Page last updated: 2024-10-30

meperidine and Labor Pain

meperidine has been researched along with Labor Pain in 43 studies

Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.
pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.

Labor Pain: Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of meperidine for acute postoperative and labor pain."9.05Analgesic Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Meperidine in Managing Postoperative or Labor Pain: A Narrative Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Cheung, CW; Ching Wong, SS, 2020)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of meperidine for acute postoperative and labor pain."5.05Analgesic Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Meperidine in Managing Postoperative or Labor Pain: A Narrative Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Cheung, CW; Ching Wong, SS, 2020)
"Compared with meperidine, remifentanil is superior in reducing mean VAS scores for labor pain after 1 hour."4.87A comparison between remifentanil and meperidine for labor analgesia: a systematic review. ( Leong, WL; Sia, AT; Sng, BL, 2011)
" Proper management of the untoward effects of this method may introduce it as a safe and low-cost method for painless labor."2.80Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil and Pethidine in Spinal Anesthesia for Painless Labor. ( Bagheri, B; Farzanegan, B; Fathi, M; Salarian, S, 2015)
"Fentanyl appears to be a suitable alternative to pethidine when providing parenteral pain relief to labouring women."2.80A comparison of fentanyl with pethidine for pain relief during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial. ( Belan, I; Cyna, AM; Fleet, J; Jones, MJ; Ullah, S, 2015)
"This trial aimed to ascertain the relative efficacy, adverse effects, and acceptability of fentanyl versus pethidine for pain relief during labour."2.80The safety and acceptability of intravenous fentanyl versus intramuscular pethidine for pain relief during labour. ( Dawood, R; El-Shamy, ES; Habeeb, R; Massod, A; Rezk, M, 2015)
" Maternal adverse effects of Pethilorfan were generally mild and transient."1.51Safety and efficacy of a combination of pethidine and levallorphan for pain relief during labor: An observational study. ( Kinugasa, M; Miyake, M; Tamai, H; Tamura, M, 2019)
"Labor pain is probably the most painful event in a woman's life."1.39Timing of epidural analgesia intervention for labor pain in nulliparous women in Taiwan: a retrospective study. ( Chang, Y; Chen, YL; Yeh, YL, 2013)

Research

Studies (43)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19904 (9.30)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's6 (13.95)29.6817
2010's28 (65.12)24.3611
2020's5 (11.63)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Chantrasiri, R1
Wanapirak, C1
Tongsong, T1
Lai, CY1
Wong, MKW1
Tong, WH1
Lau, KY1
Chu, SY1
Tam, AML1
Hui, LL1
Lao, TTH1
Leung, TY1
Moran, VH1
Thomson, G1
Cook, J1
Storey, H1
Beeson, L2
MacArthur, C4
Wilson, M2
Ching Wong, SS1
Cheung, CW1
Anter, ME1
Abdel Attey Saleh, S1
Shawkey Allam, S1
Mohamed Nofal, A1
Kadirogullari, P1
Yalcin Bahat, P1
Sahin, B1
Gonen, I1
Seckin, KD1
Fleet, JA1
Jones, M1
Belan, I2
Smith, LA1
Burns, E1
Cuthbert, A1
Wilson, MJA2
Hewitt, CA1
Handley, K2
Gao, F1
Daniels, J3
Kinugasa, M1
Miyake, M1
Tamai, H1
Tamura, M1
Logtenberg, S1
Mol, BW1
Verhoeven, C1
Miles, ETC1
Stone, JP1
Lozada, MJ1
Weiniger, CF1
Carvalho, B1
Bauchat, JR1
Wang, L1
Wei, L1
Deng, X1
Leung, RW1
Li, JF1
Leung, MK1
Fung, BK1
Fung, LC1
Tai, SM1
Sing, C1
Leung, WC1
Chen, YL1
Chang, Y1
Yeh, YL1
Wee, MY3
Tuckey, JP3
Thomas, PW2
Burnard, S3
Salarian, S1
Fathi, M1
Farzanegan, B1
Bagheri, B1
Eichelberger, KY1
Leung, EY1
Wee, M1
Montgomery, A1
Whittaker, V1
Banerjee, S1
Fleet, J1
Jones, MJ1
Ullah, S1
Cyna, AM1
Solek-Pastuszka, J1
Zagrodnik-Ulan, E1
Bohatyrewicz, R1
Celewicz, Z1
Rezk, M1
El-Shamy, ES1
Massod, A1
Dawood, R1
Habeeb, R1
Gao Smith, F1
Homer, L1
Aziato, L1
Acheampong, AK1
Umoar, KL1
Weissman, A1
Torkhov, O1
Weissman, AI1
Drugan, A1
Borup, L1
Wurlitzer, W1
Hedegaard, M1
Kesmodel, US1
Hvidman, L1
Thomas, P1
Leong, WL1
Sng, BL1
Sia, AT1
Elbohoty, AE1
Abd-Elrazek, H1
Abd-El-Gawad, M1
Salama, F1
El-Shorbagy, M1
Abd-El-Maeboud, KH1
Novikova, N1
Cluver, C1
Rooks, JP1
NOACK, H1
LEHRER, I1
BENGEL, T1
UHER, W1
DEKORNFELD, TJ1
PEARSON, JW1
LASAGNA, L1
ABE, T1
Sosa, CG1
Buekens, P1
Hughes, JM1
Balaguer, E1
Sotero, G1
Panizza, R1
Piriz, H1
Alonso, JG1
Jantjes, L1
Strümpher, J1
Kotzé, WJ1
Onah, HE1
Obi, SN1
Oguanuo, TC1
Ezike, HA1
Ogbuokiri, CM1
Ezugworie, JO1
Chuntharapat, S1
Petpichetchian, W1
Hatthakit, U1

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Paracetamol in Manament of Labour Pain in a Low Resource Setting[NCT04744727]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Completed
The Effect of Pethidine Analgesia on Labor Duration and Maternal-Fetal Outcomes[NCT03882814]240 participants (Actual)Observational2017-07-01Completed
[NCT02493192]Phase 4110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Not yet recruiting
Pethidine Versus Nitrous Oxide for Pain Relief During Labor Among Multiparous. A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02783508]214 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
Auricular Acupuncture as Adjunct for Pain Management During First Trimester Uterine Aspiration.[NCT03391986]153 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-09Completed
Is There Any Effect of Meperidine on the Length of Duration of Labor? A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.[NCT01555671]Phase 4250 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-01Completed
Interest in Clonidine in Association With Levobupivacaine Performing a Pudendal Block in Proctological Surgery: Pilot Study, Prospective[NCT04530903]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-09Recruiting
Impact of Prenatal Yoga Practice on Birth Outcome[NCT03941041]210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-15Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change in Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Placebo Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of placebo as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive placebo adhesives and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: prior to the procedure (baseline), at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Adhesives70.0
Routine Care71.0

Percentage of Patients Rated Good or Very Good on Satisfaction Survey in Overall Care - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Using a satisfaction survey (investigator-developed, 6 questions, each question is graded on a scale of 1-5, 1 being very poor and 5 being very good) to measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for improving satisfaction. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 5-10 minutes)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pyonex Needles94
Routine Care76

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during first trimester uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive auricular acupuncture and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). The VAS has no sub-scales. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pyonex Needles39.5
Routine Care71.0

Duration of the Second Stage of Labour

The period of time until the birth of the baby, since the patient being followed for delivery (NCT01555671)
Timeframe: 24h

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Meperidine Administration Group24
Plasebo Group27

The Duration of Active Phase of Labour

The primary outcome is to evaluate whether meperidine is effective in shortening the duration of the active phase of labor (NCT01555671)
Timeframe: 24h

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Meperidine Administration Group249
Plasebo Group304

Total Duration of Labour

Total time of delivery of patients who gave birth including the second stage of delivery (NCT01555671)
Timeframe: 24h

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Meperidine Administration Group273
Plasebo Group331

Reviews

6 reviews available for meperidine and Labor Pain

ArticleYear
Analgesic Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Meperidine in Managing Postoperative or Labor Pain: A Narrative Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
    Pain physician, 2020, Volume: 23, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Labor Pa

2020
Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour.
    The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 06-05, Volume: 6

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, I

2018
Remifentanil for labour pain relief.
    Anaesthesiology intensive therapy, 2015, Volume: 47, Issue:1

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Pain Measurement

2015
A comparison between remifentanil and meperidine for labor analgesia: a systematic review.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2011, Volume: 113, Issue:4

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Odds Ratio; Pain

2011
Local anaesthetic nerve block for pain management in labour.
    The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012, Apr-18, Issue:4

    Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Nerve

2012
Labor pain management other than neuraxial: what do we know and where do we go next?
    Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2012, Volume: 39, Issue:4

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric

2012

Trials

17 trials available for meperidine and Labor Pain

ArticleYear
Entonox
    International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021, 11-29, Volume: 18, Issue:23

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Nitro

2021
The impact of antenatal massage practice on intrapartum massage application and their associations with the use of analgesics during labour : Sub-analysis of a randomised control trial.
    BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2022, May-18, Volume: 22, Issue:1

    Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetri

2022
Qualitative exploration of women's experiences of intramuscular pethidine or remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia for labour pain.
    BMJ open, 2019, 12-23, Volume: 9, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Breast Feeding; Female; Follow-Up Studies;

2019
Efficacy and safety of intravenous paracetamol in management of labour pains in a low resource setting: a randomized clinical trial.
    The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2022, Volume: 35, Issue:25

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Dizziness; Double-Blind Metho

2022
Taking the alternative route: Women's experience of intranasal fentanyl, subcutaneous fentanyl or intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia.
    Midwifery, 2017, Volume: 53

    Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Analgesics; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Fema

2017
Intravenous remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia versus intramuscular pethidine for pain relief in labour (RESPITE): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.
    Lancet (London, England), 2018, 08-25, Volume: 392, Issue:10148

    Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analges

2018
A comparison of intramuscular diamorphine and intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia: a two-centre randomised blinded controlled trial.
    BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administrat

2014
Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil and Pethidine in Spinal Anesthesia for Painless Labor.
    Drug research, 2015, Volume: 65, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Pregnancy; Su

2015
A comparison of fentanyl with pethidine for pain relief during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial.
    BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2015, Volume: 122, Issue:7

    Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Delivery, Obstetric;

2015
The safety and acceptability of intravenous fentanyl versus intramuscular pethidine for pain relief during labour.
    Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology, 2015, Volume: 42, Issue:6

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Apgar Score; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infusions, Intravenous;

2015
The RESPITE trial: remifentanil intravenously administered patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) versus pethidine intramuscular injection for pain relief in labour: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
    Trials, 2016, 12-12, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Clinical Protocols

2016
The effects of meperidine and epidural analgesia in labor on maternal heart rate variability.
    International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:2

    Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Antie

2009
Acupuncture as pain relief during delivery: a randomized controlled trial.
    Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2009, Volume: 36, Issue:1

    Topics: Acupuncture Analgesia; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Female; Humans; Hydrotherapy; Labor P

2009
The IDvIP trial: a two-centre randomised double-blind controlled trial comparing intramuscular diamorphine and intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia.
    BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2011, Jul-08, Volume: 11

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Apgar Score; Cardiotocography; Double-Blind Method; Feed

2011
Intravenous infusion of paracetamol versus intravenous pethidine as an intrapartum analgesic in the first stage of labor.
    International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2012, Volume: 118, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans;

2012
Effect of pethidine administered during the first stage of labor on the acid-base status at birth.
    European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 2006, Volume: 129, Issue:2

    Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Fetal Blood; Hospitals, Public; Humans;

2006
Yoga during pregnancy: effects on maternal comfort, labor pain and birth outcomes.
    Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 2008, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Apgar Score; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor Stage, First;

2008

Other Studies

20 other studies available for meperidine and Labor Pain

ArticleYear
The Effect of Pethidine Analgesia on Labor Duration and Maternal-Fetal Outcomes.
    Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 2021, 05-12, Volume: 92, Issue:2

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labor Pain; Meperidine;

2021
Safety and efficacy of a combination of pethidine and levallorphan for pain relief during labor: An observational study.
    The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 2019, Volume: 45, Issue:2

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Labo

2019
Pain relief during labour.
    Lancet (London, England), 2019, 08-17, Volume: 394, Issue:10198

    Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric; Meperidine; Pregnancy;

2019
Pain relief during labour.
    Lancet (London, England), 2019, 08-17, Volume: 394, Issue:10198

    Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric; Meperidine; Pregnancy;

2019
Pain relief during labour.
    Lancet (London, England), 2019, 08-17, Volume: 394, Issue:10198

    Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric; Meperidine; Pregnancy;

2019
Pain relief during labour.
    Lancet (London, England), 2019, 08-17, Volume: 394, Issue:10198

    Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric; Meperidine; Pregnancy;

2019
Pain relief during labour - Authors' reply.
    Lancet (London, England), 2019, 08-17, Volume: 394, Issue:10198

    Topics: Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor, Obstetric; Meperidine; Pregnancy;

2019
Efficacy of birth ball exercises on labour pain management.
    Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anxiety; Delivery, Obstetric; Exercise Therapy; Female; Hong Kong; Humans

2013
Timing of epidural analgesia intervention for labor pain in nulliparous women in Taiwan: a retrospective study.
    Acta anaesthesiologica Taiwanica : official journal of the Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists, 2013, Volume: 51, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Parity; Pregna

2013
A report from #BlueJC: does choice of intramuscular analgesics in labour matter?
    BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:8

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Heroin; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Pregnanc

2014
Author's reply to '#BlueJC: does choice of intramuscular analgesics in labour matter?'.
    BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:8

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Heroin; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Pregnanc

2014
Authors' reply: A comparison of intramuscular diamorphine and intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia: a two-centre randomised blinded controlled trial.
    BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:12

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Heroin; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Pregnanc

2014
A comparison of intramuscular diamorphine and intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia: a two-centre randomised blinded controlled trial.
    BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2014, Volume: 121, Issue:12

    Topics: Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Heroin; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Pregnanc

2014
Labour pain experiences and perceptions: a qualitative study among post-partum women in Ghana.
    BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2017, 02-22, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Attitude to Health; Breathing Exercises; Female;

2017
[Problem of dosage of dolantin & negaphen in alleviation of labor pains].
    Arztliche Wochenschrift, 1958, Aug-15, Volume: 13, Issue:33

    Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthesia and Analgesia; Chlorpromazine; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labor,

1958
[Medical alleviation of labor pains with a thioxanthine derivative].
    Medizinische Klinik, 1962, Jan-12, Volume: 57

    Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthesia and Analgesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Female; Labor Pain; Meperi

1962
METHOTRIMEPRAZINE IN THE TREATMENT OF LABOR PAIN.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1964, Feb-20, Volume: 270

    Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Meperidine; Methotrimeprazine; Obst

1964
[ON RECENT TECHNICS FOR THE RELIEF OF LABOR PAINS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PAIN RELIEF BY DRUGS].
    Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica, 1964, Volume: 55

    Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Antipyretics; Autonomic N

1964
The experience of childbrith in first-time mothers who received narcotic analgesics during the first stage of labour.
    Curationis, 2007, Volume: 30, Issue:2

    Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesics, Opioid; Attitude to Health; Drug Ther

2007
Pain perception among parturients in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria.
    Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Labor Pain; Labo

2007