visual analogue scale (Mean)
	pre-taper conditioned pain modulation (baseline)	post taper conditioned pain modulation (individualized taper, thus time length varies)
Chronic Pain Patients Undergoing Opioid Taper	-0.14	-0.40

Pain perception will be measured using the cold-pressor test (CPT) employing procedures consistent with those described in the literature. Order of pain testing will vary, and three aspects of the pain response will be captured at each study session: evoked pain; temporal summation; and conditioned pain modulation, which map on to the hypothesized peripheral, spinal and supra-spinal mechanisms of OIH. Reported are cold-pressor pain tolerance prior to and following taper. (NCT03912298)
Timeframe: up to one year (length of taper individualized and varies)

Head Circumference Change at 2 Weeks

Intervention	seconds (Mean)
	pre taper pain tolerance (baseline)	post-taper pain tolerance (timeframe variable)
Chronic Pain Patients Undergoing Opioid Taper	24.01	42.02

Change in head circumference from day 1 to day 14 (cm/wk) (NCT02182973)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Percentage of Infants Achieving a GI Subscore >2 Over the Study Period

Intervention	cm/wk (Mean)
Donor Human Milk	0.4
Historical Control	0.6

Minimum score:0; Maximum score 13. Higher scores mean more GI distress (NCT02182973)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Weight Change at 2 Weeks

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Donor Human Milk	39
Historical Controls	61

Change in weight from study day 1 to study day 14 (grams/day) Weight day 14 - weight day 1 divided by 14 (NCT02182973)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Article	Year
The suitability of oral diacetylmorphine in treatment-refractory patients with heroin dependence: A scoping review. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021, 10-01, Volume: 227 Topics: Administration, Oral; Canada; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Pilot Project	2021
Association between rs1799971 in the mu opioid receptor gene and methadone maintenance treatment response. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis, 2022, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Genotype; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptors, Opioid,	2022
Heroin assisted treatment for key health outcomes in people with chronic heroin addictions: A context-focused systematic review. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2023, 06-01, Volume: 247 Topics: Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Methadone; Narcotics; Opiate Substitution Treatmen	2023
Does heroin-assisted treatment reduce crime? A review of randomized-controlled trials. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2022, Volume: 117, Issue:3 Topics: Crime; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topi	2022
Supervised Injectable Heroin: A Clinical Perspective. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 2017, Volume: 62, Issue:7 Topics: Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Opiate Substitution Treatment	2017
What we have learned from the Methadone Maintenance Treatment of Dual Disorder Heroin Use Disorder patients. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019, 02-03, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Craving; Drug Interactio	2019
A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the relative efficacy of the addition of a psycho-social intervention to standard-of-care services in reducing attrition and improving attendance among first-time users of methadone maintenance treatment in China. AIDS and behavior, 2013, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; China; Female; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Methado	2013
Work and the journey to recovery: exploring the implications of welfare reform for methadone maintenance clients. The International journal on drug policy, 2013, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Community Health Services; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Users; Employment; Go	2013
[Therapy in heroin addiction]. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica : a Magyar Pszichofarmakologiai Egyesulet lapja = official journal of the Hungarian Association of Psychopharmacology, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Euphoria; Heroin; Heroin De	2014
Heroin on trial: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of diamorphine-prescribing as treatment for refractory heroin addiction†. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 2015, Volume: 207, Issue:1 Topics: Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Randomized Controlled T	2015
The Role of Behavioral Interventions in Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment: A Review. The American journal of psychiatry, 2017, 08-01, Volume: 174, Issue:8 Topics: Behavior Therapy; Buprenorphine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Combined Modality Therapy; Heroin Depend	2017
A literature review of international implementation of opioid substitution treatment in prisons: equivalence of care? European addiction research, 2009, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Buprenorphine; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans; International Cooperation; Methadone; Nalt	2009
Long-acting opioid-agonists in the treatment of heroin addiction: why should we call them "substitution"? Substance use & misuse, 2009, Volume: 44, Issue:5 Topics: Arousal; Brain; Buprenorphine; Delayed-Action Preparations; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Immun	2009
[Methadone treatment and its dangers]. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2009, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Child, Preschool; Drug Interactions; Drug Overdose; Electrocardiography;	2009
[Abuse of alcohol and benzodiazepine during substitution therapy in heroin addicts: a review of the literature]. L'Encephale, 2009, Volume: 35, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Benzodiazepines; Buprenorphine; Clonazepam; Clorazepate Dipotassium;	2009
[Utility of atazanavir in special populations]. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2008, Volume: 26 Suppl 17 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Atazanavir Sulfate; Cardi	2008
[Etravirine in first-line therapy]. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2009, Volume: 27 Suppl 2 Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Eruptions; Drug Interactions; Drug Res	2009
The management of heroin misuse in pregnancy: time for a rethink? Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2011, Volume: 96, Issue:6 Topics: Buprenorphine; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Infa	2011
Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin-dependent individuals. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010, Aug-04, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Crime; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Randomized Controlled Trials	2010
Heroin anticraving medications: a systematic review. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2010, Volume: 36, Issue:6 Topics: Buprenorphine; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antagonists; Narco	2010
Effect of methadone maintenance treatment on heroin craving, a literature review. Journal of addictive diseases, 2011, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment	2011
Characteristics and consequences of heroin use among older adults in the United States: a review of the literature, treatment implications, and recommendations for further research. Addictive behaviors, 2011, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Comorbidity; Female; Health Status; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Mental	2011
Heroin maintenance treatment: from idea to research to practice. Drug and alcohol review, 2011, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Canada; Clinical Trials as Topic; Europe; Health Policy; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadon	2011
Drug-related decrease in neuropsychological functions of abstinent drug users. Current drug abuse reviews, 2011, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Alcoholism; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Cannabis; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cocaine; Coc	2011
Opioid dependence. BMJ clinical evidence, 2009, Jul-24, Volume: 2009 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Evidence-Based Medicine; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Incidence; Me	2009
Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost-effectiveness analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Deep Brain Stimulation	2012
Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost-effectiveness analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Deep Brain Stimulation	2012
Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost-effectiveness analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Deep Brain Stimulation	2012
Deep brain stimulation compared with methadone maintenance for the treatment of heroin dependence: a threshold and cost-effectiveness analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Deep Brain Stimulation	2012
Opioid dependence. BMJ clinical evidence, 2011, Sep-20, Volume: 2011 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Evidence-Based Medicine; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Incidence; Me	2011
The effectiveness of opioid maintenance treatment in prison settings: a systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Buprenorphine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Continuity of Patient Care; Crime; Epidemiologic Methods;	2012
[Pregnant opioid addicted patients and additional drug intake. Part I. Toxic effects and therapeutic consequences]. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten, 2011, Volume: 34, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Drug Monitoring; Female; Heroin Dependence; Hu	2011
Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin-dependent individuals. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011, Dec-07, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Crime; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Patient Compliance; Randomize	2011
[When and how to detoxify clients from methadone maintenance treatment?]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2013, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Heroin Dependence; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Maintenance Chemotherapy; Methadone; Narcotics;	2013
Long term outcomes of pharmacological treatments for opioid dependence: does methadone still lead the pack? British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2014, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Buprenorphine; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-R	2014
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Drug use and HIV/AIDS in China. Drug and alcohol review, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Harm Reduction; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; HIV Seropositi	2006
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Effectiveness of methadone maintenance for heroin addiction. Psychological reports, 1998, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Treatment Outcome	1998
Therapeutic drug monitoring for methadone: scanning the horizon. European addiction research, 1999, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Patient Compliance; Saliva; Treatment Outco	1999
Early development of infants exposed to drugs prenatally. Clinics in perinatology, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Alcoholism; Child Abuse; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Et	1999
The methadone-maintained pregnancy. Clinics in perinatology, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Comprehensive Health Care; Delivery, Obstetric; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Family Health; Fema	1999
Access to narcotic addiction treatment and medical care: prospects for the expansion of methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of addictive diseases, 1999, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Health Care Costs; Health Services Accessibility; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Meth	1999
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Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs: methadone maintenance and needle-exchange programs to reduce the medical and public health consequences of drug abuse. Journal of addictive diseases, 2001, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Community Mental Health Services; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Narco	2001
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Alcoholism and polydrug abuse in persons on methadone maintenance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1978, Volume: 311 Topics: Alcoholism; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Substance-Related Disorders; United States	1978
Drugs and chemicals associated with intrauterine growth deficiency. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 1978, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Aminopterin; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Female; F	1978
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Immunological function in active heroin addicts and methadone-maintained former addicts: observations and possible mechanisms. NIDA research monograph, 1990, Volume: 105 Topics: Animals; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Killer Cells, Natural; Methadone	1990
Are there minimum conditions necessary for methadone maintenance to reduce intravenous drug use and AIDS risk behaviors? NIDA research monograph, 1991, Volume: 106 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Risk Factors; Substance Ab	1991
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Authors	Studies
Zhang, J	8
Fan, Y	1
Zhou, J	2
Ma, T	1
Gao, K	1
Xu, M	1
Xiao, Y	2
Zhu, Y	2
F Martins, ML	1
Wilthagen, EA	1
Oviedo-Joekes, E	8
Beijnen, JH	3
de Grave, N	1
Uchtenhagen, A	8
Beck, T	3
Van den Brink, W	18
Schinkel, AH	1
Wang, L	4
Hu, F	3
Li, W	11
Li, Q	11
Li, Y	16
Zhu, J	10
Wei, X	4
Yang, J	2
Guo, J	1
Qin, Y	2
Shi, H	4
Wang, W	11
Wang, Y	10
Tolomeo, S	2
Davey, F	1
Steele, JD	1
Baldacchino, A	3
Idrissi Samlali, W	1
Ghailan, T	1
Karjouh, K	1
Ahami, AOT	1
Azzaoui, FZ	1
Jiménez-Treviño, L	2

methadone and Heroin Abuse