metformin and Birth Weight studies

Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.

Birth Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Our study assesses perinatal outcomes among women with type 2 diabetes, with gestational weight gain (GWG) within and outside of US Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines, by conducting a secondary analysis of the Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy (MiTy) trial."	9.51	Gestational weight gain in women with type 2 diabetes and perinatal outcomes: A secondary analysis of the metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy) trial. ( Feig, DS; Fu, J; Tomlinson, G, 2022)
"To compare the effects of metformin and insulin treatment on maternal serum lipids in patients with gestational diabetes (GDM), and to analyse the associations between individual lipids and birth weight (BW)."	9.34	Serum lipids and their association with birth weight in metformin and insulin treated patients with gestational diabetes. ( Huhtala, MS; Rönnemaa, T; Tertti, K, 2020)
"gov for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared metformin to insulin in pregnancy."	9.22	The efficacy and safety of metformin alone or as an add-on therapy to insulin in pregnancy with GDM or T2DM: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials. ( Ge, J; Guo, Q; He, K; Jing, Z; Li, C; Li, J, 2022)
"A pilot randomized, controlled trial was conducted of metformin versus insulin for the treatment of T2DM during pregnancy."	9.20	A pilot randomized, controlled trial of metformin versus insulin in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. ( Blackwell, SC; Gowen, R; Hutchinson, M; Pedroza, C; Ramin, S; Refuerzo, JS, 2015)
"We systematically assessed the impact of metformin treatment on maternal pregnancy outcomes."	9.12	Impact of metformin treatment during pregnancy on maternal outcomes: a systematic review/meta-analysis. ( Aiken, CE; Ozanne, SE; Tarry-Adkins, JL, 2021)
"Investigation of a possible effect of metformin on androgen levels in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.11	Metformin reduces pregnancy complications without affecting androgen levels in pregnant polycystic ovary syndrome women: results of a randomized study. ( Carlsen, SM; Fougner, KJ; Heimstad, R; Romundstad, P; Salvesen, KA; Vanky, E, 2004)
"To determine whether metformin would safely reduce the rate of first-trimester spontaneous abortion without teratogenicity in 19 women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	9.09	Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. ( Cameron, D; Glueck, CJ; Phillips, H; Sieve-Smith, L; Wang, P, 2001)
"Our results showed that continued use during of metformin, during pregnancy in women with PCOS, had no effect on incidence of fetal abnormalities or fetal birth weight."	8.93	Effect of metformin treatment during pregnancy on women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Chang, Y; Fang, C; Li, S; Liu, H; Tan, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, X, 2016)
"Low birth weight (LBW) followed by a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight predisposes individuals to a central distribution of body fat, which is reverted by metformin."	8.31	Circulating GDF15 concentrations in girls with low birth weight: effects of prolonged metformin treatment. ( Bassols, J; Carreras-Badosa, G; de Zegher, F; Díaz, M; Gavaldà-Navarro, A; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Villarroya, F; Villarroya, J, 2023)
"Metformin has been associated with modest weight reduction in the non-pregnant population."	8.12	Weight gain in pregnancy: can metformin steady the scales? ( Adams, JH; Antony, KM; Eddy, A; Hoppe, KK; Iruretagoyena, JI; Poehlmann, J; Racine, JL; Rhoades, J; Stewart, K, 2022)
" We compared patients who received metformin throughout pregnancy to those with no metformin exposure."	8.02	Metformin Exposure and Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. ( Adams, JH; Antony, KM; Eddy, A; Hoppe, KK; Iruretagoyena, JI; Racine, JL; Rhoades, JS; Stewart, KS, 2021)
"Recent research has demonstrated the benefits of metformin treatment in gestational diabetes (GDM) on short-term pregnancy outcomes (including excessive fetal growth and pre-eclampsia), but its effects on fetal metabolism remain mostly unknown."	8.02	Cord serum metabolome and birth weight in patients with gestational diabetes treated with metformin, insulin, or diet alone. ( Huhtala, MS; Pellonperä, O; Rönnemaa, T; Tertti, K, 2021)
"We found no clear evidence of any adverse outcomes related to the use of metformin for the treatment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy."	7.91	Real-world experience of metformin use in pregnancy: Observational data from the Northern Territory Diabetes in Pregnancy Clinical Register. ( Barzi, F; Boyle, J; Brown, A; Chitturi, S; Connors, C; Corpus, S; Cotter, M; Dowden, M; Inglis, C; Kirkham, R; Kirkwood, M; Lee, IL; Lindenmayer, G; Longmore, D; Maple-Brown, LJ; McIntyre, HD; Moore, E; O'Dea, K; Oats, J; Shaw, JE; Thomas, S; van Dokkum, P; Whitbread, C; Wicks, M; Zimmet, P, 2019)
"Women with GDM treated with metformin and with similar baseline risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes had less weight gain and improved neonatal outcomes compared with those treated with insulin."	7.75	Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin or insulin: a case-control study. ( Balani, J; Hyer, SL; Rodin, DA; Shehata, H, 2009)
"This study aimed to assess the perinatal outcome, especially foetal growth, following the continuation of metformin during the first trimester of pregnancy."	7.75	Continuation of metformin in the first trimester of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is not associated with increased perinatal morbidity. ( Bolton, S; Cleary, B; Dempsey, E; Turner, MJ; Walsh, J, 2009)
"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a rare but serious condition and potentially even more hazardous during pregnancy."	7.74	Metformin-associated lactic acidosis in a pregnant patient. ( Chen, IC; Hong, YC; Hsiao, CT; Kuan, JT; O'Boyle, CP, 2008)
"The mean birth weight percentile of neonates exposed to metformin in utero during the first trimester was significantly lower than that of neonates delivered to normal healthy matched controls."	7.73	Neonatal outcome in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients treated with metformin during pregnancy. ( Glezerman, M; Gur, D; Kovo, M; Levran, D; Rotmensch, S; Weissman, A, 2006)
"We sought to determine whether metformin, which had facilitated conception in 72 oligoamenorrhoeic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), would safely reduce the rate of first trimester spontaneous abortion (SAB) and increase the number of live births without teratogenicity."	7.71	Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. ( Glueck, CJ; Goldenberg, N; Sieve-Smith, L; Wang, P, 2002)
"Our study assesses perinatal outcomes among women with type 2 diabetes, with gestational weight gain (GWG) within and outside of US Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines, by conducting a secondary analysis of the Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy (MiTy) trial."	5.51	Gestational weight gain in women with type 2 diabetes and perinatal outcomes: A secondary analysis of the metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy) trial. ( Feig, DS; Fu, J; Tomlinson, G, 2022)
"Unlike insulin, metformin lowered neonatal birth weights (mean difference - 122."	5.41	Short-term neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated using metformin versus insulin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Jiang, G; Li, H; Lin, X; Lv, B; Ni, J; Sheng, B, 2023)
"To compare the effects of metformin and insulin treatment on maternal serum lipids in patients with gestational diabetes (GDM), and to analyse the associations between individual lipids and birth weight (BW)."	5.34	Serum lipids and their association with birth weight in metformin and insulin treated patients with gestational diabetes. ( Huhtala, MS; Rönnemaa, T; Tertti, K, 2020)
"Metformin is used in an attempt to reduce pregnancy complications associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.27	Fetal Growth and Birth Anthropometrics in Metformin-Exposed Offspring Born to Mothers With PCOS. ( Eggebø, T; Engen Hanem, LG; Hjorth-Hansen, A; Salvesen, KÅ; Salvesen, Ø; Vanky, E; Ødegård, R, 2018)
"Among women without diabetes who had a BMI of more than 35, the antenatal administration of metformin reduced maternal weight gain but not neonatal birth weight."	5.22	Metformin versus Placebo in Obese Pregnant Women without Diabetes Mellitus. ( Akolekar, R; Balani, J; Hyer, S; Kotecha, R; Nicolaides, KH; Pastides, A; Shehata, H; Syngelaki, A, 2016)
"gov for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared metformin to insulin in pregnancy."	5.22	The efficacy and safety of metformin alone or as an add-on therapy to insulin in pregnancy with GDM or T2DM: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials. ( Ge, J; Guo, Q; He, K; Jing, Z; Li, C; Li, J, 2022)
"A pilot randomized, controlled trial was conducted of metformin versus insulin for the treatment of T2DM during pregnancy."	5.20	A pilot randomized, controlled trial of metformin versus insulin in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. ( Blackwell, SC; Gowen, R; Hutchinson, M; Pedroza, C; Ramin, S; Refuerzo, JS, 2015)
" We present a protocol for a study to test the hypothesis that metformin will improve insulin sensitivity in obese pregnant women, thereby reducing the incidence of high birthweight babies and other pregnancy complications."	5.20	Efficacy of metformin in pregnant obese women: a randomised controlled trial. ( Chiswick, CA; Denison, FC; Drake, AJ; Forbes, S; Murray, GD; Newby, DE; Norman, JE; Quenby, S; Reynolds, RM; Walker, BR; Whyte, SA; Wray, S, 2015)
"Adding metformin to insulin therapy in women with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pregnancy seems to be effective in proper glycemic control in a considerable proportion of women, along with benefits of reduced hospital stay, reduced frequency of maternal hypoglycemia as well as reduced frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia, NICU admission and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome."	5.19	The role of adding metformin in insulin-resistant diabetic pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. ( Anwar, M; Faris, M; Hamdy, A; Ibrahim, MI; Shafik, A; Taha, S, 2014)
"We conducted a single centre randomized controlled study with non-inferiority design comparing metformin and insulin in the treatment of 217 GDM patients having birth weight as primary outcome variable."	5.17	Metformin vs. insulin in gestational diabetes. A randomized study characterizing metformin patients needing additional insulin. ( Ekblad, U; Koskinen, P; Rönnemaa, T; Tertti, K; Vahlberg, T, 2013)
" The neonates of metformin group had less rate of birth weight centile >90 than insulin group (RR: 0."	5.16	Metformin compared with insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial. ( Akbari, S; Alavi, A; Amjadi, N; Moosavi, S; Niromanesh, S; Sharbaf, FR, 2012)
"To determine how glucose control in women with GDM treated with metformin and/or insulin influenced pregnancy outcomes."	5.14	Glycemia and its relationship to outcomes in the metformin in gestational diabetes trial. ( Gao, W; Hague, WM; McIntyre, HD; Rowan, JA, 2010)
"The only significant difference in outcome between the 2 treatment drugs was that maternal weight gain during pregnancy was less in the metformin (n=40) than in the glyburide group (n=32) (10."	5.14	Metformin compared with glyburide for the management of gestational diabetes. ( Bertini, AM; Bizato, J; de Souza, BV; Pacheco, C; Ribeiro, TE; Silva, JC, 2010)
"We systematically assessed the impact of metformin treatment on maternal pregnancy outcomes."	5.12	Impact of metformin treatment during pregnancy on maternal outcomes: a systematic review/meta-analysis. ( Aiken, CE; Ozanne, SE; Tarry-Adkins, JL, 2021)
"Investigation of a possible effect of metformin on androgen levels in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.11	Metformin reduces pregnancy complications without affecting androgen levels in pregnant polycystic ovary syndrome women: results of a randomized study. ( Carlsen, SM; Fougner, KJ; Heimstad, R; Romundstad, P; Salvesen, KA; Vanky, E, 2004)
"To determine whether metformin would safely reduce the rate of first-trimester spontaneous abortion without teratogenicity in 19 women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."	5.09	Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. ( Cameron, D; Glueck, CJ; Phillips, H; Sieve-Smith, L; Wang, P, 2001)
"Our results showed that continued use during of metformin, during pregnancy in women with PCOS, had no effect on incidence of fetal abnormalities or fetal birth weight."	4.93	Effect of metformin treatment during pregnancy on women with PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Chang, Y; Fang, C; Li, S; Liu, H; Tan, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, X, 2016)
"In women with gestational diabetes, metformin use and insulin therapy have comparable glycemic control profile, but metformin use was associated with lower risk of neonatal hypoglycemia."	4.91	Metformin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: An updated meta-analysis. ( Kitwitee, P; Limwattananon, C; Limwattananon, S; Nguyen, TV; Phimphilai, M; Pongchaiyakul, C; Ratanachotpanich, T; Waleekachonlert, O, 2015)
"26); whereas, significantly reduced results were found in the metformin group in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) rate (RR = 0."	4.91	Effect comparison of metformin with insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis based on RCTs. ( Cui, S; Li, G; Li, L; Li, Y; Xu, Y; Zhao, S, 2015)
"Low birth weight (LBW) followed by a rapid postnatal catch-up in weight predisposes individuals to a central distribution of body fat, which is reverted by metformin."	4.31	Circulating GDF15 concentrations in girls with low birth weight: effects of prolonged metformin treatment. ( Bassols, J; Carreras-Badosa, G; de Zegher, F; Díaz, M; Gavaldà-Navarro, A; Ibáñez, L; López-Bermejo, A; Villarroya, F; Villarroya, J, 2023)
"Metformin is beneficial for GDM women to control total GWG compared with insulin, regulate fetal birth weight more than insulin and glyburide, and increase the risk of unmet treatment targets compared with insulin."	4.12	Efficacy and safety of hypoglycemic agents on gestational diabetes mellitus in women: A Bayesian network analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Chen, H; Cui, W; Guo, H; Huang, L; Jing, Y; Liu, X; Song, L; Sun, B; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, T; Xu, J, 2022)
"Metformin has been associated with modest weight reduction in the non-pregnant population."	4.12	Weight gain in pregnancy: can metformin steady the scales? ( Adams, JH; Antony, KM; Eddy, A; Hoppe, KK; Iruretagoyena, JI; Poehlmann, J; Racine, JL; Rhoades, J; Stewart, K, 2022)
"Recent research has demonstrated the benefits of metformin treatment in gestational diabetes (GDM) on short-term pregnancy outcomes (including excessive fetal growth and pre-eclampsia), but its effects on fetal metabolism remain mostly unknown."	4.02	Cord serum metabolome and birth weight in patients with gestational diabetes treated with metformin, insulin, or diet alone. ( Huhtala, MS; Pellonperä, O; Rönnemaa, T; Tertti, K, 2021)
" We compared patients who received metformin throughout pregnancy to those with no metformin exposure."	4.02	Metformin Exposure and Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. ( Adams, JH; Antony, KM; Eddy, A; Hoppe, KK; Iruretagoyena, JI; Racine, JL; Rhoades, JS; Stewart, KS, 2021)
"We found no clear evidence of any adverse outcomes related to the use of metformin for the treatment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy."	3.91	Real-world experience of metformin use in pregnancy: Observational data from the Northern Territory Diabetes in Pregnancy Clinical Register. ( Barzi, F; Boyle, J; Brown, A; Chitturi, S; Connors, C; Corpus, S; Cotter, M; Dowden, M; Inglis, C; Kirkham, R; Kirkwood, M; Lee, IL; Lindenmayer, G; Longmore, D; Maple-Brown, LJ; McIntyre, HD; Moore, E; O'Dea, K; Oats, J; Shaw, JE; Thomas, S; van Dokkum, P; Whitbread, C; Wicks, M; Zimmet, P, 2019)
"To evaluate the ovarian function during early infancy in daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated with metformin throughout pregnancy (PCOSd+M), as a means to reduce androgen and insulin levels, compared with daughters of nontreated PCOS women (PCOSd-M) and daughters of women who belong to a healthy comparison group (HCd)."	3.78	Improvement of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible effect in the ovarian follicular mass of their daughters. ( Crisosto, N; Echiburú, B; Ladrón de Guevara, A; Maliqueo, M; Pérez, V; Preisler, J; Sánchez, F; Sir-Petermann, T, 2012)
" Metformin was tolerated throughout the pregnancy by 90% of the women in the metformin+lifestyle advice group."	3.78	Introduction of metformin for gestational diabetes mellitus in clinical practice: Has it had an impact? ( Bustani, R; Farrell, T; Gandhi, P; Madhuvrata, P, 2012)
"This study aimed to assess the perinatal outcome, especially foetal growth, following the continuation of metformin during the first trimester of pregnancy."	3.75	Continuation of metformin in the first trimester of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is not associated with increased perinatal morbidity. ( Bolton, S; Cleary, B; Dempsey, E; Turner, MJ; Walsh, J, 2009)
"Women with GDM treated with metformin and with similar baseline risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes had less weight gain and improved neonatal outcomes compared with those treated with insulin."	3.75	Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin or insulin: a case-control study. ( Balani, J; Hyer, SL; Rodin, DA; Shehata, H, 2009)
"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis is a rare but serious condition and potentially even more hazardous during pregnancy."	3.74	Metformin-associated lactic acidosis in a pregnant patient. ( Chen, IC; Hong, YC; Hsiao, CT; Kuan, JT; O'Boyle, CP, 2008)
"The mean birth weight percentile of neonates exposed to metformin in utero during the first trimester was significantly lower than that of neonates delivered to normal healthy matched controls."	3.73	Neonatal outcome in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients treated with metformin during pregnancy. ( Glezerman, M; Gur, D; Kovo, M; Levran, D; Rotmensch, S; Weissman, A, 2006)
"We sought to determine whether metformin, which had facilitated conception in 72 oligoamenorrhoeic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), would safely reduce the rate of first trimester spontaneous abortion (SAB) and increase the number of live births without teratogenicity."	3.71	Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. ( Glueck, CJ; Goldenberg, N; Sieve-Smith, L; Wang, P, 2002)
"The prevalence of pre-eclampsia was significantly increased in the group of women treated with metformin compared to women treated with sulphonylurea or insulin (32 vs."	3.70	Oral hypoglycaemic agents in 118 diabetic pregnancies. ( Damm, P; Hellmuth, E; Mølsted-Pedersen, L, 2000)
"Gestational diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy and the optimal management is uncertain."	3.30	Early Metformin in Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Alvarez-Iglesias, A; Bogdanet, D; Browne, M; Devane, D; Dunne, F; Egan, A; Ferguson, J; Finn, Y; Gaffney, G; Gillespie, P; Kgosidialwa, O; Khattak, A; Liew, A; Newman, C; O'Donnell, M; O'Keeffe, D; O'Shea, P; Smyth, A, 2023)
"In a south Indian population with gestational diabetes, metformin was associated with better neonatal outcomes than glibenclamide."	2.80	Comparison of neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes with moderate hyperglycaemia on metformin or glibenclamide--a randomised controlled trial. ( Abraham, A; Antonisamy, B; Beck, M; Benjamin, SJ; George, A; Jana, AK; Mathews, JE; Sam, D; Thomas, N, 2015)
"In boys, birth weight was negatively correlated to the AMH levels."	2.77	Androgens and antimüllerian hormone in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome and their newborns. ( Carlsen, SM; Vanky, E, 2012)
" The majority (27/32) were easily controlled on the initial dosage (500 mg twice a day)."	2.73	Metformin and insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: preliminary results of a comparison. ( Bofill, JA; Briery, CM; Clokey, D; Martin, RW; Moore, LE; Morrison, JC; Williford, NJ, 2007)
"Mycophenolic acid was detected in all cats."	2.61	( Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)
"Metformin has been gradually used in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)."	2.55	Metformin - a potentially effective drug for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Feng, Y; Yang, H, 2017)
"Metformin may be beneficial in treating gestational diabetes."	2.53	Metformin versus insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. ( Cao, YS; Fan, YY; Li, XG; Liu, T; Wang, L; Zhang, L; Zhao, ZG; Zhu, B, 2016)
"Metformin seems to be a superior choice to glyburide if oral antidiabetic drug therapy is to be initiated in GDM patients."	2.52	Comparison of glyburide with metformin in treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Amin, M; Malik, O; Poolsup, N; Suksomboon, N, 2015)
"At short term, in women with gestational diabetes requiring drug treatment, glibenclamide is clearly inferior to both insulin and metformin, while metformin (plus insulin when required) performs slightly better than insulin."	2.52	Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Balsells, M; Corcoy, R; García-Patterson, A; Gich, I; Roqué, M; Solà, I, 2015)
"Studies of the use of metformin in gestational diabetes show at least equivalent neonatal outcomes, while reporting reductions in neonatal hypoglycaemia, maternal hypoglycaemia and weight gain and improved treatment satisfaction."	2.50	The use of oral hypoglycaemic agents in pregnancy. ( Holt, RI; Lambert, KD, 2014)
"We used the key words "gestational diabetes" in combination with "metformin" and searched the databases including Pubmed, the Cochrane Library, Web of knowledge, and Clinical Trial Registries."	2.49	Metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis. ( Feng, L; Gui, J; Liu, Q, 2013)
"GDM metformin treatment was not associated with differences in offspring growth trajectories compared to insulin treatment."	1.91	Associations between maternal gestational diabetes metformin or insulin treatment and offspring growth trajectories from birth to 60 months of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford (BiB) study. ( Johnson, W; Martine-Edith, G; Petherick, ES, 2023)
"Fetal growth restriction is a leading cause of stillbirth that often remains undetected during pregnancy."	1.62	Circulating syndecan-1 is reduced in pregnancies with poor fetal growth and its secretion regulated by matrix metalloproteinases and the mitochondria. ( Brownfoot, F; Cannon, P; Cruickshank, T; Garcha, D; Hannan, NJ; Hyett, J; Illanes, SE; Jellins, J; Kaitu'u-Lino, TJ; Kandel, M; Keenan, E; MacDonald, TM; Masci, J; Middleton, A; Murphy, C; Murray, E; Myers, J; Nguyen, TV; Nien, JK; Pell, G; Pritchard, N; Roddy Mitchell, A; Schepeler, M; Tong, S; Walker, SP; Whigham, CA; Wong, GP, 2021)
"Metformin appears to be an effective treatment for women with GDM and may reduce risk of some adverse neonatal outcomes when compared with insulin."	1.51	Comparative effectiveness of metformin versus insulin for gestational diabetes in New Zealand. ( Boggess, K; Engel, SM; Howe, AS; Jonsson Funk, M; Landi, SN; Radke, S; Stürmer, T, 2019)
"There were 1269 women with gestational diabetes; treatment was diet in 371, insulin in 399 and metformin in 465 (249 metformin alone, 216 metformin and insulin)."	1.37	Metformin for gestational diabetes in routine clinical practice. ( Goh, JE; Rowan, J; Sadler, L, 2011)

Research

Studies (63)

Authors

Clinical Trials (13)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Apgar Score at 5 Min After Delivery Per Arm

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	2 (3.17)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	12 (19.05)	29.6817
2010's	34 (53.97)	24.3611
2020's	15 (23.81)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Fu, J	1
Tomlinson, G	1
Feig, DS	1
Adams, JH	2
Poehlmann, J	1
Racine, JL	2
Iruretagoyena, JI	2
Eddy, A	2
Hoppe, KK	2
Stewart, K	1
Rhoades, J	1
Antony, KM	2
Díaz, M	1
Carreras-Badosa, G	1
Villarroya, J	1
Gavaldà-Navarro, A	1
Bassols, J	1
de Zegher, F	1
López-Bermejo, A	1
Villarroya, F	1
Ibáñez, L	1
Ramalho, D	1
Correia, S	1
Realista, R	1
Rocha, G	1
Alves, H	1
Almeida, L	1
Ferreira, E	1
Monteiro, S	1
Oliveira, MJ	1
Almeida, MC	1
Wang, T	1
Jing, Y	1
Guo, H	1
Xu, J	2
Wang, M	2
Huang, L	1
Chen, H	2
Cui, W	1
Song, L	1
Liu, X	1
Sun, B	1
Wang, N	2
Sheng, B	1
Ni, J	1
Lv, B	1
Jiang, G	1
Lin, X	1
Li, H	1
Kusinski, LC	1
Meek, CL	1
Martine-Edith, G	1
Johnson, W	1
Petherick, ES	1
Dunne, F	1
Newman, C	1
Alvarez-Iglesias, A	1
Ferguson, J	1
Smyth, A	1
Browne, M	1
O'Shea, P	1
Devane, D	1
Gillespie, P	1
Bogdanet, D	1
Kgosidialwa, O	1
Egan, A	1
Finn, Y	1
Gaffney, G	1
Khattak, A	1
O'Keeffe, D	1
Liew, A	1
O'Donnell, M	1
Bobenko, AI	1
Heller, S	1
Schmitt, N	1
Cherdtrakulkiat, R	1
Lawung, R	1
Nabu, S	1
Tantimavanich, S	1
Sinthupoom, N	1
Prachayasittikul, S	1
Prachayasittikul, V	1
Zhang, B	1
Wu, C	1
Zhang, Z	2
Yan, K	1
Li, C	3
Li, Y	5
Li, L	4
Zheng, C	1
Xiao, Y	1
He, D	1
Zhao, F	1
Su, JF	1
Lun, SM	1
Hou, YJ	1
Duan, LJ	1
Wang, NC	1
Shen, FF	1
Zhang, YW	1
Gao, ZW	1
Li, J	6
Du, XJ	1
Zhou, FY	1
Yin, Z	1
Zhu, J	2
Yan, D	1
Lou, H	1
Yu, H	1
Feng, C	1
Wang, Z	1
Wang, Y	5
Hu, X	1
Li, Z	2
Shen, Y	1
Hu, D	1
Wu, X	1
Duan, Y	1
Zhi, D	1
Zou, M	2
Zhao, Z	1
Zhang, X	3
Yang, X	2
Zhang, J	2
Wang, H	1
Popović, KJ	1
Popović, DJ	1
Miljković, D	1
Lalošević, D	1
Čapo, I	1
Popović, JK	1
Liu, M	1
Song, H	2
Xing, Z	1
Lu, G	1
Chen, D	1
Valentini, AM	1
Di Pinto, F	1
Coletta, S	1
Guerra, V	1
Armentano, R	1
Caruso, ML	1
Gong, J	1
Bian, L	1
Ye, M	1
Wen, N	1
Fu, M	1
Fan, W	1
Meng, Y	1
Dong, G	1
Lin, XH	1
Liu, HH	1
Gao, DM	1
Cui, JF	1
Ren, ZG	1
Chen, RX	1
Önal, B	1
Özen, D	1
Demir, B	1
Akkan, AG	1
Özyazgan, S	1
Payette, G	1
Geoffroy, V	1
Martineau, C	1
Villemur, R	1
Jameel, T	1
Baig, M	1
Gazzaz, ZJ	1
Tashkandi, JM	1
Al Alhareth, NS	1
Khan, SA	1
Butt, NS	1
Wang, J	2
Geng, Y	1
Zhang, Y	3
Wang, X	2
Liu, J	2
Basit, A	1
Miao, T	1
Liu, W	1
Jiang, W	1
Yu, ZY	1
Wu, L	2
Qu, B	1
Sun, JX	1
Cai, AL	1
Xie, LM	1
Groeneveld, J	1
Ho, SL	1
Mackensen, A	1
Mohtadi, M	1
Laepple, T	1
Genovesi, S	1
Nava, E	1
Bartolucci, C	1
Severi, S	1
Vincenti, A	1
Contaldo, G	1
Bigatti, G	1
Ciurlino, D	1
Bertoli, SV	1
Slovak, JE	1
Hwang, JK	1
Rivera, SM	1
Villarino, NF	1
Li, S	2
Cao, G	1
Ling, M	1
Ji, J	1
Zhao, D	1
Sha, Y	1
Gao, X	1
Liang, C	2
Guo, Q	2
Zhou, C	1
Ma, Z	1
Wang, C	1
Zhao, W	1
Xia, X	1
Jiang, Y	1
Peng, J	1
Jia, Z	1
Li, F	1
Chen, X	2
Mo, J	1
Zhang, S	2
Li, X	1
Huang, T	1
Zhu, Q	1
Wang, S	1
Ge, RS	1
Fortunato, G	1
Lin, J	2
Agarwal, PK	1
Kohen, A	1
Singh, P	1
Cheatum, CM	1
Zhu, D	1
Hayman, A	1
Kebede, B	1
Stewart, I	1
Chen, G	1
Frew, R	1
Guo, X	1
Gong, Q	1
Borowiec, J	1
Han, S	1
Zhang, M	1
Willis, M	1
Kreouzis, T	1
Yu, K	1
Chirvony, VS	1
Sekerbayev, KS	1
Pérez-Del-Rey, D	1
Martínez-Pastor, JP	1
Palazon, F	1
Boix, PP	1
Taurbayev, TI	1
Sessolo, M	1
Bolink, HJ	1
Lu, M	1
Lan, Y	1
Xiao, J	1
Song, M	1
Chen, C	1
Huang, Q	1
Cao, Y	1
Ho, CT	1
Qi, B	1
Wang, Q	1
Zhang, W	1
Fang, L	1
Xie, CL	1
Chen, R	1
Yang, S	1
Xia, JM	1
Zhang, GY	1
Chen, CH	1
Yang, XW	1
Domenech-Ximenos, B	1
Garza, MS	1
Prat-González, S	1
Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á	1
Crispi, F	1
Perea, RJ	1
Garcia-Alvarez, A	1
Sitges, M	1
Kalumpha, M	1
Guyo, U	1
Zinyama, NP	1
Vakira, FM	1
Nyamunda, BC	1
Varga, M	1
Drácz, L	1
Kolbenheyer, E	1
Varga, F	1
Patai, ÁV	1
Solymosi, N	1
Patai, Á	1
Kiss, J	1
Gaál, V	1
Nyul, Z	1
Mosdósi, B	1
Valdez, M	1
Moosavi, L	1
Heidari, A	1
Novakovic-Agopian, T	1
Kornblith, E	1
Abrams, G	1
McQuaid, JR	1
Posecion, L	1
Burciaga, J	1
D'Esposito, M	1
Chen, AJW	1
Samy El Gendy, NM	1
Wesolowska, P	1
Georg, D	1
Lechner, W	1
Kazantsev, P	1
Bokulic, T	1
Tedgren, AC	1
Adolfsson, E	1
Campos, AM	1
Alves, VGL	1
Suming, L	1
Hao, W	1
Ekendahl, D	1
Koniarova, I	1
Bulski, W	1
Chelminski, K	1
Samper, JLA	1
Vinatha, SP	1
Rakshit, S	1
Siri, S	1
Tomsejm, M	1
Tenhunen, M	1
Povall, J	1
Kry, SF	1
Followill, DS	1
Thwaites, DI	1
Izewska, J	1
Kang, JH	1
Yoon, Y	1
Song, J	1
Van de Winckel, A	1
Gauthier, L	1
Chao, CT	1
Lee, YH	1
Li, CM	1
Han, DS	1
Huang, JW	1
Huang, KC	1
Ni, L	1
Güttinger, R	1
Triana, CA	1
Spingler, B	1
Baldridge, KK	1
Patzke, GR	1
Shen, X	1
Wang, B	1
Xie, S	1
Deng, W	1
Wu, D	1
Zhang, Q	1
Voskamp, BJ	1
Peelen, MJCS	1
Ravelli, ACJ	1
van der Lee, R	1
Mol, BWJ	1
Pajkrt, E	1
Ganzevoort, W	1
Kazemier, BM	1
Tibrewala, R	1
Bahroos, E	1
Mehrabian, H	1
Foreman, SC	1
Link, TM	1
Pedoia, V	1
Majumdar, S	1
Jablonski, CL	1
Leonard, C	1
Salo, P	1
Krawetz, RJ	1
Yoon, N	1
Hong, SN	1
Cho, JG	1
Jeong, HK	1
Lee, KH	1
Park, HW	1
Barman, S	1
Konai, MM	1
Samaddar, S	1
Haldar, J	1
Mohamed, HSH	1
Li, CF	1
Hu, ZY	1
Deng, Z	1
Chen, LH	1
Su, BL	1
Chu, K	1
Liu, YP	1
Li, YB	1
Zhang, H	1
Xu, C	1
Zou, Z	1
Wu, Z	1
Xia, Y	1
Zhao, P	1
Wang, HT	1
de Biase, S	1
Pellitteri, G	1
Gigli, GL	1
Valente, M	1
Landi, SN	1
Radke, S	1
Boggess, K	1
Engel, SM	1
Stürmer, T	1
Howe, AS	1
Jonsson Funk, M	1
Huhtala, MS	2
Tertti, K	4
Rönnemaa, T	4
Tarry-Adkins, JL	1
Ozanne, SE	1
Aiken, CE	1
Stewart, KS	1
Rhoades, JS	1
Pellonperä, O	1
He, K	1
Ge, J	1
Jing, Z	1
Garcha, D	1
Walker, SP	1
MacDonald, TM	1
Hyett, J	1
Jellins, J	1
Myers, J	1
Illanes, SE	1
Nien, JK	1
Schepeler, M	1
Keenan, E	1
Whigham, CA	1
Cannon, P	1
Murray, E	1
Nguyen, TV	2
Kandel, M	1
Masci, J	1
Murphy, C	1
Cruickshank, T	1
Pritchard, N	1
Hannan, NJ	1
Brownfoot, F	1
Roddy Mitchell, A	1
Middleton, A	1
Pell, G	1
Wong, GP	1
Tong, S	1
Kaitu'u-Lino, TJ	1
Bowker, SL	1
Savu, A	1
Yeung, RO	1
Johnson, JA	1
Ryan, EA	1
Kaul, P	1
Hjorth-Hansen, A	1
Salvesen, Ø	1
Engen Hanem, LG	1
Eggebø, T	1
Salvesen, KÅ	2
Vanky, E	3
Ødegård, R	1
Maple-Brown, LJ	1
Lindenmayer, G	1
Barzi, F	1
Whitbread, C	1
Connors, C	1
Moore, E	1
Boyle, J	1
Kirkwood, M	1
Lee, IL	1
Longmore, D	1
van Dokkum, P	1
Wicks, M	1
Dowden, M	1
Inglis, C	1
Cotter, M	1
Kirkham, R	1
Corpus, S	1
Chitturi, S	1
Thomas, S	1
O'Dea, K	1
Zimmet, P	1
Oats, J	1
McIntyre, HD	2
Brown, A	1
Shaw, JE	1
Gui, J	1
Liu, Q	1
Feng, L	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Metformin Versus Insulin in Gestational Diabetes. A Randomized Controlled Single Center Trial.[NCT01240785]	Phase 4	221 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
Metformin Treatment of Pregnant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)[NCT00159536]	Phase 3	257 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Glyburide and Metformin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing These Drugs Either vs Insulin or vs Each Other.[NCT01998113]		2,509 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-03-31	Completed
Non-inferiority Between Acarbose and Prandial Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Randomized Multicenter and Prospective Trial. ACARB-GDM Study.[NCT03380546]	Phase 3	341 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-04	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Metformin on Healthy Live Birth After In-vitro Fertilization in Women With Prediabetes Mellitus: a Multicenter Double-blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial[NCT06064669]		988 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Does Metformin Improve Pregnancy Outcomes (Incidence of LGA (≥90% Birth Weight Centile) Babies, Onset of Maternal GDM, Hypertension, PET, Macrosomia, Shoulder Dystocia, Admission to SCBU) in Obese Non-diabetic Women?[NCT01273584]	Phase 2/Phase 3	450 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Completed
Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Using Metformin: a Randomized Control Trial[NCT04855513]		414 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-24	Not yet recruiting
Aspirin Versus Metformin in Pregnancies at High Risk of Preterm Preeclampsia: a 3-arm Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05580523]		3,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-03	Recruiting
A Multi-center, Prospective, Cohort Study to Elucidate the Effects of Metformin Treatment on Steroid Hormones and Social Behavior. Linking Autistic Behaviorial Symptoms to Changes in Steroid Hormone Availability[NCT04930471]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-06-30	Not yet recruiting
Metformin Therapy for Gestational Diabetes - Metabolic Late Effects on Child at 9 Years of Age[NCT02417090]		173 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-05-31	Completed
Metformin Treatment of Pregnant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Pilot Study[NCT03259919]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-10-31	Completed
Glyburide vs Glucovance in the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes[NCT02726490]	Early Phase 1	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Terminated (stopped due to Lack of Recruitment)
Effects of Metformin on Fertility and Pregnancy in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized, Prospective, Placebo-controlled Multicenter Study[NCT00994812]	Phase 3	326 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Apgar score 0-10. 0-2 points from heart rate; 0-2 points for respiratory effort; 0-2 points for skin colour; 0-2 points for muscle tone; 0-2 points for reflex response. For all items the higher the value, the better the outcome (NCT01240785)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after delivery

Birth Weight Per Arm

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Metformin	8.7
Insulin	8.9

birth weight adjusted for gestational weeks expressed as standard deviation units using data from Finnish fetal growth charts in normal pregnancies (NCT01240785)
Timeframe: delivery

Gestational Weeks at Delivery Per Arm

Induction of Delivery Per Arm

Maternal Weight Gain Per Arm

Mode of Delivery Per Arm

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Per Arm

Neonatal Hypoglycemia Per Arm

Neonate Transfer to Intensive Care Unit Per Arm

Pre-eclampsia Per Arm

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Per Arm

Intervention	g (Mean)
Metformin	3604
Insulin	3589

Intervention	weeks (Mean)
Metformin	39.2
Insulin	39.3

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	42
Insulin	58

Intervention	kg (Mean)
Metformin	8.0
Insulin	7.9

Intervention	no of cesarean section (Number)
Metformin	15
Insulin	18

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	9
Insulin	10

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	18
Insulin	18

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	34
Insulin	39

Intervention	participants (Number)
Metformin	5
Insulin	10

Participants with pregnancy induced hypertension defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg or increase in systolic blood pressure > 30 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 15 mmHg (NCT01240785)
Timeframe: up to on the average 40 weeks of gestation

Article	Year
Weight gain in pregnancy: can metformin steady the scales? The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2022, Volume: 35, Issue:25 Topics: Birth Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Metformin; Pregnancy; Preg	2022
Circulating GDF15 concentrations in girls with low birth weight: effects of prolonged metformin treatment. Pediatric research, 2023, Volume: 93, Issue:4 Topics: Androgens; Birth Weight; Female; Growth Differentiation Factor 15; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infa	2023
Impact of pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes on the mode of delivery and birth weight: a nationwide population-based study on a subset of singleton pregnant Portuguese women. Acta diabetologica, 2022, Volume: 59, Issue:10 Topics: Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Insulin; Met	2022
Efficacy and safety of hypoglycemic agents on gestational diabetes mellitus in women: A Bayesian network analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in public health, 2022, Volume: 10 Topics: Birth Weight; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Glyburide; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; I	2022
Big babies, small babies: metformin exposure in pregnancy. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2023, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome	2023
Associations between maternal gestational diabetes metformin or insulin treatment and offspring growth trajectories from birth to 60 months of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford (BiB) study. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2023, Volume: 40, Issue:11 Topics: Birth Weight; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Insulin; Metfo	2023
Comparative effectiveness of metformin versus insulin for gestational diabetes in New Zealand. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2019, Volume: 28, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hypoglycem	2019
Metformin Exposure and Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. American journal of perinatology, 2021, Volume: 38, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Humans; Hypertensi	2021
Cord serum metabolome and birth weight in patients with gestational diabetes treated with metformin, insulin, or diet alone. BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2021, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Birth Weight; Diabetes, Gestational; Diet; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Insulin; Metabolome; Met	2021
Circulating syndecan-1 is reduced in pregnancies with poor fetal growth and its secretion regulated by matrix metalloproteinases and the mitochondria. Scientific reports, 2021, 08-16, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Birth Weight; Cell Hypoxia; Delivery, Obstetric; Diabetes, Gestational; Ele	2021
Patterns of glucose-lowering therapies and neonatal outcomes in the treatment of gestational diabetes in Canada, 2009-2014. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2017, Volume: 34, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Canada; Diabetes, Gestational; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female	2017
Real-world experience of metformin use in pregnancy: Observational data from the Northern Territory Diabetes in Pregnancy Clinical Register. Journal of diabetes, 2019, Volume: 11, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Australia; Biomarkers; Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus,	2019
Metformin versus Placebo in Obese Pregnant Women without Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 06-23, Volume: 374, Issue:25 Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Obesity; Pregnancy;	2016
Metformin versus Placebo in Obese Pregnant Women without Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 06-23, Volume: 374, Issue:25 Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Obesity; Pregnancy;	2016
Metformin versus Placebo in Obese Pregnant Women without Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 06-23, Volume: 374, Issue:25 Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Obesity; Pregnancy;	2016
Customised birthweight centiles are useful for identifying small-for-gestational-age babies in women with type 2 diabetes. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 2009, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hyp	2009
Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin or insulin: a case-control study. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2009, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Human	2009
Metformin for gestational diabetes in routine clinical practice. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2011, Volume: 28, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hypogly	2011
Improvement of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible effect in the ovarian follicular mass of their daughters. Fertility and sterility, 2012, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Birth Weight; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Fertility Agents, Female	2012
Introduction of metformin for gestational diabetes mellitus in clinical practice: Has it had an impact? European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2012, Volume: 160, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Cohort Studies; Combined Modality Therapy; Diabetes, Gestational; Drug Therapy,	2012
Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2002, Volume: 17, Issue:11 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Birth Weight; Body Height; Child Development; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Huma	2002
Metformin, pre-eclampsia, and pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2004, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Gestational Age; HELLP Syndrome; Hu	2004
Neonatal outcome in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients treated with metformin during pregnancy. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2006, Volume: 19, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia	2006
Continuation of metformin in the first trimester of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is not associated with increased perinatal morbidity. European journal of pediatrics, 2009, Volume: 168, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infant, Newborn; Insulin Resistance; Metfo	2009
Metformin-associated lactic acidosis in a pregnant patient. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 2008, Volume: 66, Issue:2 Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Adult; Birth Weight; Charcoal; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infant, Newbor	2008
Oral hypoglycaemic agents in 118 diabetic pregnancies. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2000, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Abruptio Placentae; Adult; Birth Weight; Cesarean Section; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	2000
Diabetes newly diagnosed during pregnancy: A 4-year study at Groote Schuur Hospital. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1979, Sep-01, Volume: 56, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Weight; Black or African American; Black People; Delivery, Obstetric; Diabe	1979
The management of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus. The Practitioner, 1975, Volume: 215, Issue:1289 Topics: Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; Chlorpropamide; Delivery, Obstetric; Diet, Diabetic; Female; Fetal Deat	1975

metformin and Birth Weight