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metformin and Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

metformin has been researched along with Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery in 17 studies

Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.

Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery: NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"This study is to analyze the neuroprotective effects of long-term metformin (Met) preconditioning on rats with ischemic brain injuries and the related mechanisms."8.02Neuroprotective Effects of Long-Term Metformin Preconditioning on Rats with Ischemic Brain Injuries. ( Guo, H; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Pei, T; Ruan, C; Wang, A; Wang, L; Wang, S; Yang, D; Zhang, Z, 2021)
"Long-term metformin treatment reduces the risk of stroke."7.83Pre-stroke Metformin Treatment is Neuroprotective Involving AMPK Reduction. ( Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Deng, T; Hou, WW; Hu, WW; Shen, Z; Wu, XL; Yuan, Y; Zhang, LS; Zhang, XN; Zheng, YR, 2016)
"Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic metformin preconditioning offers potent neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke."7.81Chronic Metformin Preconditioning Provides Neuroprotection via Suppression of NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Pathway in Rats with Permanent Cerebral Ischemia. ( Cao, L; Ding, ZZ; Jiang, T; Tan, L; Tan, MS; Wang, HF; Yu, JT; Zhang, QQ; Zhu, XC, 2015)
" Paradoxically, the clinical use of an AMPK activator metformin reduces the incidence of stroke."7.80Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke. ( Cheng, J; Jia, J; Jin, Q; Liu, Y; Qin, Z; Wang, X; Wei, S; Wu, J; Zhen, X; Zhou, X, 2014)
"Acute metformin exacerbated stroke damage, enhanced AMPK activation, and led to metabolic dysfunction."7.76Effects of metformin in experimental stroke. ( Benashski, SE; Li, J; McCullough, LD; Venna, VR, 2010)
"Hyperglycemia is a known exacerbating factor in ischemic stroke."6.47[Effectiveness of metformin in prevention of development of hyperglycemia and neuronal damage caused by ischemic stress]. ( Fujita-Hamabe, W; Harada, S; Tokuyama, S, 2011)
"Metformin (MET) has been the subject of many classic studies in possessing antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation activities and antiviral."5.72Metformin protects against pericyte apoptosis and promotes neurogenesis through suppressing JNK p38 MAPK signalling activation in ischemia/reperfusion injury. ( Cui, K; Fu, X; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Man, J; Wang, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, Z, 2022)
"Metformin (Met) is a commonly used drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes."5.62Neuroprotective effects of metformin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. ( Gao, J; Guo, H; Li, X; Liu, Z; Lv, H; Ruan, C; Wang, Y; Yan, J, 2021)
"Metformin is a well-known activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)."5.40Chronic metformin treatment improves post-stroke angiogenesis and recovery after experimental stroke. ( Hammond, MD; Li, J; Mancini, NS; McCullough, LD; Venna, VR, 2014)
"This study is to analyze the neuroprotective effects of long-term metformin (Met) preconditioning on rats with ischemic brain injuries and the related mechanisms."4.02Neuroprotective Effects of Long-Term Metformin Preconditioning on Rats with Ischemic Brain Injuries. ( Guo, H; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Pei, T; Ruan, C; Wang, A; Wang, L; Wang, S; Yang, D; Zhang, Z, 2021)
"Long-term metformin treatment reduces the risk of stroke."3.83Pre-stroke Metformin Treatment is Neuroprotective Involving AMPK Reduction. ( Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Deng, T; Hou, WW; Hu, WW; Shen, Z; Wu, XL; Yuan, Y; Zhang, LS; Zhang, XN; Zheng, YR, 2016)
"Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic metformin preconditioning offers potent neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke."3.81Chronic Metformin Preconditioning Provides Neuroprotection via Suppression of NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Pathway in Rats with Permanent Cerebral Ischemia. ( Cao, L; Ding, ZZ; Jiang, T; Tan, L; Tan, MS; Wang, HF; Yu, JT; Zhang, QQ; Zhu, XC, 2015)
" Paradoxically, the clinical use of an AMPK activator metformin reduces the incidence of stroke."3.80Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke. ( Cheng, J; Jia, J; Jin, Q; Liu, Y; Qin, Z; Wang, X; Wei, S; Wu, J; Zhen, X; Zhou, X, 2014)
"Acute metformin exacerbated stroke damage, enhanced AMPK activation, and led to metabolic dysfunction."3.76Effects of metformin in experimental stroke. ( Benashski, SE; Li, J; McCullough, LD; Venna, VR, 2010)
"Hyperglycemia is a known exacerbating factor in ischemic stroke."2.47[Effectiveness of metformin in prevention of development of hyperglycemia and neuronal damage caused by ischemic stress]. ( Fujita-Hamabe, W; Harada, S; Tokuyama, S, 2011)
"Then, stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)."1.72Effects of co-administration of metformin and evogliptin on cerebral infarct volume in the diabetic rat. ( Hong, JM; Joe, EH; Lee, JS; Lee, SJ; Yoon, BS, 2022)
"Metformin (MET) has been the subject of many classic studies in possessing antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation activities and antiviral."1.72Metformin protects against pericyte apoptosis and promotes neurogenesis through suppressing JNK p38 MAPK signalling activation in ischemia/reperfusion injury. ( Cui, K; Fu, X; Liu, C; Lu, Z; Man, J; Wang, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, Z, 2022)
"Metformin (Met) is a commonly used drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes."1.62Neuroprotective effects of metformin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating PI3K/Akt pathway. ( Gao, J; Guo, H; Li, X; Liu, Z; Lv, H; Ruan, C; Wang, Y; Yan, J, 2021)
"Metformin is a well-known activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)."1.40Chronic metformin treatment improves post-stroke angiogenesis and recovery after experimental stroke. ( Hammond, MD; Li, J; Mancini, NS; McCullough, LD; Venna, VR, 2014)
"Metformin (200 mg/kg) was administrated for up to 14 days."1.40Metformin attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in mice following middle cerebral artery occlusion. ( Chen, X; Gu, X; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Tang, G; Wang, Y; Yang, GY; Zhang, Z, 2014)

Research

Studies (17)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's10 (58.82)24.3611
2020's7 (41.18)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Ruan, C2
Guo, H2
Gao, J1
Wang, Y6
Liu, Z4
Yan, J1
Li, X11
Lv, H1
Lee, SJ1
Yoon, BS1
Hong, JM1
Joe, EH1
Lee, JS1
Liu, C4
Zhang, D3
Lu, Z1
Man, J1
Zhang, Z3
Fu, X1
Cui, K1
Wang, J5
Zhang, L3
Zhang, J4
Zhu, X1
Jiao, W1
Yang, Y2
Wu, Y2
Yang, L1
Navia, V1
Riveros, R1
Brunser, A1
Nguépy Keubo, FR1
Mboua, PC1
Djifack Tadongfack, T1
Fokouong Tchoffo, E1
Tasson Tatang, C1
Ide Zeuna, J1
Noupoue, EM1
Tsoplifack, CB1
Folefack, GO1
Kettani, M1
Bandelier, P1
Huo, J1
Li, H4
Yu, D1
Arulsamy, N1
AlAbbad, S1
Sardot, T1
Lekashvili, O1
Decato, D1
Lelj, F1
Alexander Ross, JB1
Rosenberg, E1
Nazir, H1
Muthuswamy, N1
Louis, C1
Jose, S1
Prakash, J1
Buan, MEM1
Flox, C1
Chavan, S1
Shi, X1
Kauranen, P1
Kallio, T1
Maia, G1
Tammeveski, K1
Lymperopoulos, N1
Carcadea, E1
Veziroglu, E1
Iranzo, A1
M Kannan, A1
Arunamata, A1
Tacy, TA1
Kache, S1
Mainwaring, RD1
Ma, M1
Maeda, K1
Punn, R1
Noguchi, S1
Hahn, S3
Iwasa, Y3
Ling, J2
Voccio, JP2
Kim, Y3
Song, J3
Bascuñán, J2
Chu, Y1
Tomita, M1
Cazorla, M1
Herrera, E1
Palomeque, E1
Saud, N1
Hoplock, LB1
Lobchuk, MM1
Lemoine, J1
Henson, MA1
Unsihuay, D1
Qiu, J1
Swaroop, S1
Nagornov, KO1
Kozhinov, AN1
Tsybin, YO1
Kuang, S1
Laskin, J1
Zin, NNINM1
Mohamad, MN1
Roslan, K1
Abdul Wafi, S1
Abdul Moin, NI1
Alias, A1
Zakaria, Y1
Abu-Bakar, N1
Naveed, A1
Jilani, K1
Siddique, AB1
Akbar, M1
Riaz, M1
Mushtaq, Z1
Sikandar, M1
Ilyas, S1
Bibi, I1
Asghar, A1
Rasool, G1
Irfan, M1
Li, XY1
Zhao, S1
Fan, XH1
Chen, KP1
Hua, W1
Liu, ZM1
Xue, XD1
Zhou, B1
Zhang, S2
Xing, YL1
Chen, MA1
Sun, Y1
Neradilek, MB1
Wu, XT1
Huang, W1
Cui, Y1
Yang, QQ1
Li, HW1
Zhao, XQ1
Hossein Rashidi, B1
Tarafdari, A1
Ghazimirsaeed, ST1
Shahrokh Tehraninezhad, E1
Keikha, F1
Eslami, B1
Ghazimirsaeed, SM1
Jafarabadi, M1
Silvani, Y1
Lovita, AND1
Maharani, A1
Wiyasa, IWA1
Sujuti, H1
Ratnawati, R1
Raras, TYM1
Lemin, AS1
Rahman, MM1
Pangarah, CA1
Kiyu, A1
Zeng, C2
Du, H1
Lin, D1
Jalan, D1
Rubagumya, F1
Hopman, WM1
Vanderpuye, V1
Lopes, G1
Seruga, B1
Booth, CM1
Berry, S1
Hammad, N1
Sajo, EA1
Okunade, KS1
Olorunfemi, G1
Rabiu, KA1
Anorlu, RI1
Xu, C2
Xiang, Y1
Xu, X1
Zhou, L2
Dong, X1
Tang, S1
Gao, XC1
Wei, CH1
Zhang, RG1
Cai, Q1
He, Y1
Tong, F1
Dong, JH1
Wu, G1
Dong, XR1
Tang, X1
Tao, F1
Xiang, W1
Zhao, Y2
Jin, L1
Tao, H1
Lei, Y1
Gan, H1
Huang, Y1
Chen, Y4
Chen, L3
Shan, A1
Zhao, H2
Wu, M2
Ma, Q1
Zhang, E1
Li, Y6
Xue, F1
Deng, L1
Liu, L2
Yan, Z2
Meng, J1
Chen, G2
Anastassiadou, M1
Bernasconi, G1
Brancato, A1
Carrasco Cabrera, L1
Greco, L1
Jarrah, S1
Kazocina, A1
Leuschner, R1
Magrans, JO1
Miron, I1
Nave, S1
Pedersen, R1
Reich, H1
Rojas, A1
Sacchi, A1
Santos, M1
Theobald, A1
Vagenende, B1
Verani, A1
Du, L1
Liu, X1
Ren, Y1
Li, J9
Li, P1
Jiao, Q1
Meng, P1
Wang, F2
Wang, YS1
Wang, C3
Zhou, X3
Wang, W1
Wang, S3
Hou, J1
Zhang, A1
Lv, B1
Gao, C1
Pang, D1
Lu, K1
Ahmad, NH1
Wang, L2
Zhu, J2
Zhuang, T1
Tu, J1
Zhao, Z1
Qu, Y1
Yao, H1
Wang, X6
Lee, DF1
Shen, J3
Wen, L1
Huang, G2
Xie, X1
Zhao, Q1
Hu, W1
Zhang, Y4
Wu, X1
Lu, J2
Li, M1
Li, W2
Wu, W1
Du, F1
Ji, H1
Yang, X2
Xu, Z1
Wan, L1
Wen, Q1
Cho, CH1
Zou, C1
Xiao, Z1
Liao, J1
Su, X1
Bi, Z1
Su, Q1
Huang, H1
Wei, Y2
Gao, Y2
Na, KJ1
Choi, H1
Oh, HR1
Kim, YH1
Lee, SB1
Jung, YJ1
Koh, J1
Park, S1
Lee, HJ1
Jeon, YK1
Chung, DH1
Paeng, JC1
Park, IK1
Kang, CH1
Cheon, GJ1
Kang, KW1
Lee, DS1
Kim, YT1
Pajuelo-Lozano, N1
Alcalá, S1
Sainz, B1
Perona, R1
Sanchez-Perez, I1
Logotheti, S1
Marquardt, S1
Gupta, SK1
Richter, C1
Edelhäuser, BAH1
Engelmann, D1
Brenmoehl, J1
Söhnchen, C1
Murr, N1
Alpers, M1
Singh, KP1
Wolkenhauer, O1
Heckl, D1
Spitschak, A1
Pützer, BM1
Liao, Y1
Cheng, J2
Kong, X1
Li, S1
Zhang, M4
Zhang, H1
Yang, T2
Dong, Y1
Xu, Y1
Yuan, Z1
Cao, J1
Zheng, Y1
Luo, Z1
Mei, Z1
Yao, Y1
Liang, C1
Yang, H1
Song, Y1
Yu, K1
Zhu, C1
Huang, Z1
Qian, J1
Ge, J1
Hu, J2
Wang, H2
Liu, Y7
Mi, Y1
Kong, H1
Xi, D1
Yan, W1
Luo, X1
Ning, Q1
Chang, X2
Zhang, T2
Wang, Q2
Rathore, MG1
Reddy, K1
Chen, H1
Shin, SH1
Ma, WY1
Bode, AM1
Dong, Z1
Mu, W1
Gao, F1
Qi, Y1
Lu, H1
Zhang, X4
Cai, X1
Ji, RY1
Hou, Y3
Tian, J2
Shi, Y1
Ying, S1
Tan, M1
Feng, G1
Kuang, Y1
Chen, D1
Wu, D3
Zhu, ZQ1
Tang, HX1
Shi, ZE1
Kang, J1
Liu, Q1
Qi, J2
Mu, J1
Cong, Z1
Chen, S2
Fu, D1
Li, Z2
Celestrin, CP1
Rocha, GZ1
Stein, AM1
Guadagnini, D1
Tadelle, RM1
Saad, MJA1
Oliveira, AG1
Bianconi, V1
Bronzo, P1
Banach, M1
Sahebkar, A1
Mannarino, MR1
Pirro, M1
Patsourakos, NG1
Kouvari, M1
Kotidis, A1
Kalantzi, KI1
Tsoumani, ME1
Anastasiadis, F1
Andronikos, P1
Aslanidou, T1
Efraimidis, P1
Georgiopoulos, A1
Gerakiou, K1
Grigoriadou-Skouta, E1
Grigoropoulos, P1
Hatzopoulos, D1
Kartalis, A1
Lyras, A1
Markatos, G1
Mikrogeorgiou, A1
Myroforou, I1
Orkopoulos, A1
Pavlidis, P1
Petras, C1
Riga, M1
Skouloudi, M1
Smyrnioudis, N1
Thomaidis, K1
Tsikouri, GE1
Tsikouris, EI1
Zisimos, K1
Vavoulis, P1
Vitali, MG1
Vitsas, G1
Vogiatzidis, C1
Chantanis, S1
Fousas, S1
Panagiotakos, DB1
Tselepis, AD1
Jungen, C1
Alken, FA1
Eickholt, C1
Scherschel, K1
Kuklik, P1
Klatt, N1
Schwarzl, J1
Moser, J1
Jularic, M1
Akbulak, RO1
Schaeffer, B1
Willems, S1
Meyer, C1
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Szczepanik, M1
Trypuć, M1
Pogorzelski, A1
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Grytczuk, M1
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Wójciak, R1
Walkowiak, J1
Lu, Y1
Xi, J1
Li, C1
Chen, W2
Hu, X1
Zhang, F1
Wei, H1
Wang, Z1
Gurzu, S1
Jung, I1
Sugimura, H2
Stefan-van Staden, RI1
Yamada, H1
Natsume, H1
Iwashita, Y1
Szodorai, R1
Szederjesi, J1
Yari, D1
Ehsanbakhsh, Z1
Validad, MH1
Langroudi, FH1
Esfandiari, H1
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Hassanpour, K1
Kurup, SP1
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Araujo-Castillo, RV1
Culquichicón, C1
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Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effect of Dipeptidyl-4 Inhibitors in Reducing Stroke Severity, From the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Database[NCT05817097]22,119 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

2 reviews available for metformin and Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

ArticleYear
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors.
    Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2

    Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli

2021
[Effectiveness of metformin in prevention of development of hyperglycemia and neuronal damage caused by ischemic stress].
    Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 2011, Volume: 131, Issue:4

    Topics: Administration, Oral; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Disease Models,

2011

Trials

1 trial available for metformin and Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

ArticleYear
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors.
    Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2

    Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli

2021

Other Studies

15 other studies available for metformin and Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

ArticleYear
Neuroprotective effects of metformin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating PI3K/Akt pathway.
    Brain and behavior, 2021, Volume: 11, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Brain Ischemia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; M

2021
Effects of co-administration of metformin and evogliptin on cerebral infarct volume in the diabetic rat.
    Experimental neurology, 2022, Volume: 348

    Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Cerebral Infarction; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Exper

2022
Metformin protects against pericyte apoptosis and promotes neurogenesis through suppressing JNK p38 MAPK signalling activation in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
    Neuroscience letters, 2022, 07-13, Volume: 783

    Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Brain Ischemia; Caspase 3; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; MAP Kinase Signal

2022
Metformin enhances neural precursor cells migration and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice.
    Experimental brain research, 2023, Volume: 241, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Differentiation; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Ischemic Strok

2023
[Intravenous thrombolysis after reversion of acenocoumarol anticoagulation. Report of one case].
    Revista medica de Chile, 2019, Volume: 147, Issue:7

    Topics: Acenocoumarol; Administration, Intravenous; Aged, 80 and over; Amlodipine; Humans; Infarction, Middl

2019
Metformin prevents stroke damage in non-diabetic female mice with chronic kidney disease.
    Scientific reports, 2021, 04-02, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Adenylate Kinase; Animals; Apoptosis; Body Weight; Brain Infarction; Enzyme Activation; Female; Gene

2021
Neuroprotective Effects of Long-Term Metformin Preconditioning on Rats with Ischemic Brain Injuries.
    European neurology, 2021, Volume: 84, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Brain Injuries; Brain Ischemia; Humans; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Metf

2021
Offsetting the impact of smoking and e-cigarette vaping on the cerebrovascular system and stroke injury: Is Metformin a viable countermeasure?
    Redox biology, 2017, Volume: 13

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cells, Cultured; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infarction, Middle

2017
Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke.
    Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2014, Volume: 40

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Infarct

2014
Chronic metformin treatment improves post-stroke angiogenesis and recovery after experimental stroke.
    The European journal of neuroscience, 2014, Volume: 39, Issue:12

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Apomorphine; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Agonist

2014
Chronic Metformin Preconditioning Provides Neuroprotection via Suppression of NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Pathway in Rats with Permanent Cerebral Ischemia.
    Molecular neurobiology, 2015, Volume: 52, Issue:1

    Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cytokines; Glia

2015
Metformin attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in mice following middle cerebral artery occlusion.
    Journal of neuroinflammation, 2014, Oct-15, Volume: 11

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Infarction; Cells, Cultured; Cyto

2014
Pre-stroke Metformin Treatment is Neuroprotective Involving AMPK Reduction.
    Neurochemical research, 2016, Volume: 41, Issue:10

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Apoptosis; Disease Models, Animal; Infarction, Middle Cerebr

2016
RETRACTED: The importance of regulation of blood glucose levels through activation of peripheral 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase on ischemic neuronal damage.
    Brain research, 2010, 09-10, Volume: 1351

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain Ischemia; Enzyme Activation; Infarction

2010
Effects of metformin in experimental stroke.
    Stroke, 2010, Volume: 41, Issue:11

    Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hypoglycemic Agents; Incid

2010