Page last updated: 2024-10-30

metformin and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

metformin has been researched along with Ventricular Dysfunction, Left in 25 studies

Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.

Ventricular Dysfunction, Left: A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Metformin treatment is associated with improved outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes."9.19Effect of metformin on left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction in patients without diabetes: the GIPS-III randomized clinical trial. ( de Boer, RA; de Smet, BJ; Dorhout, B; Hillege, HL; Lexis, CP; Lipsic, E; Molmans, BH; Nieuwland, W; Pundziute, G; Schurer, RA; Tan, ES; ter Horst, GJ; Tijssen, JG; van den Heuvel, AF; van der Harst, P; van der Horst, IC; van der Horst-Schrivers, AN; van der Werf, HW; van Rossum, AC; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Wieringa, WG; Willemsen, HM; Wolffenbuttel, BH, 2014)
"There is an ongoing controversy regarding the safety and effectiveness of metformin in the setting of heart failure (HF)."8.89Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: systematic review of observational studies involving 34,000 patients. ( Eurich, DT; Johnson, JA; Majumdar, SR; McAlister, FA; Tjosvold, L; Tsuyuki, RT; Vanderloo, SE; Weir, DL, 2013)
" Although several pharmacological interventions, including melatonin and metformin, have been reported to protect against various cardiovascular diseases, their potential roles in trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity remain elusive."8.31Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy. ( Arinno, A; Arunsak, B; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Chunchai, T; Kerdphoo, S; Khuanjing, T; Maneechote, C; Nawara, W; Prathumsap, N; Shinlapawittayatorn, K, 2023)
"Acute treatment with metformin has a protective effect in myocardial infarction by suppression of inflammatory responses due to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)."7.80Chronic treatment with metformin suppresses toll-like receptor 4 signaling and attenuates left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction. ( Clanachan, AS; Garjani, A; Ghazi-Khansari, M; Maleki-Dizaji, N; Rameshrad, M; Soraya, H, 2014)
"Metformin attenuated oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and prevented the progression of heart failure in dogs, along with activation of AMPK."7.75Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: role of AMP-activated protein kinase. ( Asakura, M; Asanuma, H; Fujita, M; Ito, S; Kim, J; Kitakaze, M; Komamura, K; Minamino, T; Mochizuki, N; Ogai, A; Sanada, S; Sasaki, H; Sugimachi, M; Takahama, H; Takashima, S; Wakeno, M, 2009)
"Metformin treatment is associated with improved outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes."5.19Effect of metformin on left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction in patients without diabetes: the GIPS-III randomized clinical trial. ( de Boer, RA; de Smet, BJ; Dorhout, B; Hillege, HL; Lexis, CP; Lipsic, E; Molmans, BH; Nieuwland, W; Pundziute, G; Schurer, RA; Tan, ES; ter Horst, GJ; Tijssen, JG; van den Heuvel, AF; van der Harst, P; van der Horst, IC; van der Horst-Schrivers, AN; van der Werf, HW; van Rossum, AC; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Wieringa, WG; Willemsen, HM; Wolffenbuttel, BH, 2014)
"In T2DM patients, pioglitazone was associated with improvement in some measures of left ventricular diastolic function, myocardial glucose uptake, and whole-body insulin sensitivity."5.14Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Bax, JJ; de Jong, HW; de Roos, A; Diamant, M; Heine, RJ; Kamp, O; Lamb, HJ; Lammertsma, AA; Lubberink, M; Paulus, WJ; Rijzewijk, LJ; Romijn, JA; Smit, JW; van der Meer, RW, 2009)
"There is an ongoing controversy regarding the safety and effectiveness of metformin in the setting of heart failure (HF)."4.89Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: systematic review of observational studies involving 34,000 patients. ( Eurich, DT; Johnson, JA; Majumdar, SR; McAlister, FA; Tjosvold, L; Tsuyuki, RT; Vanderloo, SE; Weir, DL, 2013)
" Although several pharmacological interventions, including melatonin and metformin, have been reported to protect against various cardiovascular diseases, their potential roles in trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity remain elusive."4.31Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy. ( Arinno, A; Arunsak, B; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Chunchai, T; Kerdphoo, S; Khuanjing, T; Maneechote, C; Nawara, W; Prathumsap, N; Shinlapawittayatorn, K, 2023)
" What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated, for the first time, that DPP-4 inhibitor, but not metformin, exerted similar efficacy in improving cardiac function and attenuating cardiac fibrosis compared with enalapril in rats with chronic MI."3.81Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improves cardiac function by attenuating adverse cardiac remodelling in rats with chronic myocardial infarction. ( Apaijai, N; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Inthachai, T; Kumfu, S; Lekawanvijit, S; Pongkan, W, 2015)
"Acute treatment with metformin has a protective effect in myocardial infarction by suppression of inflammatory responses due to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)."3.80Chronic treatment with metformin suppresses toll-like receptor 4 signaling and attenuates left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction. ( Clanachan, AS; Garjani, A; Ghazi-Khansari, M; Maleki-Dizaji, N; Rameshrad, M; Soraya, H, 2014)
"Although both vildagliptin and metformin improved insulin resistance and attenuate myocardial injury caused by I/R, combined drugs provided better outcomes than single therapy by reducing arrhythmia score and mortality rate."3.80Combined vildagliptin and metformin exert better cardioprotection than monotherapy against ischemia-reperfusion injury in obese-insulin resistant rats. ( Apaijai, N; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, S; Chinda, K; Palee, S, 2014)
"Metformin attenuated oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and prevented the progression of heart failure in dogs, along with activation of AMPK."3.75Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: role of AMP-activated protein kinase. ( Asakura, M; Asanuma, H; Fujita, M; Ito, S; Kim, J; Kitakaze, M; Komamura, K; Minamino, T; Mochizuki, N; Ogai, A; Sanada, S; Sasaki, H; Sugimachi, M; Takahama, H; Takashima, S; Wakeno, M, 2009)
"In patients with diabetes mellitus, subclinical LV dysfunction is common and associated with poor diabetic control, advancing age, hypertension and metformin treatment; ACE inhibitor and insulin therapies appear to be protective."3.73Determinants of subclinical diabetic heart disease. ( Downey, M; Fang, ZY; Marwick, TH; Prins, J; Schull-Meade, R, 2005)
"Metformin treatment improved diastolic function in animal models and patients with diabetes."2.82The Effect of Metformin on Diastolic Function in Patients Presenting with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. ( Al Ali, L; Hartman, MT; Hummel, YM; Lexis, CP; Lipsic, E; van der Harst, P; van der Horst, IC; van Melle, JP; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Voors, AA, 2016)
"Treatment with metformin reduced peripheral metabolic impairment and cardiac dysfunction via decreased cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, and apoptosis."1.62Necrostatin-1 reduces cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction in prediabetic rats. ( Apaijai, N; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Jaiwongkam, T; Jinawong, K; Kerdphoo, S; Singhanat, K, 2021)
"Metformin intervention was used to further evaluate potential therapeutic amelioration of cardiac dysfunction in this model."1.51Metformin intervention prevents cardiac dysfunction in a murine model of adult congenital heart disease. ( Archer, SK; Bais, P; Cagnone, G; Chandran, A; Coleman, D; Costa, MW; Forte, E; Furtado, MB; Heineke, J; Hon, O; Kocalis, H; Pandey, R; Patel, HH; Pearson, JT; Philip, V; Ramialison, M; Rosenthal, NA; Schilling, JM; Wilmanns, JC; Wu, Q, 2019)

Research

Studies (25)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's4 (16.00)29.6817
2010's16 (64.00)24.3611
2020's5 (20.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Tanaka, A1
Node, K1
Khan, MS1
DeVore, AD1
Felker, GM1
Butler, J1
Fonarow, GC1
Greene, SJ1
Arinno, A2
Maneechote, C2
Khuanjing, T2
Prathumsap, N2
Chunchai, T2
Arunsak, B2
Nawara, W2
Kerdphoo, S3
Shinlapawittayatorn, K2
Chattipakorn, SC4
Chattipakorn, N5
Jo, W1
Kang, KK1
Chae, S1
Son, WC1
Apaijai, N3
Jinawong, K1
Singhanat, K1
Jaiwongkam, T1
Topal, AE1
Kelle, I1
Akkoc, H1
Yilmaz, S2
Akkus, M1
Ghandi, Y1
Habibi, D1
Nasri, K1
Alinejad, S1
Taherahmad, H1
Arjmand Shabestari, A1
Nematinejad, A1
Wilmanns, JC1
Pandey, R1
Hon, O1
Chandran, A1
Schilling, JM1
Forte, E1
Wu, Q1
Cagnone, G1
Bais, P1
Philip, V1
Coleman, D1
Kocalis, H1
Archer, SK1
Pearson, JT1
Ramialison, M1
Heineke, J1
Patel, HH1
Rosenthal, NA1
Furtado, MB1
Costa, MW1
Hendriks, T1
Al Ali, L2
Maagdenberg, CG1
van Melle, JP2
Hummel, YM2
Oudkerk, M1
van Veldhuisen, DJ5
Nijveldt, R1
van der Horst, ICC1
Lipsic, E5
van der Harst, P5
Eurich, DT1
Weir, DL1
Majumdar, SR1
Tsuyuki, RT1
Johnson, JA1
Tjosvold, L1
Vanderloo, SE1
McAlister, FA1
Ladeiras-Lopes, R1
Fontes-Carvalho, R1
Bettencourt, N1
Sampaio, F1
Gama, V1
Leite-Moreira, AF1
Lexis, CP4
van der Horst, IC4
Wieringa, WG1
de Boer, RA2
van den Heuvel, AF1
van der Werf, HW1
Schurer, RA1
Pundziute, G1
Tan, ES1
Nieuwland, W1
Willemsen, HM1
Dorhout, B1
Molmans, BH1
van der Horst-Schrivers, AN2
Wolffenbuttel, BH2
ter Horst, GJ1
van Rossum, AC2
Tijssen, JG1
Hillege, HL1
de Smet, BJ2
Mearns, BM1
Soraya, H1
Clanachan, AS1
Rameshrad, M1
Maleki-Dizaji, N1
Ghazi-Khansari, M1
Garjani, A1
Chinda, K1
Palee, S1
Chattipakorn, S1
Caffrey, MK1
Inthachai, T1
Lekawanvijit, S1
Kumfu, S1
Pongkan, W1
Haver, VG1
Hartman, MH1
Mateo Leach, I1
van Gilst, WH1
Paneni, F1
Costantino, S1
Cosentino, F1
Hartman, MT1
Voors, AA1
van der Meer, RW1
Rijzewijk, LJ1
de Jong, HW1
Lamb, HJ1
Lubberink, M1
Romijn, JA1
Bax, JJ1
de Roos, A1
Kamp, O1
Paulus, WJ1
Heine, RJ1
Lammertsma, AA1
Smit, JW1
Diamant, M1
Gropler, RJ1
Sasaki, H1
Asanuma, H1
Fujita, M1
Takahama, H1
Wakeno, M1
Ito, S1
Ogai, A1
Asakura, M1
Kim, J1
Minamino, T1
Takashima, S1
Sanada, S1
Sugimachi, M1
Komamura, K1
Mochizuki, N1
Kitakaze, M1
Fang, ZY1
Schull-Meade, R1
Downey, M1
Prins, J1
Marwick, TH1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Metabolic Modulation With Metformin to Reduce Heart Failure After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Glycometabolic Intervention as Adjunct to Primary Coronary Intervention in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (GIPS-III): a Randomized Controlled Trial.[NCT01217307]Phase 2/Phase 3380 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Victoza Efficacy in the Regression of Cardiovascular Dysfunction In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT01761318]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Improvement in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

The primary efficacy parameter of the GIPS-III trial is LVEF measured by cardiac MRI 4 months after randomization, based on an intention-to-treat analysis. It is hypothesized that metformin therapy will result in a higher ejection fraction after 4 months. (NCT01217307)
Timeframe: 4 months

Intervention% of LVEF (Mean)
Metformin53.1
Placebo54.8

Reviews

2 reviews available for metformin and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

ArticleYear
Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: systematic review of observational studies involving 34,000 patients.
    Circulation. Heart failure, 2013, Volume: 6, Issue:3

    Topics: Comorbidity; Comparative Effectiveness Research; Contraindications; Diabetic Angiopathies; Heart Fai

2013
[Metformin and left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications].
    Giornale italiano di cardiologia (2006), 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:4

    Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfu

2015

Trials

7 trials available for metformin and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

ArticleYear
Agreement of 2D transthoracic echocardiography with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging after ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
    European journal of radiology, 2019, Volume: 114

    Topics: Cardiovascular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Echocardiography; Female; Heart Ventricles; Hum

2019
METformin in DIastolic Dysfunction of MEtabolic syndrome (MET-DIME) trial: rationale and study design : MET-DIME trial.
    Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Diastole; Echocardiography; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Metformin; Middle

2014
Effect of metformin on left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction in patients without diabetes: the GIPS-III randomized clinical trial.
    JAMA, 2014, Apr-16, Volume: 311, Issue:15

    Topics: Aged; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Me

2014
Leukocyte telomere length and left ventricular function after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: data from the glycometabolic intervention as adjunct to primary coronary intervention in ST elevation myocardial infarction (GIPS-III) trial.
    Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2015, Volume: 104, Issue:10

    Topics: Acute Disease; Causality; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Double-Blind Method; Female; Genet

2015
The Effect of Metformin on Diastolic Function in Patients Presenting with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
    PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:12

    Topics: Aged; Diastole; Echocardiography; Female; Humans; Male; Metformin; Middle Aged; Percutaneous Coronar

2016
Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Circulation, 2009, Apr-21, Volume: 119, Issue:15

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Aged; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combi

2009
Metformin in non-diabetic patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction: rationale and design of the glycometabolic intervention as adjunct to primary percutaneous intervention in ST elevation myocardial infarction (GIPS)-III trial.
    Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2012, Volume: 26, Issue:5

    Topics: Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Myocardial Infarction; Percutaneous

2012

Other Studies

16 other studies available for metformin and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

ArticleYear
Revisited Metformin Therapy in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.
    JACC. Heart failure, 2022, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Heart Failure; Humans; Metformin; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Ventricular Function

2022
Reply: Revisited Metformin Therapy in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.
    JACC. Heart failure, 2022, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Heart Failure; Humans; Metformin; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Ventricular Function

2022
Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease, 2023, Volume: 1869, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Cardiotoxicity; Inflammation; Male; Melatonin; Metformin; Mitochondria; Rats; Rats, Wistar;

2023
Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease, 2023, Volume: 1869, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Cardiotoxicity; Inflammation; Male; Melatonin; Metformin; Mitochondria; Rats; Rats, Wistar;

2023
Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease, 2023, Volume: 1869, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Cardiotoxicity; Inflammation; Male; Melatonin; Metformin; Mitochondria; Rats; Rats, Wistar;

2023
Melatonin and metformin ameliorated trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity through the modulation of mitochondrial function and dynamics without reducing its anticancer efficacy.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease, 2023, Volume: 1869, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Cardiotoxicity; Inflammation; Male; Melatonin; Metformin; Mitochondria; Rats; Rats, Wistar;

2023
Metformin Alleviates Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in a Rat Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Model.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2020, Feb-21, Volume: 21, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Echocardiography; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regula

2020
Necrostatin-1 reduces cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction in prediabetic rats.
    The Journal of endocrinology, 2021, 08-05, Volume: 251, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Imidazoles; Indoles; Insulin Resistance; Male; Metformin; Mitochondria, Hea

2021
Metformin HCl has curative effect on rebuilding of ventricular diastolic functions in high-fat-diet fed rats.
    Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2017, Volume: 30, Issue:3(Suppl.)

    Topics: Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Liver; Male; Metformin; Myocardium; Non-alcoholic F

2017
Effect of well-controlled gestational diabetes on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in neonates.
    The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2019, Volume: 32, Issue:13

    Topics: Adult; Cardiomegaly; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Echocardi

2019
Metformin intervention prevents cardiac dysfunction in a murine model of adult congenital heart disease.
    Molecular metabolism, 2019, Volume: 20

    Topics: Animals; Cardiac Output; Energy Metabolism; Heart Defects, Congenital; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Me

2019
Acute coronary syndromes: Metformin not associated with improved left ventricular function after STEMI in patients without diabetes mellitus.
    Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2014, Volume: 11, Issue:6

    Topics: Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Metformin; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Dysfunction

2014
Chronic treatment with metformin suppresses toll-like receptor 4 signaling and attenuates left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction.
    European journal of pharmacology, 2014, Aug-15, Volume: 737

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Hemodynamics; Interleukin-6; Isoproterenol; Male; Metformin;

2014
Combined vildagliptin and metformin exert better cardioprotection than monotherapy against ischemia-reperfusion injury in obese-insulin resistant rats.
    PloS one, 2014, Volume: 9, Issue:7

    Topics: Adamantane; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Calcium; Cardiotonic Agents; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhi

2014
Study answers long-standing question about metformin after heart attack.
    The American journal of managed care, 2014, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Spec No.

    Topics: Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Metformin; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Dysfunction

2014
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improves cardiac function by attenuating adverse cardiac remodelling in rats with chronic myocardial infarction.
    Experimental physiology, 2015, Volume: 100, Issue:6

    Topics: Adamantane; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Pe

2015
Lost in translation: modulation of the metabolic-functional relation in the diabetic human heart.
    Circulation, 2009, Apr-21, Volume: 119, Issue:15

    Topics: Animals; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty A

2009
Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: role of AMP-activated protein kinase.
    Circulation, 2009, May-19, Volume: 119, Issue:19

    Topics: Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Apoptosis; Cardiotonic Agents; C

2009
Determinants of subclinical diabetic heart disease.
    Diabetologia, 2005, Volume: 48, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Complicati

2005