linoleic-acid and Poultry-Diseases

The susceptibility to develop hepatic steatosis is known to differ between duck species, especially between Muscovy and Pekin ducks. This difference could be explained by either differential responses of species to overfeeding or genetic differences in hepatic lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to compare the intensities of the different hepatic pathways (oxidation, lipogenesis, esterification, secretion, etc.) of the two main nutrients (glucose and linoleic acid (LA)) reaching the liver of ad libitum-fed Muscovy (n 6) and Pekin (n 6) ducks using the ex vivo method of liver slices incubated for 16 h with [U-14C]glucose, [1-14C]LA and [35S]methionine added to the survival medium. In such experimental conditions, the lipogenesis pathway from glucose was 2-fold higher (P<0.05) in the liver of the Muscovy duck than in that of the Pekin duck. Furthermore, the hepatic uptake of LA was 2-fold higher (P<0.05) in the Muscovy duck than in the Pekin duck leading to a 2-fold higher (P<0.05) esterification of this fatty acid in the liver of the Muscovy duck. The hepatic secretion of VLDL was higher (P<0.01) in the Muscovy duck than in the Pekin duck but insufficient to prevent lipid accumulation in the liver of the Muscovy duck. In conclusion, these results show the influence of the species on the hepatic metabolism of ducks in relation to their susceptibility to develop fatty liver. These results should shed light on the metabolic regulations that might underlie susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in the the human liver.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Ducks; Fatty Liver; Genotype; Glucose; Linoleic Acid; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Methionine; Models, Animal; Poultry Diseases; Species Specificity; Tissue Culture Techniques

The effects of dietary ratio of linoleic acid to linolenic acid on performance, mitogenic lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody production were evaluated in Leghorn pullets during a rigorous vaccination program. Diets were supplemented with flaxseed and corn oil to achieve 4 dietary ratios of linoleic acid to linolenic acid [17:1 (control), 8:1, 4:1, or 2:1]. Each diet was fed to HyLine Brown or W-36 pullets from 1 d to 16 wk of age. Day-old pullets were randomly assigned to 8 replicate cages with 12 pullets per cage; the density was reduced to 8 pullets per cage at 11 wk of age. Dietary treatments did not affect body weight, feed consumption, or pullet mortality. At 12 wk of age, an interaction between diet and strain (P < or = 0.004) showed Hy-Line W-36 pullets fed the 2:1 ratio had greater antibody production against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine than those fed diets with higher ratios. At wk 16, pullets fed ratios of 4:1 and 2:1 had the greatest antibody production against NDV vaccine. Antibody production against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine was also increased (P < 0.04) by ratios of 4:1 (2.244 optical density; OD) or 2:1 (2.508 OD) as compared with the control diet (1.576 OD). Hy-Line Brown pullets had greater antibody production against infectious bronchitis virus vaccine compared with Hy-Line W-36 pullets at 16 wk of age. These results indicate that feeding a reduced dietary ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid by adding flaxseed to the diets enhanced antibody response to NDV and IBDV vaccines without any negative effects on pullet performance.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Antibody Formation; Bursa of Fabricius; Chickens; Corn Oil; Diet; Fatty Acids; Female; Flax; Glycine max; Infectious bursal disease virus; Linoleic Acid; Lymphocyte Activation; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Spleen; Thymus Gland; Vaccination; Zea mays

Nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) in broiler chicken is considered as a peroxidative dysfunction caused by vitamin E-deficient diets. A feeding experiment was performed to investigate the consequences of feeding different fats in combination with increasing amounts of vitamin E on liver lipid peroxidation and plasma prostanoid pattern. Newly hatched chicks from hens on a vitamin E-poor diet were fed with either mainly linolenic, linoleic or oleic acid-rich oils in a vitamin E-deficient (5 ppm) basic diet. The animals were supplemented with vitamin E on three levels (0, 20 or 120 ppm). On appearance of the first symptoms of NE after 8 days post-hatching, the animals were examined. Typical symptoms with a high incidence only occurred in the group fed linoleic acid and 5 ppm vitamin E. Plasma prostanoids and microsomal alkane production in liver as a measure of endogenous lipid peroxidation were determined. The dietary conditions affected plasma prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2, but not prostacyclin. However, it seems unlikely that the prostanoids are involved in the pathogenesis of NE. Liver lipid peroxidation increased in vitamin E deficiency. The level of alkanes depended on the type of fat supplied. The consequences of the different dietary fats in combination with vitamin E deficiency on peroxidative metabolism of broiler chickens are evident, indicating that a high level of oxidative stress is imposed by the linoleic acid-rich fat.

Topics: Alkanes; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Chickens; Dietary Fats; Encephalomalacia; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Peroxidation; Microsomes, Liver; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Poultry Diseases; Prostaglandins; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Three experiments were carried out with male broiler chickens reared from day- old to 6 weeks of age on semi-purified diets containing 10% fresh (Expt. 1 and 3) or oxidized (Expt. 2) re-esterified triglycerides with a fatty acid composition similar to that of soya bean oil containing increasing concentrations of either a mixture of d-alpha-, gamma-, delta-tocopherylacetate (d-tocopherols) of natural source or dl-alpha- tocopheryl acetate (dl-tocopherol). In Expt. 1 and 2 the mixture of d-tocopherols consisted of 35.7% d-alpha-, 45.3% d-gamma- and 19.0% d-delta-, while in Expt. 3 the distribution was 25.3% d-alpha-, 28.1% d-gamma- and 10.8% d-gamma- in 35.8% re-esterified triglycerides. The relative biopotency of d-alpha-: gamma-: delta-tocopherol was anticipated to be 100:25:1, whereas that of dl-alpha-tocopherol was 74% relative to d-alpha-tocopherol. The experiments demonstrate that the results obtained for the biological activity depend on the response parameters chosen. With respect to gain in weight, feed conversion, relative organ weight, packed cell volume (PCV), ELP (erythrocyte lipid peroxidation), plasma activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate-transaminase (GOT), creatine kinase (CK) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and plasma Na+ concentration, the mixture of natural source tocopherols was identical to that of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, although the concentration of alpha-tocopherol was only about one third of that of dl-alpha-tocopherol. Differences between natural source and synthetic tocopherols were expectedly observed with respect to plasma concentrations of alpha-, gamma-, delta-tocopherol. Differences between the two forms as to muscular dystrophy, in vitro haemolysis and potassium concentration in plasma were ambiguous. It is suggested that the function of d-alpha-, gamma-, delta-tocopherol in erythrocyte fragility and skeletal muscle structure should be compared to that of dl-alpha-tocopherol in future investigations.

Topics: Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cerebellar Diseases; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Chickens; Creatine Kinase; Dietary Fats; Eating; Encephalomalacia; Glutathione Peroxidase; Hematocrit; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver; Male; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal; Organ Size; Oxidation-Reduction; Poultry Diseases; Vitamin E; Weight Gain

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cathepsins; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Linoleic Acid; Lysosomes; Methionine; Muscular Dystrophies; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Pharmacology; Poultry Diseases; Research; Ribonucleases; Sulfatases; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glycine max; Linoleic Acid; Lung; Meat; Pathology; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Research; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Brain; Brain Diseases; Chickens; Encephalomalacia; Linoleic Acid; Meat; Poultry; Poultry Diseases