Page last updated: 2024-10-30

loperamide and Chemical Dependence

loperamide has been researched along with Chemical Dependence in 43 studies

Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.
loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"We present the case of a 14-year-old boy with obesity, hypertension, and chronic loperamide abuse who presented to our facility with symptoms of opioid withdrawal and type 1 Brugada pattern on an electrocardiogram."7.88Brugada Syndrome Associated With Adolescent Loperamide Abuse. ( Cohen, M; Stefek, B; Wolfe, LT, 2018)
"Cardiac depression induced by loperamide is enhanced by hyperglycemia due to higher MOR expression, which is associated with higher expression of STAT3 in the heart."7.85Loperamide-induced Cardiac Depression Is Enhanced by Hyperglycemia: Evidence Relevant to Loperamide Abuse. ( Cheng, JT; Cheng, YZ; Ku, PM; Lo, SH; Niu, CS; Niu, HS, 2017)
"We present the case of a 14-year-old boy with obesity, hypertension, and chronic loperamide abuse who presented to our facility with symptoms of opioid withdrawal and type 1 Brugada pattern on an electrocardiogram."3.88Brugada Syndrome Associated With Adolescent Loperamide Abuse. ( Cohen, M; Stefek, B; Wolfe, LT, 2018)
"Cardiac depression induced by loperamide is enhanced by hyperglycemia due to higher MOR expression, which is associated with higher expression of STAT3 in the heart."3.85Loperamide-induced Cardiac Depression Is Enhanced by Hyperglycemia: Evidence Relevant to Loperamide Abuse. ( Cheng, JT; Cheng, YZ; Ku, PM; Lo, SH; Niu, CS; Niu, HS, 2017)
"With the increasing amount of information available on the Internet describing techniques for using loperamide either for self-treatment of opioid withdrawal syndromes or for recreational use (so-called legal highs), the objective was to describe a statewide poison control system's experience with loperamide misuse and abuse, with specific interest in cases of cardiotoxicity, and to determine if reported loperamide misuse or abuse cases have recently increased."3.85Loperamide Trends in Abuse and Misuse Over 13 Years: 2002-2015. ( Cantrell, FL; Corbett, B; Koh, CH; Lasoff, DR; Minns, AB, 2017)
" Following treatment for hyperkalemia with calcium, insulin, dextrose, and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate a repeat ECG had a ventricular rate of 66/min, QRS 156 ms, and QT 576 ms."3.83Not your regular high: cardiac dysrhythmias caused by loperamide. ( Biary, R; Hoffman, RS; Howland, MA; Lugassy, D; Rice, B; Wightman, RS, 2016)
"In this observational case series, patients with cardiac arrhythmias or history of loperamide abuse with cardiac arrhythmias were identified; 5 patients were identified and 4 of the 5 patients were seen directly at the bedside."3.80Cardiac conduction disturbance after loperamide abuse. ( Hodgman, MJ; Holland, MG; Marraffa, JM; Morgan, BW; Oakes, JA; Sullivan, RW; Wiegand, TJ, 2014)
"Loperamide is a readily accessible nonprescription medication that is increasingly being used surreptitiously as an opioid substitute to alleviate the symptoms of acute opioid withdrawal."1.51Loperamide misuse to avoid opioid withdrawal and to achieve a euphoric effect: high doses and high risk. ( Alexander, A; Brent, J; Calello, DP; Campleman, S; Lee, VR; Nelson, LS; Ruck, B; Vera, A; Wax, P, 2019)
"Loperamide has been increasing in popularity recently for its effects separate from treatment of diarrhea."1.48Brugada-Type Pattern on Electrocardiogram Associated with High-Dose Loperamide Abuse. ( Brice, JA; Clark, RF; Sun, C, 2018)
"Loperamide is an over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medication that is inexpensive, easily accessible, and widely used."1.48Loperamide abuse cardiotoxicity. Should loperamide still be an over the counter medication? ( Idris, A; Kaye, K; Mihora, DC, 2018)
"Loperamide was used on its own in 41."1.48Is there such a thing as a 'lope' dope? Analysis of loperamide-related European Medicines Agency (EMA) pharmacovigilance database reports. ( Chiappini, S; Schifano, F, 2018)
"Loperamide is an over-the-counter antidiarrheal with μ-opioid agonist activity."1.46Loperamide Abuse Associated With Cardiac Dysrhythmia and Death. ( Clark, KH; Eggleston, W; Marraffa, JM, 2017)
"Loperamide abuse has been increasing in the United States as a potential alternative to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms or to achieve euphoric effects of opioid use."1.46Epidemiologic Trends in Loperamide Abuse and Misuse. ( Charlton, NP; Holstege, CP; Vakkalanka, JP, 2017)
"Loperamide is an over-the-counter antidiarrheal with opioid-receptor agonist properties."1.43Notes from the Field: Cardiac Dysrhythmias After Loperamide Abuse - New York, 2008-2016. ( Cummings, KR; Eggleston, W; Marraffa, JM; Mercurio-Zappala, M; Schier, JG; Stork, CM; Su, MK; Wightman, RS, 2016)
"Loperamide is a common over-the-counter antidiarrheal considered safe in a broad range of dosages and thought devoid of abuse potential."1.42Loperamide dependence and abuse. ( Heiner, J; MacDonald, R; Strote, J; Villarreal, J, 2015)

Research

Studies (43)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19909 (20.93)18.7374
1990's3 (6.98)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's25 (58.14)24.3611
2020's6 (13.95)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Barakat, M1
Akour, A1
Malaeb, D1
Cherri, S1
Al Safadi, W1
Al Safadi, A1
Wazaify, M1
Reinert, JP1
Dunn, RL1
Eggleston, W4
Palmer, R1
Dubé, PA1
Thornton, S1
Stolbach, A1
Calello, DP2
Marraffa, JM5
Donnelly, SC1
Fayyaz, S1
Aqeel, M1
Wasan, J1
Levine, M1
Lovecchio, F1
Malinky, CA1
Lindsley, CW1
Han, C1
Borron, SW1
Watts, SH1
Tull, J1
Baeza, S1
Diebold, S1
Barrow, A1
Lo, SH1
Niu, HS1
Cheng, YZ1
Niu, CS1
Cheng, JT1
Ku, PM1
Antoniou, T1
Juurlink, DN1
Heeren, N1
Farver, D1
Sun, C1
Brice, JA1
Clark, RF1
Idris, A1
Mihora, DC1
Kaye, K1
Throckmorton, DC1
Gottlieb, S1
Woodcock, J1
Krieg, B1
Stefek, B1
Wolfe, LT1
Cohen, M1
Schifano, F1
Chiappini, S1
Lee, VR1
Vera, A1
Alexander, A1
Ruck, B1
Nelson, LS1
Wax, P1
Campleman, S1
Brent, J1
Holland, MG1
Sullivan, RW1
Morgan, BW1
Oakes, JA1
Wiegand, TJ1
Hodgman, MJ1
Nacca, N1
MacDonald, R1
Heiner, J1
Villarreal, J1
Strote, J1
Enakpene, EO1
Riaz, IB1
Shirazi, FM1
Raz, Y1
Indik, JH1
Dierksen, J1
Gonsoulin, M1
Walterscheid, JP1
Lasoff, DR2
Schneir, A1
Hurtado-Torres, GF1
Sandoval-Munro, RL1
Wightman, RS2
Hoffman, RS1
Howland, MA1
Rice, B1
Biary, R1
Lugassy, D1
Clark, KH1
Vakkalanka, JP1
Charlton, NP1
Holstege, CP1
Stork, CM1
Mercurio-Zappala, M1
Su, MK1
Cummings, KR1
Schier, JG1
Koh, CH1
Corbett, B1
Minns, AB1
Cantrell, FL1
Daniulaityte, R1
Carlson, R1
Falck, R1
Cameron, D1
Perera, S1
Chen, L1
Sheth, A1
Gorodetzky, CW1
Buchwald, WF1
Cone, EJ1
Darwin, WD1
Pickworth, WB1
Risner, ME1
Sharpe, LG1
Jaffe, JH2
Kanzler, M2
Green, J2
Nakamura, H1
Ishii, K1
Yokoyama, Y1
Motoyoshi, S1
Suzuki, K1
Sekine, Y1
Hashimoto, M1
Shimizu, M1
Read, NW1
Read, MG1
Krejs, GJ1
Hendler, RS1
Davis, G1
Fordtran, JS1
Korey, A1
Zilm, DH1
Sellers, EM1
Fletcher, P1
Steffen, R1
DuPont, H1
Katz, JP1
Sturmann, KM1
Colpaert, FC1
Yanagita, T1
Miyasato, K1
Sato, J1
Mackerer, CR1
Brougham, LR1
East, PF1
Bloss, JL1
Dajani, EZ1
Clay, GA1
Hill, MA1
Greason, FC1

Reviews

5 reviews available for loperamide and Chemical Dependence

ArticleYear
Management of overdoses of loperamide, gabapentin, and modafinil: a literature review.
    Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2019, Volume: 12, Issue:9

    Topics: Drug Overdose; Emergency Treatment; Gabapentin; Humans; Loperamide; Modafinil; Substance-Related Dis

2019
Loperamide toxicity: recommendations for patient monitoring and management.
    Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2020, Volume: 58, Issue:5

    Topics: Cardiotoxicity; Humans; Loperamide; Monitoring, Physiologic; Substance-Related Disorders

2020
New Designer Drugs.
    Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 2021, Volume: 39, Issue:3

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Cannabinoids; Designer Drugs; Drug Overdose; Fentanyl; Humans; Hy

2021
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Loperamide.
    ACS chemical neuroscience, 2021, 08-18, Volume: 12, Issue:16

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Antidiarrheals; Drug Overdose; Humans; Loperamide; Substance-Related Disorders

2021
Discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic analgesic drugs.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1978, Volume: 9, Issue:6

    Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Analgesics, Opioid; Buprenorphine; Cues; Discrimination, Psychological;

1978

Trials

2 trials available for loperamide and Chemical Dependence

ArticleYear
"I just wanted to tell you that loperamide WILL WORK": a web-based study of extra-medical use of loperamide.
    Drug and alcohol dependence, 2013, Jun-01, Volume: 130, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Advertising; Analgesics, Opioid; Humans; Internet; Loperamide; Opioid-Related Disorders; Self Care;

2013
Abuse potential of loperamide.
    Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1980, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Codeine; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Naloxone; Piperidines; Pupil; Substance-Related Disorders

1980

Other Studies

36 other studies available for loperamide and Chemical Dependence

ArticleYear
Perspectives of and Experience toward the Abuse of Antidiarrheal Drug (Loperamide) among Community Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Study.
    International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023, 07-19, Volume: 20, Issue:14

    Topics: Antidiarrheals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Pharmacists; Substance-Re

2023
Recreational drug use of over-the-counter (OTC) medication: loperamide and the opiate epidemic.
    QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 2020, 01-01, Volume: 113, Issue:1

    Topics: Humans; Loperamide; Nonprescription Drugs; Opioid Epidemic; Substance-Related Disorders

2020
191. Loperamide abuse associated with cardiac dysrhythmia: case report.
    European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, 2020, Sep-01, Volume: 27, Issue:Suppl 1

    Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Humans; Loperamide; Substance-Related Disorders

2020
Intentional Misuse and Abuse of Loperamide: A New Look at a Drug with "Low Abuse Potential".
    The Journal of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 53, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Drug-Seeking Behavior; Female; Humans;

2017
Loperamide-induced Cardiac Depression Is Enhanced by Hyperglycemia: Evidence Relevant to Loperamide Abuse.
    Archives of medical research, 2017, Volume: 48, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Cell Line; Cyclic S-Oxides; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Heart Rate; Hy

2017
Loperamide abuse.
    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2017, 06-12, Volume: 189, Issue:23

    Topics: Antidiarrheals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Humans; Loperamide; Substance-Related Disorders

2017
You Abused What? Getting High with Unique Medications.
    South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association, 2017, Volume: 70, Issue:1

    Topics: Amines; Anticonvulsants; Antidiarrheals; Antipsychotic Agents; Antitussive Agents; Cyclohexanecarbox

2017
Brugada-Type Pattern on Electrocardiogram Associated with High-Dose Loperamide Abuse.
    The Journal of emergency medicine, 2018, Volume: 54, Issue:4

    Topics: Brugada Syndrome; Electrocardiography; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Middle Aged; Substance-Related Diso

2018
Loperamide abuse cardiotoxicity. Should loperamide still be an over the counter medication?
    The American journal of emergency medicine, 2018, Volume: 36, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antidiarrheals; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Loperamide; Nonprescri

2018
The FDA and the Next Wave of Drug Abuse - Proactive Pharmacovigilance.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2018, Jul-19, Volume: 379, Issue:3

    Topics: Amines; Analgesics, Opioid; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drug Utilization

2018
    Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:11

    Topics: Buprenorphine; Drug Interactions; Germany; Humans; Loperamide; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatm

2016
Brugada Syndrome Associated With Adolescent Loperamide Abuse.
    Pediatrics, 2018, Volume: 142, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics, Opioid; Antidiarrheals; Brugada Syndrome; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Mutation

2018
Is there such a thing as a 'lope' dope? Analysis of loperamide-related European Medicines Agency (EMA) pharmacovigilance database reports.
    PloS one, 2018, Volume: 13, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Databases, Pharmaceutical; Drug Misuse; Europe; Female;

2018
Loperamide misuse to avoid opioid withdrawal and to achieve a euphoric effect: high doses and high risk.
    Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2019, Volume: 57, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antidiarrheals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrioventricular B

2019
Cardiac conduction disturbance after loperamide abuse.
    Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2014, Volume: 52, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electric Countershock; Female; Humans; Isoprotereno

2014
Loperamide toxicokinetics: serum concentrations in the overdose setting.
    Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2015, Volume: 53, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Drug Overdose; Electrocardiography; Half-Life; Heart Rate; Humans; Lope

2015
Loperamide dependence and abuse.
    BMJ case reports, 2015, May-02, Volume: 2015

    Topics: Adult; Antidiarrheals; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Substance-Related Disorders

2015
The long QT teaser: loperamide abuse.
    The American journal of medicine, 2015, Volume: 128, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antidiarrheals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiography; Fatal Out

2015
Poor Man's Methadone: A Case Report of Loperamide Toxicity.
    The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology, 2015, Volume: 36, Issue:4

    Topics: Alprazolam; Antidiarrheals; Chromatography, Liquid; Fluoxetine; Humans; Hypertrophy; Loperamide; Mal

2015
Ventricular Dysrhythmias from Loperamide Misuse.
    The Journal of emergency medicine, 2016, Volume: 50, Issue:3

    Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cimetidine; Heart Conduction System; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Narcotic Antago

2016
An Additional Clinical Scenario of Risk for Loperamide Cardiac-Induced Toxicity.
    The American journal of medicine, 2016, Volume: 129, Issue:4

    Topics: Antidiarrheals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Loperamide; Substance-Rel

2016
Not your regular high: cardiac dysrhythmias caused by loperamide.
    Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2016, Volume: 54, Issue:5

    Topics: Alcoholism; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Benzodiazepines; Blood Pressure; Calcium; Central Nervous System;

2016
Loperamide Abuse Associated With Cardiac Dysrhythmia and Death.
    Annals of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 69, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Opioid-Related Disorders; Rece

2017
Epidemiologic Trends in Loperamide Abuse and Misuse.
    Annals of emergency medicine, 2017, Volume: 69, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Overdose; Female; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Middle

2017
Notes from the Field: Cardiac Dysrhythmias After Loperamide Abuse - New York, 2008-2016.
    MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2016, Nov-18, Volume: 65, Issue:45

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Child; Databases, Factual; Female;

2016
Loperamide Trends in Abuse and Misuse Over 13 Years: 2002-2015.
    Pharmacotherapy, 2017, Volume: 37, Issue:2

    Topics: Antidiarrheals; Cardiotoxicity; Databases, Factual; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Lopera

2017
Progress report from the NIDA Addiction Research Center (preclinical laboratory), Lexington, Kentucky (1984).
    NIDA research monograph, 1984, Volume: 55

    Topics: Aging; Animals; Behavior, Animal; beta-Endorphin; Cats; Cocaine; Discrimination Learning; Dogs; Endo

1984
Abuse potential of loperamide: adaptation of established evaluative methods to volunteer subjects.
    NIDA research monograph, 1981, Volume: 34

    Topics: Codeine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Kinetics; Loperamide; Placeb

1981
[Physical dependence on loperamide hydrochloride in mice and rats].
    Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 1982, Volume: 102, Issue:11

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relation

1982
A report of five patients with large-volume secretory diarrhea but no evidence of endocrine tumor or laxative abuse.
    Digestive diseases and sciences, 1982, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Cathartics; Chronic Disease; Colon; Diarrhea; Electrolytes; Endocrine System Diseases;

1982
Dependence liability of two antidiarrheals, nufenoxole and loperamide.
    Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1980, Volume: 27, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Antidiarrheals; Body Temperature; Electromyography; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Naloxone; Oxadi

1980
Benefit/risk considerations with respect to OTC-descheduling of loperamide.
    Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1995, Volume: 45, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diarrhea; Humans; Loperamide; Nonprescription

1995
Appendicitis associated with loperamide hydrochloride abuse.
    The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1993, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Appendicitis; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Nonprescription Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders

1993
Dependence potential of loperamide studied in rhesus monkeys.
    NIDA research monograph, 1979, Volume: 27

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Injections, Intravenous

1979
Antidiarrheal and central nervous system activities of SC-27166 (2-[3 - 5 - methyl - 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazol - 2 - yl) - 3, 3 - diphenylpropyl] - 2 - azabicyclo [2.2.2]octane), a new antidiarrheal agent, resulting from binding to opiate receptor sites of brai
    The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1977, Volume: 203, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Brain; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Bridged-Ring Compounds; Central Nervous S

1977
Loperamide dependence.
    The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1992, Volume: 53, Issue:12

    Topics: Adult; Diarrhea; Humans; Loperamide; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorder

1992