metformin and Hyperinsulinism studies

Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.

Hyperinsulinism: A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Metformin treatment (1000-2000 mg/day) over 6 months in pubertal children and/or adolescents with obesity and hyperinsulinism is associated with a reduction in body mass index (BMI) and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR)."	9.30	Effects of metformin administration on endocrine-metabolic parameters, visceral adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in children with obesity and risk markers for metabolic syndrome: A pilot study. ( Bassols, J; Carreras-Badosa, G; de Zegher, F; Díaz-Roldán, F; Dorado-Ceballos, E; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Martínez-Calcerrada, JM; Mas-Parés, B; Osiniri, I; Prats-Puig, A; Xargay-Torrent, S, 2019)
"Proof-of-concept study to investigate the amplifying effects of diazoxide (DZX)-mediated insulin suppression on lifestyle-induced weight loss in nondiabetic, hyperinsulinemic, obese men."	9.27	High-Dose, Diazoxide-Mediated Insulin Suppression Boosts Weight Loss Induced by Lifestyle Intervention. ( Brandon, T; de Boer, H; Filius, M; Hermus, A; Loves, S; Mekking, M; Tack, CJ; van Groningen, L, 2018)
"Metformin is suggested to reduce pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.19	Maternal and fetal insulin levels at birth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: data from a randomized controlled study on metformin. ( Carlsen, SM; Helseth, R; Stridsklev, S; Vanky, E; Vogt, C, 2014)
"To evaluate the long-term effects of drospirenone (DRSP)/ethinylestradiol (EE) alone, metformin alone, and DRSP/EE-metformin on CD4(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes frequency, a cardiovascular risk marker, in patients with hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.17	Effects of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol and/or metformin on CD4(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes frequency in women with hyperinsulinemia having polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. ( Apa, R; Ciardulli, A; Cosentino, N; Crea, F; Familiari, A; Lanzone, A; Liuzzo, G; Martinez, D; Morciano, A; Moro, F; Niccoli, G; Palla, C; Sagnella, F; Scarinci, E; Tritarelli, A; Tropea, A, 2013)
"There is no benefit from increased doses of metformin in PCOS but reduction of insulin resistance is more significant in those patients with a lower insulin sensitivity at baseline."	9.15	Effect of dose escalation of metformin on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and androgen profile in polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Balen, AH; Barth, J; Glanville, J; Yasmin, E, 2011)
"To compare the efficacy of 1000 mg and 1700 mg of metformin on ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women."	9.15	Randomized controlled trial of different doses of metformin for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Jultanmas, R; Leelaphiwat, S; Lertvikool, S; Satirapot, C; Sophonsritsuk, A; Weerakiet, S, 2011)
"To prospectively evaluate the safety of metformin administration during pregnancy in a group of PCOS patients by assessing its effect on the prevalence of gestational complications and neonatal outcome."	9.15	The administration of metformin during pregnancy reduces polycystic ovary syndrome related gestational complications. ( De Leo, V; Di Sabatino, A; Morgante, G; Musacchio, MC; Piomboni, P, 2011)
" The metformin therapy improved insulin sensitivity as evidenced by an increase in ISI by 41."	9.15	[Effects of metformin therapy on markers of coagulation disorders in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. ( Banaszewska, B; Pawelczyk, L; Serdyńska-Szuster, M; Spaczyński, R, 2011)
"To evaluate the clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.15	Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin vs N-acetyl-cysteine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Muderris, II; Oner, G, 2011)
"This randomized controlled study investigated metformin and fenofibrate, compared with metformin alone, for the treatment of peripheral insulin resistance in patients with simple obesity with hyperinsulinaemia but not diabetes."	9.15	Combination therapy with metformin and fenofibrate for insulin resistance in obesity. ( Li, XM; Li, Y; Shi, YQ; Xie, YH; Zhang, NN, 2011)
"In overweight patients with PCOS with hyperinsulinism, allopregnanolone secretion is impaired and metformin administration restored normal allopregnanolone concentrations modulating both steroid syntheses from the ovaries and from adrenal gland."	9.14	Metformin administration restores allopregnanolone response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation in overweight hyperinsulinemic patients with PCOS. ( Casarosa, E; Chierchia, E; Genazzani, AD; Genazzani, AR; Luisi, M; Rattighieri, E; Santagni, S, 2010)
"To measure the vascularization and ovarian volume with three-dimensional sonography in patients diagnosed of polycystic ovary syndrome with stimulated ovulation treatment, and to analyse the differences between the patients treated with clomiphen citrate versus clomiphen citrate and metformin."	9.14	[Sonographic ovarian vascularization and volume in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with clomiphene citrate and metformin]. ( Alvarez-Alvarez, P; Bajo-Arenas, JM; de la Fuente-Valero, J; Engels-Calvo, V; Orensanz-Fernández, I; Zapardiel-Gutiérrez, I, 2010)
"Low-dose flutamide-metformin (Flu-Met) with an oral contraceptive is a therapeutic option for women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism."	9.12	Discontinuous low-dose flutamide-metformin plus an oral or a transdermal contraceptive in patients with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalizing effects on CRP, TNF-alpha and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L; Valls, C, 2006)
"To determine if short courses of metformin (MET) administration in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) would reduce fasting insulin and improve the efficacy of clomiphene citrate (CC) to induce ovulation."	9.12	Two weeks of metformin improves clomiphene citrate-induced ovulation and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Bonpane, CM; Helliwell, JP; Jaramillo, L; Katz, S; Khorram, O, 2006)
"The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the frequency of menstrual cyclicity between two groups of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: women who were followed while on metformin for 3-6 months and those who were followed for >6 months."	9.12	Effects of short-term and long-term metformin treatment on menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Apridonidze, T; Essah, PA; Iuorno, MJ; Nestler, JE, 2006)
"To evaluate the therapeutic effect of metformin on the clinical features, hormonal and metabolic profile in obese women with a hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.12	Metformin improves menstrual patterns, endocrine and metabolic profile in obese hyperinsulinemic women with a polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Ahmeti, I; Dimitrovski, Ch; Dimova, Z; Krstevska, B; Misevska, S; Pemovska, G; Simeonova, S, 2006)
"Our findings suggest that metformin might reduce the rates or severity of liver dysfunction in selected high-risk adolescents."	9.12	Liver dysfunction in paediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled trial of metformin. ( Freemark, M, 2007)
"To determine the clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic effects of 6 months of metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare with pretherapy parameters."	9.11	Metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Aruna, J; Dadhwal, V; Kumar, S; Misra, R; Mittal, S; Vimala, N, 2004)
"In adolescents and young women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism (n = 118; mean age 16 years, body mass index 22 kg/m(2)), we analysed whether the PCOS-associated rise in leukocyte count is already detectable at young age and, if so, whether such elevation is lowered by metformin, flutamide-metformin, oral contraception (OC), or their combination."	9.11	High neutrophil count in girls and women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalization with metformin and flutamide overcomes the aggravation by oral contraception. ( de Zegher, F; Ferrer, A; Ibáñez, L; Jaramillo, AM, 2005)
"Adolescents with PCOS treated with metformin or OCP experienced similar beneficial outcomes including reduction in androgen levels, weight loss, and increased insulin sensitivity."	9.11	Randomized controlled trial evaluating response to metformin versus standard therapy in the treatment of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Allen, HF; Heptulla, RA; Koenigs, L; Mazzoni, C; Miller, N; Murray, MA; Reiter, EO, 2005)
"Most patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have hyperinsulinemia; thus it has been postulated that insulin-lowering drugs, such as metformin, might be a useful long-term choice."	9.10	Clinical and endocrinological effects of 6 months of metformin treatment in young hyperinsulinemic patients affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. ( De Pergola, G; Lorusso, F; Loverro, G; Mei, L; Nicolardi, V; Selvaggi, L, 2002)
"The endocrine-metabolic status of non-obese, young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is normalized more effectively by combined treatment with flutamide and metformin than by either of these drugs in monotherapy."	9.10	Low-dose combination of flutamide, metformin and an oral contraceptive for non-obese, young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L, 2003)
"To evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of metformin therapy on hormonal and clinical indices in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.09	Metformin therapy decreases hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Duleba, AJ; Kolodziejczyk, B; Pawelczyk, L; Spaczynski, RZ, 2000)
"This study suggests that a relatively low dosage of metformin reduces insulin resistance and related cardiovascular risk parameters in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy."	9.09	Metformin in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. ( Basgoz, N; Corcoran, C; Davis, B; Grinspoon, S; Hadigan, C; Sax, P, 2000)
"To assess the effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and components of the metabolic syndrome in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)."	9.09	Metabolic effects of metformin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. ( Eriksson, JG; Forsén, B; Groop, L; Gullström, M; Häggblom, M; Lehtovirta, M; Taskinen, MR, 2001)
"We performed oral glucose-tolerance tests before and after the administration of 500 mg of metformin or placebo three times daily for 35 days in 61 obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome."	9.08	Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Evans, WS; Jakubowicz, DJ; Nestler, JE; Pasquali, R, 1998)
"The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied."	8.90	Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Albuquerque, LE; Andriolo, RB; Costello, MF; Macedo, CR; Tso, LO, 2014)
" Antidiabetic biguanides such as metformin, which reduce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia by decreasing insulin resistance, extend lifespan, and inhibit carcinogenesis in rodents."	8.89	Metformin: do we finally have an anti-aging drug? ( Anisimov, VN, 2013)
"This article is a review of the literature assessing pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	8.88	Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. ( Awwad, JT; Ghazeeri, GS; Nassar, AH; Younes, Z, 2012)
"Evidence indicates that metformin and pioglitazone both improve insulin resistance and hirsutism among patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)."	8.88	A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing pioglitazone versus metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Du, Q; Han, P; Wang, YJ; Wu, B; Yang, S; Zhao, YY, 2012)
"The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied."	8.85	Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Albuquerque, LE; Andriolo, RB; Costello, MF; Freitas, V; Tso, LO, 2009)
" Reduction of hyperinsulinism and improvement of insulin sensitivity with metformin has been reported to ameliorate these abnormalities in many, but not all studies, with few adverse effects."	8.84	Metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Lebinger, TG, 2007)
"The beneficial effects of metformin, especially its capacity to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), explains why it is widely prescribed."	8.02	Effects of Metformin on Reproductive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Characteristics of Female Offspring in a Rat Model of Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome With Insulin Resistance. ( Li, S; Xiao, L; Xie, Y, 2021)
"After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group."	7.96	Metformin metabolic and vascular effects in normal weight hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients treated with contraceptive vaginal ring. A pilot study. ( Artini, PG; Battaglia, B; Battaglia, C; Casadio, P; Rizzo, R, 2020)
" The secondary objective was to evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and insulin sensitivity after 3 months of metformin therapy."	7.79	Insulin resistance assessment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using different diagnostic criteria--impact of metformin treatment. ( Brodowska, A; Ciećwież, S; Kotlega, D; Marciniak, A; Nawrocka-Rutkowska, J; Starczewski, A; Wiśniewska, B, 2013)
"This is the first study to show that metformin can improve immunosuppressant-induced hyperglycemia, when administered concurrently, and reduces exocrine apoptosis (reducing the impact on potential islet progenitor cells)."	7.79	Metformin improves immunosuppressant induced hyperglycemia and exocrine apoptosis in rats. ( Bennett, RG; Clure, CC; Hamel, FG; Larsen, JL; Shivaswamy, V, 2013)
"The objective of this study is to determine the ability of metformin treatment in reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its hepatic involvement in young hyperinsulinaemic overweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)."	7.77	Long-term metformin treatment is able to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its hepatic involvement in young hyperinsulinaemic overweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. ( Apa, R; Cefalo, C; Ciardulli, A; Gangale, MF; Grieco, A; Lanzone, A; Martinez, D; Miele, L; Morciano, A; Moro, F; Palla, C; Pompili, M; Sagnella, F; Tropea, A, 2011)
" We tested the hypothesis that a gene variant in STK11 contributes to variation in insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy."	7.76	A single nucleotide polymorphism in STK11 influences insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy in hyperinsulinemic girls with androgen excess. ( de Zegher, F; Díaz, M; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Morán, E, 2010)
" Women who had elective cryopreservation due to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome risk were found to have significantly higher LBRs if metformin was taken in the fresh IVF/ICSI cycle (A = 44."	7.76	Effect of metformin taken in the 'fresh' in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle upon subsequent frozen embryo replacement in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Acharya, S; Balen, A; Brewer, C; Tang, T; Thake, F, 2010)
"The present study supports the notion that metformin may be considered as a prophylactic therapy lowering cardiovascular risk factors in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome."	7.73	Lipids in polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperinsulinemia and effects of metformin. ( Banaszewska, B; Duleba, AJ; Pawelczyk, L; Spaczynski, RZ, 2006)
"Hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism is the core of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and, accordingly, low-dose flutamide-metformin proved so far to be a most effective approach to normalize the broad spectrum of PCOS anomalies in nonobese adolescents and young women."	7.73	Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in nonobese adolescents and women. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L, 2006)
"Twenty-nine patients with hyperinsulinemic anovulation were treated with metformin for 12 weeks."	7.71	[Effects of metformin on hyperinsulinemic anovulation]. ( Li, R; Lin, J; Zhou, J, 2001)
" Metformin therapy improved menstrual disturbances in 25% of the women with PCOS and also resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced basal and post glucose load insulin levels."	7.70	The effects of metformin on insulin resistance and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Bayram, F; Keleştimur, F; Sahin, Y; Tutuş, A; Unlühizarci, K, 1999)
"Using polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a model of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, our specific aim was to assess the effect of Metformin on lipoproteins, sex hormones, gonadotropins, and blood pressure in 26 women with PCOS who were studied at baseline, received Metformin 1."	7.69	Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. ( Glueck, CJ; Hamer, T; Mendoza, S; Sosa, F; Velazquez, EM, 1994)
"To determine whether improvement of insulin resistance decreases blood pressure as well as obesity, metformin (100 mg/kg/d) or vehicle was administered for 20 weeks to 12-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (n = 10 each), a newly developed animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with mild obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia."	7.69	Metformin decreases blood pressure and obesity in OLETF rats via improvement of insulin resistance. ( Inukai, K; Ishii, J; Kashiwabara, H; Katayama, S; Kikuchi, C; Kosegawa, I; Negishi, K; Oka, Y, 1996)
"We report the treatment of a 14-year-old Indian boy with acanthosis nigricans and hyperinsulinaemia with metformin in an attempt to improve his skin lesions."	7.69	Effect of metformin on glucose disposal and hyperinsulinaemia in a 14-year-old boy with acanthosis nigricans. ( Amiel, SA; Cranston, I; Green, AA; Lee, PJ; O'Rahilly, S, 1997)
"Metformin treatment induced a significant decrease in insulin levels (P < 0."	6.73	Alteration of ghrelin-neuropeptide Y network in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperinsulinism. ( Campagna, G; De Marinis, L; Guido, M; Lanzone, A; Proto, C; Romualdi, D, 2008)
"The results suggest that hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance may be responsible for low progesterone levels during the luteal phase in PCOS."	6.71	Effects of metformin treatment on luteal phase progesterone concentration in polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Agarwal, S; Krishna, A; Meenakumari, KJ; Pandey, LK, 2004)
"Metformin has been shown to inhibit proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of neoplastic cells and to overcome resistance of breast cancer to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and HER2 inhibition."	6.46	Obesity, hyperinsulinemia and breast cancer: novel targets and a novel role for metformin. ( Wierusz-Wysocka, B; Wysocki, PJ, 2010)
"Polycystic ovary syndrome is a frequent endocrine disorder often associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia which may play a role in hyperandrogenism and anovulation."	6.42	[Should infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformine?]. ( Basille, C; Bry-Gauillard, H; Cédrin-Durnerin, I; Galey, J; Hugues, JN; Massin, N; Théron-Gérard, L, 2003)
"Metformin alone reduced hyperinsulinemia and circulating c-reactive protein, but exacerbated nephropathy."	5.72	Rapamycin/metformin co-treatment normalizes insulin sensitivity and reduces complications of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic mice. ( Calcutt, NA; Doty, R; Flurkey, K; Harrison, DE; Koza, RA; Reifsnyder, PC, 2022)
"During hyperinsulinemia, glucose infusion rate (GINF) to maintain euglycemia (reflective of whole-body insulin sensitivity) was higher in Veh/Veh vs other groups."	5.42	Metformin attenuates olanzapine-induced hepatic, but not peripheral insulin resistance. ( Ahsan, Z; Chintoh, A; Giacca, A; Guenette, M; Hahn, MK; Remington, GJ; Teo, C; Wilson, V, 2015)
"Obesity is a significant contributing factor to endometrial cancer risk."	5.39	Chemopreventive effects of metformin on obesity-associated endometrial proliferation. ( Broaddus, RR; Burzawa, JK; Celestino, J; Huang, M; Iglesias, D; Lu, KH; McCampbell, AS; Meyer, LA; Schmandt, R; Urbauer, DL; Yates, MS; Zhang, Q, 2013)
"Metformin treatment, lead to a significant decrease in serum insulin (p = 0."	5.39	Effects of metformin on serum insulin and anti-Mullerian hormone levels and on hyperandrogenism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Ferriani, RA; Japur de Sá Rosa-e-Silva, AC; Nascimento, AD; Reis, RM; Silva Lara, LA, 2013)
"Treatment with metformin sensitized the impaired insulin actions and also prevented appearance of molecular and pathological characteristics observed in AD."	5.37	Peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin ameliorates neuronal insulin resistance and Alzheimer's-like changes. ( Bisht, B; Dey, CS; Gupta, A, 2011)
"Metformin treatment also improved hyperleptinemia, whereas pioglitazone was ineffective."	5.36	Metformin reduces body weight gain and improves glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. ( Hirasawa, Y; Ito, M; Kyuki, K; Matsui, Y; Sugiura, T; Toyoshi, T, 2010)
" Further studies are required to define appropriate selection of subjects warranting therapy, dosing schedule and pharmacokinetics."	5.35	The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance. ( Durham, AE; Newton, JE; Rendle, DI, 2008)
"Metformin treatment also significantly decreased testosterone (by 37%, P = 0."	5.32	Metformin therapy increases insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Banaszewska, B; Duleba, AJ; Pawelczyk, L; Spaczynski, RZ, 2004)
"Metformin or vehicle was administered to rats daily for 1 week."	5.32	Metformin prevents the development of acute lipid-induced insulin resistance in the rat through altered hepatic signaling mechanisms. ( Cleasby, ME; Cooney, GJ; Dzamko, N; Hegarty, BD; Kraegen, EW; Ye, JM, 2004)
"Metformin treatment (1000-2000 mg/day) over 6 months in pubertal children and/or adolescents with obesity and hyperinsulinism is associated with a reduction in body mass index (BMI) and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR)."	5.30	Effects of metformin administration on endocrine-metabolic parameters, visceral adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in children with obesity and risk markers for metabolic syndrome: A pilot study. ( Bassols, J; Carreras-Badosa, G; de Zegher, F; Díaz-Roldán, F; Dorado-Ceballos, E; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Martínez-Calcerrada, JM; Mas-Parés, B; Osiniri, I; Prats-Puig, A; Xargay-Torrent, S, 2019)
"Proof-of-concept study to investigate the amplifying effects of diazoxide (DZX)-mediated insulin suppression on lifestyle-induced weight loss in nondiabetic, hyperinsulinemic, obese men."	5.27	High-Dose, Diazoxide-Mediated Insulin Suppression Boosts Weight Loss Induced by Lifestyle Intervention. ( Brandon, T; de Boer, H; Filius, M; Hermus, A; Loves, S; Mekking, M; Tack, CJ; van Groningen, L, 2018)
" Indeed, metformin has been involved in repair mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease of oxidative stress, reduction of androgens levels and the enhancing of insulin sensitivity."	5.22	Polycystic ovarian syndrome: signs and feedback effects of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. ( Barrera, D; Echeverría, O; Escobar, L; Espinoza-Simón, E; González, J; Hernández-Jiménez, JL; Ortíz-Hernández, R; Torres-Ramírez, N, 2022)
"Metformin is suggested to reduce pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.19	Maternal and fetal insulin levels at birth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: data from a randomized controlled study on metformin. ( Carlsen, SM; Helseth, R; Stridsklev, S; Vanky, E; Vogt, C, 2014)
"To evaluate the long-term effects of drospirenone (DRSP)/ethinylestradiol (EE) alone, metformin alone, and DRSP/EE-metformin on CD4(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes frequency, a cardiovascular risk marker, in patients with hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.17	Effects of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol and/or metformin on CD4(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes frequency in women with hyperinsulinemia having polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. ( Apa, R; Ciardulli, A; Cosentino, N; Crea, F; Familiari, A; Lanzone, A; Liuzzo, G; Martinez, D; Morciano, A; Moro, F; Niccoli, G; Palla, C; Sagnella, F; Scarinci, E; Tritarelli, A; Tropea, A, 2013)
"There is no benefit from increased doses of metformin in PCOS but reduction of insulin resistance is more significant in those patients with a lower insulin sensitivity at baseline."	5.15	Effect of dose escalation of metformin on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and androgen profile in polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Balen, AH; Barth, J; Glanville, J; Yasmin, E, 2011)
"To compare the efficacy of 1000 mg and 1700 mg of metformin on ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women."	5.15	Randomized controlled trial of different doses of metformin for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Jultanmas, R; Leelaphiwat, S; Lertvikool, S; Satirapot, C; Sophonsritsuk, A; Weerakiet, S, 2011)
"To prospectively evaluate the safety of metformin administration during pregnancy in a group of PCOS patients by assessing its effect on the prevalence of gestational complications and neonatal outcome."	5.15	The administration of metformin during pregnancy reduces polycystic ovary syndrome related gestational complications. ( De Leo, V; Di Sabatino, A; Morgante, G; Musacchio, MC; Piomboni, P, 2011)
" The metformin therapy improved insulin sensitivity as evidenced by an increase in ISI by 41."	5.15	[Effects of metformin therapy on markers of coagulation disorders in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. ( Banaszewska, B; Pawelczyk, L; Serdyńska-Szuster, M; Spaczyński, R, 2011)
"To evaluate the clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.15	Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin vs N-acetyl-cysteine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Muderris, II; Oner, G, 2011)
"This randomized controlled study investigated metformin and fenofibrate, compared with metformin alone, for the treatment of peripheral insulin resistance in patients with simple obesity with hyperinsulinaemia but not diabetes."	5.15	Combination therapy with metformin and fenofibrate for insulin resistance in obesity. ( Li, XM; Li, Y; Shi, YQ; Xie, YH; Zhang, NN, 2011)
"In overweight patients with PCOS with hyperinsulinism, allopregnanolone secretion is impaired and metformin administration restored normal allopregnanolone concentrations modulating both steroid syntheses from the ovaries and from adrenal gland."	5.14	Metformin administration restores allopregnanolone response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation in overweight hyperinsulinemic patients with PCOS. ( Casarosa, E; Chierchia, E; Genazzani, AD; Genazzani, AR; Luisi, M; Rattighieri, E; Santagni, S, 2010)
"To measure the vascularization and ovarian volume with three-dimensional sonography in patients diagnosed of polycystic ovary syndrome with stimulated ovulation treatment, and to analyse the differences between the patients treated with clomiphen citrate versus clomiphen citrate and metformin."	5.14	[Sonographic ovarian vascularization and volume in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with clomiphene citrate and metformin]. ( Alvarez-Alvarez, P; Bajo-Arenas, JM; de la Fuente-Valero, J; Engels-Calvo, V; Orensanz-Fernández, I; Zapardiel-Gutiérrez, I, 2010)
"To determine whether metformin treatment for 6 months is effective in reducing body weight and hyperinsulinemia and also ameliorating insulin sensitivity indices in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia."	5.13	Use of metformin in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Atabek, ME; Pirgon, O, 2008)
"Our study shows that in severely obese, non-diabetic, hyperinsulinaemic patients undergoing a nutritional programme, rosiglitazone is more effective than metformin in producing favourable changes in fasting-based indexes of glucose metabolism, with a reduction of both insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia."	5.13	Rosiglitazone is more effective than metformin in improving fasting indexes of glucose metabolism in severely obese, non-diabetic patients. ( Brunani, A; Castagna, G; Caumo, A; Graci, S; Liuzzi, A; Viberti, G, 2008)
"Continuation of pregnancy beyond the first trimester in all groups and presence or absence of teratogenicity in the delivered baby after metformin therapy."	5.13	Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study. ( Kazerooni, T; Soveid, M; Taghieh, M; Tavana, Z; Zolghadri, J, 2008)
"Low-dose flutamide-metformin (Flu-Met) with an oral contraceptive is a therapeutic option for women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism."	5.12	Discontinuous low-dose flutamide-metformin plus an oral or a transdermal contraceptive in patients with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalizing effects on CRP, TNF-alpha and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L; Valls, C, 2006)
"To determine if short courses of metformin (MET) administration in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) would reduce fasting insulin and improve the efficacy of clomiphene citrate (CC) to induce ovulation."	5.12	Two weeks of metformin improves clomiphene citrate-induced ovulation and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Bonpane, CM; Helliwell, JP; Jaramillo, L; Katz, S; Khorram, O, 2006)
"The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the frequency of menstrual cyclicity between two groups of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: women who were followed while on metformin for 3-6 months and those who were followed for >6 months."	5.12	Effects of short-term and long-term metformin treatment on menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Apridonidze, T; Essah, PA; Iuorno, MJ; Nestler, JE, 2006)
"To evaluate the therapeutic effect of metformin on the clinical features, hormonal and metabolic profile in obese women with a hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.12	Metformin improves menstrual patterns, endocrine and metabolic profile in obese hyperinsulinemic women with a polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Ahmeti, I; Dimitrovski, Ch; Dimova, Z; Krstevska, B; Misevska, S; Pemovska, G; Simeonova, S, 2006)
"One of the treatments for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in nonobese women is combined androgen receptor blockade (with flutamide; Flu), insulin sensitization (with metformin; Met) plus an estroprogestagen contraceptive."	5.12	Combined low-dose pioglitazone, flutamide, and metformin for women with androgen excess. ( de Zegher, F; del Rio, L; Enríquez, G; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Valls, C, 2007)
"Despite the fact that treatment with Diane(35) Diario restored regular menstrual cycles in all the patients, whereas metformin only did so in 50% of them, serum ferritin levels decreased at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment only with metformin, in association with a marked increase in insulin sensitivity."	5.12	Increased body iron stores of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome are a consequence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism and are not a result of reduced menstrual losses. ( Alvarez-Blasco, F; Botella-Carretero, JI; Escobar-Morreale, HF; Luque-Ramírez, M; San Millán, JL; Sanchón, R, 2007)
"Our findings suggest that metformin might reduce the rates or severity of liver dysfunction in selected high-risk adolescents."	5.12	Liver dysfunction in paediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled trial of metformin. ( Freemark, M, 2007)
"Aim of this study was to compare the effects of metformin and a body weight reduction regimen using sibutramine on insulinemia, insulin sensitivity, and ovarian function in women with anovulatory cycles or infertility."	5.11	Metformin versus sibutramine in the treatment of hyperinsulinemia in chronically anovulating women. ( Dravecka, I; Kraus, V; Lazurova, I; Petrovicova, J, 2004)
"To determine the clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic effects of 6 months of metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare with pretherapy parameters."	5.11	Metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Aruna, J; Dadhwal, V; Kumar, S; Misra, R; Mittal, S; Vimala, N, 2004)
"In adolescents and young women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism (n = 118; mean age 16 years, body mass index 22 kg/m(2)), we analysed whether the PCOS-associated rise in leukocyte count is already detectable at young age and, if so, whether such elevation is lowered by metformin, flutamide-metformin, oral contraception (OC), or their combination."	5.11	High neutrophil count in girls and women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalization with metformin and flutamide overcomes the aggravation by oral contraception. ( de Zegher, F; Ferrer, A; Ibáñez, L; Jaramillo, AM, 2005)
"Adolescents with PCOS treated with metformin or OCP experienced similar beneficial outcomes including reduction in androgen levels, weight loss, and increased insulin sensitivity."	5.11	Randomized controlled trial evaluating response to metformin versus standard therapy in the treatment of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Allen, HF; Heptulla, RA; Koenigs, L; Mazzoni, C; Miller, N; Murray, MA; Reiter, EO, 2005)
"Most patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have hyperinsulinemia; thus it has been postulated that insulin-lowering drugs, such as metformin, might be a useful long-term choice."	5.10	Clinical and endocrinological effects of 6 months of metformin treatment in young hyperinsulinemic patients affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. ( De Pergola, G; Lorusso, F; Loverro, G; Mei, L; Nicolardi, V; Selvaggi, L, 2002)
"The endocrine-metabolic status of non-obese, young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is normalized more effectively by combined treatment with flutamide and metformin than by either of these drugs in monotherapy."	5.10	Low-dose combination of flutamide, metformin and an oral contraceptive for non-obese, young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L, 2003)
"To evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of metformin therapy on hormonal and clinical indices in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.09	Metformin therapy decreases hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Duleba, AJ; Kolodziejczyk, B; Pawelczyk, L; Spaczynski, RZ, 2000)
"This study suggests that a relatively low dosage of metformin reduces insulin resistance and related cardiovascular risk parameters in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy."	5.09	Metformin in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. ( Basgoz, N; Corcoran, C; Davis, B; Grinspoon, S; Hadigan, C; Sax, P, 2000)
"To assess the effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and components of the metabolic syndrome in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)."	5.09	Metabolic effects of metformin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. ( Eriksson, JG; Forsén, B; Groop, L; Gullström, M; Häggblom, M; Lehtovirta, M; Taskinen, MR, 2001)
"We performed oral glucose-tolerance tests before and after the administration of 500 mg of metformin or placebo three times daily for 35 days in 61 obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome."	5.08	Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Evans, WS; Jakubowicz, DJ; Nestler, JE; Pasquali, R, 1998)
"To investigate the role of insulin in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathogenesis and application of Metformin in the treatment of PCOS."	5.08	[Role of hyperinsulinemia in pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome and treatment by reduction of insulin secretion]. ( Li, M; Lu, C; Wang, A, 1998)
"The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied."	4.90	Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Albuquerque, LE; Andriolo, RB; Costello, MF; Macedo, CR; Tso, LO, 2014)
" Antidiabetic biguanides such as metformin, which reduce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia by decreasing insulin resistance, extend lifespan, and inhibit carcinogenesis in rodents."	4.89	Metformin: do we finally have an anti-aging drug? ( Anisimov, VN, 2013)
"This article is a review of the literature assessing pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	4.88	Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. ( Awwad, JT; Ghazeeri, GS; Nassar, AH; Younes, Z, 2012)
"Metformin is a widely used and extensively studied insulin sensitising drug for the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with various actions in tissues responding to insulin that include the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, the endothelium of blood vessels, and the ovaries."	4.88	Neuroendocrine and endocrine dysfunction in the hyperinsulinemic PCOS patient: the role of metformin. ( Hodges, P; Randeva, HS; Tan, BK; Weickert, MO, 2012)
"Evidence indicates that metformin and pioglitazone both improve insulin resistance and hirsutism among patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)."	4.88	A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing pioglitazone versus metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Du, Q; Han, P; Wang, YJ; Wu, B; Yang, S; Zhao, YY, 2012)
"The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied."	4.85	Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Albuquerque, LE; Andriolo, RB; Costello, MF; Freitas, V; Tso, LO, 2009)
" Reduction of hyperinsulinism and improvement of insulin sensitivity with metformin has been reported to ameliorate these abnormalities in many, but not all studies, with few adverse effects."	4.84	Metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Lebinger, TG, 2007)
"Metformin is a common treatment for women who have insulin resistance manifesting as type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)."	4.82	Metformin in obstetric and gynecologic practice: a review. ( Boyle, J; McCarthy, EA; McLachlan, K; Permezel, M; Walker, SP, 2004)
"While this class of drugs holds great promise for cases of refractory hyperinsulinemia and laminitis that do not respond to diet or metformin therapy, hypertriglyceridemia is a potential side effect."	4.31	Hypertriglyceridemia in equines with refractory hyperinsulinemia treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. ( Gustafson, KM; Kellon, EM, 2023)
"The beneficial effects of metformin, especially its capacity to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), explains why it is widely prescribed."	4.02	Effects of Metformin on Reproductive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Characteristics of Female Offspring in a Rat Model of Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome With Insulin Resistance. ( Li, S; Xiao, L; Xie, Y, 2021)
"After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group."	3.96	Metformin metabolic and vascular effects in normal weight hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients treated with contraceptive vaginal ring. A pilot study. ( Artini, PG; Battaglia, B; Battaglia, C; Casadio, P; Rizzo, R, 2020)
"Serum ApoJ levels are closely correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance regardless of obesity, and decrease along with improvement of insulin resistance in response only to rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes."	3.88	Circulating ApoJ is closely associated with insulin resistance in human subjects. ( Choe, C; Ciaraldi, TP; Farr, O; Henry, RR; Hwang, WM; Kang, MC; Kim, SS; Kim, YB; Lim, DM; Mantzoros, C; Park, KS; Seo, JA, 2018)
"The combination of dimethylbiguanide and pioglitazone was more effective for the treatment of PCOS complicated with IR than simple pioglitazone; chronic inflammation occurrence was possibly one of reasons for insulin sensitivity reduction of patients with PCOS."	3.80	Treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome with insulin resistance by insulin-sensitizer. ( Hu, L; Hu, MH; Shen, H; Tian, L; Wu, QF, 2014)
" The secondary objective was to evaluate changes in body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and insulin sensitivity after 3 months of metformin therapy."	3.79	Insulin resistance assessment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using different diagnostic criteria--impact of metformin treatment. ( Brodowska, A; Ciećwież, S; Kotlega, D; Marciniak, A; Nawrocka-Rutkowska, J; Starczewski, A; Wiśniewska, B, 2013)
"This is the first study to show that metformin can improve immunosuppressant-induced hyperglycemia, when administered concurrently, and reduces exocrine apoptosis (reducing the impact on potential islet progenitor cells)."	3.79	Metformin improves immunosuppressant induced hyperglycemia and exocrine apoptosis in rats. ( Bennett, RG; Clure, CC; Hamel, FG; Larsen, JL; Shivaswamy, V, 2013)
"To evaluate the ovarian function during early infancy in daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated with metformin throughout pregnancy (PCOSd+M), as a means to reduce androgen and insulin levels, compared with daughters of nontreated PCOS women (PCOSd-M) and daughters of women who belong to a healthy comparison group (HCd)."	3.78	Improvement of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible effect in the ovarian follicular mass of their daughters. ( Crisosto, N; Echiburú, B; Ladrón de Guevara, A; Maliqueo, M; Pérez, V; Preisler, J; Sánchez, F; Sir-Petermann, T, 2012)
"The objective of this study is to determine the ability of metformin treatment in reducing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its hepatic involvement in young hyperinsulinaemic overweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)."	3.77	Long-term metformin treatment is able to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its hepatic involvement in young hyperinsulinaemic overweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. ( Apa, R; Cefalo, C; Ciardulli, A; Gangale, MF; Grieco, A; Lanzone, A; Martinez, D; Miele, L; Morciano, A; Moro, F; Palla, C; Pompili, M; Sagnella, F; Tropea, A, 2011)
" We tested the hypothesis that a gene variant in STK11 contributes to variation in insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy."	3.76	A single nucleotide polymorphism in STK11 influences insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy in hyperinsulinemic girls with androgen excess. ( de Zegher, F; Díaz, M; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Morán, E, 2010)
" Women who had elective cryopreservation due to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome risk were found to have significantly higher LBRs if metformin was taken in the fresh IVF/ICSI cycle (A = 44."	3.76	Effect of metformin taken in the 'fresh' in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle upon subsequent frozen embryo replacement in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Acharya, S; Balen, A; Brewer, C; Tang, T; Thake, F, 2010)
" We evaluated serum CRP level, before and after metformin therapy in obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)."	3.74	C-reactive protein in obese PCOS women and the effect of metformin therapy. ( Velija-Asimi, Z, 2007)
"A MEDLINE literature search was conducted (1950-January 2008) using the search terms acanthosis nigricans (AN), metformin, rosiglitazone, octreotide, retinoic acid, acitretin, etretinate, and isotretinoin."	3.74	Treatment options in insulin resistance obesity-related acanthosis nigricans. ( Benavides, S; Romo, A, 2008)
"The present study supports the notion that metformin may be considered as a prophylactic therapy lowering cardiovascular risk factors in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome."	3.73	Lipids in polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperinsulinemia and effects of metformin. ( Banaszewska, B; Duleba, AJ; Pawelczyk, L; Spaczynski, RZ, 2006)
"Hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism is the core of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and, accordingly, low-dose flutamide-metformin proved so far to be a most effective approach to normalize the broad spectrum of PCOS anomalies in nonobese adolescents and young women."	3.73	Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in nonobese adolescents and women. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L, 2006)
"Twenty-nine patients with hyperinsulinemic anovulation were treated with metformin for 12 weeks."	3.71	[Effects of metformin on hyperinsulinemic anovulation]. ( Li, R; Lin, J; Zhou, J, 2001)
" Metformin therapy improved menstrual disturbances in 25% of the women with PCOS and also resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced basal and post glucose load insulin levels."	3.70	The effects of metformin on insulin resistance and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Bayram, F; Keleştimur, F; Sahin, Y; Tutuş, A; Unlühizarci, K, 1999)
"To observe the efficacy of Chinese herbal formula "Tiangui Fang" (TGF) in hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinism patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and compare with western medicine metformin."	3.70	[Study on treatment of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovary syndrome with Chinese herbal formula "tiangui fang"]. ( Hou, J; Wei, M; Yu, J, 2000)
"Using polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a model of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, our specific aim was to assess the effect of Metformin on lipoproteins, sex hormones, gonadotropins, and blood pressure in 26 women with PCOS who were studied at baseline, received Metformin 1."	3.69	Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. ( Glueck, CJ; Hamer, T; Mendoza, S; Sosa, F; Velazquez, EM, 1994)
"We have previously demonstrated that long-term metformin treatment prevents the development of hyperinsulinemia and hypertension in fructose-hypertensive (FH) rats; however, the exact nature of its antihypertensive effects remains elusive."	3.69	Decreased vascular reactivity in metformin-treated fructose-hypertensive rats. ( Bhanot, S; McNeill, JH; Verma, S, 1996)
"To determine whether improvement of insulin resistance decreases blood pressure as well as obesity, metformin (100 mg/kg/d) or vehicle was administered for 20 weeks to 12-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (n = 10 each), a newly developed animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with mild obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia."	3.69	Metformin decreases blood pressure and obesity in OLETF rats via improvement of insulin resistance. ( Inukai, K; Ishii, J; Kashiwabara, H; Katayama, S; Kikuchi, C; Kosegawa, I; Negishi, K; Oka, Y, 1996)
"We report the treatment of a 14-year-old Indian boy with acanthosis nigricans and hyperinsulinaemia with metformin in an attempt to improve his skin lesions."	3.69	Effect of metformin on glucose disposal and hyperinsulinaemia in a 14-year-old boy with acanthosis nigricans. ( Amiel, SA; Cranston, I; Green, AA; Lee, PJ; O'Rahilly, S, 1997)
"Rosiglitazone may increase subcutaneous fat in some individuals."	2.73	Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone in HIV-infected patients with hyperinsulinemia and elevated waist/hip ratio. ( Alston-Smith, BL; Basar, MT; Fielding, RA; Grinspoon, S; Koletar, SL; Mulligan, K; Parker, RA; Schouten, JT; Wininger, DA; Yang, Y, 2007)
"Metformin treatment induced a significant decrease in insulin levels (P < 0."	2.73	Alteration of ghrelin-neuropeptide Y network in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperinsulinism. ( Campagna, G; De Marinis, L; Guido, M; Lanzone, A; Proto, C; Romualdi, D, 2008)
"Management of hyperinsulinemia by pharmacological approaches, including metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, or β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, decreased GRP78 gene expression in adipose tissue."	2.72	Possible Involvement of Adipose Tissue in Patients With Older Age, Obesity, and Diabetes With SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) via GRP78 (BIP/HSPA5): Significance of Hyperinsulinemia Management in COVID-19. ( Fukuhara, A; Kita, S; Nishitani, S; Otsuki, M; Shimomura, I; Shin, J; Toyoda, S, 2021)
"The results suggest that hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance may be responsible for low progesterone levels during the luteal phase in PCOS."	2.71	Effects of metformin treatment on luteal phase progesterone concentration in polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Agarwal, S; Krishna, A; Meenakumari, KJ; Pandey, LK, 2004)
"Metformin was tolerated well by the majority of patients."	2.70	The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes. ( Bursey, D; Freemark, M, 2001)
"Metformin treatment was well tolerated."	2.70	Sensitization to insulin induces ovulation in nonobese adolescents with anovulatory hyperandrogenism. ( de Zegher, F; Ferrer, A; Ibáñez, L; Marcos, MV; Rodriguez-Hierro, F; Valls, C, 2001)
"We hypothesized that dyslipidemia and anovulation in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome are essentially secondary to the concerted effects of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance."	2.70	Additive effects of insulin-sensitizing and anti-androgen treatment in young, nonobese women with hyperinsulinism, hyperandrogenism, dyslipidemia, and anovulation. ( De Zegher, F; Dunger, DB; Ferrer, A; Ibáñez, L; Ong, K; Valls, C, 2002)
"Metformin treatment was well tolerated and was accompanied by a marked drop in hirsutism score, insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test, free androgen index, and baseline testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels (all P < 0."	2.69	Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. ( de Zegher, F; Ibáñez, L; Marcos, MV; Potau, N; Valls, C, 2000)
"Diabetes mellitus is associated with an elevation in gynecologic cancer risk."	2.53	Diabetes mellitus and gynecologic cancer: molecular mechanisms, epidemiological, clinical and prognostic perspectives. ( Alexandrou, A; Botsis, D; Creatsas, G; Grigoriadis, C; Iavazzo, C; Iliodromiti, Z; Sifakis, S; Siristatidis, C; Vrachnis, N, 2016)
"Metformin is a cornerstone in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2."	2.53	Metformin and pancreatic cancer: Is there a role? ( De Souza, A; Khawaja, KI; Masud, F; Saif, MW, 2016)
"Iatrogenic and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are metabolic disruptors of β-cells, liver, muscle, kidney, brain, heart and vasculature, inflammation, and lipid homeostasis, among other systems."	2.53	Obviating much of the need for insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A re-assessment of insulin therapy's safety profile. ( Herman, ME; Jellinger, PS; Schwartz, SS, 2016)
"Polycystic ovary syndrome is recognized as the most common hormonal and metabolic disorder likely to affect women."	2.52	[Evidence-based therapy of polycystic ovarian syndrome]. ( Csenteri, OK; Gődény, S, 2015)
"Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common hormonal and metabolic disorder likely to affect women."	2.52	[Prevention and treatment of the complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome--the significance of evidence-based, interdisciplinary management]. ( Csenteri, OK; Gődény, S, 2015)
"Long-standing type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes increase the risk for this malignancy, but the cancer can also induce pancreatogenic, or type 3c, diabetes as well."	2.49	Diabetes and cancer: placing the association in perspective. ( Andersen, DK, 2013)
"Metabolic alterations, such as hyperinsulinemia, increased levels of insulin growth factor-1, and insulin resistance could be on the basis of development and progression of many tumors, including prostate cancer, and changes in body composition, in turn, can represent some side effects of androgen deprivation therapy and novel drugs, such as mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors."	2.49	Metabolic syndrome as a peculiar target for management of prostate cancer patients. ( Aieta, M; Ardito, R; Bozza, G; Conteduca, V; Di Lorenzo, G, 2013)
"An association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer has long been postulated, but the biological mechanism responsible for this association has not been defined."	2.48	Diabetes and cancer II: role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors. ( Doi, SA; Engel, JM; Glurich, I; Onitilo, AA; Stankowski, RV; Williams, GM, 2012)
"Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance is present in more than 2/3rd of pancreatic cancer patients."	2.48	Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. ( Chari, ST; Muniraj, T, 2012)
"In obese patients, especially with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), only the PI 3-K, but not the MAP-K, is resistant to insulin stimulation: hence insulin resistance is better defined as metabolic insulin resistance."	2.47	Insulin resistance: pathophysiology and rationale for treatment. ( Muntoni, S, 2011)
"In the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes there are several biological processes, which may explain the higher cancer risk in type 2 diabetes."	2.47	[Diabetes and cancer risk: oncologic considerations]. ( Rosta, A, 2011)
"Metformin has recently gained much attention as it appears to reduce cancer incidence and improve prognosis of patients with diabetes."	2.47	Diabetes, cancer, and metformin: connections of metabolism and cell proliferation. ( Gallagher, EJ; LeRoith, D, 2011)
"Testing for hyperinsulinemia is essential, also if a gene mutation is confirmed."	2.46	FGFR3 mutations and the skin: report of a patient with a FGFR3 gene mutation, acanthosis nigricans, hypochondroplasia and hyperinsulinemia and review of the literature. ( Benfeldt, E; Blomberg, M; Jeppesen, EM; Skovby, F, 2010)
"Metformin has been shown to inhibit proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of neoplastic cells and to overcome resistance of breast cancer to chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and HER2 inhibition."	2.46	Obesity, hyperinsulinemia and breast cancer: novel targets and a novel role for metformin. ( Wierusz-Wysocka, B; Wysocki, PJ, 2010)
"Diabetes and cancer are common conditions, and their co-diagnosis in the same individual is not infrequent."	2.46	Diabetes and cancer. ( Chowdhury, TA, 2010)
"This favors not only formation of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, but also increaseas the incidence and prevalence of malignant tumors."	2.46	[Antidiabetic therapy--a new possibility in the complex therapy of cancer?]. ( Bánhegyi, RJ; Martyin, T; Nagy, AK; Pikó, B; Rus-Gal, PO; Varga, R; Wágner, R, 2010)
"Hyperinsulinemia has been causally linked with all features of the syndrome, such as hyperandrogenism, reproductive disorders, and metabolic disturbances."	2.43	Metformin treatment of PCOS during adolescence and the reproductive period. ( Artensio, AC; La Marca, A; Stabile, G; Volpe, A, 2005)
"Metformin has proven to be effective in the management of the metabolic disturbances, anovulation and hirsutism and is now a widely accepted therapy."	2.43	[Polycystic ovary syndrome. New pathophysiological discoveries--therapeutic consequences]. ( Madsbad, S; Nilas, L; Nørgaard, K; Svendsen, PF, 2005)
"Polycystic ovary syndrome is a frequent endocrine disorder often associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia which may play a role in hyperandrogenism and anovulation."	2.42	[Should infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformine?]. ( Basille, C; Bry-Gauillard, H; Cédrin-Durnerin, I; Galey, J; Hugues, JN; Massin, N; Théron-Gérard, L, 2003)
" However, a significant proportion of women with PCOS fail to ovulate with the use of standard dosage of CC and are called CC-resistant PCOS."	2.42	Minireview: Up-date management of non responder to clomiphene citrate in polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Abd el-Aal, G; Abdel-Kareem, O; Amin, M; Maruo, T; Moriyama, T; Takekida, S, 2003)
"While the treatment of hyperandrogenism makes use of different drugs already studied, the debate about the use of insulin sensitizing drugs is still open."	2.42	Which treatment options should be used in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome? ( Barini, A; Di Sebastiano, F; Fulghesu, AM; Lanzone, A; Rossodivita, A; Sagnella, F; Villa, P, 2004)
"For now, the goals and methods of treating hypertension and dyslipidemia are the same in people with the metabolic syndrome as in the general population."	2.41	A truly deadly quartet: obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperinsulinemia. ( Hoogwerf, BJ; Nambi, V; Sprecher, DL, 2002)
"Both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia have been suggested as risk factors for accelerated atherogenesis in diabetes."	2.39	Does treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? ( Giugliano, D, 1996)
"Metformin alone reduced hyperinsulinemia and circulating c-reactive protein, but exacerbated nephropathy."	1.72	Rapamycin/metformin co-treatment normalizes insulin sensitivity and reduces complications of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic mice. ( Calcutt, NA; Doty, R; Flurkey, K; Harrison, DE; Koza, RA; Reifsnyder, PC, 2022)
"Obesity is considered an important factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer."	1.62	Obesity and hyperinsulinemia drive adipocytes to activate a cell cycle program and senesce. ( Alexandersson, I; Aouadi, M; Arifen, N; Boucher, J; Chen, P; Hagberg, CE; Harms, MJ; Hyvönen, MT; Knibbe, C; Krämer, N; Kutschke, M; Lang, S; Li, Q; Salehzadeh, F; Silva Cascales, H; Spalding, KL; Terezaki, E; Thorell, A, 2021)
"Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing biguanide drug, commonly used in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, especially in obese patients."	1.62	Changes in protein expression due to metformin treatment and hyperinsulinemia in a human endometrial cancer cell line. ( Germeyer, A; Lange, C; Machado Weber, A; Schmidt, R; Schroeder, C; Strowitzki, T, 2021)
"Metformin treatment of HFD rats reduced fasting insulin and free fatty acid concentrations and lowered body weight and adiposity."	1.51	Metformin improves vascular and metabolic insulin action in insulin-resistant muscle. ( Attrill, E; Betik, AC; Bradley, EA; Hu, D; Keske, MA; Premilovac, D; Rattigan, S; Richards, SM, 2019)
"We show that prediabetic serum hyperinsulinemia is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid and that this chronically elevated insulin renders neurons resistant to insulin."	1.51	Age-related hyperinsulinemia leads to insulin resistance in neurons and cell-cycle-induced senescence. ( Chen, G; Cheng, A; Chow, HM; Gao, Y; Herrup, K; Shi, M; So, RWL; Song, X; Zhang, J, 2019)
"Obesity is associated with colon cancer pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism is actively debated."	1.48	Uncoupling Hepatic Oxidative Phosphorylation Reduces Tumor Growth in Two Murine Models of Colon Cancer. ( Damsky, WE; Nasiri, AR; Perry, CJ; Perry, RJ; Pollak, MN; Rabin-Court, A; Shulman, GI; Wang, Y; Zhang, XM, 2018)
"Hyperinsulinemia is thought to enhance cancer risk."	1.43	Metformin Protects Kidney Cells From Insulin-Mediated Genotoxicity In Vitro and in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. ( Arias-Loza, PA; Kreissl, MC; Oli, RG; Othman, EM; Stopper, H, 2016)
"A significant decrement of hyperinsulinemia, triglyceridemia, serum IL6 and oxidised LDL were observed at the end of the study."	1.43	Metformin preconditioned adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells is a better option for the reversal of diabetes upon transplantation. ( Bhonde, RR; Shree, N, 2016)
"During hyperinsulinemia, glucose infusion rate (GINF) to maintain euglycemia (reflective of whole-body insulin sensitivity) was higher in Veh/Veh vs other groups."	1.42	Metformin attenuates olanzapine-induced hepatic, but not peripheral insulin resistance. ( Ahsan, Z; Chintoh, A; Giacca, A; Guenette, M; Hahn, MK; Remington, GJ; Teo, C; Wilson, V, 2015)
"In conclusion, hyperinsulinemia and metformin infusion constrict resistance arterial vessels in vivo."	1.40	Immediate direct peripheral vasoconstriction in response to hyperinsulinemia and metformin in the anesthetized pig. ( Edge, D; Markos, F; Noble, MI; Ruane-O'Hora, T; Shortt, CM, 2014)
"Obesity is a significant contributing factor to endometrial cancer risk."	1.39	Chemopreventive effects of metformin on obesity-associated endometrial proliferation. ( Broaddus, RR; Burzawa, JK; Celestino, J; Huang, M; Iglesias, D; Lu, KH; McCampbell, AS; Meyer, LA; Schmandt, R; Urbauer, DL; Yates, MS; Zhang, Q, 2013)
"Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of Type 2 diabetes."	1.39	Discovery of p1736, a novel antidiabetic compound that improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice models. ( Anthony, J; Bhumra, SK; Deka, N; Kelkar, A; Marita, AR; Mutt, S; Mutt, SJ; Ranjith, V; Sharma, S; Sivaramakrishnan, H; Wilankar, C, 2013)
"Metformin treatment, lead to a significant decrease in serum insulin (p = 0."	1.39	Effects of metformin on serum insulin and anti-Mullerian hormone levels and on hyperandrogenism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Ferriani, RA; Japur de Sá Rosa-e-Silva, AC; Nascimento, AD; Reis, RM; Silva Lara, LA, 2013)
"Metformin treatment improved these alterations."	1.38	Improvement of metabolic parameters and vascular function by metformin in obese non-diabetic rats. ( Akamine, EH; Carvalho, MH; Filgueira, FP; Fortes, ZB; Hagihara, GN; Lobato, NS; Pariz, JR; Tostes, RC, 2012)
"Metformin has been shown to be effective therapy and could be used more widely in obese adolescents with hyperandrogenemia, a forerunner of PCOS."	1.38	Should all women with PCOS be treated for insulin resistance? ( Dunaif, A; Marshall, JC, 2012)
"In the absence of hyperinsulinemia, metformin inhibited only the growth of tumors transfected with short hairpin RNA against LKB1, a finding attributable neither to an effect on host insulin level nor to activation of AMPK within the tumor."	1.37	Diet and tumor LKB1 expression interact to determine sensitivity to anti-neoplastic effects of metformin in vivo. ( Algire, C; Amrein, L; Bazile, M; David, S; Pollak, M; Zakikhani, M, 2011)
"Treatment with metformin sensitized the impaired insulin actions and also prevented appearance of molecular and pathological characteristics observed in AD."	1.37	Peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin ameliorates neuronal insulin resistance and Alzheimer's-like changes. ( Bisht, B; Dey, CS; Gupta, A, 2011)
"We present a model of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia associated with increased insulin receptor activation in neoplastic tissue and with increased tumor FDG-PET image intensity."	1.37	Metformin abolishes increased tumor (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake associated with a high energy diet. ( Algire, C; Aliaga, A; Bazile, M; Bedell, BJ; Birman, E; Blouin, MJ; David, S; Mashhedi, H; Pollak, M; Zakikhani, M; Zhao, Y, 2011)
"Metformin treatment also improved hyperleptinemia, whereas pioglitazone was ineffective."	1.36	Metformin reduces body weight gain and improves glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. ( Hirasawa, Y; Ito, M; Kyuki, K; Matsui, Y; Sugiura, T; Toyoshi, T, 2010)
"Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of malignancy (mainly cancer of the pancreas, breast, colon, endometrium and bladder)."	1.36	Metformin and cancer: licence to heal? ( Maltezos, E; Mikhailidis, DP; Papanas, N, 2010)
"We hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia precedes the development of insulin resistance and increased adiposity in these mice with a defective adipoinsular axis."	1.36	Hyperinsulinemia precedes insulin resistance in mice lacking pancreatic beta-cell leptin signaling. ( Covey, SD; Donald, C; Gray, SL; Jetha, A; Kieffer, TJ, 2010)
" Further studies are required to define appropriate selection of subjects warranting therapy, dosing schedule and pharmacokinetics."	1.35	The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance. ( Durham, AE; Newton, JE; Rendle, DI, 2008)
"Metformin treatment also significantly decreased testosterone (by 37%, P = 0."	1.32	Metformin therapy increases insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ( Banaszewska, B; Duleba, AJ; Pawelczyk, L; Spaczynski, RZ, 2004)
"Metformin or vehicle was administered to rats daily for 1 week."	1.32	Metformin prevents the development of acute lipid-induced insulin resistance in the rat through altered hepatic signaling mechanisms. ( Cleasby, ME; Cooney, GJ; Dzamko, N; Hegarty, BD; Kraegen, EW; Ye, JM, 2004)
"Vanadyl sulfate (3-4 wk treatment or after 5-6 h in vitro) enhanced the sustained K(+) current."	1.31	Insulin resistance and the modulation of rat cardiac K(+) currents. ( Ewart, HS; Severson, D; Shimoni, Y, 2000)
"Polycystic ovary syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by signs and symptoms of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance."	1.30	Ovarian responses to hCG stimulation: insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia vs. insulin deficiency. ( Arslanian, S; Witchel, SF, 1999)
"Glycerol release was lowered by metformin during the 3-h experiment (P<0."	1.30	Metformin inhibits catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in obese, hyperinsulinemic, hypertensive subjects in subcutaneous adipose tissue: an in situ microdialysis study. ( Adler, G; Alt, A; Ditschuneit, HH; Flechtner-Mors, M; Jenkinson, CP, 1999)
"Metformin has been demonstrated to lower blood glucose in vivo by a mechanism which increases peripheral glucose uptake."	1.29	Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle obtained from patients with NIDDM. ( Galuska, D; Nolte, LA; Wallberg-Henriksson, H; Zierath, JR, 1994)
"Metformin markedly reduced also the hyperinsulinemia of the obese animals without altering their plasma glucose or pancreatic insulin content which may reflect an improved insulin sensitivity after metformin treatment."	1.28	Subchronic treatment with metformin produces anorectic effect and reduces hyperinsulinemia in genetically obese Zucker rats. ( Huupponen, R; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U; Rouru, J, 1992)

Research

Studies (200)

Authors

Clinical Trials (28)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Body Fat by Bod Pod

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (0.50)	18.7374
1990's	25 (12.50)	18.2507
2000's	79 (39.50)	29.6817
2010's	85 (42.50)	24.3611
2020's	10 (5.00)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Xie, Y	1
Xiao, L	1
Li, S	1
Li, Q	1
Hagberg, CE	1
Silva Cascales, H	1
Lang, S	1
Hyvönen, MT	1
Salehzadeh, F	1
Chen, P	1
Alexandersson, I	1
Terezaki, E	1
Harms, MJ	1
Kutschke, M	1
Arifen, N	1
Krämer, N	1
Aouadi, M	1
Knibbe, C	1
Boucher, J	1
Thorell, A	1
Spalding, KL	1
Shin, J	1
Toyoda, S	1
Nishitani, S	1
Fukuhara, A	1
Kita, S	1
Otsuki, M	1
Shimomura, I	1
Calco, GN	1
Proskocil, BJ	1
Jacoby, DB	1
Fryer, AD	1
Nie, Z	1
Hernández-Jiménez, JL	1
Barrera, D	1
Espinoza-Simón, E	1
González, J	1
Ortíz-Hernández, R	1
Escobar, L	1
Echeverría, O	1
Torres-Ramírez, N	1
Reifsnyder, PC	1
Flurkey, K	1
Doty, R	1
Calcutt, NA	1
Koza, RA	1
Harrison, DE	1
Kellon, EM	1
Gustafson, KM	1
Bradley, EA	1
Premilovac, D	1
Betik, AC	1
Hu, D	1
Attrill, E	1
Richards, SM	1
Rattigan, S	1
Keske, MA	1
Chow, HM	1
Shi, M	1
Cheng, A	1
Gao, Y	1
Chen, G	1
Song, X	1
So, RWL	1
Zhang, J	1
Herrup, K	1
Bassols, J	1
Martínez-Calcerrada, JM	1
Osiniri, I	1
Díaz-Roldán, F	1
Xargay-Torrent, S	1
Mas-Parés, B	1
Dorado-Ceballos, E	1
Prats-Puig, A	1
Carreras-Badosa, G	1
de Zegher, F	21
Ibáñez, L	22
López-Bermejo, A	9
Battaglia, C	2
Battaglia, B	1
Casadio, P	1
Rizzo, R	1
Artini, PG	1
Luo, C	1
Liang, J	1
Sharabi, K	1
Hatting, M	1
Perry, EA	1
Tavares, CDJ	1
Goyal, L	1
Srivastava, A	1
Bilodeau, M	1
Zhu, AX	1
Sicinski, P	1
Puigserver, P	1
Lange, C	1
Machado Weber, A	1
Schmidt, R	1
Schroeder, C	1
Strowitzki, T	2
Germeyer, A	2
Takahashi, M	1
Inoue, T	1
Huang, M	2
Numakura, K	1
Tsuruta, H	1
Saito, M	1
Maeno, A	1
Nakamura, E	1
Narita, S	1
Tsuchiya, N	1
Habuchi, T	1
Stagi, S	1
Ricci, F	1
Bianconi, M	1
Sammarco, MA	1
Municchi, G	1
Toni, S	1
Lenzi, L	1
Verrotti, A	1
de Martino, M	1
Seo, JA	1
Kang, MC	1
Ciaraldi, TP	1
Kim, SS	1
Park, KS	1
Choe, C	1
Hwang, WM	1
Lim, DM	1
Farr, O	1
Mantzoros, C	1
Henry, RR	1
Kim, YB	1
Chang, HH	1
Moro, A	1
Chou, CEN	1
Dawson, DW	1
French, S	1
Schmidt, AI	1
Sinnett-Smith, J	1
Hao, F	1
Hines, OJ	1
Eibl, G	1
Rozengurt, E	1
Wang, Y	1
Nasiri, AR	1
Damsky, WE	1
Perry, CJ	1
Zhang, XM	1
Rabin-Court, A	1
Pollak, MN	1
Shulman, GI	1
Perry, RJ	1
Otto-Buczkowska, E	1
Grzyb, K	1
Jainta, N	1
Loves, S	1
van Groningen, L	1
Filius, M	1
Mekking, M	1
Brandon, T	1
Tack, CJ	1
Hermus, A	1
de Boer, H	1
Morotti, E	1
Giovanni Artini, P	1
Persico, N	1
Andersen, DK	1
Zhang, Q	1
Celestino, J	1
Schmandt, R	1
McCampbell, AS	1
Urbauer, DL	1
Meyer, LA	1
Burzawa, JK	1
Yates, MS	1
Iglesias, D	1
Broaddus, RR	1
Lu, KH	1
Carvajal, R	1
Rosas, C	1
Kohan, K	1
Gabler, F	1
Vantman, D	1
Romero, C	1
Vega, M	1
Nixon, A	1
Moro, F	2
Morciano, A	2
Tropea, A	2
Sagnella, F	3
Palla, C	2
Scarinci, E	1
Ciardulli, A	2
Martinez, D	2
Familiari, A	1
Liuzzo, G	1
Tritarelli, A	1
Cosentino, N	1
Niccoli, G	1
Crea, F	1
Lanzone, A	6
Apa, R	2
Conteduca, V	1
Di Lorenzo, G	1
Bozza, G	1
Ardito, R	1
Aieta, M	1
Pasquali, R	3
Gambineri, A	1
Nawrocka-Rutkowska, J	1
Ciećwież, S	1
Marciniak, A	1
Brodowska, A	1
Wiśniewska, B	1
Kotlega, D	1
Starczewski, A	1
Anisimov, VN	1
Anthony, J	1
Kelkar, A	1
Wilankar, C	1
Ranjith, V	1
Bhumra, SK	1
Mutt, SJ	1
Mutt, S	1
Deka, N	1
Sivaramakrishnan, H	1
Sharma, S	1
Marita, AR	1
Ferreira, GD	1
de Barros Machado, A	1
do Nascimento, TL	1
Brum, IS	1
von Eye Corleta, H	1
Capp, E	1
Ke, RW	1
Helseth, R	1
Vanky, E	1
Stridsklev, S	1
Vogt, C	1
Carlsen, SM	1
Ong, KK	1
Dunger, DB	3
Markos, F	1
Shortt, CM	1
Edge, D	1
Ruane-O'Hora, T	1
Noble, MI	1
Hu, L	1
Shen, H	1
Wu, QF	1
Tian, L	1
Hu, MH	1
Balasubramanyam, M	1
Kurzthaler, D	1
Hadziomerovic-Pekic, D	2
Wildt, L	2
Seeber, BE	2
Bosman, E	1
Esterhuizen, AD	1
Rodrigues, FA	1
Becker, PJ	1
Hoffmann, WA	1
Tso, LO	2
Costello, MF	2
Albuquerque, LE	2
Andriolo, RB	2
Macedo, CR	1
Adeyemo, MA	1
McDuffie, JR	1
Kozlosky, M	1
Krakoff, J	1
Calis, KA	1
Brady, SM	1
Yanovski, JA	1
Messinis, IE	1
Messini, CI	1
Anifandis, G	1
Dafopoulos, K	1
Remington, GJ	1
Teo, C	1
Wilson, V	1
Chintoh, A	1
Guenette, M	1
Ahsan, Z	1
Giacca, A	1
Hahn, MK	1
Vrachnis, N	1
Iavazzo, C	1
Iliodromiti, Z	1
Sifakis, S	1
Alexandrou, A	1
Siristatidis, C	1
Grigoriadis, C	1
Botsis, D	1
Creatsas, G	1
Díaz, M	7
Gallego-Escuredo, JM	1
Villarroya, F	1
Gődény, S	2
Csenteri, OK	2
Othman, EM	1
Oli, RG	1
Arias-Loza, PA	1
Kreissl, MC	1
Stopper, H	1
De Souza, A	1
Khawaja, KI	1
Masud, F	1
Saif, MW	1
Schwartz, SS	1
Jellinger, PS	1
Herman, ME	1
Shree, N	1
Bhonde, RR	1
Atabek, ME	1
Pirgon, O	1
Enríquez, G	3
del Río, L	2
Freitas, V	1
Fraser, R	1
Matveyenko, AV	1
Dry, S	1
Cox, HI	1
Moshtaghian, A	1
Gurlo, T	1
Galasso, R	1
Butler, AE	1
Butler, PC	1
Marcos, MV	4
Donadon, V	1
Balbi, M	1
Zanette, G	1
Xing, XY	1
Li, YF	1
Fu, ZD	1
Chen, YY	1
Wang, YF	1
Liu, XL	1
Liu, WY	1
Li, GW	1
Weiss, JM	1
Moeller, K	1
Mattle, V	1
Morán, E	1
Blomberg, M	1
Jeppesen, EM	1
Skovby, F	1
Benfeldt, E	1
Wysocki, PJ	1
Wierusz-Wysocka, B	1
Matsui, Y	1
Hirasawa, Y	1
Sugiura, T	1
Toyoshi, T	1
Kyuki, K	1
Ito, M	1
Papanas, N	1
Maltezos, E	1
Mikhailidis, DP	1
Genazzani, AD	2
Chierchia, E	1
Rattighieri, E	1
Santagni, S	1
Casarosa, E	2
Luisi, M	1
Genazzani, AR	1
Gray, SL	1
Donald, C	1
Jetha, A	1
Covey, SD	1
Kieffer, TJ	1
Chowdhury, TA	1
Brewer, C	1
Acharya, S	1
Thake, F	1
Tang, T	1
Balen, A	1
de la Fuente-Valero, J	1
Zapardiel-Gutiérrez, I	1
Orensanz-Fernández, I	1
Alvarez-Alvarez, P	1
Engels-Calvo, V	1
Bajo-Arenas, JM	1
Algire, C	2
Amrein, L	1
Bazile, M	2
David, S	2
Zakikhani, M	2
Pollak, M	2
Bánhegyi, RJ	1
Rus-Gal, PO	1
Nagy, AK	1
Martyin, T	1
Wágner, R	1
Varga, R	1
Pikó, B	1
Yasmin, E	1
Glanville, J	1
Barth, J	1
Balen, AH	1
Gupta, A	1
Bisht, B	1
Dey, CS	1
Muntoni, S	2
Weerakiet, S	1
Sophonsritsuk, A	1
Lertvikool, S	1
Satirapot, C	1
Leelaphiwat, S	1
Jultanmas, R	1
De Leo, V	2
Musacchio, MC	1
Piomboni, P	1
Di Sabatino, A	1
Morgante, G	2
Gangale, MF	1
Miele, L	1
Pompili, M	1
Cefalo, C	1
Grieco, A	1
Rosta, A	1
Serdyńska-Szuster, M	1
Banaszewska, B	3
Spaczyński, R	1
Pawelczyk, L	4
Mashhedi, H	1
Blouin, MJ	1
Zhao, Y	1
Birman, E	1
Aliaga, A	1
Bedell, BJ	1
Oner, G	1
Muderris, II	1
Sebastiani, G	1
Sánchez-Infantes, D	1
Salvador, C	1
Crisosto, N	1
Echiburú, B	1
Maliqueo, M	1
Pérez, V	1
Ladrón de Guevara, A	1
Preisler, J	1
Sánchez, F	1
Sir-Petermann, T	1
Li, XM	1
Li, Y	1
Zhang, NN	1
Xie, YH	1
Shi, YQ	1
Lobato, NS	1
Filgueira, FP	1
Hagihara, GN	1
Akamine, EH	1
Pariz, JR	1
Tostes, RC	1
Carvalho, MH	1
Fortes, ZB	1
Marshall, JC	1
Dunaif, A	1
Gallagher, EJ	1
LeRoith, D	1
Ghazeeri, GS	1
Nassar, AH	1
Younes, Z	1
Awwad, JT	1
Weickert, MO	1
Hodges, P	1
Tan, BK	1
Randeva, HS	1
Du, Q	1
Wang, YJ	1
Yang, S	1
Wu, B	1
Han, P	1
Zhao, YY	1
Onitilo, AA	1
Engel, JM	1
Glurich, I	1
Stankowski, RV	1
Williams, GM	1
Doi, SA	1
Veilleux-Lemieux, M	1
DiVasta, AD	1
Jakubowicz, D	1
Wainstein, J	1
Homburg, R	3
Nascimento, AD	1
Silva Lara, LA	1
Japur de Sá Rosa-e-Silva, AC	1
Ferriani, RA	1
Reis, RM	1
Muniraj, T	1
Chari, ST	1
Shivaswamy, V	1
Bennett, RG	1
Clure, CC	1
Larsen, JL	1
Hamel, FG	1
Kapitza, C	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Anti-Inflammatory, Insulin-Sensitizing Agent for Treatment of Cognitive Decline Due to Degenerative Dementias[NCT05227820]	Phase 2	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-19	Completed
Diazoxide-mediated Insulin Suppression in Hyperinsulinemic Obese Men, Part III[NCT00631033]	Phase 2	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
Is the Co-administration of Metformine and CC as Compared to Placebo and CC Superior to Induce Ovulation in PCOS Patients With a Confirmed insulin-resistant-a Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT02523898]	Phase 2	388 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Enrolling by invitation
Metformin Treatment of Pregnant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)[NCT00159536]	Phase 3	257 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Effects of Metformin on Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Body Weight in Overweight Children With Insulin Resistance[NCT00005669]	Phase 2	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-05-31	Completed
Use of Metformin in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis in PAI-1 Deficient Population[NCT05317806]	Phase 4	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-10	Active, not recruiting
Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Using Metformin: a Randomized Control Trial[NCT04855513]		414 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-24	Not yet recruiting
Preventing Recurrent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus With Early Metformin Intervention[NCT02394158]	Phase 4	112 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-27	Recruiting
An Open-label, Randomized Two-arm Parallel Group Study to Compare the Effects of 4-week QD Treatment With Lixisenatide or Liraglutide on the Postprandial Plasma Glucose in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Not Adequately Controlled With Metformin[NCT01175473]	Phase 2	148 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
The Effects of Contraceptive Pill and Hormonal Vaginal Ring on Hormonal, Inflammatory and Metabolic Parameters in Women of Reproductive Age With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).[NCT01588873]	Phase 4	42 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Recruiting
The Cardiovascular Risk Profile Associated With The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome And With Ovulatory Hyperandrogenism, And Its Changes During Treatment With Metformin Or Oral Contraceptives[NCT00428311]	Phase 4	50 participants	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
Vigorous Exercise Versus Moderate Exercise to Improve Glucose Metabolism and Metabolic Parameters in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study[NCT02303470]		47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Metformin on Healthy Live Birth After In-vitro Fertilization in Women With Prediabetes Mellitus: a Multicenter Double-blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial[NCT06064669]		988 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-01	Not yet recruiting
[NCT01784380]		1,159 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-10-31	Completed
Double-blind Randomized Trial Using Oral Metformin Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Acanthosis Nigricans in Children With Obesity[NCT02438020]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Clinical Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters in Response to Metformin and Lifestyle Intervention in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Phase 4 Randomized, Double- Blind and Placebo Control Trial[NCT00679679]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Effects of Metformin and Combination of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Plasma Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Levels in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome[NCT03117517]	Early Phase 1	106 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-20	Completed
Independent and Additive Effects Of Micronutrients With Metformin In Patients With PCOS:A Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial[NCT05653895]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-07	Recruiting
Effect of Metformin and Combination of Olive Oil Plus Nutritional Supplements on Inflammatory Markers IL-6 and IL-8 in PCOS.[NCT05952349]	Phase 2	88 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Recruiting
"Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Effect of Metformin, an Activator of AMPK, on Cognitive Measures of Progression in Huntington's Disease Patients"[NCT04826692]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-10	Recruiting
[NCT01626443]	Phase 4	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Acupuncture on Insulin Sensitivity of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02491333]	Phase 3	342 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Completed
Pulsatile GnRH in Anovulatory Infertility[NCT00383656]	Phase 2	270 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	1989-01-31	Recruiting
Effects of Inositol Alone or Associated With Alpha-lipoic Acid in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment[NCT04881851]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-07	Recruiting
New Electrophoretic Approaches in Studies of Obesity and Diabetes[NCT03189732]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-01	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial, Effect of Metformin and Rosiglitazone Over Glucose Homeoastasis in no Diabetic With Metabolic Syndrome Patients.[NCT04148183]	Phase 2/Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-01	Completed
Metformin as Adjunctive Therapy in Overweight and Obese Patients With Dengue: an Open-label Safety and Tolerability Trial[NCT04377451]	Phase 1/Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-27	Completed
Inflammatory Mediators in Obese Adolescents With Insulin Resistance Following Metformin Treatment: Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT01410604]	Phase 4	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Change in body fat mass measured by air displacement plethysmography (kg) (NCT00005669)
Timeframe: 6 months

Change in Body Fat by DEXA

Intervention	kg (Mean)
Metformin Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	-1.51
Placebo Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	1.81

Change in body fat mass by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (kg) (NCT00005669)
Timeframe: 6 months

Change in Body Weight

Change in Body Weight as Determined by BMI

Intervention	kg (Mean)
Metformin Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	0.48
Placebo Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	1.88

Intervention	kg (Mean)
Metformin Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	1.47
Placebo Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	4.85

Change in body weight as determined by body mass index (kg/m2) (NCT00005669)
Timeframe: 6 months

Changes in Body Weight as Determined by Body Mass Index-standard Deviation Score (BMI-SDS).

Intervention	kg/m2 (Mean)
Metformin Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	-0.78
Placebo Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	0.32

Change in Body Mass Index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) determined using tables created by the CDC in 2000. BMI-SDS is a unitless transformation of the body mass index (measured in kg divided by the squared height in meters) using the L M S method. Possible values range from -3 to +3. See http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/percentile_data_files.htm for details. (NCT00005669)
Timeframe: 6 months

Change From Baseline in Area Under the Plasma Glucose Concentration Curve From Time 0.5 Hours to 4.5 Hours (GLU-AUC0:30-4:30h) at Day 28

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
Metformin Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	-0.11
Placebo Plus Weight Reduction Counseling	-0.07

The area under the plasma glucose concentration time curve (GLU-AUC0:30-4:30h) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule from time of breakfast start (30 minutes after study drug administration [time: 0.5 hours] on Day 28) to 4 hours after breakfast start (time: 4.5 hours) and corrected by subtracting pre-breakfast plasma glucose concentration (time: 0.5 hours). GLU-AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1 was the baseline. Change in GLU-AUC0:30-4:30h = GLU-AUC0:30-4:30h on Day 28 minus GLU-AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Baseline in C-Peptide AUC(0:30-4:30h) at Day 28

Intervention	h*mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-227.25
Liraglutide	-72.83

The area under the C-peptide concentration time curve (AUC0:30-4:30h) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule from time of breakfast start (30 minutes after study drug administration [time: 0.5 hours] on Day 28) to 4 hours after breakfast start (time: 4.5 hours) and corrected by subtracting pre-breakfast C-peptide concentration (time: 0.5 hours). C-peptide AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1 was the baseline. Change in C-peptide AUC0:30-4:30h = C-peptide AUC0:30-4:30h on Day 28 minus C-peptide AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Baseline in Glucagon AUC(0:30-4:30h) at Day 28

Intervention	h*ng/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-5.03
Liraglutide	1.04

The area under the glucagon concentration time curve (AUC0:30-4:30h) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule from time of breakfast start (30 minutes after study drug administration [time: 0.5 hours] on Day 28) to 4 hours after breakfast start (time: 4.5 hours) and corrected by subtracting pre-breakfast glucagon concentration (time: 0.5 hours). Glucagon AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1 was the baseline. Change in glucagon AUC0:30-4:30h = glucagon AUC0:30-4:30h on Day 28 minus glucagon AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Day 29

Intervention	h*pg/mL (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-46.71
Liraglutide	-25.28

Change = HbA1c value at Day 29 (24 hours post-dose on Day 28) minus HbA1c value at baseline (pre-dose [Hour 0] on Day 1). (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Hour 0) on Day 1 and 29 (that is, 24 hours post-dose on Day 28)

Change From Baseline in Insulin AUC(0:30-4:30h) at Day 28

Intervention	percentage of hemoglobin (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-0.32
Liraglutide	-0.45

The area under the insulin concentration time curve (AUC0:30-4:30h) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule from time of breakfast start (30 minutes after study drug administration [time: 0.5 hours] on Day 28) to 4 hours after breakfast start (time: 4.5 hours) and corrected by subtracting pre-breakfast insulin concentration (time: 0.5 hours). Insulin AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1 was the baseline. Change in insulin AUC0:30-4:30h = insulin AUC0:30-4:30h on Day 28 minus insulin AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Baseline in Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) Excursion at Day 28

Intervention	hour*micro international unit/milliliter (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-64.22
Liraglutide	5.34

PPG excursion was determined on Day -1 (Baseline) and 28 as the maximum change in PPG from time of breakfast start (time: 0.5 hours) until 4 hours later subtracted from pre-meal plasma concentration. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Baseline in Pro-insulin AUC(0:30-4:30h) at Day 28

Intervention	mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-70.43
Liraglutide	-24.93

The area under the pro-insulin concentration time curve (AUC0:30-4:30h) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule from time of breakfast start (30 minutes after study drug administration [time: 0.5 hours] on Day 28) to 4 hours after breakfast start (time: 4.5 hours) and corrected by subtracting pre-breakfast pro-insulin concentration (time: 0.5 hours). Pro-insulin AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1 was the baseline. Change in pro-insulin AUC0:30-4:30h = pro-insulin AUC0:30-4:30h on Day 28 minus pro-insulin AUC0:30-4:30h on Day -1. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Time-matched Baseline in Obestatin Concentration at Day 28

Intervention	hour*micro international unit/milliliter (Least Squares Mean)
Lixisenatide	-1.27
Liraglutide	-2.47

Change was calculated by subtracting time-matched baseline value from Day 28 value. Baseline value was the Day -1 time-matched obestatin assessment. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 2.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 2.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Change From Time-matched Baseline in Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) Concentration at Day 28

Intervention	nmol/L (Mean)
	Change at Day 28: 0.5 h	Change at Day 28: 2.5 h	Change at Day 28: 4.5 h
Liraglutide	0.02	0.01	-0.01
Lixisenatide	0.04	0.03	-0.01

Change was calculated by subtracting time-matched baseline value from Day 28 value. Baseline value was the Day -1 time-matched PYY-36 assessment. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 2.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 2.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Percentages of Patients by Ranges of Oxyntomodulin Levels

Intervention	pmol/L (Mean)
	Change at Day 28: 0.5 h	Change at Day 28: 2.5 h	Change at Day 28: 4.5 h
Liraglutide	-0.79	-3.14	-2.47
Lixisenatide	0.02	-7.09	-8.33

Percentage of patients with oxyntomodulin level less than or equal to (<=) limit of detection (LOD), above limit of quantification (LOQ) and between LOD and LOQ were reported. The LOD and LOQ values for oxyntomodulin were 70 and 200 picogram per milliliter (pg/mL) respectively. (NCT01175473)
Timeframe: 0.5 (8:00 clock time; prior to standardized breakfast), 2.5, 4.5 hours on Day -1 (baseline), 0.5 (prior to standardized breakfast), 2.5, 4.5 hours post study drug administration on Day 28

Cytokines and Chemokines Measurements

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Day -1, 0.5 h: <=LOD (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 0.5 h: LOD-LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 0.5 h: >LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 2.5 h: <=LOD (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 2.5 h: LOD-LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 2.5 h: >LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 4.5 h: <=LOD (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 4.5 h: LOD-LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day -1, 4.5 h: >LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day 28, 0.5 h: <=LOD (n = 75, 68)	Day 28, 0.5 h: LOD-LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day 28, 0.5 h: >LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day 28, 2.5 h: <=LOD (n = 74, 68)	Day 28, 2.5 h: LOD-LOQ (n = 74, 68)	Day 28, 2.5 h: >LOQ (n = 74, 68)	Day 28, 4.5 h: <=LOD (n = 75, 68)	Day 28, 4.5 h: LOD-LOQ (n = 75, 68)	Day 28, 4.5 h: >LOQ (n = 75, 68)
Liraglutide	20.6	55.9	23.5	8.8	23.5	67.6	11.8	39.7	48.5	30.9	51.5	17.6	16.2	48.5	35.3	20.6	52.9	26.5
Lixisenatide	33.3	49.3	17.3	12.0	25.3	62.7	17.3	34.7	48.0	38.7	40.0	21.3	52.7	32.4	14.9	52.0	33.3	14.7

IL-6 and IL-8 levels by ELISA method using commercially available kits. (NCT03117517)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 3 Months

Hormonal Profiles

Intervention	pg/ml (Geometric Mean)
	IL-6 levels at baseline	IL-6 levels after 3 months of treatment	IL-8 Llevels at baseline	IL-8 Llevels after treatment
Metformin	14.60	12.65	61.92	32.70
Metformin, Pioglitazone	14.12	11.12	41.86	22.00

Serum level of LH was measure at baseline and after 3 months of treatment (NCT03117517)
Timeframe: Baseine and after 3 Months

Insulin Resistance

Intervention	mIU/ml (Geometric Mean)
	LH level at baseline	LH level after treatment
Metformin	5.79	4.92
Metformin, Pioglitazone	6.625	5.16

Insulin resistance was measure by calculating HOMA-IR from the data of insulin and sugar levels. (NCT03117517)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 3 months

Adiponectin

Intervention	unitless (Mean)
	HOMA-IR at baseline	HOMA-IR after treatment
Metformin	7.19	3.97
Metformin, Pioglitazone	6.22	3.84

Change from baseline in Adiponectin after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Body Mass Index

Intervention	µg/mL (Mean)
Metformin	-0.71
Placebo	-7.52

Change from baseline in Body Mass Index after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Fasting Insulin

Intervention	kg/m^2 (Mean)
Metformin	-0.74
Placebo	-0.71

Change from baseline in Fasting insulin after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Intervention	µU/mL (Mean)
Metformin	-3.97
Placebo	11.03

Change from baseline in Fasting plasma glucose after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
Metformin	-1.08
Placebo	1.71

Change from baseline in High-sensitivity C-reactive protein after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Interleukin 6

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
Metformin	-1.26
Placebo	-1.35

Change from baseline in Interleukin 6 after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha

Intervention	pg/mL (Mean)
Metformin	-34.09
Placebo	16.42

Change from baseline in Tumour necrosis factor alpha after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Waist Circumference

Intervention	pg/mL (Mean)
Metformin	-34.08
Placebo	-4.01

Change from baseline in Waist circumference after 3 months of treatment. (NCT01410604)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Article	Year
Possible Involvement of Adipose Tissue in Patients With Older Age, Obesity, and Diabetes With SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) via GRP78 (BIP/HSPA5): Significance of Hyperinsulinemia Management in COVID-19. Diabetes, 2021, Volume: 70, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists; Aged; Aging; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; A	2021
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: signs and feedback effects of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Androgens; Electron Transport; Feedback, Physiological; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsul	2022
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the accompanying disorders of glucose homeostasis among girls at the time of puberty. Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 2018, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Ag	2018
Diabetes and cancer: placing the association in perspective. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 2013, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Blood Glucose; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Diabetes Complications	2013
Metabolic syndrome as a peculiar target for management of prostate cancer patients. Clinical genitourinary cancer, 2013, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Body Composition; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Insulin-Like Gro	2013
Insulin sensitizers in polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers of hormone research, 2013, Volume: 40 Topics: Animals; Clomiphene; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; I	2013
Metformin: do we finally have an anti-aging drug? Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), 2013, Nov-15, Volume: 12, Issue:22 Topics: Aging; Animals; Carcinogenesis; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin	2013
Endocrine basis for recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2014, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hyperprolactinemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lutein	2014
Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Nov-18, Issue:11 Topics: Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Live	2014
Diabetes mellitus and gynecologic cancer: molecular mechanisms, epidemiological, clinical and prognostic perspectives. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2016, Volume: 293, Issue:2 Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Energy Metabolism; Female; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Hum	2016
[Evidence-based therapy of polycystic ovarian syndrome]. Orvosi hetilap, 2015, Nov-08, Volume: 156, Issue:45 Topics: Amenorrhea; Androgen Antagonists; Anovulation; Anti-Obesity Agents; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Contrace	2015
[Prevention and treatment of the complications of polycystic ovarian syndrome--the significance of evidence-based, interdisciplinary management]. Orvosi hetilap, 2015, Dec-13, Volume: 156, Issue:50 Topics: Biomarkers; Counseling; Dermatology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Management; Endocrinology; E	2015
Metformin and pancreatic cancer: Is there a role? Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Metform	2016
Obviating much of the need for insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A re-assessment of insulin therapy's safety profile. Postgraduate medicine, 2016, Volume: 128, Issue:6 Topics: Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes	2016
Use of insulin-sensitizing agents in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2008, Volume: 90, Issue:5 Suppl Topics: Drug Resistance; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Health Planning Guidelines; Humans; Hyperinsulinism	2008
Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2009, Apr-15, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Live	2009
Gestational diabetes mellitus: developments in diagnosis and treatment. Women's health (London, England), 2009, Volume: 5, Issue:3 Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic	2009
FGFR3 mutations and the skin: report of a patient with a FGFR3 gene mutation, acanthosis nigricans, hypochondroplasia and hyperinsulinemia and review of the literature. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 2010, Volume: 220, Issue:4 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Dwarfism; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing	2010
Obesity, hyperinsulinemia and breast cancer: novel targets and a novel role for metformin. Expert review of molecular diagnostics, 2010, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Adiponectin; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Breast Neoplasms; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Huma	2010
Diabetes and cancer. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 2010, Volume: 103, Issue:12 Topics: Adipokines; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Humans; Hyperins	2010
[Antidiabetic therapy--a new possibility in the complex therapy of cancer?]. Magyar onkologia, 2010, Volume: 54, Issue:4 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antineoplastic Agents; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Feeding Behavior; Humans;	2010
Insulin resistance: pathophysiology and rationale for treatment. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 2011, Volume: 58, Issue:1 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Humans; Hyperinsulin	2011
[Diabetes and cancer risk: oncologic considerations]. Orvosi hetilap, 2011, Jul-17, Volume: 152, Issue:29 Topics: Adipokines; Age Factors; Animals; Cytokines; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Feed	2011
Diabetes, cancer, and metformin: connections of metabolism and cell proliferation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2011, Volume: 1243 Topics: Androgens; Animals; Caloric Restriction; Cell Proliferation; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellit	2011
Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2012, Volume: 91, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hyp	2012
Neuroendocrine and endocrine dysfunction in the hyperinsulinemic PCOS patient: the role of metformin. Minerva endocrinologica, 2012, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Adipokines; Androgens; Endocrine System; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Female; Hormones;	2012
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing pioglitazone versus metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Current medical research and opinion, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Female; Hirsutism; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin Resistance; Metf	2012
Diabetes and cancer II: role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Metformin; Neoplas	2012
Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica, 2012, Volume: 58, Issue:4 Topics: Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Early Detection o	2012
Advances in polycystic ovary syndrome treatment: metformin and ovarian diathermy. Current women's health reports, 2002, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Algorithms; Anovulation; Clomiphene; Combined Modality Therapy; Diathermy; Female; Humans; Hyperinsu	2002
A truly deadly quartet: obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2002, Volume: 69, Issue:12 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypertension; Hypertrigly	2002
[Should infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformine?]. Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite, 2003, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Clomiphene; Drug Synergism; Estrogen Antagonists; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperand	2003
Minireview: Up-date management of non responder to clomiphene citrate in polycystic ovary syndrome. The Kobe journal of medical sciences, 2003, Volume: 49, Issue:3-4 Topics: Anovulation; Chromans; Clomiphene; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gynecologic S	2003
Metformin in obstetric and gynecologic practice: a review. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2004, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Anovulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Human	2004
Which treatment options should be used in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome? Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2004, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Health Services; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Estrogens; Female; Flutamide; H	2004
Insulin resistance and metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2004, Aug-10, Volume: 115, Issue:2 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; In	2004
Metformin treatment of PCOS during adolescence and the reproductive period. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2005, Jul-01, Volume: 121, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Follow-Up Studie	2005
[Metformin for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 2005, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infertility, Female; Insulin Resistance; Metfo	2005
[Polycystic ovary syndrome. New pathophysiological discoveries--therapeutic consequences]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2005, Aug-22, Volume: 167, Issue:34 Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans;	2005
Pregnancy complications in PCOS. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2006, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypertension, Pregnan	2006
Should metformin be prescribed to overweight adolescents in whom dietary/behavioural modifications have not helped? Archives of disease in childhood, 2006, Volume: 91, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Obesity Agents; Behavior Therapy; Child; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agen	2006
The management of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM, 2007, Volume: 18, Issue:7 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Metformin; Models, Biologi	2007
Metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 2007, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin Resistance; Metformin; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	2007
[Therapeutic approach to a multi-metabolic syndrome]. Revue medicale de la Suisse romande, 1995, Volume: 115, Issue:9 Topics: Acarbose; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet Therapy; Enzyme Inhibitors; Exercise; Glucose Intolerance;	1995
Effects of metformin in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes/metabolism reviews, 1995, Volume: 11 Suppl 1 Topics: Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Metformin; Ob	1995
Does treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? Current opinion in lipidology, 1996, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogl	1996
Role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome, and its clinical implications. Seminars in reproductive endocrinology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Androgens; Anovulation; Chromans; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogl	1997
Role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome, and its clinical implications. Seminars in reproductive endocrinology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Androgens; Anovulation; Chromans; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogl	1997
Role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome, and its clinical implications. Seminars in reproductive endocrinology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Androgens; Anovulation; Chromans; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogl	1997
Role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome, and its clinical implications. Seminars in reproductive endocrinology, 1997, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Androgens; Anovulation; Chromans; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogl	1997
Treatment of hyperinsulinaemia in polycystic ovary syndrome? Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 1998, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Chromans; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Polycystic Ova	1998
[Metformin in diabetes therapy]. Der Internist, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Metformin; Obe	1998
Attenuation of hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome: what are the options? Journal of endocrinological investigation, 1998, Volume: 21, Issue:9 Topics: Chromans; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	1998
Insulin-lowering therapeutic modalities for polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 1999, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Insulin Secretio	1999
Clinical efficacy of metformin against insulin resistance parameters: sinking the iceberg. Drugs, 1999, Volume: 58 Suppl 1 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chromans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angio	1999
[Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome]. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction, 1999, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Anovulation; Clomiphene; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin Resistanc	1999
Correction of hyperinsulinemia in oligoovulatory women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of therapeutic rationale and reproductive outcomes. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2000, Volume: 91, Issue:2 Topics: Clomiphene; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Ovulat	2000
Insulin-lowering medications in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2000, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistanc	2000
Metformin therapy in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: endocrine, metabolic and reproductive effects. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Endocrine System; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Menstrual	2001
Should patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformin? A note of cautious optimism. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2002, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Anovulation; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gastrointestin	2002
[New approach to the vascular action of metformin]. Journees annuelles de diabetologie de l'Hotel-Dieu, 1989 Topics: Animals; Fibrinolysis; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Lipid Metabolism; Metformin; Microcirc	1989

Article	Year
Effects of metformin administration on endocrine-metabolic parameters, visceral adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in children with obesity and risk markers for metabolic syndrome: A pilot study. PloS one, 2019, Volume: 14, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Child;	2019
Retrospective Evaluation of Metformin and/or Metformin Plus a New Polysaccharide Complex in Treating Severe Hyperinsulinism and Insulin Resistance in Obese Children and Adolescents with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 2017, May-20, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Male; M	2017
High-Dose, Diazoxide-Mediated Insulin Suppression Boosts Weight Loss Induced by Lifestyle Intervention. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2018, 11-01, Volume: 103, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Diazoxide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dou	2018
Effects of drospirenone-ethinylestradiol and/or metformin on CD4(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes frequency in women with hyperinsulinemia having polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 2013, Volume: 20, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Androstenes; Cardiovascular Diseases; CD28 Antigens; CD4 Ly	2013
Maternal and fetal insulin levels at birth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: data from a randomized controlled study on metformin. European journal of endocrinology, 2014, Volume: 170, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insul	2014
Metformin induces a prompt decrease in LH-stimulated testosterone response in women with PCOS independent of its insulin-sensitizing effects. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2014, Oct-11, Volume: 12 Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Adult; Body Mass Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hype	2014
Effect of metformin therapy and dietary supplements on semen parameters in hyperinsulinaemic males. Andrologia, 2015, Volume: 47, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hyperinsul	2015
Effects of metformin on energy intake and satiety in obese children. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2015, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Appetite Depressants; Body Mass Index; Child; Child Behavior; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenom	2015
Effects of ethinylestradiol-cyproterone acetate vs. pioglitazone-flutamide-metformin on plasma FGF21 levels in adolescent girls with androgen excess. Diabetes & metabolism, 2016, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Cyproterone Acetate; Drug Combinations; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Fibroblast Growth Fac	2016
Use of metformin in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2008, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Body Weight; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic A	2008
Low-dose pioglitazone and low-dose flutamide added to metformin and oestro-progestagens for hyperinsulinaemic women with androgen excess: add-on benefits disclosed by a randomized double-placebo study over 24 months. Clinical endocrinology, 2009, Volume: 71, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy,	2009
Pubertal metformin therapy to reduce total, visceral, and hepatic adiposity. The Journal of pediatrics, 2010, Volume: 156, Issue:1 Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Body Weight; Child; Comorbidity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperinsu	2010
Metformin, naltrexone, or the combination of prednisolone and antiandrogenic oral contraceptives as first-line therapy in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2010, Volume: 94, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Antineoplastic Agents; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug Therapy,	2010
Divergent effects of ethinylestradiol-drospirenone and flutamide-metformin on follistatin in adolescents and women with hyperinsulinemic androgen excess. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2011, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Androgen Antagonists; Androstenes; Body Composition; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Eth	2011
Metformin administration restores allopregnanolone response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation in overweight hyperinsulinemic patients with PCOS. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2010, Volume: 26, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Co	2010
[Sonographic ovarian vascularization and volume in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with clomiphene citrate and metformin]. Ginecologia y obstetricia de Mexico, 2010, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperglycemi	2010
Effect of dose escalation of metformin on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and androgen profile in polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2011, Volume: 156, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Androgens; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fem	2011
Randomized controlled trial of different doses of metformin for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2011, Volume: 37, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyper	2011
The administration of metformin during pregnancy reduces polycystic ovary syndrome related gestational complications. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2011, Volume: 157, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism;	2011
The administration of metformin during pregnancy reduces polycystic ovary syndrome related gestational complications. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2011, Volume: 157, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism;	2011
The administration of metformin during pregnancy reduces polycystic ovary syndrome related gestational complications. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2011, Volume: 157, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism;	2011
The administration of metformin during pregnancy reduces polycystic ovary syndrome related gestational complications. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2011, Volume: 157, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism;	2011
[Effects of metformin therapy on markers of coagulation disorders in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. Ginekologia polska, 2011, Volume: 82, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Blood Coagulation Factors; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Age	2011
Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin vs N-acetyl-cysteine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2011, Volume: 159, Issue:1 Topics: Acetylcysteine; Adolescent; Adult; Anticholesteremic Agents; Antioxidants; Body Mass Index; Female;	2011
Treatment of androgen excess in adolescent girls: ethinylestradiol-cyproteroneacetate versus low-dose pioglitazone-flutamide-metformin. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2011, Volume: 96, Issue:11 Topics: Abdominal Fat; Adolescent; Androgen Antagonists; Body Composition; Cyproterone Acetate; Drug Combina	2011
Combination therapy with metformin and fenofibrate for insulin resistance in obesity. The Journal of international medical research, 2011, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fenofibrate; Humans;	2011
Pharmacodynamic characteristics of lixisenatide once daily versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on metformin. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2013, Volume: 15, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; Fe	2013
Clinical and endocrinological effects of 6 months of metformin treatment in young hyperinsulinemic patients affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androstenedione; Apolipoprotein A-I; Apolipoproteins B; Body Constitution; Body M	2002
Low-dose combination of flutamide, metformin and an oral contraceptive for non-obese, young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Cohort Studies; Contraceptives, Oral; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2003
Flutamide-metformin therapy to reduce fat mass in hyperinsulinemic ovarian hyperandrogenism: effects in adolescents and in women on third-generation oral contraception. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2003, Volume: 88, Issue:10 Topics: Abdomen; Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Body Composition; Contraceptive Ag	2003
Ethinylestradiol-drospirenone, flutamide-metformin, or both for adolescents and women with hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism: opposite effects on adipocytokines and body adiposity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2004, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Androstenes; Drug Therapy, Com	2004
Effects of metformin treatment on luteal phase progesterone concentration in polycystic ovary syndrome. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2004, Volume: 37, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Case-Control Studies; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents,	2004
Metformin versus sibutramine in the treatment of hyperinsulinemia in chronically anovulating women. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 2004, Volume: 105, Issue:5-6 Topics: Adult; Anovulation; Appetite Depressants; Body Mass Index; Chronic Disease; Cyclobutanes; Diet, Redu	2004
Metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2004, Volume: 87, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Glucose Toler	2004
High neutrophil count in girls and women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalization with metformin and flutamide overcomes the aggravation by oral contraception. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Child; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fem	2005
Randomized controlled trial evaluating response to metformin versus standard therapy in the treatment of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2005, Volume: 18, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgens; Child; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglyc	2005
Discontinuous low-dose flutamide-metformin plus an oral or a transdermal contraceptive in patients with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalizing effects on CRP, TNF-alpha and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adolescent; Adult; C-Reactive Protein; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Cont	2006
Predictive value of glucose-insulin ratio in PCOS and profile of women who will benefit from metformin therapy: obese, lean, hyper or normoinsulinemic? European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2005, Dec-01, Volume: 123, Issue:2 Topics: Adiposity; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulini	2005
Two weeks of metformin improves clomiphene citrate-induced ovulation and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2006, Volume: 85, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Female; Fertility Agents, Female	2006
Effects of short-term and long-term metformin treatment on menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2006, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Longitudinal Studies; Menstrual Cycle;	2006
Metformin improves menstrual patterns, endocrine and metabolic profile in obese hyperinsulinemic women with a polycystic ovary syndrome. Prilozi, 2006, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Lipids; Menstru	2006
Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone in HIV-infected patients with hyperinsulinemia and elevated waist/hip ratio. AIDS (London, England), 2007, Jan-02, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Body Composition; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Infect	2007
Combined low-dose pioglitazone, flutamide, and metformin for women with androgen excess. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Carotid	2007
Rosiglitazone is more effective than metformin in improving fasting indexes of glucose metabolism in severely obese, non-diabetic patients. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2008, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; B-Lymphocytes; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Female; Hum	2008
Metformin administration is more effective when non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome show both hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2007, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amenorrhea; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsuli	2007
Increased body iron stores of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome are a consequence of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism and are not a result of reduced menstrual losses. Diabetes care, 2007, Volume: 30, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Cyproterone Acetate; Drug Combinations; Ethinyl Estradiol;	2007
Metformin treatment does not affect total leptin levels and free leptin index in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2008, Volume: 89, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Leptin; Metformin; Obesity; Po	2008
Liver dysfunction in paediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled trial of metformin. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 2007, Volume: 96, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Colorimetry; Diabetes Mellitus, Type	2007
Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study. Fertility and sterility, 2008, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Adolescent; Adult; Comorbidity; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperins	2008
Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study. Fertility and sterility, 2008, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Adolescent; Adult; Comorbidity; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperins	2008
Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study. Fertility and sterility, 2008, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Adolescent; Adult; Comorbidity; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperins	2008
Relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance test and history of previous recurrent miscarriages, and beneficial effect of metformin in these patients: a prospective clinical study. Fertility and sterility, 2008, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Adolescent; Adult; Comorbidity; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperins	2008
Pioglitazone (7.5 mg/day) added to flutamide-metformin in women with androgen excess: additional increments of visfatin and high molecular weight adiponectin. Clinical endocrinology, 2008, Volume: 68, Issue:2 Topics: Adiponectin; Adolescent; Adult; Double-Blind Method; Female; Flutamide; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hy	2008
Alteration of ghrelin-neuropeptide Y network in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperinsulinism. Clinical endocrinology, 2008, Volume: 69, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; Ghrelin; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insuli	2008
Treatment of hyperinsulinaemia in polycystic ovary syndrome? Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 1998, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Chromans; Diazoxide; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Polycystic Ova	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 1998, Jun-25, Volume: 338, Issue:26 Topics: Adult; Clomiphene; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; M	1998
Metformin treatment reduces ovarian cytochrome P-450c17alpha response to human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2000, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; Adult; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogl	2000
[Role of hyperinsulinemia in pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome and treatment by reduction of insulin secretion]. Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi, 1998, Volume: 33, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Metformin; Polycyst	1998
Metformin therapy decreases hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2000, Volume: 73, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Fasting; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemi	2000
Metformin in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2000, Jul-26, Volume: 284, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Double-Blind Method; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Hyperin	2000
Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2000, Volume: 85, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Female; Hirsutism; Hormones; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsuli	2000
The effects of metformin on body mass index and glucose tolerance in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 107, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus; Diab	2001
Sensitization to insulin induces ovulation in nonobese adolescents with anovulatory hyperandrogenism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 86, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgens; Anovulation; Estradiol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans;	2001
Metabolic effects of metformin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2001, Volume: 18, Issue:7 Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acid	2001
Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Diet, Red	2001
Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Diet, Red	2001
Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Diet, Red	2001
Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2001, Volume: 50, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Diet, Red	2001
Additive effects of insulin-sensitizing and anti-androgen treatment in young, nonobese women with hyperinsulinism, hyperandrogenism, dyslipidemia, and anovulation. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2002, Volume: 87, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Anovulation; Drug Combinations; Female; Flutamide; Humans; Hyperandroge	2002

Article	Year
Effects of Metformin on Reproductive, Endocrine, and Metabolic Characteristics of Female Offspring in a Rat Model of Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome With Insulin Resistance. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021, Volume: 12 Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antineoplastic Agents; Female; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insu	2021
Obesity and hyperinsulinemia drive adipocytes to activate a cell cycle program and senesce. Nature medicine, 2021, Volume: 27, Issue:11 Topics: Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Cell Cycle; Cell Differentiation; Cellular Senescence; Cyclin D1; Humans	2021
Metformin prevents airway hyperreactivity in rats with dietary obesity. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 2021, 12-01, Volume: 321, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchoconstriction; Bronchoconstrictor Agents; Diet, Hi	2021
Rapamycin/metformin co-treatment normalizes insulin sensitivity and reduces complications of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic mice. Aging cell, 2022, Volume: 21, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Liver; Hyperglycemia; Hyp	2022
Hypertriglyceridemia in equines with refractory hyperinsulinemia treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Open veterinary journal, 2023, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Canagliflozin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Glucosides; Horse Diseases; Horses; Hype	2023
Metformin improves vascular and metabolic insulin action in insulin-resistant muscle. The Journal of endocrinology, 2019, Volume: 243, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Femoral Artery; Glucose; G	2019
Age-related hyperinsulinemia leads to insulin resistance in neurons and cell-cycle-induced senescence. Nature neuroscience, 2019, Volume: 22, Issue:11 Topics: Aging; Animals; beta Catenin; Cell Cycle; Cell Death; Cellular Senescence; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5	2019
Metformin metabolic and vascular effects in normal weight hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients treated with contraceptive vaginal ring. A pilot study. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020, Volume: 36, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Brachial Artery; Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal; Contraceptive Devices, Female	2020
Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Liver Tumors Are Sensitive to Cyclin D1 Deficiency. Cancer research, 2020, 08-15, Volume: 80, Issue:16 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cyclin D1; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Hyp	2020
Changes in protein expression due to metformin treatment and hyperinsulinemia in a human endometrial cancer cell line. PloS one, 2021, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hyp	2021
Inverse relationship between insulin receptor expression and progression in renal cell carcinoma. Oncology reports, 2017, Volume: 37, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Antigens, CD; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Diet, Carbohydrate Loa	2017
Circulating ApoJ is closely associated with insulin resistance in human subjects. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2018, Volume: 78 Topics: Blood Glucose; Clusterin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Homeo	2018
Metformin Decreases the Incidence of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Promoted by Diet-induced Obesity in the Conditional KrasG12D Mouse Model. Scientific reports, 2018, 04-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Acyltransferases; Administration, Oral; Animals; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Chemo	2018
Uncoupling Hepatic Oxidative Phosphorylation Reduces Tumor Growth in Two Murine Models of Colon Cancer. Cell reports, 2018, 07-03, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Co	2018
Metformin metabolic and vascular effects in overweight/moderately obese hyperinsulinemic PCOS patients treated with contraceptive vaginal ring: a pilot study. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Female; Glucose To	2019
Chemopreventive effects of metformin on obesity-associated endometrial proliferation. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2013, Volume: 209, Issue:1 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Endometrial Ne	2013
Metformin augments the levels of molecules that regulate the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4 in the endometria of hyperinsulinemic PCOS patients. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Case-Control Studies; Endometrium; Female; Gene Expression Reg	2013
Switching a hyperinsulinemic patient from insulin to oral hypoglycemics. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 2012, Volume: 25, Issue:12 Topics: Developmental Disabilities; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; I	2012
Insulin resistance assessment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using different diagnostic criteria--impact of metformin treatment. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2013, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin	2013
Discovery of p1736, a novel antidiabetic compound that improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice models. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adipocytes; Aminopyridines; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Discovery; Glucose; Hyperinsuli	2013
Metformin modulates PI3K and GLUT4 expression and Akt/PKB phosphorylation in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2014, Volume: 175 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Cells, Cultured; Endometrium; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Female;	2014
Hyperinsulinaemic androgen excess in adolescent girls. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2014, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Androgens; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dyslipidemias; Female; Flutamide; Hirsutism; Human	2014
Reproductive endocrinology: Maternal and fetal insulin levels at birth in women with PCOS. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2014, Volume: 10, Issue:7 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Metformin; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome;	2014
Immediate direct peripheral vasoconstriction in response to hyperinsulinemia and metformin in the anesthetized pig. Physiological research, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Female; H	2014
Treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome with insulin resistance by insulin-sensitizer. Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology, 2014, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol	2014
Diabetic oncopathy--one more yet another deadly diabetic complication! The Indian journal of medical research, 2014, Volume: 140, Issue:1 Topics: Diabetes Complications; Glucose; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; India; Metformin; Mod	2014
Polycystic ovaries and obesity. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inf	2015
Metformin attenuates olanzapine-induced hepatic, but not peripheral insulin resistance. The Journal of endocrinology, 2015, Volume: 227, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Blood Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Hyperinsulin	2015
Metformin Protects Kidney Cells From Insulin-Mediated Genotoxicity In Vitro and in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Endocrinology, 2016, Volume: 157, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cells, Cultured; Cytoprotection; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; DNA Damage;	2016
Metformin preconditioned adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells is a better option for the reversal of diabetes upon transplantation. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2016, Volume: 84 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cytokines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Hig	2016
Beneficial endocrine but adverse exocrine effects of sitagliptin in the human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes: interactions with metformin. Diabetes, 2009, Volume: 58, Issue:7 Topics: Amyloid; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Arginine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Models	2009
Hyperinsulinemia and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver diseases and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2009, Volume: 3, Issue:5 Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Hyperins	2009
[Antihypertensive effect of metformin in essential hypertensive patients with hyperinsulinemia.]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2010, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive Agents; Fosinopril; Humans; Hyperinsulini	2010
A single nucleotide polymorphism in STK11 influences insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy in hyperinsulinemic girls with androgen excess. Diabetes care, 2010, Volume: 33, Issue:7 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; Child; Drug Resistance; Female; Genotype; Humans; Hyperandroge	2010
Metformin reduces body weight gain and improves glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2010, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Energy Intake; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucose I	2010
Metformin and cancer: licence to heal? Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 2010, Volume: 19, Issue:8 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female;	2010
Hyperinsulinemia precedes insulin resistance in mice lacking pancreatic beta-cell leptin signaling. Endocrinology, 2010, Volume: 151, Issue:9 Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diazoxide; Eating; Female; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglyc	2010
Effect of metformin taken in the 'fresh' in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle upon subsequent frozen embryo replacement in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human fertility (Cambridge, England), 2010, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Birth Rate; Cryopreservation; Embryo Transfer; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Hyperi	2010
Diet and tumor LKB1 expression interact to determine sensitivity to anti-neoplastic effects of metformin in vivo. Oncogene, 2011, Mar-10, Volume: 30, Issue:10 Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Blotting, Western; Carcinoma, Lewis L	2011
Peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin ameliorates neuronal insulin resistance and Alzheimer's-like changes. Neuropharmacology, 2011, Volume: 60, Issue:6 Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Cell Line; Cholinesterases; Diabetes Mellitus, Ex	2011
Long-term metformin treatment is able to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its hepatic involvement in young hyperinsulinaemic overweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clinical endocrinology, 2011, Volume: 75, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Metabolic Syndrome; Metformin; O	2011
Metformin abolishes increased tumor (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake associated with a high energy diet. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), 2011, Aug-15, Volume: 10, Issue:16 Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Glucose; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Co	2011
Improvement of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible effect in the ovarian follicular mass of their daughters. Fertility and sterility, 2012, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Birth Weight; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Fertility Agents, Female	2012
Improvement of metabolic parameters and vascular function by metformin in obese non-diabetic rats. Life sciences, 2012, Jan-30, Volume: 90, Issue:5-6 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Dyslipidemias; Epoprost	2012
Should all women with PCOS be treated for insulin resistance? Fertility and sterility, 2012, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Female; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Metab	2012
Severe hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance in a 12-year-old girl. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 2012, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Child; Estrogens; Ethinyl Estradiol; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic	2012
The link between polycystic ovarian syndrome and type 2 diabetes: preventive and therapeutic approach in Israel. The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 2012, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Topics: Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insuli	2012
Effects of metformin on serum insulin and anti-Mullerian hormone levels and on hyperandrogenism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2013, Volume: 29, Issue:3 Topics: 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Female; Follicular Phase; H	2013
Metformin improves immunosuppressant induced hyperglycemia and exocrine apoptosis in rats. Transplantation, 2013, Jan-27, Volume: 95, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Disease Models, Animal; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hyper	2013
Is programming of glucocorticoid receptor expression by prenatal dexamethasone in the rat secondary to metabolic derangement in adulthood? European journal of endocrinology, 2003, Volume: 148, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Appetite; Body Weight; Corticosterone; Dexamethasone; Female; Gene Expression; Glucocortico	2003
Longitudinal metabolic observation of metformin effects during pregnancy in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case report. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2004, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hyperinsulinism	2004
Metformin therapy increases insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2004, Apr-15, Volume: 113, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Body Constitution; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Ins	2004
Metformin prevents the development of acute lipid-induced insulin resistance in the rat through altered hepatic signaling mechanisms. Diabetes, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Hyperinsulin	2004
Response to diet and metformin in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension with and without concurrent polycystic ovary syndrome or hyperinsulinemia. MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine, 2005, Nov-10, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Diet Therapy; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Polycystic Ovary Synd	2005
Lipids in polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperinsulinemia and effects of metformin. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2006, Volume: 194, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Cholesterol; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insu	2006
Effects of metformin on inappropriate LH release in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and insulin resistance. Reproductive biomedicine online, 2006, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Cluster Analysis; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Gonadotropin-R	2006
Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in nonobese adolescents and women. Fertility and sterility, 2006, Volume: 86 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgen Antagonists; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination	2006
Prenatal growth restraint followed by catch-up of weight: a hyperinsulinemic pathway to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 2006, Volume: 86 Suppl 1 Topics: Aging; Androgen Antagonists; Body Weight; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fetal Developmen	2006
Anti-diabetic effects of Sutherlandia frutescens in Wistar rats fed a diabetogenic diet. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, Jan-03, Volume: 109, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Fats; Glucose; Glycogen; Hyperinsulin	2007
C-reactive protein in obese PCOS women and the effect of metformin therapy. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences, 2007, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Administration Schedule; Female	2007
Persisting benefits 12-18 months after discontinuation of pubertal metformin therapy in low birthweight girls. Clinical endocrinology, 2007, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Height; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperinsulin	2007
[Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2007, May-24, Volume: 149, Issue:21 Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; In	2007
The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance. Equine veterinary journal, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Sche	2008
Treatment options in insulin resistance obesity-related acanthosis nigricans. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2008, Volume: 42, Issue:7 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adolescent; Adult; Calcitriol; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; I	2008
Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle obtained from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia, 1994, Volume: 37, Issue:8 Topics: 3-O-Methylglucose; Analysis of Variance; Biological Transport, Active; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Melli	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androgens; Anthropometry; Blood Pressure; Endocrine Glands; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormones;	1994
Metformin and liver glycogen synthase activity in obese Zucker rats. Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, 1993, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Glycogen Synthase; Hyperinsulinism; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Liver Glycoge	1993
Metformin useful in combination with exogenous insulin. Diabetes care, 1996, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cognition Disorders; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination	1996
Decreased vascular reactivity in metformin-treated fructose-hypertensive rats. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1996, Volume: 45, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Fructose; Hyperinsulinism; Hypertension; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male	1996
Metformin decreases blood pressure and obesity in OLETF rats via improvement of insulin resistance. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 1996, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Aging; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Blotting, Northern; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, T	1996
[Insulin resistance, hypertension and diabetes--value of Metformin and ACE-inhibitors]. Der Internist, 1994, Volume: 35, Issue:6 Suppl Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Huma	1994
Effect of metformin on glucose disposal and hyperinsulinaemia in a 14-year-old boy with acanthosis nigricans. Hormone research, 1997, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Blood Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Gluc	1997
Insulin-sensitising agents in polycystic-ovary syndrome. Lancet (London, England), 1998, Jan-31, Volume: 351, Issue:9099 Topics: Chromans; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents;	1998
Ovarian responses to hCG stimulation: insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia vs. insulin deficiency. Clinical endocrinology, 1999, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Blood Glucose; Chorionic Gona	1999
The effects of metformin on insulin resistance and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical endocrinology, 1999, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; Adult; Androstenedione; Buserelin; Case-Control Studies; Female; Folli	1999
Metformin inhibits catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in obese, hyperinsulinemic, hypertensive subjects in subcutaneous adipose tissue: an in situ microdialysis study. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 1999, Volume: 16, Issue:12 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Body Mass Index; Electric Impedance; Epinephrine; Female; Glycerol; Humans; H	1999
Effects of metformin on androgens and insulin concentrations in type A insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetologia, 2000, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adolescent; Androgens; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypo	2000
[Metformin for prevention of diabetes?]. Der Internist, 2000, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resis	2000
Insulin resistance and the modulation of rat cardiac K(+) currents. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2000, Volume: 279, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cycloheximide; Dietary Carbohydrates; Fructose; Heart; Heart Ventricles; H	2000
Improvement of insulin sensitivity after adrenalectomy in patients with pheochromocytoma. Diabetes care, 2000, Volume: 23, Issue:10 Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenalectomy; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Cl	2000
[Effects of metformin on hyperinsulinemic anovulation]. Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi, 2001, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anovulation; Female; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Ovulation; Test	2001
[Study on treatment of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovary syndrome with Chinese herbal formula "tiangui fang"]. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2000, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Hyperinsulinism; Hypogly	2000
Subchronic treatment with metformin produces anorectic effect and reduces hyperinsulinemia in genetically obese Zucker rats. Life sciences, 1992, Volume: 50, Issue:23 Topics: Animals; Appetite Depressants; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Corticosterone; Digestive System; Eating;	1992

metformin and Hyperinsulinism