linoleoyl-ethanolamide and Inflammation

Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Diet, High-Fat; Dyslipidemias; Humans; Inflammation; Liver; Male; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Oleic Acid; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Triglycerides; Weight Gain

In our previous study, it was found that linoleoyl ethanolamide (LE) is present in sake lees, which are produced as a byproduct during the making of Japanese sake. LE is a fatty acid ethanolamide, which have been demonstrated to exert a variety of biological functions, and in this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of LE were examined using in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal experiments. In mouse RAW264.7 macrophages, LE suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. In addition, LE inhibited LPS-induced increases in the levels of cyclooxygenase enzyme-2 and prostaglandin E(2), which are indicators of inflammation. The inhibitory effect of LE on the release of TNF-α was stronger than that of dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, which is widely used in external human skin care treatments. LE also suppressed the LPS-induced activation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65. In a contact dermatitis animal model, applying LE to affected ear skin ameliorated 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression at inflamed sites. These results indicate that LE exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling, and LE is proposed to be a useful therapeutic agent against contact dermatitis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Contact; Dinitrofluorobenzene; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glycyrrhizic Acid; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Linoleic Acids; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NF-kappa B; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Signal Transduction