methadone and Drug Abuse, Intravenous studies

Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)
methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.
6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"A prospective study was conducted on the evolution of serum transaminases in 116 patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), parenteral drug abusers, included for 6 months in treatment programs with methadone, naltrexone or "drug free" regimen."	9.08	[Effect of methadone or naltrexone on the course of transaminases in parenteral drug users with hepatitis C virus infection]. ( Gutiérrez Mora, E; Lozano Polo, JL; Martínez Pérez, V; Santamaría Gutiérrez, J; Vada Sánchez, J; Vallejo Correas, JA, 1997)
"There is a dearth of research on hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) and receive methadone substitution treatment (MST) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries."	8.02	Hepatitis C treatment uptake among patients who have received methadone substitution treatment in the Republic of Georgia. ( Gamkrelidze, A; Getia, V; Gvinjilia, L; Khonelidze, I; Kuchuloria, T; Stvilia, K; Tsereteli, M; Vephkvadze, N, 2021)
"To assess trends and related factors in HIV and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody testing and infection among injection drug users (IDUs) newly entering methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Guangdong Province, China."	7.85	Trends and factors in human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis C virus testing and infection among injection drug users newly entering methadone maintenance treatment in Guangdong Province, China 2006-2013: a consecutive cross sectional study. ( Chen, W; Ling, L; Liu, Y; Zou, X, 2017)
"Methadone maintenance treatment patients in Wuhan, China show a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus at admission (72."	7.81	Hepatitis C seroconversion in methadone maintenance treatment programs in Wuhan, China. ( Chawarski, MC; Desrosiers, A; Liu, M; Liu, P; Luo, L; Peng, J; Schottenfeld, R; Wang, X; Xie, N; Zhou, S; Zhou, W, 2015)
"This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among heroin dependent individuals who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan."	7.79	High prevalence but low awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among heroin users who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan. ( Chang, TJ; Chen, VC; Chou, JY; Gossop, M; Lee, PC; Lin, TY; Ng, MH; Shao, WC, 2013)
"This study aims to: (1) document the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients in Kunming and Shanghai; (2) examine risk factors for HCV by comparing those who tested positive with those who were negative and (3) examine if HCV serostatus is related to attitudes toward MMT."	7.78	Hepatitis C among methadone maintenance treatment patients in Shanghai and Kunming, China. ( Chang, YJ; Du, J; Evans, E; Hser, Y; Li, J; Peng, CY; Zhao, M, 2012)
" These data show that on-site HCV treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin is effective in methadone-maintained patients, many of whom are active drug users, psychiatrically ill, or HIV coinfected, and that methadone maintenance treatment programs represent an opportunity to safely treat chronic hepatitis C."	7.75	Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin in a methadone maintenance treatment program. ( Arnsten, JH; Gourevitch, MN; Harris, KA; Kaswan, D; Litwin, AH; Nahvi, S; Soloway, IJ; Tenore, PL; Zamor, PJ, 2009)
"Those using methadone and heroin simultaneously may increase risk of rhabdomyolysis and ischemic stroke."	7.75	Rhabdomyolysis and brain ischemic stroke in a heroin-dependent male under methadone maintenance therapy. ( Chiu, NY; Hsu, WY; Liao, YC, 2009)
"Despite the high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among drug users enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment programs, few drug users are being treated with combination therapy."	7.73	Integrating services for injection drug users infected with hepatitis C virus with methadone maintenance treatment: challenges and opportunities. ( Gourevitch, MN; Litwin, AH; Soloway, I, 2005)
" Factors associated with recent suicide attempts were: being an RR entrant, female gender, younger age, less education, more extensive polydrug use, benzodiazepine use, recent heroin overdose, Major Depression, current suicidal ideation, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder."	7.72	Attempted suicide among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS): prevalence and risk factors. ( Darke, S; Lynskey, M; Ross, J; Teesson, M, 2004)
"The cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) anti-viral therapy for injecting drug users (IDUs) on methadone maintenance is important because the majority have chronic infections that remain untreated."	7.72	What is the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users on methadone maintenance in New Zealand? ( Green, FT; Sellman, JD; Sheerin, IG, 2004)
"The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and hepatitis B, C, and G virus infections was determined in a selected group of 40 intravenous drug addicts on methadone maintenance treatment."	7.72	Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, C and G virus infections among injecting drug users on methadone maintenance treatment in Maribor. ( Baklan, Z; Gorisek, JR; Pisec, A; Poljak, M, 2004)
"To investigate hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) prevalence in former opiate or heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	7.71	Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus-1 co-infection in former heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment. ( Borg, L; Ho, A; Kreek, MJ; Lin, A; Melia, D; Piccolo, P, 2002)
"This study measured the extent and examined implications of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) population."	7.71	Hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: prevalence and public policy implications. ( Flynn, N; McCarthy, JJ, 2001)
"The high rates of hepatitis B exposure in injecting drug users on methadone treatment confirm the need for hepatitis B vaccination, particularly in view of their endemic hepatitis C infection."	7.71	Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in a methadone clinic population: implications for hepatitis B vaccination. ( Carter, H; Hailwood, C; Hanlon, C; Massarotto, A; Robinson, G, 2001)
"This study evaluates the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of interferon/ribavirin combination therapy in methadone maintenance (MM) patients with active hepatitis C (HCV)."	7.71	Treating hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: an interim analysis. ( Sylvestre, DL, 2002)
" We studied the associations between retention in methadone treatment and drug use behaviors and incidence of hepatitis B and C in a cohort of IDUs in the Seattle, Washington, area."	7.70	Methadone treatment and HIV and hepatitis B and C risk reduction among injectors in the Seattle area. ( Hagan, H; Murrill, CS; Thiede, H, 2000)
"This paper examines the correlates of problem gambling among a population of 220 methadone patients receiving treatment in the New York metropolitan area."	7.69	Pathological gambling among methadone patients. ( Feigelman, W; Kleinman, PH; Lesieur, HR; Lesser, ML; Millman, RB, 1995)
" heroin abusers supervised by physicians offer levomethadone (L-Polamidon) as an oral substitute for heroin to allow social stabilisation of the addict."	7.69	[Bilateral candida endophthalmitis in 2 i. v. drug-dependent patients with oral L-methadone substitution]. ( Althaus, C; Möller, M; Sundmacher, R, 1997)
"The rate of tuberculosis in patients receiving methadone treatment is significantly greater than the general population."	7.69	Tuberculosis treatment through directly observed therapy in a large multisite methadone maintenance treatment program: addressing the public health needs of a high-risk population. ( Altarac, D; Dansky, SF, 1995)
" This study compared completion rates for isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy for injection drug users (IDUs) randomly assigned to methadone treatment combined with directly observed preventive treatment (DOPT) versus those assigned to routine TB clinic referral without methadone treatment."	6.70	A controlled trial of methadone treatment combined with directly observed isoniazid for tuberculosis prevention in injection drug users. ( Batki, SL; Bradley, JM; Bradley, M; Delucchi, K; Gruber, VA, 2002)
"Methadone is a very potent analgesic drug."	6.68	Pain perception of intravenous heroin users on maintenance therapy with levomethadone. ( Gastpar, M; Katta, T; Klöppel, A; Pries, E; Schall, U, 1996)
"Individuals with opioid use disorders, including those on medication-assisted therapy such as methadone or buprenorphine, are a key demographic group that can benefit from HCV treatment given their high HCV prevalence; however, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions could blunt their utility."	6.53	Drug interactions between buprenorphine, methadone and hepatitis C therapeutics. ( Bruce, RD; Friedland, G; Ogbuagu, O, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics have been implemented in China since 2004."	6.50	Epidemiology of syphilis infection among drug users at methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Peng, WJ; Wan, YN; Wang, BX; Wang, J; Wang, YJ; Yan, JW; Zhang, L, 2014)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been available in Guangdong province, China since 2006."	5.39	High prevalence of HIV, HCV and tuberculosis and associated risk behaviours among new entrants of methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangdong Province, China. ( Chen, W; Ling, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, L; Zou, X, 2013)
"Drug-induced long QT syndrome is a serious adverse drug reaction."	5.33	Drug-induced long QT syndrome in injection drug users receiving methadone: high frequency in hospitalized patients and risk factors. ( Broers, B; Chabert, J; Dayer, P; Desmeules, JA; Ehret, GB; Gaspoz, JM; Gex-Fabry, M; Musset, T; Perrier, A; Piguet, V; Shah, D; Voide, C, 2006)
"Treatment with isoniazid was beneficial in HIV-infected, tuberculin-positive IDUs."	5.32	Effectiveness of isoniazid treatment for latent tuberculosis infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users in methadone programs. ( Amofa, J; Driver, CR; Fujiwara, PI; Gourevitch, MN; Highley, E; Kaye, K; Munsiff, SS; Rubino, MA; Scholten, JN; Seewald, R; Trim, C, 2003)
"Adherence to chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment may be particularly challenging in methadone maintenance patients."	5.13	Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in methadone maintenance patients: randomized comparison of direct observed therapy and self-administration. ( Bodenheimer, HC; Bonkovsky, HL; Monto, A; Rossi, SJ; Sulkowski, MS; Tice, AD; Yapp, RG, 2008)
" There was screening for patients attending general practice for methadone maintenance treatment for hepatitis C and referral of anti-HCV antibody positive patients to a specialist hepatology department for assessment."	5.12	Hepatitis C infection among injecting drug users in general practice: a cluster randomised controlled trial of clinical guidelines' implementation. ( Bury, G; Cullen, W; Kelly, Y; Langton, D; Staines, A; Stanley, J, 2006)
"Voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence has been one of the most effective means of treating cocaine abuse in methadone patients, but it has not been effective in all patients."	5.09	Voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: effects of reinforcement magnitude. ( Bigelow, GE; Chutuape, MA; Silverman, K; Stitzer, ML, 1999)
"A prospective study was conducted on the evolution of serum transaminases in 116 patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), parenteral drug abusers, included for 6 months in treatment programs with methadone, naltrexone or "drug free" regimen."	5.08	[Effect of methadone or naltrexone on the course of transaminases in parenteral drug users with hepatitis C virus infection]. ( Gutiérrez Mora, E; Lozano Polo, JL; Martínez Pérez, V; Santamaría Gutiérrez, J; Vada Sánchez, J; Vallejo Correas, JA, 1997)
"In two trials of a small-group AIDS prevention approach, 50 methadone maintenance patients and 98 heroin abusers in outpatient detoxification were randomly assigned to experimental or comparison conditions."	5.07	Psychoeducational group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users. ( Acree, M; Dumontet, R; Gibson, DR; Heitzmann, C; London, J; Morales, ES; Sorensen, JL, 1994)
" Methadone maintenance therapy is an accepted form of treatment for chronic opiate (eg, heroin) addiction and, not surprisingly, a significant proportion of methadone-treated patients have chronic hepatitis C."	4.86	Methadone maintenance therapy in liver transplantation. ( Greanya, ED; Haque, M; Jiao, M; Soos, JG; Yoshida, EM, 2010)
" Modeling data suggest that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) scale-up in prison with continuation after release could substantially reduce new HIV infections."	4.12	Multi-level implementation factors that influence scale-up of methadone maintenance treatment in Moldovan prisons: A qualitative study. ( Altice, FL; Azbel, L; Cugut, S; Doltu, S; Liberman, AR; Marcus, R; O'Hara, GL; Polonsky, M, 2022)
"Here, we report a patient who developed acute bilateral hearing loss, ataxia and paraparesis subsequently to intravenous methadone-abuse."	4.02	Intravenous methadone causes acute toxic and delayed inflammatory encephalopathy with persistent neurocognitive impairments. ( Haessner, S; Johnen, A; Landmeyer, NC; Meyer Zu Hörste, G; Pawlitzki, M; Repple, J; Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A; Wiendl, H, 2021)
"There is a dearth of research on hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) and receive methadone substitution treatment (MST) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries."	4.02	Hepatitis C treatment uptake among patients who have received methadone substitution treatment in the Republic of Georgia. ( Gamkrelidze, A; Getia, V; Gvinjilia, L; Khonelidze, I; Kuchuloria, T; Stvilia, K; Tsereteli, M; Vephkvadze, N, 2021)
"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) participants remain high."	3.88	Strategies to control HIV and HCV in methadone maintenance treatment in Guangdong Province, China: a system dynamic modeling study. ( Chen, W; Gong, C; Ling, L; Liu, Y; Xia, Y; Xu, Y; Zou, X, 2018)
"This paper describes the development of a mobile health tool to facilitate Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment decision making in methadone patients."	3.88	Take Charge, Get Cured: The development and user testing of a culturally targeted mHealth decision tool on HCV treatment initiation for methadone patients. ( Alhajji, M; Bauerle Bass, S; Forry, J; Gashat, M; Jessop, A; Maurer, L, 2018)
"To assess trends and related factors in HIV and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody testing and infection among injection drug users (IDUs) newly entering methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Guangdong Province, China."	3.85	Trends and factors in human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis C virus testing and infection among injection drug users newly entering methadone maintenance treatment in Guangdong Province, China 2006-2013: a consecutive cross sectional study. ( Chen, W; Ling, L; Liu, Y; Zou, X, 2017)
"Methadone maintenance treatment patients in Wuhan, China show a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus at admission (72."	3.81	Hepatitis C seroconversion in methadone maintenance treatment programs in Wuhan, China. ( Chawarski, MC; Desrosiers, A; Liu, M; Liu, P; Luo, L; Peng, J; Schottenfeld, R; Wang, X; Xie, N; Zhou, S; Zhou, W, 2015)
"Prior research has demonstrated neuropsychological (NP) impairment in persons with histories of injection drug use (IDU), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), individually, but little is known about the NP effects of these three risk factors in combination."	3.80	Absence of neurocognitive impairment in a large Chinese sample of HCV-infected injection drug users receiving methadone treatment. ( Duarte, N; Franklin, DR; Grant, I; Gupta, S; Hampton Atkinson, J; Heaton, RK; Iudicello, JE; Jin, H; Knight, A; Letendre, S; Li, J; Riggs, PK; Shi, C; Wu, Z; Yu, X, 2014)
"Methadone is largely used as the primary opioid substitution therapy for the treatment of heroin addiction; the objective of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics of heroin abusers admitted into a methadone maintenance program (MMP) in metropolitan Barcelona."	3.80	[Characteristics of heroin dependent patients admitted to a methadone treatment program]. ( Faure, E; Fuster, D; Muga, R; Muñoz, T; Rivas, I; Rubio, M; Sanvisens, A; Tor, J, 2014)
"This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among heroin dependent individuals who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan."	3.79	High prevalence but low awareness of hepatitis C virus infection among heroin users who received methadone maintenance therapy in Taiwan. ( Chang, TJ; Chen, VC; Chou, JY; Gossop, M; Lee, PC; Lin, TY; Ng, MH; Shao, WC, 2013)
" This study explores the correlates of depression among a sample of methadone maintained treatment (MMT) adults in the Los Angeles area, and is part of a larger study on hepatitis health promotion among MMT clients who use alcohol."	3.78	Correlates of depressive symptoms among alcohol-using methadone maintained adults. ( Albarrán, CR; Branson, C; Khalilifard, F; Leake, B; Marfisee, M; Nyamathi, A, 2012)
"This study aims to: (1) document the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients in Kunming and Shanghai; (2) examine risk factors for HCV by comparing those who tested positive with those who were negative and (3) examine if HCV serostatus is related to attitudes toward MMT."	3.78	Hepatitis C among methadone maintenance treatment patients in Shanghai and Kunming, China. ( Chang, YJ; Du, J; Evans, E; Hser, Y; Li, J; Peng, CY; Zhao, M, 2012)
" larvae bacteremia in 5 injection drug users who had self-injected honey-prepared methadone proven to contain P."	3.76	Paenibacillus larvae Bacteremia in injection drug users. ( Held, J; Kern, WV; Martin Bauer, T; Peyerl-Hoffmann, G; Rieg, S; Ritter, W; Serr, A; Wagner, D, 2010)
" Patients also received prophylactic citalopram to minimize the risk of interferon-induced depression."	3.76	High rates of sustained virological response in hepatitis C virus-infected injection drug users receiving directly observed therapy with peginterferon alpha-2a (40KD) (PEGASYS) and once-daily ribavirin. ( Ackermann, G; Waizmann, M, 2010)
"Comorbid medical illness is common in patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection and in methadone treatment (MMT) patients, yet little is known about the impact of medical illness on HCV treatment eligibility."	3.76	Hepatitis C treatment eligibility and comorbid medical illness in methadone maintenance (MMT) and non-MMT patients: a case-control study. ( Batki, SL; Canfield, KM; Levine, RA; Ploutz-Snyder, R; Smyth, E, 2010)
" These data show that on-site HCV treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin is effective in methadone-maintained patients, many of whom are active drug users, psychiatrically ill, or HIV coinfected, and that methadone maintenance treatment programs represent an opportunity to safely treat chronic hepatitis C."	3.75	Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin in a methadone maintenance treatment program. ( Arnsten, JH; Gourevitch, MN; Harris, KA; Kaswan, D; Litwin, AH; Nahvi, S; Soloway, IJ; Tenore, PL; Zamor, PJ, 2009)
"The study aimed to determine patterns of major depression (MD) across 36 months, and the relationship to outcomes for the treatment of heroin dependence."	3.75	Patterns of major depression and drug-related problems amongst heroin users across 36 months. ( Darke, S; Havard, A; Mills, K; Ross, J; Teesson, M; Williamson, A, 2009)
" Fifty-seven patients were on methadone treatment, of whom 52(91%) had at least one chronic illness (other then substance use) and 39(68%) were prescribed at least one regular medication."	3.75	Chronic illness and multimorbidity among problem drug users: a comparative cross sectional pilot study in primary care. ( Bury, G; Cullen, W; O'Brien, S; O'Carroll, A; O'Kelly, FD, 2009)
"Those using methadone and heroin simultaneously may increase risk of rhabdomyolysis and ischemic stroke."	3.75	Rhabdomyolysis and brain ischemic stroke in a heroin-dependent male under methadone maintenance therapy. ( Chiu, NY; Hsu, WY; Liao, YC, 2009)
"Prevalence of buprenorphine injection, associations with location, buprenorphine as prescribed pharmacotherapy, markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure and risk behaviours for HCV."	3.74	Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia--an update. ( Aitken, CK; Hellard, ME; Higgs, PG, 2008)
"Despite the high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among drug users enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment programs, few drug users are being treated with combination therapy."	3.73	Integrating services for injection drug users infected with hepatitis C virus with methadone maintenance treatment: challenges and opportunities. ( Gourevitch, MN; Litwin, AH; Soloway, I, 2005)
" Factors associated with recent suicide attempts were: being an RR entrant, female gender, younger age, less education, more extensive polydrug use, benzodiazepine use, recent heroin overdose, Major Depression, current suicidal ideation, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder."	3.72	Attempted suicide among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS): prevalence and risk factors. ( Darke, S; Lynskey, M; Ross, J; Teesson, M, 2004)
"The cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) anti-viral therapy for injecting drug users (IDUs) on methadone maintenance is important because the majority have chronic infections that remain untreated."	3.72	What is the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users on methadone maintenance in New Zealand? ( Green, FT; Sellman, JD; Sheerin, IG, 2004)
"The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and hepatitis B, C, and G virus infections was determined in a selected group of 40 intravenous drug addicts on methadone maintenance treatment."	3.72	Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, C and G virus infections among injecting drug users on methadone maintenance treatment in Maribor. ( Baklan, Z; Gorisek, JR; Pisec, A; Poljak, M, 2004)
"We describe an opioid-tolerant patient with severe acute pain which was unrelieved by morphine and ketamine via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, but almost totally relieved by methadone."	3.71	Successful use of oral methadone after failure of intravenous morphine and ketamine. ( Mitchell, SJ; Sartain, JB, 2002)
"To investigate hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) prevalence in former opiate or heroin addicts currently in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)."	3.71	Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus-1 co-infection in former heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment. ( Borg, L; Ho, A; Kreek, MJ; Lin, A; Melia, D; Piccolo, P, 2002)
"This study measured the extent and examined implications of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) population."	3.71	Hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: prevalence and public policy implications. ( Flynn, N; McCarthy, JJ, 2001)
"We describe the degree of nicotine addiction and readiness to quit smoking among people with a history of injection drug use, comparing those in a methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) with active illicit drug injectors in a needle exchange program (NEP)."	3.71	Interest in smoking cessation among injection drug users. ( Clarke, JG; Gogineni, A; McGarry, KA; Stein, MD, 2001)
"The high rates of hepatitis B exposure in injecting drug users on methadone treatment confirm the need for hepatitis B vaccination, particularly in view of their endemic hepatitis C infection."	3.71	Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in a methadone clinic population: implications for hepatitis B vaccination. ( Carter, H; Hailwood, C; Hanlon, C; Massarotto, A; Robinson, G, 2001)
" The descriptive analysis in heroin-assisted treatment showed a reduction in infection risk for viral hepatitis corresponding to the lower risk behaviour of patients."	3.71	HIV and hepatitis virus infections among injecting drug users in a medically controlled heroin prescription programme. ( Blättler, R; Gutzwiller, F; Steffen, T; Zwahlen, M, 2001)
"This study evaluates the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of interferon/ribavirin combination therapy in methadone maintenance (MM) patients with active hepatitis C (HCV)."	3.71	Treating hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: an interim analysis. ( Sylvestre, DL, 2002)
" We studied the associations between retention in methadone treatment and drug use behaviors and incidence of hepatitis B and C in a cohort of IDUs in the Seattle, Washington, area."	3.70	Methadone treatment and HIV and hepatitis B and C risk reduction among injectors in the Seattle area. ( Hagan, H; Murrill, CS; Thiede, H, 2000)
"This paper examines the correlates of problem gambling among a population of 220 methadone patients receiving treatment in the New York metropolitan area."	3.69	Pathological gambling among methadone patients. ( Feigelman, W; Kleinman, PH; Lesieur, HR; Lesser, ML; Millman, RB, 1995)
"Heroin dependence remains a serious and costly public health problem, even in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment."	3.69	Increasing opiate abstinence through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. ( Brooner, RK; Contoreggi, C; Higgins, ST; Montoya, ID; Preston, KL; Schuster, CR; Silverman, K; Umbricht-Schneiter, A; Wong, CJ, 1996)
" heroin abusers supervised by physicians offer levomethadone (L-Polamidon) as an oral substitute for heroin to allow social stabilisation of the addict."	3.69	[Bilateral candida endophthalmitis in 2 i. v. drug-dependent patients with oral L-methadone substitution]. ( Althaus, C; Möller, M; Sundmacher, R, 1997)
"The rate of tuberculosis in patients receiving methadone treatment is significantly greater than the general population."	3.69	Tuberculosis treatment through directly observed therapy in a large multisite methadone maintenance treatment program: addressing the public health needs of a high-risk population. ( Altarac, D; Dansky, SF, 1995)
"This study examines the predictors of alcoholism among 201 patients from three methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) in New York City."	3.68	Correlates of alcohol use among methadone patients. ( el-Bassel, N; Schilling, RF; Su, KH; Turnbull, JE, 1993)
"In this article factors associated with the self-perceived risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were examined using data obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 155 current and former drug-using women in methadone maintenance."	3.68	Perceptions of risk for AIDS among women in drug treatment. ( Kline, A; Strickler, J, 1993)
"We report a case of high-dose methadone prescribed to a heroin addict for pain control."	3.68	High-dose methadone and the need for drug measurements in plasma. ( Hay, A; Raistrick, D; Wolff, K, 1991)
" The autopsy and toxicological analyses revealed that death was caused by an overdose of methadone and that the necroses in the groins were fistulas facilitating administration of the drugs directly into larger veins."	3.68	Fatal poisoning with intravenously injected methadone and no fresh injection marks found. ( Gregersen, M; Jensen, S, 1991)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is an effective way to address opioid use disorder and prevent overdose; however, few jails and prisons in the United States initiate or continue people who are incarcerated on MMT."	2.87	A randomized, open label trial of methadone continuation versus forced withdrawal in a combined US prison and jail: Findings at 12 months post-release. ( Brinkley-Rubinstein, L; Dauria, E; Larney, S; Macmadu, A; McKenzie, M; Rich, J; Zaller, N, 2018)
"Other outcomes included SVR24, viral recurrence or reinfection, and adverse events."	2.82	Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. ( Altice, F; Barr, E; Chen, E; Conway, B; Dalgard, O; Dore, GJ; Dutko, FJ; Gane, EJ; Gendrano, IN; Grebely, J; Howe, AY; Huang, HC; Litwin, AH; Luetkemeyer, A; Nahass, R; Nguyen, BY; Nickle, DC; Peng, CY; Platt, HL; Robertson, MN; Shibolet, O; Wahl, J, 2016)
"Dolutegravir (DTG) is an investigational integrase inhibitor for treatment of HIV infection."	2.78	Dolutegravir does not affect methadone pharmacokinetics in opioid-dependent, HIV-seronegative subjects. ( Bala, U; Chen, S; Geoffroy, P; Mark, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, S; Savina, P; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2013)
"HRQOL in opioid dependence improved significantly (p < ."	2.76	Quality of life profiles and changes in the course of maintenance treatment among 1,015 patients with severe opioid dependence. ( Haasen, C; Karow, A; Krausz, M; Pukrop, R; Reimer, J; Schäfer, I; Verthein, U, 2011)
"Methadone maintenance treatment has been made available in China in response to the rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but high rates of dropout and relapse are problematic."	2.76	Effects of a randomized contingency management intervention on opiate abstinence and retention in methadone maintenance treatment in China. ( Chang, YJ; Du, J; Evans, E; Hser, YI; Huang, D; Jiang, H; Li, J; Peng, C; Roll, J; Stitzer, ML; Wu, F; Zhang, B; Zhang, C; Zhang, R; Zhao, M, 2011)
"Forty-five consecutive methadone maintenance (MM) patients (group A, 36 males, nine females) were treated with pegylated interferon alpha-2b (weight-based dosing 1."	2.74	Peginterferon/ribavirin treatment achieves a higher compliance rate than interferon/ribavirin combination in patients chronically infected with HCV on methadone maintenance. ( Anagnostou, O; Dimitroulopoulos, D; Manolakopoulos, S; Paraskevas, E; Petroulaki, E; Tsaklakidou, D; Tsamakidis, K; Tzourmakliotis, D; Xinopoulos, D, 2009)
"Methadone maintenance was augmented with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management (CM), both (CBT+CM), or neither."	2.72	Changes in HIV risk behaviors among patients receiving combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions for heroin and cocaine dependence. ( Epstein, DH; Preston, KL; Schroeder, JR; Umbricht, A, 2006)
"Methadone concentration was measured by a chiral plasma assay because the drug is administered as a racemic mixture of R- and S-methadone, but only the R-isomer is active."	2.70	Effect of ritonavir/saquinavir on stereoselective pharmacokinetics of methadone: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 401. ( Aberg, J; Aweeka, F; D'Amico, R; Flexner, C; Gal, J; Gerber, JG; Gulick, R; Hsu, A; Hughes, V; Mildvan, D; Rosenkranz, S; Segal, Y, 2001)
" This study compared completion rates for isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy for injection drug users (IDUs) randomly assigned to methadone treatment combined with directly observed preventive treatment (DOPT) versus those assigned to routine TB clinic referral without methadone treatment."	2.70	A controlled trial of methadone treatment combined with directly observed isoniazid for tuberculosis prevention in injection drug users. ( Batki, SL; Bradley, JM; Bradley, M; Delucchi, K; Gruber, VA, 2002)
"Methadone is a very potent analgesic drug."	2.68	Pain perception of intravenous heroin users on maintenance therapy with levomethadone. ( Gastpar, M; Katta, T; Klöppel, A; Pries, E; Schall, U, 1996)
"This study examines the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in an opioid dependent population maintained on methadone."	2.67	Psychiatric disorders of opioid addicts entering treatment: preliminary data. ( Abbott, PJ; Walker, SR; Weller, SB, 1994)
"Consensus on the optimal dosing of methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence has not yet been achieved, with some programs committed to low dose regimens."	2.67	Methadone dose and treatment outcome. ( Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC, 1993)
"Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder with methadone or buprenorphine may ameliorate some of this risk; however, there is presently limited research in humans, including in non-HIV populations, describing changes in immune activation on these treatments which is of paramount importance for those with HIV infection."	2.61	The Opioid Epidemic: Impact on Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in HIV. ( Hileman, CO; McComsey, GA, 2019)
"Intravenous drug abuse is a major risk factor for HIV-1 infection, and opioids have been shown to alter the progression and severity of HAND."	2.53	Opioids and Opioid Maintenance Therapies: Their Impact on Monocyte-Mediated HIV Neuropathogenesis. ( Berman, JW; Carvallo, L; Jaureguiberry-Bravo, M; Wilson, R, 2016)
"Individuals with opioid use disorders, including those on medication-assisted therapy such as methadone or buprenorphine, are a key demographic group that can benefit from HCV treatment given their high HCV prevalence; however, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions could blunt their utility."	2.53	Drug interactions between buprenorphine, methadone and hepatitis C therapeutics. ( Bruce, RD; Friedland, G; Ogbuagu, O, 2016)
"To describe potential drug-drug interactions in the area of HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection and injection drug use, including those between antiretrovirals (ARVs), direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and opioid-agonist therapy, and to supply a practical approach to their management."	2.52	Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiviral Agents in People Who Inject Drugs Requiring Substitution Therapy. ( Christensen, S; Gillessen, A; Hanhoff, N; Meemken, L; Tseng, A, 2015)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics have been implemented in China since 2004."	2.50	Epidemiology of syphilis infection among drug users at methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Peng, WJ; Wan, YN; Wang, BX; Wang, J; Wang, YJ; Yan, JW; Zhang, L, 2014)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has rapidly expanded in China, from 8 pilot sites to 696 clinics covering 27 provinces, during 2004-2010."	2.48	Risk factors associated with HIV/HCV infection among entrants in methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Chow, EP; Liang, Y; Wang, Y; Wilson, DP; Zhang, L; Zhuang, X, 2012)
"Etravirine (ETR) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with a potent and broad in vitro spectrum of activity against HIV-1 and viruses with NNRTI resistances, allowing sequential use of drugs of this family."	2.45	[Etravirine in first-line therapy]. ( Garcés, PA; Tena, EV, 2009)
"While drug abuse abated following the establishment of People's Republic of China, modernization and Westernization in the 1980s led to the reemergence of this problem."	2.44	Drug addiction in China. ( Lu, L; Wang, X, 2008)
" Antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon-alfa (IFN-alpha) plus ribavirin is often complicated by psychiatric adverse events, significantly affecting patients adherence."	2.44	Hepatitis C treatment in patients with drug addiction: clinical management of interferon-alpha-associated psychiatric side effects. ( Mauss, S; Schaefer, M, 2008)
"Methadone has significant, adverse drug-drug interactions with many antiretroviral therapeutic agents that can contribute to nonadherence and poor clinical outcomes in this high-risk population."	2.43	Treatment of opioid dependence and coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in opioid-dependent patients: the importance of drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral agents. ( McCance-Katz, EF, 2005)
"Methadone maintenance treatment is associated with statistically significant reductions in injecting use and sharing of injecting equipment."	2.43	Brief report: Methadone treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. ( Ali, RL; Bornemann, R; Farrell, M; Gowing, LR; Sullivan, LE, 2006)
"This paper on drug use and HIV/AIDS in China follows on from the column's May 2005 article on the description of the first methadone maintenance clinic in Beijing."	2.43	Drug use and HIV/AIDS in China. ( Lian, Z; Liu, Z; Zhao, C, 2006)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has not been officially approved by the Chinese government for widespread implementation, but some pilot studies are currently underway."	2.43	Opiate addiction in China: current situation and treatments. ( Cubells, JF; Tang, YL; Zhao, C; Zhao, D, 2006)
"Methadone maintenance treatment is the most prominent form of pharmacotherapy treatment for illicit opiate dependence in several countries, and its application varies internationally with respect to treatment regulations and delivery modes."	2.41	Heroin-assisted treatment as a response to the public health problem of opiate dependence. ( Casas, M; Fischer, B; Hall, W; Kirst, M; Krausz, M; Metrebian, N; Reggers, J; Rehm, J; Uchtenhagen, A; van den Brink, W; van Ree, JM, 2002)
" Individuals exposed to opioid treatment for pain management during surgical procedures or maintained on oral methadone for treatment of drug addiction show either no effect or a suppressed immune system, depending on dosage and, in the case of methadone-maintained patients, duration of drug treatment."	2.41	Opioids, immunology, and host defenses of intravenous drug abusers. ( Alonzo, NC; Bayer, BM, 2002)
"One third of all cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States are associated with the injection of illicit drugs."	2.39	Regulating controversial programs for unpopular people: methadone maintenance and syringe exchange programs. ( Des Jarlais, DC; Friedman, SR; Newman, RG; Paone, D; Peyser, N, 1995)
"Also methadone has been shown to be very effective when appropriately used in programs which combine pharmacotherapy with the best elements of "drug free" treatment, that is, counseling and psychological support."	2.38	Rationale for maintenance pharmacotherapy of opiate dependence. ( Kreek, MJ, 1992)
"Methadone has been used for substitution in the US."	2.38	[Drug abuse, pregnancy and HIV infection]. ( Beck, L; Bender, HG; Halberstadt, E; Hartmann, L; Jahn, K, 1991)
"Most buprenorphine treated participants (67."	1.62	Increased utilization of buprenorphine and methadone in 2018 compared to 2015 among Seattle-area persons who inject drugs. ( Bhatraju, E; Glick, SN; Hiser, JKD; Poorman, E; Tsui, JI, 2021)
"A single poisoning was found in 62."	1.56	Non-Opioid Substances Acute Poisonings with Suicidal Intent in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder. ( Babulovska, A; Simonovska, NK; Stefanovska, VV, 2020)
"Patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are frequently admitted for invasive infections."	1.56	A Comparison of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Strategies for Persons Who Inject Drugs With Invasive Bacterial and Fungal Infections. ( Durkin, MJ; Liang, SY; Liss, DB; Marks, LR; Munigala, S; Schwarz, ES; Warren, DK, 2020)
"Drug overdose is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among persons who inject drugs (PWID)."	1.51	Overdose mortality rates in Croatia and factors associated with self-reported drug overdose among persons who inject drugs in three Croatian cities. ( Begovac, J; Bozicevic, I; Handanagic, S; Rutherford, GW; Sekerija, M, 2019)
"There has been a rise in opioid abuse and related injection drug use in the United States, and treatment for opioid use disorders may be underutilized."	1.48	Utilization of buprenorphine and methadone among opioid users who inject drugs. ( Burt, R; Glick, SN; Thiede, H; Tsui, JI, 2018)
"8), lower OAT dosage (aOR = 1."	1.48	Concurrent drug injection during opioid agonist treatment among people who inject drugs in Ukraine. ( Altice, FL; Dvoriak, S; Filippovich, S; Madden, L; Makarenko, I; Marcus, R; Mazhnaya, A; Pykalo, I, 2018)
"Methadone status was not associated to HCV seroconversion."	1.48	HCV seroconversion in a cohort of people who use drugs followed in a mobile harm reduction unit in Madrid: Breaking barriers for HCV elimination. ( Alvaro-Meca, A; Cuevas, G; Gutiérrez, J; Moreno, S; Ryan, P; Troya, J; Valencia La Rosa, J, 2018)
" While previous research suggested low dosing of methadone and high rates of discontinuation of MMT among PWID in Thailand, little is known about patients' lived experiences with MMT in this setting."	1.46	Barriers to retention in methadone maintenance therapy among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand: a mixed-methods study. ( Ayutthaya, PPN; Hayashi, K; Kaplan, K; Kerr, T; Small, W; Suwannawong, P; Ti, L, 2017)
" Consistent safe injection, however, was inversely associated with age (aOR=0."	1.46	Correlates of willingness to initiate pre-exposure prophylaxis and anticipation of practicing safer drug- and sex-related behaviors among high-risk drug users on methadone treatment. ( Altice, FL; Copenhaver, M; Huedo-Medina, TB; Karki, P; Madden, L; Meyer, JP; Shrestha, R, 2017)
"The syndemic of opioid addiction, HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, imprisonment, and overdose in Russia has been worsened by the illegality of opioid substitution therapy."	1.43	Emergence of methadone as a street drug in St. Petersburg, Russia. ( Barbour, R; Heimer, R; Levina, OS; Lyubimova, A, 2016)
"To test if polysubstance use profiles and drug-related outcomes differ between those receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies (OST) among people who inject drugs (PWID)."	1.43	Differences in polysubstance use patterns and drug-related outcomes between people who inject drugs receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies. ( Alati, R; Betts, KS; Burns, L; Chan, G; Dietze, P; McIlwraith, F; Whittaker, E, 2016)
"A feared complication of opioid use disorder (OUD) is intravenous drug use related infective endocarditis (IDU-IE)."	1.43	Medication-assisted treatment for hospitalized patients with intravenous-drug-use related infective endocarditis. ( Suzuki, J, 2016)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) reduces HIV risk behaviors and improves access to HIV-related services among drug users."	1.43	Methadone Maintenance Treatment Promotes Referral and Uptake of HIV Testing and Counselling Services amongst Drug Users and Their Partners. ( Latkin, CA; Nguyen, CT; Nguyen, LH; Nguyen, LP; Phan, HT; Tran, BX, 2016)
" Dosage increase(26."	1.43	[Overdose of heroin and influencing factors in intravenous drug users in parts of Yunnan]. ( Cao, XB; Luo, W; Wu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhou, Y, 2016)
"A sample of 1179 PWID with opioid use disorder not currently on OAT from five regions in Ukraine was assessed using multivariable logistic regression for independent factors related to willingness to initiate OAT, stratified by their past OAT experience."	1.43	Determinants of willingness to enroll in opioid agonist treatment among opioid dependent people who inject drugs in Ukraine. ( Altice, FL; Bojko, MJ; Dvoriak, S; Filippovych, S; Makarenko, I; Marcus, R; Mazhnaya, A; Polonsky, M; Springer, S, 2016)
"Data sets from China's national HIV/AIDS case reporting and sentinel surveillance systems as of December 2011 were used separately for descriptive analysis."	1.42	HIV epidemic among drug users in China: 1995-2011. ( Ding, Z; Guo, W; Li, D; McGoogan, JM; Wang, L; Wang, N; Wu, Z, 2015)
"heroin) use disorder."	1.42	Impact of incarceration on rates of methadone use in a community recruited cohort of injection drug users. ( Bach, P; Hayashi, K; Kerr, T; Koehn, JD; Milloy, MJ; Nguyen, P; Rieb, L; Wood, E, 2015)
" Adequate methadone dosing is important in retaining clients to maximize HIV treatment benefits and allow for successful linkage to services."	1.42	Implementation and Operational Research: Linkage to Care Among Methadone Clients Living With HIV in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ( Bruce, RD; Lambdin, BH; Masao, F; Mbwambo, J; Sabuni, N; Tran, OC; Ubuguyu, O, 2015)
"Despite the variability of frequency and consistency of attendance of drug users enrolling in the low-threshold MMT programme in Hong Kong, a consistent pattern could be seen in the proportional distribution of dosage and participation efforts."	1.42	Participation dynamics of a cohort of drug users in a low-threshold methadone treatment programme. ( Kwan, TH; Lee, SS; Wong, NS, 2015)
"Methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) are important public health intervention to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the drug use problems."	1.42	Effects of publicly funded and quality of life on attendance rate among methadone maintenance treatment patients in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study. ( Chang, KC; Lin, CY, 2015)
"We describe the case of an intravenous drug user affected by life-threatening Staphylococcus aureus-complicated skin and soft tissue infection with associated bacteraemia who, while on replacement therapy with methadone, required 11 mg/kg/day daptomycin to achieve trough (Cmin) and peak (Cmax) plasma levels similar to those observed with the standard dosage of 6 mg/kg in healthy volunteers (mean ± standard deviation: Cmin 12."	1.40	Daptomycin underexposure in a young intravenous drug user who was affected by life-threatening Staphylococcus aureus-complicated skin and soft tissue infection associated with bacteraemia. ( Bassetti, M; Cojutti, P; Crapis, M; Pea, F, 2014)
"Amid the global transition to treat opioid addiction as an illness, many people who inject drugs (PWID) face heterogeneous legal environments that include both punitive and harm reduction measures."	1.40	"In their perception we are addicts": social vulnerabilities and sources of support for men released from drug treatment centers in Vietnam. ( Binh, NT; Celentano, DD; Dat, do T; Go, VF; Huong, NM; Quan, VM; Tomori, C; Tuan, le N; Zelaya, CE, 2014)
"Methadone plays an increasing role in drug-related deaths in Hamburg."	1.40	Intravenous methadone application as a serious risk factor for an overdose death: methadone-related fatalities in Hamburg from 2007 to 2012. ( Andresen-Streichert, H; Elakkary, S; Heinemann, A; Iwersen-Bergmann, S; Jungen, H; Müller, A; Püschel, K, 2014)
"Methadone treatment was introduced in Taiwan in 2006 as a harm-reduction program for injection drug users (IDUs), among whom HIV was endemic."	1.40	Prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among injection drug users at methadone clinics in Taipei, Taiwan. ( Chou, P; Deng, CY; Jiang, XR; Li, LH; Lin, T; Yen, MY; Yen, YF, 2014)
"We present a case of chronic posterior hip dislocation after severe joint destruction following septic arthritis."	1.40	Atraumatic posterior dislocation of the native hip: an unusual presentation of septic arthritis. ( Naique, S; Patel, NK; Windley, J, 2014)
"Prison-based MMT programmes can be effectively implemented but require adequate dosing and measures are needed to improve communication between prison and police authorities, prevent police harassment of MMT clients after their release, and improve systems for tracking release dates."	1.39	Implementing methadone maintenance treatment in prisons in Malaysia. ( Altice, FL; Kamarulzaman, A; Marcus, R; Wickersham, JA; Zahari, MM, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was first introduced in Nepal in 1994."	1.39	The trajectory of methadone maintenance treatment in Nepal. ( Ambekar, A; Kishore, K; Kumar, S; Pun, A; Rao, R, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been available in Guangdong province, China since 2006."	1.39	High prevalence of HIV, HCV and tuberculosis and associated risk behaviours among new entrants of methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangdong Province, China. ( Chen, W; Ling, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, L; Zou, X, 2013)
"Methadone was the treatment of preference, with a prescribed mean dose of 41."	1.39	Opioid substitution treatment in pretrial prison detention: a case study from Geneva, Switzerland. ( Baroudi, M; Barro, J; Broers, B; Casillas, A; Favrod-Coune, T; Gaspoz, JM; Gétaz, L; Rieder, JP; Wolff, H, 2013)
"Methadone maintenance treatment is evidenced as a successful harm reduction initiative in regard to the prevention of blood borne viruses and other injecting related harms."	1.39	Methadone diversion as a protective strategy: the harm reduction potential of 'generous constraints'. ( Harris, M; Rhodes, T, 2013)
" Data on methadone dosage at each follow-up interview and the duration of retention in the MMT program were also collected."	1.38	Predictors of the severity of depressive symptoms among intravenous heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study. ( Chang, HC; Chung, KS; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2012)
"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is efficacious in reducing drug use that may improve HIV/AIDS care and treatment outcomes."	1.38	Cost-effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment for HIV-positive drug users in Vietnam. ( Do, NT; Duong, AT; Houston, S; Jacobs, P; Mills, S; Nguyen, LT; Ohinmaa, A; Tran, BX, 2012)
"Buprenorphine and naloxone were misused at lower rates when compared with buprenorphine and methadone."	1.38	Use and misuse of opioid replacement therapies: a Queensland study. ( Kemp, R; Smirnov, A, 2012)
" Data on methadone dosage at each follow-up point and the duration of retention in the MMT program were also collected."	1.38	Change in quality of life and its predictors in heroin users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: an 18-month follow-up study. ( Chang, HC; Chung, KS; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2012)
"The Methadone Maintenance Treatment Outcome Study was an 18-month prospective study from March 2007 to July 2008."	1.38	Self-efficacy and HIV risk behaviors among heroin users in Taiwan. ( Chung, KS; Hsu, ST; Ko, NY; Wang, PW; Wu, HC; Yeh, YC; Yen, CF; Yen, CN, 2012)
"Methadone treatment is seen by some as in competition with their main task of coordinating conventional drug treatment in the rehabilitation center."	1.38	Harm reduction and "clean" community: can Viet Nam have both? ( Bui, TH; Crofts, N; Jardine, M; Khuat, TH; Moore, T; Nguyen, VA, 2012)
" Harm reduction intensity (HR) was measured by combining injecting drug use, methadone dosage and needle exchange, in different levels of participation, ranging from no/incomplete HR, complete HR to low or no dependence on HR."	1.37	Harm reduction intensity-Its role in HAART adherence amongst drug users in Amsterdam. ( Coutinho, RA; Lambers, FA; Prins, M; Stolte, IG; van den Berg, CH, 2011)
"To compare the use of co-medication, the potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs) and the effect on antiretroviral therapy (ART) tolerability and efficacy in HIV-infected individuals according to age, ≥ 50 years or <50 years."	1.37	Ageing with HIV: medication use and risk for potential drug-drug interactions. ( Back, D; Battegay, M; Bernasconi, E; Calmy, A; Cavassini, M; Elzi, L; Furrer, H; Khoo, S; Marzolini, C; Vernazza, P; Weber, R, 2011)
"Uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is very low particularly among people who have injected drugs."	1.36	Uptake and delivery of hepatitis C treatment in opiate substitution treatment: perceptions of clients and health professionals. ( Hopwood, M; Newland, J; Rance, J; Treloar, C, 2010)
"outpatient substance abuse treatment (OSAT) facilities provide HIV counseling and testing (C&T) to clients between 1995 and 2005."	1.36	HIV testing and counseling in the nation's outpatient substance abuse treatment system, 1995-2005. ( D'Aunno, T; Pollack, HA, 2010)
"Injection users are at risk for vascular injuries resulting in chronic venous disease (CVD)."	1.36	Injection-related venous disease and walking mobility. ( Birk, TJ; Kirsner, RS; Pieper, B; Templin, TN, 2010)
" Use of these illicit substances have other consequences like compromising the dosing schedule or adherence / poor compliance to ARTs/ARVs among those enrolled."	1.36	Methadone maintenance therapy as evidence based drug abuse planning in developed countries: can developing countries afford and learn from this experience? ( Nsimba, SE, 2010)
"Methadone clinics were used as the channel for accessing drug users in Hong Kong."	1.35	Multilevel analysis of HIV related risk behaviors among heroin users in a low prevalence community. ( Goggins, W; Lee, SS; Li, H, 2009)
" Patients who were HIV negative at baseline but still secretly using heroine during treatment or accepted low daily average dosage of methadone, had the tendency to drop out."	1.35	[Predictors of retention related factors at the initial methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangdong province]. ( Chen, A; Chen, W; Ling, L; Tan, WK; Xia, YH; Zheng, RJ, 2009)
"Methadone was used (71."	1.35	Prescription opioid use, misuse, and diversion among street drug users in New York City. ( Davis, WR; Johnson, BD, 2008)
"Expanded treatment for heroin dependence appears to have the greatest potential for improved care."	1.35	Poor adherence to HIV monitoring and treatment guidelines for HIV-infected injection drug users. ( Guillemi, S; Hogg, RS; Kerr, T; Montaner, JS; Palepu, A; Wood, E; Zhang, R, 2008)
"Amongst people on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is common but infrequently treated."	1.34	Hazardous alcohol consumption and other barriers to antiviral treatment among hepatitis C positive people receiving opioid maintenance treatment. ( Conigrave, KM; Haber, PS; Wallace, C; Watson, B; Whitfield, JB; Wurst, F, 2007)
"Self-medication for withdrawal symptoms is one plausible hypothesis."	1.34	Risk factors for methadone outside treatment programs: implications for HIV treatment among injection drug users. ( Galai, N; Gern, R; Kirk, GD; Mehta, SH; O'Driscoll, P; Ompad, DC; Vlahov, D, 2007)
"Methadone use was lower among Aboriginal than among non-Aboriginal injection drug users."	1.34	Rate of methadone use among Aboriginal opioid injection drug users. ( Barney, L; Kerr, T; Li, K; Montaner, JS; Tyndall, MW; Wood, E, 2007)
"Methadone was dispensed by 79."	1.34	Community pharmacy harm reduction services for drug misusers: national service delivery and professional attitude development over a decade in Scotland. ( Bond, CM; Matheson, C; Tinelli, M, 2007)
"Eight HIV seroconversions were found among 1153 clients during 12 months."	1.34	Effectiveness of first eight methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China. ( Hao, Y; Li, J; Luo, W; Mi, G; Pang, L; Rou, K; Wang, C; Wu, Z, 2007)
" No beneficial influence was revealed of methadone dosage or program attendance in itself on the risk of relapse into cocaine."	1.33	Prediction of relapse to frequent heroin use and the role of methadone prescription: an analysis of the Amsterdam Cohort Study among drug users. ( Geskus, R; Krol, A; Prins, M; Termorshuizen, F; van Ameijden, EJ; van den Brink, W, 2005)
"Methadone maintenance treatment of opiate addiction is highly effective at reducing drug use, drug-related criminal activity, and risk of HIV transmission."	1.33	Linkage with methadone treatment upon release from incarceration: a promising opportunity. ( Clarke, J; Key, RG; McKenzie, M; Poshkus, M; Rich, JD; Shield, DC; Wolf, FA, 2005)
"Eighty-six people with heroin addiction first seen in in 1966-1967 in a small town in the south-east of England were located and their clinical state assessed using multiple sources, including personal interviews with a proportion of the cohort."	1.33	Heroin dependence in an English town: 33-year follow-up. ( Addenbrooke, WM; Rathod, NH; Rosenbach, AF, 2005)
"Methadone is a synthetic opiate used in the treatment of opiate addiction."	1.33	Dental management of patients taking methadone. ( Graham, CH; Meechan, JG, 2005)
"In a specialized heroin addiction treatment setting, patient compliance isjust as good as in other risk groups."	1.33	[HIV and drug users: current trends]. ( Golz, JH, 2005)
"Drug-induced long QT syndrome is a serious adverse drug reaction."	1.33	Drug-induced long QT syndrome in injection drug users receiving methadone: high frequency in hospitalized patients and risk factors. ( Broers, B; Chabert, J; Dayer, P; Desmeules, JA; Ehret, GB; Gaspoz, JM; Gex-Fabry, M; Musset, T; Perrier, A; Piguet, V; Shah, D; Voide, C, 2006)
"We evaluated a novel intervention designed to improve access to sterile syringes and safe syringe disposal for injection drug users (IDUs) newly enrolled in methadone maintenance, through interviews with two sequential cohorts of 100 recent entrants into a methadone program in the Bronx, NY."	1.33	Improving access to sterile syringes and safe syringe disposal for injection drug users in methadone maintenance treatment. ( Arnsten, JH; Gourevitch, MN; McNeely, J, 2006)
"Methadone injectors were also more likely to engage in risky behaviours associated with heroin overdose, including using heroin when no other people were present, not trial-tasting new batches of heroin and polydrug use."	1.32	Prevalence and correlates of intravenous methadone syrup administration in Adelaide, Australia. ( Ali, R; Darke, S; Humeniuk, R; McGregor, C, 2003)
"Clinicians should evaluate substance use, participation in methadone maintenance programs, and the use of psychotherapeutic medications and consider the neuroendocrinologic effects of these medications as a potential cause of menstrual disruptions."	1.32	Substance use and psychotherapeutic medications: a likely contributor to menstrual disorders in women who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. ( Cohen, M; Cu-Uvin, S; Greenblatt, R; Gurtman, A; Harlow, SD; Khalsa, A; Klein, RS; Lin, X; Minkoff, H; Ohmit, SE; Schuman, P; Young, MA, 2003)
" The risk of injection increased with buprenorphine dosage (high/low dosage OR = 6."	1.32	Illicit drug use and injection practices among drug users on methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment in France. ( Benigeri, M; Brodeur, JM; Calderon, C; Gaigi, H; Guichard, A; Lert, F; Maguet, O; Richard, L; Soletti, J; Zunzunegui, MV, 2003)
"Heroin was the most frequently prescribed narcotic."	1.32	Dosage regimes in the prescription of heroin and other narcotics to chronic opioid addicts in Switzerland--Swiss national cohort study. ( Blättler, R; Bürki, C; Christen, S; Gschwend, P; Gutzwiller, F; Rehm, J; Seidenberg, A; Steffen, T, 2004)
"Treatment with isoniazid was beneficial in HIV-infected, tuberculin-positive IDUs."	1.32	Effectiveness of isoniazid treatment for latent tuberculosis infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug users in methadone programs. ( Amofa, J; Driver, CR; Fujiwara, PI; Gourevitch, MN; Highley, E; Kaye, K; Munsiff, SS; Rubino, MA; Scholten, JN; Seewald, R; Trim, C, 2003)
"This hyperalgesia is evident in people with a history of heroin use and is not modified by methadone or buprenorphine treatment but is reduced by long-term abstinence from opioids."	1.32	Pleasure into pain: the consequences of long-term opioid use. ( White, JM, 2004)
"Merged Medicaid and AIDS surveillance data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regression, simple logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression."	1.31	Drug abuse, methadone treatment, and health services use among injection drug users with AIDS. ( Crystal, S; Sambamoorthi, U; Walkup, J; Warner, LA, 2000)
" Methadone dosage and frequency of methadone programme attendance in themselves were not significantly related to cessation of injecting."	1.31	Methadone maintenance and cessation of injecting drug use: results from the Amsterdam Cohort Study. ( Coutinho, RA; Langendam, MW; van Ameijden, EJ; van Brussel, GH, 2000)
"Methadone treatment reduced the measured areas under the time-concentration curve (AUC0-6) by 63% for ddI (p =."	1.31	Interaction of methadone with didanosine and stavudine. ( Andrews, L; Charles, C; Friedland, G; Jatlow, P; McCance-Katz, EF; Mitchell, SM; Rainey, PM, 2000)
" Although the current analysis did not rule out differences in pharmacological effects as a contributing factor, the results are consistent with an interpretation of a dose-response association between psychosocial/psychotherapeutic support and detoxification outcome."	1.31	Predictors for completing an inpatient detoxification program among intravenous heroin users, methadone substituted and codeine substituted patients. ( Backmund, M; Eichenlaub, D; Meyer, K; Schütz, CG, 2001)
"Methadone treatment is often criticized by drug war supporters not because of its limitations, but because its very effectiveness highlights the meagre benefits of supply reduction."	1.31	Methadone and heroin prescription: babies and bath water. ( Wodak, A, 2002)
"Among 385 IDUs seen twice, the HIV seroconversion rate was 0."	1.30	Who uses needle exchange? A study of injection drug users in treatment in San Francisco, 1989-1990. ( Hahn, JA; Moss, AR; Vranizan, KM, 1997)
"A significant percentage of IDUs have antisocial personality disorder (APD)."	1.30	Validity of three measures of antisociality in predicting HIV risk behaviors in methadone-maintenance patients. ( Alterman, A; Cacciola, JS; McKay, JR; Metzger, D; Rutherford, M; Tourian, K, 1997)
"Working from the AIDS risk reduction model and other theories of behavior change, we tested psychosocial antecedents of needle/syringe disinfection by 136 injection drug users."	1.30	Psychosocial antecedents of needle/syringe disinfection by drug users: a theory-based prospective analysis. ( Anglin, MD; Longshore, D; Stein, JA, 1997)
"6, compared with no change] and increase in methadone dosage (RR, 0."	1.30	Methadone maintenance treatment modalities in relation to incidence of HIV: results of the Amsterdam cohort study. ( Coutinho, RA; Langendam, MW; van Ameijden, EJ; van Brussel, GH, 1999)
"The overall annual HIV seroconversion rate shifted only slightly from 13% in the first study period (1984 to mid-1986) to 11% in the second period (mid-1986 to end 1988)."	1.29	Methadone treatment and risk of HIV infection in drug users without legal access to clean injection equipment. ( Martin, J; Meystre-Agustoni, G; Wietlisbach, V, 1995)
"Subjects' knowledge concerning HIV and AIDS had no measurable association with the outcome."	1.29	Methadone maintenance and the likelihood of risky needle-sharing. ( Caplehorn, JR; Ross, MW, 1995)
"However, intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) remain at higher risk for exposure to HIV-1 because they are likelier to have sexual contact with other IVDAs and former IVDAs."	1.29	Condom use rates for specific sexual behaviors among opioid abusers entering treatment. ( Bigelow, GE; Brooner, RK; Felch, LJ; Gazaway, PM; King, VL; Schmidt, CW, 1994)
"Methadone users were compared to nonmethadone users for absolute and percentage counts of CD4, CD8, and activated T lymphocytes; CD4/CD8 ratio; an HIV symptom check list; and medical staging."	1.29	The effect of methadone on immunological parameters among HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug users. ( Carballo-Diéguez, A; el Sadr, W; Goetz, R; Gorman, J; Sahs, J; Sorell, S, 1994)
" It is concluded that the reduction of HIV transmission could be enhanced by improvements in methadone programs, particularly ensuring adequate dosing and high retention rates."	1.29	Injecting behaviour and risky needle use amongst methadone maintenance clients. ( Ali, RL; Cormack, S; Dyer, KR; Gaughwin, MD; White, JM, 1994)
"Methadone maintenance treatment was introduced in Austria in 1987."	1.29	[Methadone substitution treatment. Results of an evaluation of 3 years implementation in an Austrian province]. ( Rittmannsberger, H; Ruschak, M; Silberbauer, C, 1994)
"47 had experienced the AIDS-related deaths of 1 or more family members and 16 of those married were HIV-seropositive."	1.29	HIV infection and the meaning of condoms. ( Pivnick, A, 1993)
" As a basis for designing a questionnaire aimed at the IDU population, we conducted 5 focus groups to collect information on knowledge of and attitudes toward safe sex as held by male and female IDUs in methadone treatment."	1.29	Safe sex? Misconceptions, gender differences and barriers among injection drug users: a focus group approach. ( Quirinale, J; Weiss, SH; Weston, CB, 1993)
"Methadone treatment and medical cover within the GMS Scheme emerged as important influences on the behaviour of clients with respect to general practitioners."	1.29	The use of primary care services by drug users attending a HIV prevention unit. ( Bury, G; O'Kelly, F; Pomeroy, L, 1993)
"Subjects were 281 intravenous drug abusers, 146 enrolled in outpatient methadone treatment (Treatment group) and 135 not in treatment (Community group)."	1.29	Validity of intravenous drug abusers' self-reported changes in HIV high-risk drug use behaviors. ( Bigelow, GE; Brooner, RK; Greenfield, L, 1995)
"The implications of study findings for AIDS prevention programming are discussed."	1.29	Psychological dysfunction and HIV/AIDS risk behavior. ( Brown, BS; Camacho, LM; Simpson, DD, 1996)
"Methadone injecting was widespread, with 52% of subjects having injected methadone syrup, 29% in the preceding six months."	1.29	Prevalence and correlates of the injection of methadone syrup in Sydney, Australia. ( Darke, S; Hall, W; Ross, J, 1996)
"To study the incidence of AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies in injecting drug users with and without HIV infection in a methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP)."	1.28	Population-based study of malignancies and HIV infection among injecting drug users in a New York City methadone treatment program, 1985-1991. ( Budner, NS; Gachupin-Garcia, A; Selwyn, PA, 1992)
"Clonidine has been used to assist opiate detoxification in the past 10 years."	1.28	Two cases of clonidine abuse/dependence in methadone-maintained patients. ( Lauzon, P, 1992)
" Serum and urine ZDV and ZDV-glucuronide concentrations were measured by both high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), and pharmacokinetic parameters determined at least twice in each of nine methadone-maintained former IVDU patients initiating ZDV therapy."	1.28	Pharmacokinetic interactions of zidovudine and methadone in intravenous drug-using patients with HIV infection. ( Brechbühl, AB; Friedland, GH; Kahl, P; Miller, MA; Schwartz, EL; Selwyn, PA, 1992)
"To assess trends in HIV infection and AIDS risk behaviors among intravenous drug users (IVDUs), a series of nonblinded point-prevalence surveys was conducted with admissions to methadone treatment in seven areas, including New York City; Trenton and Asbury Park, New Jersey; Baltimore; Chicago; San Antonio, Texas; and Los Angeles County between February and December 1987 (n = 713), January and June 1988 (n = 1,089), July and December 1988 (n = 932), and January and June 1989 (n = 1,110)."	1.28	HIV infection and AIDS risk behaviors among intravenous drug users entering methadone treatment in selected U.S. cities. ( Amsel, Z; Battjes, RJ; Pickens, RW, 1991)
"This paper presents the results of an AIDS educational intervention for intravenous drug users (IVDUs) who participated in the New Jersey State Department of Health's Coupon program."	1.28	AIDS education in drug user treatment programs. ( Jackson, JF; Passannante, MR; Quinones, MA; Rotkiewicz, LG; Wells, DV, 1991)
"Methadone treatment offers a first step toward social rehabilitation for drug addicts who have been living as criminals on the fringe of society."	1.28	[Stabilizing the social and health status of drug dependent patients with methadone. Long-term maintainance therapy--Vienna results]. ( Hollerer, E; Loimer, N; Pfersmann, V; Presslich, O; Schmid-Siegel, B; Werner, E, 1991)
" drug abusers on levomethadon maintenance programs, adjustment of the levomethadon dosage may be necessary when specific therapy for HIV infection and associated diseases requires the use of drugs known to be potent inducers of the liver microsomal enzyme system."	1.28	Pharmacokinetic interaction of antimicrobial agents with levomethadon in drug-addicted AIDS patients. ( Brockmeyer, NH; Goos, M; Mertins, L, 1991)
"Methadone treatment and the use of needle exchanges were related in subsequent analysis to the sharing of injecting equipment."	1.28	The sharing of injecting equipment among drug users attending prescribing clinics and those using needle-exchanges. ( Faugier, J; Hayes, C; Klee, H; Morris, J, 1991)
"Relapses were even more frequent than among active abusers, especially if the drug-free period before admission had been shorter than 1 year."	1.28	A prospective assessment of opiate addiction treatment protocols for inpatients with HIV-related syndromes. ( Di Giannantonio, M; Persico, AM; Tempesta, E, 1991)
"The treatment with methadone was unstable and only 11% had received stable prolonged maintenance treatment."	1.28	The influence of prolonged stable methadone maintenance treatment on mortality and employment: an 8-year follow-up. ( Bay, H; Mygind, O; Segest, E, 1990)
"Counseling about AIDS and optional confidential testing for antibody to HIV-1 have been available in state-supported methadone maintenance programs in Connecticut since 1 January 1987."	1.28	Providing HIV counseling and testing services in methadone maintenance programs. ( Cartter, ML; Donagher, J; Hadler, JL; Petersen, LR; Savage, RB, 1990)
" In very few patients the permanent success of the treatment was at high risk due to unsatisfactory social care, lack of social security measures, progression of the underlying disease, a too low methadone dosage level, and partnership conflicts."	1.28	[Medical and psychosocial effects of methadone substitution in HIV infected substance-dependent patients]. ( Baumgart, P; Dorst, KG; Kupfer, U; von Eiff, M; Walger, P; Wilke, G, 1989)

Research

Studies (857)

Authors

Clinical Trials (38)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

HCV Seroconversion

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	15 (1.75)	18.7374
1990's	270 (31.51)	18.2507
2000's	274 (31.97)	29.6817
2010's	273 (31.86)	24.3611
2020's	25 (2.92)	2.80

Authors	Studies
O'Hara, GL	1
Liberman, AR	1
Polonsky, M	4
Azbel, L	5
Marcus, R	7
Doltu, S	1
Cugut, S	1
Altice, FL	21
Struble, CA	1
Lister, JJ	1
Urbiel, J	1
Nyaku, AN	1
Arfken, CL	1
Bachireddy, C	4
Shrestha, R	8
Bromberg, DJ	1
Kurmanalieva, A	3
Wegman, M	1
Shumskaya, N	2
Rozanova, J	3
Meyer, JP	2
Smith, LR	1
Shumskaia, N	1
Patterson, TL	1
Werb, D	2
Blyum, A	1
Algarin, AB	1
Yeager, S	1
Cepeda, J	1
Tseng, AS	3
Sambai, B	3
Monroe-Wise, A	3
Mbogo, LW	3
Ludwig-Barron, NT	2
Masyuko, SJ	1
Chohan, BH	2
Scott, JD	1
Sinkele, W	3
Herbeck, JT	2
Farquhar, C	3
Guthrie, BL	3
Yee, WL	1
Draper, B	1
Myint, KT	1
Min, W	1
Htay, H	1
O'Keefe, D	1
Hellard, M	2
Doshi, S	1
Kingston, H	1
Masyuko, S	2
Tram, KH	1
Macharia, P	2
Bukusi, D	2
Marshall, AD	1
Schroeder, SE	1
Lafferty, L	1
Drysdale, K	1
Baldry, E	1
Stoové, M	1
Dietze, P	3
Higgs, P	2
Treloar, C	3
Su, WW	1
Yang, CC	2
Chang, RW	1
Yeh, YH	1
Yen, HH	1
Lee, YL	1
Liu, CE	1
Liang, SY	2
Sung, ML	1
Ko, SY	1
Kuo, CY	1
Chen, SL	1
Yeh, YP	1
Hu, TH	1
Roshanfekr, P	1
Karimi, SE	1
Narouee, S	1
Moftakhar, L	1
Vameghi, M	1
Ali, D	1
Soleimanvandiazar, N	1
Hileman, CO	1
McComsey, GA	1
Zhao, JK	1
Kral, AH	4
Wenger, LD	1
Bluthenthal, RN	1
Bonny-Noach, H	1
Jessop, AB	1
Bass, SB	1
Brajuha, J	1
Alhajji, M	2
Burke, M	1
Gashat, MT	1
Wellington, C	1
Ventriglia, N	1
Coleman, J	1
D'Avanzo, P	1
Simonovska, NK	1
Stefanovska, VV	1
Babulovska, A	1
Geddes, L	1
Iversen, J	1
Wand, H	1
Maher, L	3
Byrne, C	1
Radley, A	1
Inglis, SK	1
Beer, LJZ	1
Palmer, N	1
Pham, MD	1
Healy, B	1
Doyle, JS	1
Donnan, P	1
Dillon, JF	1
Marks, LR	1
Munigala, S	1
Warren, DK	1
Liss, DB	1
Schwarz, ES	1
Durkin, MJ	1
Kiriazova, T	3
Go, VF	3
Hershow, RB	1
Hamilton, EL	2
Sarasvita, R	1
Bui, Q	1
Lancaster, KE	2
Dumchev, K	2
Hoffman, IF	2
Miller, WC	2
Latkin, CA	8
Gloeck, NR	1
Harris, BN	1
Webb, EM	1
Scheibe, A	1
Kidorf, M	2
Brooner, RK	7
Leoutsakos, JM	2
Peirce, J	2
Repple, J	1
Haessner, S	1
Johnen, A	1
Landmeyer, NC	1
Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A	1
Pawlitzki, M	1
Wiendl, H	1
Meyer Zu Hörste, G	1
Yan, H	1
Krekulová, L	1
Vavrinčíková, L	1
Stvilia, K	1
Vephkvadze, N	1
Gamkrelidze, A	1
Khonelidze, I	1
Getia, V	1
Tsereteli, M	1
Gvinjilia, L	1
Kuchuloria, T	1
Poorman, E	1
Glick, SN	2
Hiser, JKD	1
Bhatraju, E	1
Tsui, JI	3
Chohan, B	1
Dunbar, M	1
Juma, E	1
Gitau, E	1
Bosire, R	1
Musyoki, H	1
Temu, TM	1
Herbeck, J	1
Socías, ME	1
Wood, E	26
McNeil, R	3
Kerr, T	29
Dong, H	3
Shoveller, J	1
Montaner, J	10
Milloy, MJ	14
Karki, P	4
Copenhaver, M	4
Bazazi, AR	3
Wickersham, JA	2
Wegman, MP	2
Culbert, GJ	2
Pillai, V	1
Al-Darraji, H	1
Copenhaver, MM	4
Kamarulzaman, A	4
Boyd, J	1
Fast, D	1
Hobbins, M	1
Small, W	3
Grassi, A	1
Ballardini, G	1
Lambdin, BH	6
Lorvick, J	1
Mbwambo, JK	2
Rwegasha, J	1
Hassan, S	3
Lum, P	1
Gyarmathy, VA	1
Péterfi, A	1
Figeczki, T	1
Kiss, J	1
Medgyesi-Frank, K	1
Posta, J	1
Csorba, J	1
Dubov, O	1
Fraenkel, L	1
Huedo-Medina, T	1
Liu, Y	4
Zou, X	3
Chen, W	5
Ling, L	5
Nong, VM	1
Boggiano, VL	1
Nguyen, LHT	1
Nguyen, CT	3
Nguyen, LH	3
Xuan Bach, T	1
Nguyen, HV	1
Hoang, CD	2
Vu, MTT	1
Burt, R	1
Thiede, H	3
Michel, L	1
Des Jarlais, DC	13
Duong Thi, H	1
Khuat Thi Hai, O	1
Pham Minh, K	2
Peries, M	2
Vallo, R	1
Nham Thi Tuyet, T	1
Hoang Thi, G	1
Le Sao, M	1
Feelemyer, J	2
Vu Hai, V	1
Moles, JP	2
Laureillard, D	2
Nagot, N	2
Azhdar, F	1
Esmaeilnasab, N	1
Moradi, G	2
Roshani, D	1
Ghaderi, E	1
Nori, B	1
Hayashi, K	11
Ti, L	3
Ayutthaya, PPN	1
Suwannawong, P	4
Kaplan, K	4
Taxman, FS	1
Bojko, MJ	4
Madden, L	4
Farnum, SO	1
Mazhnaya, A	6
Dvoriak, S	6
Lee, SS	7
Newman, R	2
Mastroianni, A	1
Ravaglia, G	1
Farnum, S	1
Fomenko, T	1
Barry, D	1
Ivanchuk, I	1
Kolomiets, V	1
Filippovych, S	3
Dvoryak, S	3
Gaddis, A	1
Kennedy, MC	1
Nosova, E	2
Cooke, A	2
Saleem, H	3
Mushi, D	2
Mbwambo, J	6
Xu, Y	1
Xia, Y	3
Gong, C	1
Brinkley-Rubinstein, L	1
McKenzie, M	2
Macmadu, A	1
Larney, S	3
Zaller, N	2
Dauria, E	1
Rich, J	1
Makarenko, I	3
Pykalo, I	3
Filippovich, S	1
Heinsbroek, E	1
Glass, R	1
Edmundson, C	1
Hope, V	2
Desai, M	1
Roux, P	2
Mezaache, S	1
Briand-Madrid, L	1
Debrus, M	1
Khatmi, N	1
Maradan, G	1
Protopopescu, C	3
Rojas-Castro, D	1
Carrieri, P	1
Bauerle Bass, S	1
Jessop, A	1
Gashat, M	1
Maurer, L	1
Forry, J	1
Hanscom, BS	1
Ha, TV	1
Djoerban, Z	1
Rose, SM	1
Metzger, DS	6
Mollan, KR	1
Reifeis, SA	1
Piwowar-Manning, EM	1
Richardson, P	1
Hudgens, MG	1
Sugarman, J	1
Eshleman, SH	1
Susami, H	1
Chu, VA	1
Djauzi, S	1
Bui, DD	1
Strathdee, SA	12
Burns, DN	1
Nordt, C	3
Vogel, M	1
Dey, M	1
Moldovanyi, A	1
Beck, T	1
Berthel, T	1
Walter, M	1
Seifritz, E	1
Dürsteler, KM	1
Herdener, M	1
Lo, A	1
Fairbairn, N	4
Meyer, J	2
Valencia La Rosa, J	1
Ryan, P	1
Alvaro-Meca, A	1
Troya, J	1
Cuevas, G	1
Gutiérrez, J	1
Moreno, S	2
Zelenev, A	1
Lu, J	1
Zhang, L	5
Xu, X	1
Chen, Y	2
Zhou, Y	2
Zhang, Z	2
Fu, G	1
Chen, G	1
Bastani, P	1
Marshall, BDL	1
Rahimi-Movaghar, A	1
Noroozi, A	1
Handanagic, S	1
Bozicevic, I	1
Sekerija, M	1
Rutherford, GW	1
Begovac, J	1
Guise, A	2
Ndimbii, J	2
Igonya, EK	1
Owiti, F	1
Rhodes, T	5
Richardson, L	3
Mammel, M	1
Akiyama, MJ	1
Norton, BL	1
Arnsten, JH	4
Agyemang, L	1
Heo, M	1
Litwin, AH	5
Yi, S	1
Mun, P	1
Chhoun, P	1
Chann, N	1
Tuot, S	1
Mburu, G	1
Kwan, TH	2
Wong, NS	2
Lancaster, K	1
Tamraz, B	1
Reisner, L	1
French, AL	1
King, ST	1
Fischl, MA	1
Ofotokun, I	1
Kashuba, A	1
Milam, J	1
Murphy, K	1
Augenbraun, M	1
Liu, C	1
Finley, PR	1
Aouizerat, B	1
Cocohoba, J	1
Gange, S	1
Bacchetti, P	1
Greenblatt, RM	1
Ng, MH	1
Chou, JY	1
Chang, TJ	1
Lee, PC	1
Shao, WC	1
Lin, TY	1
Chen, VC	1
Gossop, M	5
Sullivan, S	1
Wu, Z	13
Clark, N	1
Zhao, Y	2
Shi, CX	3
McGoogan, JM	3
Rou, K	6
Zhang, F	3
Zahari, MM	1
Li, J	7
Wang, C	4
Bulterys, M	1
Torrens, M	6
Fonseca, F	1
Castillo, C	3
Domingo-Salvany, A	3
Gowing, LR	3
Hickman, M	6
Degenhardt, L	5
Potter, JS	1
Marino, EN	1
Hillhouse, MP	1
Nielsen, S	1
Wiest, K	1
Canamar, CP	1
Martin, JA	1
Ang, A	1
Baker, R	1
Saxon, AJ	4
Ling, W	2
Yen, YF	5
Hu, BS	1
Lin, YS	2
Li, LH	4
Su, LW	3
Chuang, P	3
Lin, NC	1
Jiang, XR	4
Shie, YH	1
Chang, HH	1
Ou, WX	1
Zhan, HJ	1
Yang, W	1
Yen, MY	5
Nyamathi, A	1
Albarrán, CR	1
Branson, C	1
Marfisee, M	1
Khalilifard, F	1
Leake, B	1
Tran, BX	7
Parmenter, J	1
Mitchell, C	1
Keen, J	1
Oliver, P	1
Rowse, G	1
Neligan, I	1
Keil, C	1
Mathers, N	1
Lee, IC	1
Baldwin, P	1
Ambekar, A	2
Rao, R	1
Pun, A	1
Kumar, S	1
Kishore, K	1
Pea, F	1
Crapis, M	1
Cojutti, P	1
Bassetti, M	1
Otiashvili, D	2
Piralishvili, G	2
Sikharulidze, Z	2
Kamkamidze, G	2
Poole, S	3
Woody, GE	8
Reddon, H	1
Simo, A	1
Navadeh, S	2
Mirzazadeh, A	2
Gouya, MM	2
Farnia, M	4
Alasvand, R	1
Haghdoost, AA	2
Song, I	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Reaching mEthadone Users Attending Community pHarmacies With HCV[NCT03935906]		210 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-08	Completed
Testing an Integrated Bio-Behavioral Primary HIV Prevention Intervention Among High-Risk People Who Use Drugs[NCT03282890]		237 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-20	Completed
Feasibility of an Interventional Project to Reduce HIV Incidence Among People Who Inject Drugs in Haiphong, Viet Nam[NCT02573948]		603 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-09-30	Completed
DRIVE (DRug Use and Infections in ViEtnam) Project : Ending the HIV Epidemic Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Viet Nam[NCT03526939]		5,546 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-10-17	Completed
Integrated Treatment and Prevention for People Who Inject Drugs: A Vanguard Study for a Network-based Randomized HIV Prevention Trial Comparing an Integrated Intervention Including Supported Antiretroviral Therapy to the Standard of Care[NCT02935296]	Phase 3	1,281 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
INTEGRA: A Vanguard Study of Health Service Delivery in a Mobile Health Delivery Unit to Link Persons Who Inject Drugs to Integrated Care and Prevention for Addiction, HIV, HCV and Primary Care[NCT04804072]		450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-02	Enrolling by invitation
Intensive Models of HCV Care for Injection Drug Users[NCT01857245]		150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-01	Completed
A Pilot Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Trial of Buprenorphine vs. Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy.[NCT03098407]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-20	Completed
Suboxone and Methadone for HIV Risk Reduction in Subutex Injectors[NCT01131273]	Phase 3	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
A Bridge to Treatment: The Therapeutic Workplace and Methadone Treatment[NCT01416584]		98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
Starting Treatment With Agonist Replacement Therapies (START)[NCT00315341]	Phase 4	1,269 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
A Prospective, Single Arm, Open-label 96 Week Observational Trial of the Tolerability, Adherence and Efficacy of a Dolutegravir/Abacavir/Lamivudine Single Tablet Regimen in HIV-1 Antibody Positive People Living With HIV With a History of Injection Drug Us[NCT02659761]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Recruiting
Screen, Treat and Retain Meth-using People With Opioid Use Disorders at Methadone Clinics[NCT04706624]		640 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-02	Active, not recruiting
Towards Ending HCV Infection Among Active Drug Users: a Community-based Intervention in Montpellier.[NCT04008927]		554 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-18	Completed
Towards HCV Elimination: Evaluation of an Integrated Model of HCV Care Targeting People Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam[NCT03537196]	Phase 4	979 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-13	Completed
Integrated Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Patients With Injecting Drug Abuse:a Randomised Controlled Trial (INTRO-HCV)[NCT03155906]		240 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-05-18	Active, not recruiting
A Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of the Combination Regimen of MK-5172/MK-8742 in Treatment-Naïve Subjects With Chronic HCV GT1, GT4, and GT6 Infection Who Are on Opiate Substitution Therapy[NCT02105688]	Phase 3	301 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-02	Completed
An Open-label, Multicenter, Efficacy and Safety Study of Pegasys® Plus Ribavirin in Patients With Chronic HCV Infection Who Are Unable to Tolerate or Who Do Not Respond to 12 Weeks of Therapy With PEGIntron ® Plus Ribavirin[NCT00087568]	Phase 4	57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
North American Opiate Medication Initiative (NAOMI): Multi-Centre, Randomized Controlled Trial of Heroin-Assisted Therapy for Treatment-Refractory Injection Opiate Users[NCT00175357]	Phase 3	192 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
SALOME: Multi-Centre, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing The Effectiveness Of Diacetylmorphine Vs. Hydromorphone For The Treatment Of Long-Term Injection Opioid Users Who Do Not Benefit From Available Therapies[NCT01447212]	Phase 3	202 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
Phase 1b Single Dose Clinical Trial of a Novel Long-Acting Bispecific Antibody in People With HIV to Inform Development for HIV Pre- and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis[NCT05890963]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-28	Recruiting
SBIR Phase 1: Scalable Digital Delivery of Evidence-based Training for Family to Maximize Treatment Admission Rates of Opioid Use Disorder in Loved Ones-- We The Village Family Support Study[NCT04250077]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-09	Completed
Bictegravir in the Elderly Living With HIV: Impact of Polypharmacy and Multimorbidity (BICEP)[NCT05064020]		162 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-08-01	Active, not recruiting
Role of CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and MDR1 in the Metabolic Clearance of Methadone in Human Subjects[NCT00504413]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Recruiting
HAART Adherence Among HIV-infected Persons and the Factors Affecting Treatment Adherence[NCT01369056]		150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
Secondary HIV Prevention and Adherence Among HIV-infected Drug Users[NCT01741311]		133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
A Randomized Community Intervention Trial on Reducing HIV Infection Among Drug Users Attending Methadone Maintenance Treatment(MMT) and Preventing Secondary Transmission From HIV Positive Clients to Their Sexual Partners in China[NCT01108614]	Phase 3	12,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Recruiting
An Open-label, Randomised Pilot Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Raltegravir With Protease Inhibitor-based Therapy in Treatment-naïve, HIV/Hepatitis C Co-infected Injecting Drug Users Receiving Methadone[NCT01105611]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Recruiting
A Cluster-Randomized Trail to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Combined Individual- and Community-Based Behavioral Intervention to Improve Quality of Life (QOL) For HIV-Positive Villagers in Rural China[NCT00479141]		3,199 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
The Behavioral Activation for Chinese Substance Users (C-BA) Research Protocol[NCT03705143]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-04	Completed
The Therapeutic Workplace Initiation Study[NCT00249470]		117 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-04-30	Completed
[NCT00292123]	Phase 1	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-06-30	Completed
Four Models of Telephone Support for Stimulant Recovery[NCT00744068]		302 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
Way to Quit - Comparative Efficacy, Acceptance and Effectiveness of Health Incentive Structures[NCT01526265]		2,185 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
The Effect of HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Stereospecific Metabolism of Methadone in HIV-Infected Subjects[NCT00000906]	Phase 1	12 participants	Interventional		Completed
An Innovative Digital Smoking Cessation Intervention for Low-Income Adults With Substance Use Disorder[NCT04419922]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-04-02	Active, not recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Study of the Interaction of Azidothymidine and Methadone in Patients With AIDS and ARC[NCT00001008]		18 participants	Interventional		Completed
Treatment of Heroin and Cocaine With Methadone Maintenance and Contingency Management[NCT00292110]	Phase 1	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-02-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Number of new HCV infection among HCV negative (at RDS) cohort participants over 1 year period (NCT02573948)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

HIV Incidence

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
HCV Negative Cohort Participants	18

HIV incidence was calculated by 100person/year. With zero conversion, we choose 2.5% unilateral confidence interval. (NCT02573948)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

HIV Seroconversion

Intervention	infections per 100 person-years (Number)
HIV Negative Cohort Participants	0

Number of new HIV infection among HIV negative (at RDS) cohort participants over 1 year period. (NCT02573948)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Incidence of HCV Infection

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
HIV Negative Cohort Participants	0

The HCV incidence was calculated by 100person/year (NCT02573948)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Number of Cohort Participants Attending the Last Follow-up Visit at W52

Intervention	infections per 100 person-years (Number)
HCV Negative Cohort Participants	19.4

Number of participants who were followed up and not lost to follow-up after enrolment into cohort. (NCT02573948)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Percentage of M,W,F Urine Samples Negative for Cocaine

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
PWID Cohort	194

Was each participant's urine sample negative for cocaine at each of the Monday, Wednesday, Friday urine samples scheduled throughout the intervention evaluation period? (NCT01416584)
Timeframe: 6 months

Percentage of M,W,F Urine Samples Negative for Opiates

Intervention	percentage of urine samples (Mean)
Usual Care Control	25
Methadone Contingency Group	44
Methadone & Abstinence Contingency	48

Was each participant's urine sample negative for opiates at each of the Monday, Wednesday, Friday urine samples scheduled throughout the intervention evaluation period? (NCT01416584)
Timeframe: 6 months

Percentage of Monthly Urine Sample Negative for Opiates

Intervention	percentage of M,W,F urine samples (Mean)
Usual Care Control	43
Methadone Contingency Group	50
Methadone & Abstinence Contingency	65

Percentage of urine sample negative for opiates at each of the six 30-day assessments scheduled throughout the intervention evaluation (NCT01416584)
Timeframe: 6 months

Percentage of Monthly Urine Samples Negative for Cocaine

Intervention	percentage of opiate negative (Mean)
Usual Care Control	54
Methadone Contingency Group	61
Methadone & Abstinence Contingency	75

Was the participant's urine sample negative for cocaine at each of the six 30-day assessments scheduled throughout the intervention evaluation period? (NCT01416584)
Timeframe: 6 months

Percentage of Months in Methadone Treatment

Intervention	percentage of cocaine negative (Mean)
Usual Care Control	32
Methadone Contingency Group	55
Methadone & Abstinence Contingency	57

The percentage of months in which participants were enrolled in methadone treatment during the 6-month intervention evaluation period? (NCT01416584)
Timeframe: 6 months

Hepatic Safety

Intervention	percent of months in methadone treatment (Mean)
Usual Care Control	81
Methadone Contingency Group	82
Methadone & Abstinence Contingency	88

"Participants were categorized according liver transaminase (ALT, AST) levels in blood comparing the baseline sample to any and all subsequent samples in the following manner:~A: both ALT and AST started at less than or equal to two times the ULN and remained at two times or less ULN throughout the study~B: either ALT or AST started at less than or equal to 2 x ULN and at any point in study exceeded 2 x ULN~C: Either ALT or AST started > 2 x ULN, decreased (both ALT and AST) to < 2 x ULN, and remained < 2 x ULN~D: Either ALT or AST started > 2 x ULN and remained above 2 x ULN throughout the study" (NCT00315341)
Timeframe: 24 Weeks

Percentage of Participants Achieving Sustained Virologic Response 12 Weeks After the End of All Study Therapy (SVR12)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	ALT - A (low, stays low)	ALT - B (low, goes high)	ALT - C (high, goes low, stays low)	ALT - D (high, stays high)	AST - A (low, stay low)	AST - B (low, goes high)	AST - C (high, goes low, stays low)	AST - D (high, stays high)
Buprenorphine/Nx	278	41	4	17	291	37	3	9
Methadone	318	62	1	10	328	54	1	8

Blood was drawn from each participant to assess Hepatitis C Virus ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA) plasma levels using the Roche COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® Taqman HCV Test, v2.0, which had a lower limit of quantification of 15 IU/mL. SVR12 was defined as HCV RNA below the lower limit of detection (NCT02105688)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after end of all therapy (Study Week 24 for Immediate Treatment Arm and Study Week 40 for Deferred Treatment Arm)

Percentage of Participants Achieving Sustained Virologic Response 24 Weeks After the End of All Study Therapy (SVR24)

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Immediate Treatment Arm: Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	95.5
Deferred Treatment Arm: Placebo > Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	96.6

Blood was drawn from each participant to assess HCV RNA plasma levels using the Roche COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® Taqman HCV Test, v2.0, which has an LLOQ of 15 IU/mL. SVR24 was defined as HCV RNA NCT02105688)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after end of all therapy (Study Week 36 for Immediate Treatment Arm and Study Week 52 for Deferred Treatment Arm)

Percentage of Participants Discontinued From Study Therapy Due to AEs During the DB Treatment Period

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Immediate Treatment Arm: Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	94.1
Deferred Treatment Arm: Placebo > Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	96.5

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE could therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure. Any worsening of a pre-existing condition that was temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, was also an AE. For this outcome measure, the primary safety analysis compared the percentage of participants discontinuing study therapy due to an AE in the Immediate Treatment Arm during the double-blinded active treatment period to that of the Deferred Treatment Arm during the double-blinded placebo treatment period. (NCT02105688)
Timeframe: DB Treatment period (up to Study Week 12)

Percentage of Participants Experiencing at Least One Adverse Event (AE) During the Double-Blind (DB) Treatment Period and First 14 Follow-up Days

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Immediate Treatment Arm: Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	0.5
Deferred Treatment Arm: Placebo > Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	1.0

An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE could therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign, symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product or protocol-specified procedure. Any worsening of a pre-existing condition that was temporally associated with the use of the Sponsor's product, was also an AE. For this outcome measure, the primary safety analysis compared the percentage of participants experiencing an AE in the Immediate Treatment Arm during the double-blinded active treatment period to that of the Deferred Treatment Arm during the double-blinded placebo treatment period. (NCT02105688)
Timeframe: DB Treatment period plus first 14 follow-up days (up to Study Week 14)

Mean Score for Overall Local Injection Site Reaction

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Immediate Treatment Arm: Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	83.1
Deferred Treatment Arm: Placebo > Grazoprevir/Elbasvir	83.0

Local injection-site reactions were to be given an overall assessment based on pain or discomfort as Grade 0 for no pain or discomfort, Grade 1 for mild tenderness at the injection site, Grade 2 for moderate pain without limitation of usual activities, Grade 3 for severe pain requiring prescription non-topical analgesics or limiting usual activities, Grade 4 for a reaction that resulted in a new hospitalization, prolongation of hospitalization, death, or a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or was life threatening or medically significant. Adverse events related to the injection site (injection site erythema, hematoma, pain, rash, or reaction) were reported. All of these events were reported as resolved without sequelae. (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0), Week 4, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60

Mean Score of Beck Depression Inventory Over Time

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline, (n = 32, 25)	Week 4, (n = 31, 24)	Week 12, (n = 27, 24)	Week 24, (n = 2, 23)	Week 36, (n = 3, 19)	Week 48, n = (2, 0)	Week 60, n = (2, 0)
Non-Responders	0.25	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Non-Tolerators	0.48	0.08	0.17	0.09	0.05	NA	NA

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a questionnaire with groups of statements in which the patient is asked to select the statement that most clearly describes the way he/she has felt in the past two weeks, including today. The score for each group is tallied and the ranges of scores are used as guidelines for measuring the degree of depression. For this study, scores are defined as follows: 0 to 15 as minimal, 16 to 21 as mild, 22 to 30 as moderate, and 31 to 63 as severe. The questionnaire was in two areas (changes in sleeping pattern and changes in appetite), selections 1, 2, and 3 contained options for both more and less with respect to the area of interest. Four statements (labelled 0, 1, 2, and 3) were offered that described the area of interest, with 0 indicating no effect and 3 indicating the worst effect. The individual area scores were summed to provide a total score. (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0); Weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84

Mean Score of Fatigue Severity Over Time

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline, (n = 32, 25)	Week 4, (n = 31, 24)	Week 12, (n = 27, 24)	Week 24, (n = 2, 23)	Week 36, (n = 3, 19)	Week 48, (n = 2, 21)	Week 60, (n = 2, 21)	Week 84, (n = 2, 0)
Non-Responders	10.93	9.52	8.63	3.75	5.40	6.15	3.00	1.50
Non-Tolerators	15.03	10.68	10.76	11.26	8.65	4.30	3.62	NA

"The Fatigue severity score (FSS) scale has a series of questions designed to assess tiredness, lack of energy, or total body give-out. Participants were to react to nine statements regarding fatigue over the previous 2 weeks, each on a scale (1 = completely agree, 7 = completely disagree). The FSS is the average of the scores on the 9 questions; ranging from 1-7, with lower scores indicating less fatigue. In addition, participants were to react to how much fatigue they had in the past 2 or 4 weeks by marking on a visual analogue scale labelled at one end with no fatigue ('0' being the best) and at the other end with greater fatigue ('100' being the worst). Longer distance on the scale from no fatigue indicated greater fatigue. FSS values are presented based on questionnaire and visual analog scale." (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0); Weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84

Number of Participants With >=2-log10 Decrease or Undetectable (<60 International Units Per Milliliter) Hepatitis C Virus-ribonucleic Acid Over Time

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
	Total FSS, Baseline, (n = 32, 25)	Total FSS, Week 4, (n = 31, 24)	Total FSS, Week 12, (n = 27, 24)	Total FSS, Week 24, (n = 2, 23)	Total FSS, Week 36,(n = 3, 19)	Total FSS, Week 48, (n = 2, 21)	Total FSS, Week 60, (n = 2, 20)	Total FSS, Week 84, (n = 2, 0)	Visual analog based FSS, Baseline, (n = 32, 25)	Visual analog based FSS, Week 4, (n = 31, 24)	Visual analog based FSS, Week 12, (n = 27, 24)	Visual analog based FSS, Week 24, (n = 2, 23)	Visual analog based FSS, Week 36, (n = 3, 19)	Visual analog based FSS, Week 48, (n = 2, 21)	Visual analog based FSS, Week 60, (n = 2, 20	Visual analog based FSS, Week 84, (n = 2, 0)
Non-Responders	4.66	4.27	4.09	1.33	2.52	2.22	2.44	1.61	48.72	47.87	52.15	54.50	47.33	26.00	31.00	21.50
Non-Tolerators	5.14	4.50	4.72	4.99	4.62	3.17	2.97	NA	61.92	52.08	55.00	56.52	48.79	25.24	31.55	NA

Sustained virological response (SVR) is defined as undetectable Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA)(<60 International units per milliliter) or HCV RNA for >=2-log10 decrease in viral titre, 24 weeks after the end of treatment. A participant was classified as non-responder (SVR not achieved) if HCV RNA was detectable at the completion of antiviral treatment, at Week 24 post or at any time between Week 24 and completion of antiviral treatment. HCV RNA measured prior to or on the date of the first dose of Pegasys plus ribavirin was used as the baseline in all HCV RNA analyses. (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84

Number of Participants With Abnormal Vital Signs

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Week 4	Week 12	Week 24	Week 36	Week 48	Week 60	Week 84
Non-Responders	1	4	1	2	1	2	1
Non-Tolerators	16	24	21	21	11	14	0

"Abnormal vital signs were defined as~Systolic blood pressure (BP) below 85 mm Hg or above 180 mm Hg with a change from baseline of > 20%~Diastolic BP above 110 mm Hg with a change from baseline of > 20% where systolic and diastolic BP were pressure exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels during left ventricular systole and diastole respectively.~Pulse rate below 50 beats per minute and above 120 beats per minute, with a change from baseline of > 20%, where pulse represents the palpation of heartbeat" (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: From screening (Day -21 to Day -1) to Week 84

Number of Participants With Individual Flu-like Symptom

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Systolic BP high	Systolic BP low	Pulse-low
Non-Responders	1	1	0
Non-Tolerators	0	0	1

"Participants were asked to complete a flu-like symptom questionnaire at screening, study baseline, and at all subsequent scheduled visits. The yes/no questionnaire evaluated the incidence of headache, fever, myalgia, and chills. If a participant answered yes to the question Has the patient experienced any flu-like symptoms since the last visit? all among headache, fever, muscle aches (myalgia), and chills that applied were to be marked. If any of the experienced symptoms was newly reported or had worsened, a corresponding adverse event was to be reported." (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0); Weeks 12, 36, 60 and 84

Number of Participants With Marked Laboratory Abnormalities

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline, Headache, (n = 32, 25)	Baseline, Fever, (n = 32, 25)	Baseline, Muscle aches, (n = 32, 25)	Baseline, Chills, (n = 32, 25)	Week 12, Headache, (n = 27, 24)	Week 12, Fever, (n = 27, 24)	Week 12, Muscle aches, (n = 27, 24)	Week 12, Chills, (n = 27, 24)	Week 36, Headache, (n = 3, 19)	Week 36, Fever, (n = 3, 19)	Week 36, Muscle aches, (n = 3, 19)	Week 36, Chills, (n = 3, 19)	Week 60, Headache, (n = 2, 22)	Week 60, Fever, (n = 2, 22)	Week 60, Muscle aches, (n = 2, 22)	Week 60, Chills, (n = 2, 22)	Week 84, Headache, (n = 32, 25)	Week 84, Fever, (n = 32, 25)	Week 84, Muscle aches, (n = 32, 25)	Week 84, Chills, (n = 32, 25)
Non-Responders	16	10	17	12	13	3	8	2	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	19	10	18	9
Non-Tolerators	19	14	21	17	13	5	10	5	10	3	8	7	1	0	2	1	18	14	19	15

Analysis was performed for hematology, clinical chemistry, thyroid function, and urinalysis. Normal ranges of the parameters were: Haematocrit (fraction): 0.37 - 0.49, Haemoglobin (g/L): 130 - 180 , Platelets (G/L): 150 - 350, White blood cell (G/L): 4.5 - 11.0, Lymphocytes (G/L): 1.00 - 4.80, Neutrophils (G/L): 1.80 - 7.70, Prothrombin Time in Seconds (sec): not defined, Prothrombin Time, normalized (ratio): 0.70 - 1.30, Partial thromboplastin Time (sec): 22.1 - 34.1, Aspartate transaminase (AST) or serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) in IU/L: 0 - 40, Alkaline Phosphatase (IU/L): 0 - 115, ALT or serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in (IU/L): 0-55, Total Bilirubin (umol/L): 0 -17, Thyroxine (T4) (nmol/L): 58 -140, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, [U/mL]): 0.0 - 5.0, Triglycerides (mmol/L): 0.45 - 1.69, Phosphate (mmol/L): 0.84 - 1.45, Uric Acid (umol/L): 214 - 506 (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Up to Week 84

Number of Participants With Normal Serum Alanine Transaminase Levels Over Time

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Hematocrit (fraction) - Low (n = 32, 25)	Hemoglobin-Low (n = 32, 25)	Platelets - Low (n = 32, 25)	WBC (White blood cells)-High (n = 32, 25)	WBC (White blood cells) - Low (n = 32, 25)	Lymphocytes - High (n = 32, 25)	Lymphocytes - Low (n = 32, 25)	Neutrophils - High (n = 32, 25)	Neutrophils - Low (n = 32, 25)	Partial thromboplastin Time - High (n = 32, 25)	Prothrombin time - High (n = 32, 25)	SGOT - High (n = 32, 25)	SGPT - High (n = 32, 25)	Alkaline phosphatase - High (n = 32, 25)	Phosphate - High (n = 32, 25)	Phosphate - Low (n = 32, 25)	Uric acid - High (n = 32, 25)	Triglycerides - High (n = 32, 25)	Thyroid-T4 - High (n = 32, 25)	Thyroid T4 - Low (n = 32, 25)	TSH - High (n = 32, 25)
Non-Responders	5	5	6	1	11	1	6	3	19	1	0	14	9	1	1	2	1	10	6	2	3
Non-Tolerators	3	6	3	1	13	0	5	1	20	1	1	8	9	0	1	3	0	9	0	0	1

The number of participants with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) concentration within the normal range at each time point assessed. Upper limit of normal serum ALT for men is 43 International units per liter (IU/L) and for women is 34 IU/L. (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0), Weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 84

Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events and Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline	Week 4	Week 12	Week 24	Week 36	Week 48	Week 60	Week 84
Non-Responders	21	18	9	6	3	3	1	1
Non-Tolerators	21	19	19	16	15	14	15	0

An adverse event (AE) was any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An adverse event could therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. Pre-existing conditions that worsened during the study were also to be reported as adverse events. A serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose, results in death, is life threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or is medically significant or requires intervention to prevent one or other of the outcomes listed above. (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: Up to Week 84

Number of Pegasys and Ribavirin Therapy Completers

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	any SAE	any AE
Non-Responders	1	29
Non-Tolerators	1	23

Therapy completers were defined as all participants who had demonstrable viremia after 12 weeks of Pegasys plus ribavirin therapy (who were to be discontinued for lack of efficacy), non-tolerators who completed 36 weeks of Pegasys plus ribavirin therapy, and non-responders who completed 60 weeks of Pegasys plus ribavirin therapy. Study completers included all participants who completed the planned treatment period (36 weeks for non-tolerators and 60 weeks for non-responders) and the 24-week treatment-free follow-up period and participants in either group who were prematurely discontinued per protocol due to insufficient therapeutic response at Week 12. (NCT00087568)
Timeframe: 36 weeks for Non-Tolerators and 60 weeks for Non-Responders

CRAFT Knowledge: CRAFT Knowledge Scale

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Completing 36 weeks	Completing 60 weeks
Non-Responders	3	2
Non-Tolerators	23	23

Knowledge score calculated by adding the number of correct multiple-choice answers to 10 scenarios. Minimum score was 0 and maximum was 10. Higher scores reflect greater knowledge. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

CSO Health and Wellbeing: Profile of Mood State (POMS) - Short Form

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
CRAFT-A	1.692307692
CRAFT-C	1.454545455
PEER	0.4

Total mood disturbance (TMD) score calculated by adding scores (1-5) from the tension (6 items), depression (8 items), anger (7 items), fatigue (5 items), and confusion (5 items) subscales, then subtracting the score form the vigor (6 items) subscale. Minimum TMD possible score was 1 and maximum was 149. Higher scores reflect greater mood disturbance. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

CSO Health and Wellbeing: SAS-SR Work Subscale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
CRAFT-A	-43.1
CRAFT-C	-28.8
PEER	-3.916666667

Social Adjustment Scale, Self-Report. Standardized scale to assess individual's level of satisfaction in their role performance over the past two weeks key life areas. We used subscales representing the work, housework, and school areas of functioning. Each subscale consisted of 6 items scored on a 1-5 scale. A subscale adjustment score was obtained by summing the scores of all the items and dividing by the number of items actually answered. Thus, each subscale summary score had a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 5. Lower scores indicate higher satisfaction in their role performance. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

CSO Health and Wellbeing: SF-12 Mental Health Subscale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
CRAFT-A	0.5714285714
CRAFT-C	-0.875
PEER	0.2222222222

The 5-item scale was transformed so that is had a mean of 50 and a s.d. of 10 in the general US population. Scores above and below 50 are above and below the average with each point representing a difference of 1/10th of a standard deviation. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

CSO Health and Wellbeing: SF-12 Physical Health Subscale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
CRAFT-A	0.23875
CRAFT-C	0.782613
PEER	-1.238238333

The 7-item scale was transformed so that is had a mean of 50 and a s.d. of 10 in the general US population. Scores above and below 50 are above and below the average with each point representing a difference of 1/10th of a standard deviation. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

MAT

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
CRAFT-A	5.309448182
CRAFT-C	0.192893
PEER	-3.127840833

Participants reported whether their loved one had attended any treatment for their opioid problem since the last assessment by answering 8 questions regarding participation in treatment. Reports of new MAT and MAT at the follow-up assessment which was not reported at baseline were categorized as new MAT. In addition, reports of MAT entry to WTV staff were included. Outcome was the proportion of participants reporting that their loved one entered MAT. This differs from Outcome Measure 1 in that Outcome Measure 1 included drug-free and medication-assisted treatments of any type, while this measure included only MAT. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

Relationship Happiness: Relationship Happiness Scale

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
CRAFT-A	5
CRAFT-C	3
PEER	4

Global score from the 10-item scale was calculated by adding scores (1-10) from 10 items. Minimum possible score was 10 and maximum was 100. Higher scores reflect greater Relationship Happiness. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

Treatment Entry: IP Treatment Status

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
CRAFT-A	21.54545455
CRAFT-C	23.3
PEER	1.5

Participants reported whether their loved one had attended any treatment for their opioid problem since the last assessment by answering 8 questions regarding participation in treatment (e.g., detox, any treatment, new treatment, MAT, new MAT, counseling, support group, and other group). Reports of new treatment, new MAT, and treatment at the follow-up assessment which were not reported at baseline were categorized as treatment entry. In addition, entry into WTV recovery coaching, WTV family coaching, or reports of treatment entry to WTV staff were categorized as treatment entry. Outcome was the proportion of participants reporting that their loved one entered new treatment. (NCT04250077)
Timeframe: 3-month post study

Cocaine Abstinence

Intervention	count of participants (Number)
CRAFT-A	10
CRAFT-C	8
PEER	6

Percentage of Monday, Wednesday, Friday urine samples that are negative for cocaine (NCT00249470)
Timeframe: 6 months

HIV Risk Behaviors

Intervention	percentage of cocaine negative (Mean)
Abstinence & Work	29
Work Only	10

Report no injection drug use or crack cocaine use. (NCT00249470)
Timeframe: every month for 6 months

Percent Opiate Negative

Intervention	percentage of participants (Mean)
Abstinence & Work	28.0
Work Only	16.1

(total number of opiate-negative urine samples divided by the total number of urine samples provided)*100 (NCT00249470)
Timeframe: every month for 6 months

Article	Year
The Opioid Epidemic: Impact on Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in HIV. Current HIV/AIDS reports, 2019, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Cardiovascular Diseases; HIV Infections; Humans; Inflammation; Me	2019
Serotonin syndrome due to co-administration of linezolid and methadone. Le infezioni in medicina, 2017, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Infections; Humans; Linezolid	2017
Mitigating the risk of HIV infection with opioid substitution treatment. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2013, Feb-01, Volume: 91, Issue:2 Topics: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Buprenorphine; Comorbidity; Evidence-Based Medicine; Harm Red	2013
Epidemiology of syphilis infection among drug users at methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2014, Volume: 25, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; China; Drug Users; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-Rel	2014
Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiviral Agents in People Who Inject Drugs Requiring Substitution Therapy. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2015, Volume: 49, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Antiviral Agents; Coinfection; Drug Interactions; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; H	2015
Opioids and Opioid Maintenance Therapies: Their Impact on Monocyte-Mediated HIV Neuropathogenesis. Current HIV research, 2016, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: AIDS Dementia Complex; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood-Brain Barrier; Buprenorphine; Cell Movement; HIV In	2016
Drug interactions between buprenorphine, methadone and hepatitis C therapeutics. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2016, Volume: 12, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Buprenorphine; Drug Interactions; Hepatitis C; Humans; Methadone; Opioid-	2016
Pregnancy and injecting drug use. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2008, Jun-07, Volume: 336, Issue:7656 Topics: Female; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Opioid-Related Disorders; Patient Care Planning; Pregnancy; Pr	2008
Drug addiction in China. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008, Volume: 1141 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; China; Female; Health Policy; HIV Infections; Humans; Illicit Drugs;	2008
The implications of medication development in the treatment of substance use disorders in developing countries. Current opinion in psychiatry, 2009, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Acamprosate; Alcohol Deterrents; Alcoholism; Buprenorphine; Comorbidity; Developing Countries; Disul	2009
Harm reduction for injecting opiate users: an update and implications in China. Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2009, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Europe; Harm Reduction; Humans; Methadone; Needle-Exchang	2009
[Nocardia brasiliensis cellulitis in an injection drug user]. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2009, Volume: 27, Issue:9 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Arm; Cellulitis; Comorbidity; Humans; Injections, Intravenous	2009
Hepatitis C treatment in patients with drug addiction: clinical management of interferon-alpha-associated psychiatric side effects. Current drug abuse reviews, 2008, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Antiviral Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Depressive Disorder; Drug Th	2008
Does opioid substitution treatment in prisons reduce injecting-related HIV risk behaviours? A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2010, Volume: 105, Issue:2 Topics: Buprenorphine; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics;	2010
[Etravirine in first-line therapy]. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2009, Volume: 27 Suppl 2 Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Eruptions; Drug Interactions; Drug Res	2009
HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet (London, England), 2010, Mar-20, Volume: 375, Issue:9719 Topics: Africa; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Buprenorphine; Europe; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Middle Eas	2010
Scaling up methadone maintenance treatment for opioid-dependent prisoners in Iran. The International journal on drug policy, 2010, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Alcoholism; Analgesics, Opioid; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Iran; Methado	2010
Treatment and care for injecting drug users with HIV infection: a review of barriers and ways forward. Lancet (London, England), 2010, Jul-31, Volume: 376, Issue:9738 Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Buprenorphine; China; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Developing Cou	2010
Drug treatment as HIV prevention: expanding treatment options. Current HIV/AIDS reports, 2010, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Alcoholism; Buprenorphine; Clinical Protocols; Drug Users; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans;	2010
Methadone maintenance therapy in liver transplantation. Progress in transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.), 2010, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Contraindications; Drug Monitoring; Evidence-Based Practice; Feasibility Studies; Graft S	2010
Evolution of information-driven HIV/AIDS policies in China. International journal of epidemiology, 2010, Volume: 39 Suppl 2 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Blood Donors; China; Condoms; Counseling	2010
The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Harm Reduction; Hepatitis C;	2011
Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011, Aug-10, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Buprenorphine; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Opioid-Related Di	2011
Risk factors associated with HIV/HCV infection among entrants in methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2012, Dec-01, Volume: 126, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; China; Female; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics;	2012
Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2012, Oct-03, Volume: 345 Topics: Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; Disease Transmission, Infectious; HIV Infections; Humans; Methad	2012
Heroin-assisted treatment as a response to the public health problem of opiate dependence. European journal of public health, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Australia; Canada; Clinical Trials as Topic; Crime; Europe; Heroin; Humans; Methadone; Opioid-Relate	2002
Opioids, immunology, and host defenses of intravenous drug abusers. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Heroin; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Methadone; Morphine; Narcotics; Prevalence; Substance A	2002
Management of the hospitalized injection drug user. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Methadone; Pain; Severity of Il	2002
The current New York City heroin scene. Substance use & misuse, 2003, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Drug and Narcotic Control; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Met	2003
Decreasing international HIV transmission: the role of expanding access to opioid agonist therapies for injection drug users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:2 Topics: Buprenorphine; Drug Evaluation; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Na	2005
Hepatitis C virus infection and injection drug users: prevention, risk factors, and treatment. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2005, Apr-15, Volume: 40 Suppl 5 Topics: Adult; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Genotype; Germany; Health Planning Guidelines; Hepatitis C;	2005
Treatment of opioid dependence and coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in opioid-dependent patients: the importance of drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral agents. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2005, Jul-01, Volume: 41 Suppl 1 Topics: Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Buprenorphine; Drug Evaluation; Drug	2005
Brief report: Methadone treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Journal of general internal medicine, 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Substance Abuse, Intravenous	2006
Drug use and HIV/AIDS in China. Drug and alcohol review, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Harm Reduction; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; HIV Seropositi	2006
Opiate addiction in China: current situation and treatments. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2006, Volume: 101, Issue:5 Topics: Buprenorphine; China; Clonidine; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Naltrexon	2006
The medical management of opioid dependence in HIV primary care settings. Current HIV/AIDS reports, 2006, Volume: 3, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Buprenorphine; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcotic Antagonists; Narcotics;	2006
Buprenorphine use: the international experience. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2006, Dec-15, Volume: 43 Suppl 4 Topics: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Buprenorphine; Comorbidity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Global	2006
Prisoners who inject drugs: public health and human rights imperatives. Health and human rights, 2005, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: AIDS Serodiagnosis; Global Health; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Human Rights; Humans; International	2005
Evolution of China's response to HIV/AIDS. Lancet (London, England), 2007, Feb-24, Volume: 369, Issue:9562 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; China; Disease Outbreaks;	2007
Implementation of harm reduction in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The International journal on drug policy, 2007, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Asia, Central; Community Networks; Europe; Harm Reduction; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcot	2007
Rapid scale up of harm reduction in China. The International journal on drug policy, 2007, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; China; Disease Outbreaks; Drug and Narcotic Control; Government	2007
Adherence to HIV treatment among IDUs and the role of opioid substitution treatment (OST). The International journal on drug policy, 2007, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Buprenorphine; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics;	2007
Critical issues in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in methadone maintenance patients. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Antiviral Agents; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Hepatitis C, Chronic; HIV	2008
Regulating controversial programs for unpopular people: methadone maintenance and syringe exchange programs. American journal of public health, 1995, Volume: 85, Issue:11 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Drug and Narcotic Control; History, 20th Century; Humans; Methad	1995
Opiate treatments. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 1994, Volume: 89, Issue:11 Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Opioid-Related Diso	1994
[Do substitution treatments reduce the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infections in intravenous heroin addicts? Review of pertinent literature]. Annales de medecine interne, 1994, Volume: 145 Suppl 3 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Buprenorphine; Codeine; Female; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infection	1994
Biological correlates of methadone maintenance pharmacotherapy. Annales de medecine interne, 1994, Volume: 145 Suppl 3 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Chromatography, Gas; Cocaine; Heroin Dependence; Humans;	1994
Assessing HIV prevention among injecting drug users in European Community countries: a review. Sozial- und Praventivmedizin, 1994, Volume: 39 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Counseling; Europe; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seroprevalenc	1994
The effects of methadone on immune function among injecting drug users: a review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 1993, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Antibody Formation; Female; Heroin Dependence; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immun	1993
Cocaine, dopamine and the endogenous opioid system. Journal of addictive diseases, 1996, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Brain; Cocaine; Dopamine; Gene Expression Regulation; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Na	1996
[Drug substitution in heroin dependence with methadone]. Der Internist, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:6 Topics: Heroin Dependence; Humans; Life Style; Methadone; Patient Care Team; Social Environment; Substance A	1999
Methadone: where are we now? Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998), 1999, Volume: 60, Issue:3 Topics: Drug Overdose; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Substance Abuse, Intravenous	1999
Effectiveness of methadone treatment in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS (London, England), 1999, Oct-01, Volume: 13, Issue:14 Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Narcotics; Prospective Stud	1999
[Preventing HIV infection: an exercise in evaluating scientific evidence in public health]. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 1999, Volume: 17 Suppl 2 Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Biological Products; Clinical Trials as Topic; Evidence-Based Medicine; Fema	1999
[Special problems of HIV-positive women who are either drug abusers or on methadone replacement therapy]. Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie, 1999, Volume: 121, Issue:11 Topics: Cocaine; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Germany; Heroin; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibit	1999
Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: a review. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2000, Apr-01, Volume: 59, Issue:1 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone;	2000
Antiretroviral therapy for drug users. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2000, Volume: 11, Issue:10 Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination	2000
Caring for diverse populations of HIV-infected patients. The AIDS reader, 2001, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Drug Interactions; Female; Guidelines as Topic; HIV Infections; Humans; Meth	2001
Meta-analysis of HIV risk-reduction interventions within drug abuse treatment programs. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 2001, Volume: 69, Issue:3 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Clinical Trials as Topic; Health Education; HIV Infections; Huma	2001
Efavirenz therapy in drug users. HIV medicine, 2000, Volume: 1 Suppl 1 Topics: Alkynes; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-HIV Agents; Benzoxazines; Cyclopropanes; Drug Interactions; Drug T	2000
The effectiveness of the medical prescription of heroin studied by randomized trials in The Netherlands, watched suspiciously by parliament and neighborhoods. Substance use & misuse, 2002, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Drug Prescriptions; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Netherlands; Substance Abuse, Intr	2002
Rationale for maintenance pharmacotherapy of opiate dependence. Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, 1992, Volume: 70 Topics: Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Neurotransmitter Agents; Opi	1992
Drug injecting and HIV infection: new directions for social science research. The International journal of the addictions, 1992, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Cross-Cultural Comparison; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; HIV Seroprevalence	1992
Methadone maintenance and the human immunodeficiency virus: current issues in treatment and research. British journal of addiction, 1992, Volume: 87, Issue:3 Topics: Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Needle Sharing; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior;	1992
Methadone maintenance and recovery from opioid dependence. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 1992, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Follow-Up Studies; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Long-Term Care; Methadone; Opioid-Related Disorders; R	1992
[Drug abuse, pregnancy and HIV infection]. Der Gynakologe, 1991, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Contraception Behavior; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Opport	1991
Are there minimum conditions necessary for methadone maintenance to reduce intravenous drug use and AIDS risk behaviors? NIDA research monograph, 1991, Volume: 106 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Risk Factors; Substance Ab	1991
Opiates, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and HIV. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1991, Volume: 288 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; beta-Endorphin; Cells, Cultured; Heroin; HIV-1; Humans; Interfer	1991
[Do we need a methadone maintenance program?]. Der Nervenarzt, 1991, Volume: 62, Issue:9 Topics: HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Opioid-Related Disorders; Risk Factors; Substance Abuse, Intraven	1991
HIV and harm reduction for injection drug users. AIDS (London, England), 1991, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Behavior; Equipment Contamination; Health Education; HIV Infecti	1991
[Treatment of drug-dependent patients with methadone. 2: AIDS prevention by drug substitution?]. Fortschritte der Medizin, 1991, Feb-20, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Europe; Follow-Up Studies; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Methadone;	1991
Buprenorphine: beyond methadone? Hospital & community psychiatry, 1991, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Buprenorphine; Cocaine; Humans; Methadone; Opioid-Related Disord	1991
Immunological approaches to clinical issues in drug abuse. NIDA research monograph, 1988, Volume: 90 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Substance Abuse, Intraveno	1988

Article	Year
BMJ open, 2020, 08-30, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Antiviral Agents; Australasia; Australia; Drug Users; Europe; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C,	2020
Design and implementation of a factorial randomized controlled trial of methadone maintenance therapy and an evidence-based behavioral intervention for incarcerated people living with HIV and opioid dependence in Malaysia. Contemporary clinical trials, 2017, Volume: 59 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Evidence-Based Practice; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Me	2017
A randomized, open label trial of methadone continuation versus forced withdrawal in a combined US prison and jail: Findings at 12 months post-release. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2018, 03-01, Volume: 184 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Methadone; Op	2018
A scalable, integrated intervention to engage people who inject drugs in HIV care and medication-assisted treatment (HPTN 074): a randomised, controlled phase 3 feasibility and efficacy study. Lancet (London, England), 2018, 09-01, Volume: 392, Issue:10149 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Counseling; Feasibility Studies;	2018
A scalable, integrated intervention to engage people who inject drugs in HIV care and medication-assisted treatment (HPTN 074): a randomised, controlled phase 3 feasibility and efficacy study. Lancet (London, England), 2018, 09-01, Volume: 392, Issue:10149 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Counseling; Feasibility Studies;	2018
A scalable, integrated intervention to engage people who inject drugs in HIV care and medication-assisted treatment (HPTN 074): a randomised, controlled phase 3 feasibility and efficacy study. Lancet (London, England), 2018, 09-01, Volume: 392, Issue:10149 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Counseling; Feasibility Studies;	2018
A scalable, integrated intervention to engage people who inject drugs in HIV care and medication-assisted treatment (HPTN 074): a randomised, controlled phase 3 feasibility and efficacy study. Lancet (London, England), 2018, 09-01, Volume: 392, Issue:10149 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Counseling; Feasibility Studies;	2018
Intensive Models of Hepatitis C Care for People Who Inject Drugs Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2019, 05-07, Volume: 170, Issue:9 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Antiviral Agents; Directly Observed Therapy; Drug Users; Female; Hepatitis C, Ch	2019
Buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone maintenance treatment outcomes for opioid analgesic, heroin, and combined users: findings from starting treatment with agonist replacement therapies (START). Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2013, Volume: 74, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; M	2013
A randomized controlled trial of the community-friendly health recovery program (CHRP) among high-risk drug users in treatment. AIDS and behavior, 2013, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Female; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male;	2013
Methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone are effective in reducing illicit buprenorphine and other opioid use, and reducing HIV risk behavior--outcomes of a randomized trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2013, Dec-01, Volume: 133, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Buprenorphine; Female; Georgia (Republic); Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methado	2013
Dolutegravir does not affect methadone pharmacokinetics in opioid-dependent, HIV-seronegative subjects. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2013, Dec-01, Volume: 133, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Interactions; Female; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; HIV Integrase In	2013
The therapeutic workplace to promote treatment engagement and drug abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users: a randomized controlled trial. Preventive medicine, 2014, Volume: 68 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Baltimore; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Employment; Health Behavior; Hospitals, Te	2014
HIV risk reduction with buprenorphine-naloxone or methadone: findings from a randomized trial. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014, Jul-01, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Buprenorphine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methadone; Middle Aged; Naloxone; Narcot	2014
Drug use, health and social outcomes of hard-to-treat heroin addicts receiving supervised injectable opiate treatment: secondary outcomes from the Randomized Injectable Opioid Treatment Trial (RIOTT). Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2015, Volume: 110, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Analgesics, Opioid; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Comorb	2015
Enhancing motivation within a rapid opioid substitution treatment feasibility RCT: a nested qualitative study. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 2014, Nov-18, Volume: 9 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Cognitive Dissonance; England; Feasibility Studies; Female	2014
Opioid addicted buprenorphine injectors: drug use during and after 12-weeks of buprenorphine-naloxone or methadone in the Republic of Georgia. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2015, Volume: 50 Topics: Adult; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination; Counseling; Drug Users; Female; Geor	2015
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Elbasvir-Grazoprevir to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 2016, 11-01, Volume: 165, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Benzofurans; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug	2016
Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in methadone maintenance patients: randomized comparison of direct observed therapy and self-administration. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2008, Volume: 103, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Interferon	2008
Predictors of opiate agonist treatment retention among injection drug users referred from a needle exchange program. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2009, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Analgesics, Opioid; Baltimore; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male;	2009
Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. The New England journal of medicine, 2009, Aug-20, Volume: 361, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Double-Blind Method; Drug Overdose; Female;	2009
Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. The New England journal of medicine, 2009, Aug-20, Volume: 361, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Double-Blind Method; Drug Overdose; Female;	2009
Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. The New England journal of medicine, 2009, Aug-20, Volume: 361, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Double-Blind Method; Drug Overdose; Female;	2009
Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. The New England journal of medicine, 2009, Aug-20, Volume: 361, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Double-Blind Method; Drug Overdose; Female;	2009
Peginterferon/ribavirin treatment achieves a higher compliance rate than interferon/ribavirin combination in patients chronically infected with HCV on methadone maintenance. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2009, Volume: 21, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Antiviral Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drug Utilization; Female;	2009
Factors associated with uptake of treatment for recent hepatitis C virus infection in a predominantly injecting drug user cohort: The ATAHC Study. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2010, Mar-01, Volume: 107, Issue:2-3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Australia; Cohort Studies; Female; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C;	2010
Impact of interim methadone maintenance on HIV risk behaviors. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2010, Volume: 87, Issue:4 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methadone; Middle A	2010
Quality of life profiles and changes in the course of maintenance treatment among 1,015 patients with severe opioid dependence. Substance use & misuse, 2011, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Health Status; Heroin; Humans; Male; Methadone; Opiate Su	2011
Physical and mental health in severe opioid-dependent patients within a randomized controlled maintenance treatment trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Body Mass Index; Echocardiography; Electrocardiogra	2011
Effects of a randomized contingency management intervention on opiate abstinence and retention in methadone maintenance treatment in China. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; China; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotic Antago	2011
Time series modeling of heroin and morphine drug action. Psychopharmacology, 2003, Volume: 165, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Int	2003
Modified directly observed therapy (MDOT) for injection drug users with HIV disease. The American journal on addictions, 2002,Fall, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Interactions; Femal	2002
Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine, or methadone in hospitalized heroin-dependent patients with HIV infection. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2003, Apr-01, Volume: 69, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Buprenorphine; Clonidine; Dose-Response Rela	2003
Improving entry to methadone maintenance among out-of-treatment injection drug users. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2003, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Methadone; Patient Di	2003
Controlled, randomized trial in maintenance treatment of intravenous buprenorphine dependence with naltrexone, methadone or buprenorphine: a novel study. European journal of clinical investigation, 2003, Volume: 33, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Sublingual; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Buprenorphine	2003
Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior Therapy; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Condoms; Costs and Cost Anal	2004
Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior Therapy; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Condoms; Costs and Cost Anal	2004
Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior Therapy; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Condoms; Costs and Cost Anal	2004
Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior Therapy; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Condoms; Costs and Cost Anal	2004
Factors associated with methadone maintenance treatment retention among street-recruited injection drug users. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2004, May-10, Volume: 74, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Methadone; Motivation; Narcotics; Patient Selection;	2004
A randomized trial of long-term reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in methadone-maintained patients who inject drugs. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 2004, Volume: 72, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Methado	2004
Changes in HIV risk behaviors among patients receiving combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions for heroin and cocaine dependence. Addictive behaviors, 2006, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; H	2006
Pharmacokinetic interaction of nelfinavir and methadone in intravenous drug users. Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 2006, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Drug Interactions; Female; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Metha	2006
Social contextual factors associated with entry into opiate agonist treatment among injection drug users. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2005, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics; Needle-Exchange Programs; Prospec	2005
Facilitating entry into drug treatment among injection drug users referred from a needle exchange program: Results from a community-based behavioral intervention trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2006, Jul-27, Volume: 83, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Baltimore; Behavior Therapy; Case Management; Community Mental Health Services; Female; Healt	2006
Value for money in drug treatment: economic evaluation of prison methadone. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2006, Sep-15, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Costs and Cost Analysis; Health Expenditures; Hepatitis C; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans	2006
Directly administered antiretroviral therapy in methadone clinics is associated with improved HIV treatment outcomes, compared with outcomes among concurrent comparison groups. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2006, Jun-01, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Directly Observ	2006
Hepatitis C infection among injecting drug users in general practice: a cluster randomised controlled trial of clinical guidelines' implementation. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 2006, Volume: 56, Issue:532 Topics: Adult; Cluster Analysis; Family Practice; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Meth	2006
Adherence and retention of female injection drug users in a phase III clinical trial in inner city Baltimore. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2007, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Baltimore; Demography; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Methad	2007
Methadone dosing strategies in HIV-infected injection drug users enrolled in a directly observed therapy program. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2007, Jul-01, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count;	2007
Treatment for hepatitis C virus in injection drug users on opioid replacement therapy: a prospective multicentre study. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2007, Volume: 19, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Buprenorphine; Female; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Male; Meth	2007
Adherence to hepatitis C treatment in recovering heroin users maintained on methadone. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2007, Volume: 19, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, C	2007
Hepatitis C treatment of opioid dependants receiving maintenance treatment: results of a Norwegian pilot study. European addiction research, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Buprenorphine; Comorbidity; Drug Therapy, Combination	2007
A randomized trial of employment-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in injection drug users. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2007,Fall, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Topics: Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Demography; Employment; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Methado	2007
Contingency management reduces injection-related HIV risk behaviors in heroin and cocaine using outpatients. Addictive behaviors, 2008, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Counseling; Female; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infec	2008
Attentional difficulties and the effectiveness of a visual representation strategy for counseling drug-addicted clients. The International journal of the addictions, 1995, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Attention; Audiovisual Aids; Counseling; Female; Goals; H	1995
Psychiatric disorders of opioid addicts entering treatment: preliminary data. Journal of addictive diseases, 1994, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder; F	1994
Medical maintenance: an interim report. Journal of addictive diseases, 1994, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Counseling; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; M	1994
Adherence to zidovudine (AZT) among HIV-infected methadone patients: a pilot study of supervised therapy and dispensing compared to usual care. Drug and alcohol dependence, 1995, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Drug Monitoring; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seropositivity; Humans;	1995
A comparison of abstinence-oriented and indefinite methadone maintenance treatment. The International journal of the addictions, 1994, Volume: 29, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Amphetamines; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Benzodiazepines; Cohort Studies; Dose-Response Relationshi	1994
Therapeutic community methods in methadone maintenance (Passages): an open clinical trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 1995, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Cocaine; Comorbidity; Crime; Day Care, Medical; Female; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Hu	1995
Psychoeducational group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users. AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 1994, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Care; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Behavior; Healt	1994
Methadone dose and treatment outcome. Drug and alcohol dependence, 1993, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies;	1993
Drug abuse treatment programs as centers for HIV-related research and treatment. Journal of addictive diseases, 1993, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ethnicity; Female; Health Promotion; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Information Syst	1993
Rapid admission and retention on methadone. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 1995, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics; Patient Admission; Patient Dropouts	1995
Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Archives of general psychiatry, 1996, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Behavior Therapy; Cocaine; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone; Substa	1996
Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for pregnant injecting drug users at risk of HIV infection. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 1996, Volume: 91, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Kn	1996
Pain perception of intravenous heroin users on maintenance therapy with levomethadone. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1996, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics; Pain; Pain Measurement; Single	1996
Changes in HIV risk behavior among injecting drug users: the impact of 21 versus 90 days of methadone detoxification. AIDS (London, England), 1996, Volume: 10, Issue:14 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Risk-Taking; Substance Abu	1996
Patterns and predictors of cocaine and crack use by clients in standard and enhanced methadone maintenance treatment. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 1997, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Case Management; Cocaine; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Crack Cocaine; Female; Foll	1997
[Effect of methadone or naltrexone on the course of transaminases in parenteral drug users with hepatitis C virus infection]. Revista clinica espanola, 1997, Volume: 197, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Female; Hepatitis C; Humans; Liver; Male; Methadone; Middle Aged; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antago	1997
Community reinforcement approach in the treatment of opiate addicts. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 1998, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Behavior Therapy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methad	1998
[Frequency of injection of oral methadone solutions at treatment center for opiate dependence]. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 1999, Volume: 67, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics; Pharmaceutical Solutions; Subs	1999
Voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: effects of reinforcement magnitude. Psychopharmacology, 1999, Volume: 146, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Breath Tests; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics; Psychiat	1999
Nevirapine/didanosine/lamivudine once daily in HIV-1-infected intravenous drug users. Antiviral therapy, 1998, Volume: 3 Suppl 4 Topics: Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Didanosine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; H	1998
The effects of offering free treatment to street-recruited opioid injectors. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2000, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Methadone; Middle Aged; Narcotics; Opi	2000
A path analysis of cognitive, affective, and behavioral predictors of treatment response in a methadone maintenance program. Journal of substance abuse, 2000, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Affect; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Internal-External Contr	2000
Long-term outcomes of protease inhibitor-based therapy in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected injection drug users on methadone maintenance programmes. AIDS (London, England), 2001, May-25, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Methadone; N	2001
Effect of ritonavir/saquinavir on stereoselective pharmacokinetics of methadone: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 401. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2001, Jun-01, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Drug Interactions; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Meth	2001
Voucher-based reinforcement of opiate plus cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: effects of reinforcer magnitude. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2001, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Male; Methadone; Narcotics; Opioi	2001
A controlled trial of methadone treatment combined with directly observed isoniazid for tuberculosis prevention in injection drug users. Drug and alcohol dependence, 2002, May-01, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Antitubercular Agents; Chi-Square Distribution; Directly Observed Thera	2002
The effectiveness of the medical prescription of heroin studied by randomized trials in The Netherlands, watched suspiciously by parliament and neighborhoods. Substance use & misuse, 2002, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Drug Prescriptions; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Netherlands; Substance Abuse, Intr	2002
A randomized trial of an interim methadone maintenance clinic. American journal of public health, 1991, Volume: 81, Issue:9 Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Methadon	1991
A controlled trial of methadone maintenance in a population of intravenous drug users in Bangkok: implications for prevention of HIV. The International journal of the addictions, 1991, Volume: 26, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans; Methadone; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Thailand;	1991
Buprenorphine treatment for concurrent heroin and cocaine dependence: phase I study. NIDA research monograph, 1990, Volume: 105 Topics: Adult; Buprenorphine; Cocaine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation; Heroin Dependence;	1990
Should opiate addicts be involved in controlling their own detoxification? A comparison of fixed versus negotiable schedules. British journal of addiction, 1991, Volume: 86, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Male; Methado	1991

methadone and Drug Abuse, Intravenous