linoleic-acid and Overweight

Dairy fat is rich in SFA such as palmitic acid (16:0) but low in linoleic acid (18:2n-6). The natural carbon 13 enrichment (δ13C) of 16:0 is higher in dairy fat than in most of the food supply. In adults, serum levels of pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) are recognised as biomarkers of dairy intake. In adolescents, no study has evaluated serum fatty acid levels or δ13C in response to chronic dairy consumption. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether increased dairy product consumption can modulate (1) serum fatty acid levels and (2) 16:0 δ13C in adolescents with overweight/obesity who followed a 12-week weight management programme. This secondary analysis of a randomised control trial included two groups of adolescent females: recommended dairy (RDa; n 23) and low dairy (LDa; n 23). The RDa group was given 4 servings/d of dairy products while the LDa group maintained dairy intakes at ≤ 2 servings/d. Blood was sampled before and after the intervention. Lipids were extracted and separated, and fatty acids were quantified by GC. Isotope ratio MS was used to assess 16:0 δ13C. There were no group differences on serum changes of 15:0 or 17:0. Within TAG, 18:2n-6 was lowered by 7·4 % only in the RDa group (P = 0·040). The difference in delta 16:0 δ13C between the LDa and RDa groups did not reach statistical significance (P = 0·070). Reductions in serum 18:2n-6 by dairy consumption could have positive health implications, but more studies are needed to confirm this assertion.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dairy Products; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Obesity; Overweight

Plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) may exert cardioprotective effects. Dietary ALA can undergo desaturation and elongation to form long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the extent to which this occurs in humans is unclear. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of an energy-restricted diet enriched with ALA on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in patients with metabolic syndrome.. The present analysis compared the effects of a hypoenergetic diet high in ALA (3.4 g/d) with a control diet low in ALA (0.9 g/d) on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in 81 overweight or obese patients with features of metabolic syndrome.. After a 26-wk intervention, concentration of ALA in serum phospholipids remained constant in both diet groups. The control group had a significant decrease in serum phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid concentration, although no significant intergroup difference was observed. Serum phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid concentration significantly decreased to a similar extent with both interventions. Additionally, both interventions significantly decreased serum phospholipid concentrations of palmitic acid, stearic acid, total saturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, total ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with no effect of diet group on these changes. Compared with the ALA diet, the control diet led to a significant increase in serum phospholipid oleic acid concentration.. Daily intake of 3.4 g of ALA during a 26-wk energy-restricted diet did not lead to an enrichment of serum phospholipids with ALA and did not increase eicosapentaenoic acid due to conversion. Additionally, dietary ALA was unable to compensate for a decrease in serum phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid.

Topics: Adult; Aged; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Caloric Restriction; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Phospholipids; Young Adult

Topics: Adult; Appetite; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Eating; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Insulin; Linoleic Acid; Male; Meals; Middle Aged; Obesity; Oleic Acid; Overweight; Pilot Projects; Postprandial Period; Satiety Response; Single-Blind Method

Maternal preconception diet is proposed to affect fertility. Prior research assessing the effect of altering the fatty acid profile on female fertility is conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of preconception maternal diet, specifically fatty acid profile, on pregnancies and live births following in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Forty-six overweight and obese women undergoing IVF were randomised to a diet and physical activity intervention (intervention) or standard care (control). Outcome measures included pregnancy, live birth and pre-study dietary intake from food frequency questionnaire. Twenty pregnancies (n = 12/18 vs. n = 8/20, p = 0.12) and 12 live births (n = 7/18 vs. n = 5/20, p = 0.48) occurred following the intervention with no differences between the treatment groups. On analysis adjusted for BMI and smoking status, women who became pregnant had higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake (p = 0.03), specifically omega-6 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) (p = 0.045) with a trend for an elevated intake of omega-3 PUFA (p = 0.06). There were no dietary differences for women who did or did not have a live birth. Maternal preconception PUFA, and specifically omega-6 and LA intake, are associated with improved pregnancy rates in overweight and obese women undergoing IVF. This has implications for optimising fertility through preconception nutrition.

Topics: Adult; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fertility; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Obesity; Overweight; Preconception Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Rate; Surveys and Questionnaires

Topics: Adult; Aged; Appetite Regulation; Area Under Curve; Cross-Sectional Studies; Double-Blind Method; Fasting; Female; Glycine; Humans; Linear Models; Linoleic Acid; Male; Metabolome; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Phosphatidylcholines; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Satiation; Sphingomyelins; Sucrose; Visual Analog Scale; Young Adult

This study examines to what extent plasma linoleic acid (LA) is modified by adiposity, and explores any association between plasma LA, demographics, dietary intakes, markers of metabolic health, and haplotypes of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1/2 genes.. A total of 820 participants with fasting blood samples from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey are studied. Plasma fatty acids are determined using GC-MS. Fifteen SNPs of FADS 1/2 genes are genotyped. Plasma LA decreases, while γ-linoleic acid and dihomo-γ-linoleic acid increases in overweight/obese participants (p ≤ 0.002). Participants in the highest quartile of plasma LA show decreased plasma markers of de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance, and of inflammation (TNF-α, PAI-1) (p ≤ 0.005). Adiposity (waist circumference and body fat) is strongly inversely associated with plasma LA accounting for 11.8% of variance observed, which is followed by FADS1/2 haplotypes (3.9%), quantity and quality of carbohydrate intakes (3.8%), dietary PUFA intakes (3.7%), systolic blood pressure (3.6%), and age (3.2%).. Plasma LA is inversely associated with adiposity, followed by haplotypes of FADS1/2 genes, carbohydrate intakes, and dietary PUFA intakes. The association observed between plasma LA and adiposity may be linked to decreased de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance, and inflammation.

Topics: Adiposity; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Female; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Ireland; Linoleic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Overweight; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Waist Circumference; Young Adult

Assessment of the effects of consumption of fatty acids on the homocysteine levels in women with fertility disorders.. The study included 286 women at the age between 23 and 46 years (the mean 33.13±4.21 years) with a fertility disorders. We measured: levels of homocysteine [μmol/L] (n=171), body weight and height (n=286). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A diet was assessed by 3-day dietary food records method including one day of the weekend. The mean homocysteine (Hcy) levels were 10.02±2.98 μmol/L. Body weight excess was observed in 29.3% of subjects. The percentage of fatty acids in the total energy [%E] it was demonstrated that the mean rate of MUFAs and PUFAs was statistically significantly lower in diets of women with the homocysteine levels >15 μmol/L compared to the group with the Hcy <10 μmol/L. Based on the results of a correlation between the homocysteine levels and consumption of n-6 fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids it is possible to conclude that there are negative correlations observed indicating that higher consumption of these acids is associated with lower levels of homocysteine.. Increased consumption of PUFAs, including α-linoleic acid, in a diet seems to be an important factor preventing from hyperhomocysteinemia.

Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Female; Homocysteine; Humans; Infertility, Female; Linoleic Acid; Middle Aged; Overweight; Young Adult

To assess the associations of dietary linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in a population-based cohort and further explore the mechanism of action in a high-fat-diet (HFD) induced obese (DIO) mouse model.. The occurrence of T2D among 15 100 Chinese adults from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS, 1997-2011) were followed up for a median of 14 years. The relations of ALA and LA intakes with T2D risk were modified by BMI, with significant associations restricted to obese/overweight subjects. Among them, relative risks (95% confidence intervals) comparing extreme quartiles of intakes were 0.55 (0.32-0.93) in men and 0.53 (0.34-0.85) in women for ALA, while 0.71 (0.41-1.16) in men and 0.56 (0.36-0.89) in women for LA. DIO mice were fed with LA- or ALA-enriched HFD (0.2% wt wt. Long-term intake of LA (for women) and ALA may have a protective effect on T2D development for obese/overweight subjects through sex-specific gut microbiota modulation and gut-adipose axis.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; China; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homeostasis; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Overweight; Sex Factors

Numerous studies have examined relationships between disease biomarkers (such as blood lipids) and levels of circulating or cellular fatty acids. In such association studies, fatty acids have typically been expressed as the percentage of a particular fatty acid relative to the total fatty acids in a sample. Using two human cohorts, this study examined relationships between blood lipids (TAG, and LDL, HDL or total cholesterol) and circulating fatty acids expressed either as a percentage of total or as concentration in serum. The direction of the correlation between stearic acid, linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and DHA and circulating TAG reversed when fatty acids were expressed as concentrations v. a percentage of total. Similar reversals were observed for these fatty acids when examining their associations with the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol. This reversal pattern was replicated in serum samples from both human cohorts. The correlations between blood lipids and fatty acids expressed as a percentage of total could be mathematically modelled from the concentration data. These data reveal that the different methods of expressing fatty acids lead to dissimilar correlations between blood lipids and certain fatty acids. This study raises important questions about how such reversals in association patterns impact the interpretation of numerous association studies evaluating fatty acids and their relationships with disease biomarkers or risk.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arachidonic Acid; Biomarkers; Black or African American; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Overweight; Risk Factors; Stearic Acids; Triglycerides; United States; White People

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Carbohydrates; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Fruit; Health Behavior; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Longevity; Nutrition Policy; Nutritional Requirements; Obesity; Overweight; Trans Fatty Acids; Vegetables; Whole Grains

There are limited validated tools available for the assessment of dietary intake in pediatric populations. This report describes a comparative validation study of selected fatty acid intakes in children assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), compared with erythrocyte membrane fatty acids.. Overall, 46 overweight and 47 healthy-weight children aged 5-12 years (mean±SD, 9.1±1.3years, body mass index 20.5±4.0) were recruited; dietary fatty acid intakes assessed by parent report using a 135-item semi-quantitative FFQ, were compared with selected child erythrocyte membrane fatty acids assessed from fasting samples using gas chromatography. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated between fatty acid intake estimates (% of energy) and erythrocyte membrane concentrations (%mol/mol).. Significant correlations were found between dietary and erythrocyte eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) concentration (r=0.24, P<0.05) with a statistical trend for total omega three (∑n-3) fatty acids (r=0.22, P=0.06) and linoleic acid (r=0.32, P=0.07) in the healthy-weight children only.. Parental report of selected child fatty acid intakes using an FFQ can be used to provide an estimate of child intake of EPA, but further work is required to quantify this relationship for other fatty acids and in other populations.

Topics: Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Gas; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Fats; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Male; Nutrition Assessment; Overweight; Parents; Reference Values; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surveys and Questionnaires

Many epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical studies have shown that the amounts and type of fat in the diet influence plasma lipid levels. Dietary fat has been shown to have a role in cardiovascular diseases.. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between dietary fatty acids and serum lipids in 150 overweight adults.. The examinations were performed in 150 adults, aged from 25 to 65 years with overweight and obese. Fat intakes are estimated from one 24-hour dietary recall interview. Data obtained with 24-hour questionnaire method were calculated with computer program Dieta 4. Statistical analysis was performed using a computer program Statistica.. Mean energy intake amounted 2579.2 +/- 786.2 kcal per day. The fat intake provided 34.6 +/- 8.5% of total energy, including saturated fatty acid--13.6% of total energy. Saturated fatty acids was not correlated with lipid profiles. Stearic acid was inversely correlated with the high-density lipoprotein. There were no signifificant associations between stearic acid and total cholesterol and plasma LDL cholesterol. Monounsaturated fat, including the oleic acid were affected lipid profiles by decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C. PUFA was correlated with decreased total cholesterol and plasma LDL cholesterol. Inverse correlation between arachidonic acid and HDL-C and between linoleic acid and LDL-C was observed.. This study indicates that the type of fat, but not only the total amount of fat, predicts serum cholesterol and its fractions levels. The proportion of SFA, MUFA, PUFA in diet determines their effect on serum lipids profile.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arachidonic Acid; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Stearic Acids

We examined relationships between visceral fat amount and alterations in serum fatty acid composition, both of which represent critical factors in the development of metabolic syndrome.. Correlations were analyzed between visceral fat thickness as measured by ultrasonography and proportions of individual fatty acids in 21 normal-weight and 24 overweight Japanese men.. Significant associations were identified in overweight subjects. Visceral fat thickness displayed positive correlations to levels of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids (r=0.475, P<0.05 and r=0.545, P<0.01, respectively); and negative correlations to levels of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=-0.513, P<0.05 and r=-0.428, P<0.05, respectively). Visceral fat thickness was also correlated with estimated desaturase activities, with positive correlations to Delta9- and Delta6-desaturase activities and negative correlations to Delta5-desaturase activity (r=0.580, P<0.01, r=0.669, P<0.01 and r=-0.559, P<0.01, respectively). No significant associations were identified in normal-weight subjects.. Significant associations between visceral fat amount and alterations in serum fatty acid composition were identified, but only in overweight individuals.

Topics: Adiposity; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Body Mass Index; Chromatography, Gas; Diabetes Mellitus; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Flame Ionization; Humans; Hypertension; Japan; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Overweight; Palmitic Acid; Smoking; Ultrasonography; Waist Circumference