linoleic-acid and Liver-Diseases

Dietary fatty acids are associated with the development of many chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and several cancers. This review explores the literature surrounding the combined and individual roles of n-6 PUFAs linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) as they relate to immune and inflammatory response, cardiovascular health, liver health, and cancer. The evidence suggests that a pro-inflammatory view of LA and AA may be over simplified. Overall, this review highlights gaps in our understanding of the biological roles of LA, AA and their complex relationship with n-3 PUFA and the need for future studies that examine the roles of individual fatty acids, rather than groups.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Gene Knockout Techniques; Humans; Inflammation; Linoleic Acid; Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; Liver Diseases; Neoplasms

Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) manifest a wide variety of functional abnormalities that lead eventually to their death. Such patients also often have low levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of carbon length 20 or greater in plasma total lipids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. We hypothesize that, due to hepatic damage, there is an impairment in de novo synthesis of very long-chain (20-22) carbon PUFA from their essential fatty acid 18 carbon dietary precursors that normally takes place principally in the liver. This results in a "conditional" essential fatty acid deficiency that may, in fact, be responsible for some of the pathophysiologic effects in ESLD. We propose that direct supplementation with very long-chain PUFA will provide a unique advantage in the correction of this "conditional" essential fatty acid deficiency in patients with ESLD and lead to improvements in their clinical condition.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases

Autofluorescence (AF) of crude serum was investigated with reference to the potential of its intrinsic AF biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of liver injury. Spectral parameters of pure compounds representing retinol (vitamin A) and fluorescing free fatty acids were characterized by spectrofluorometry, to assess spectral parameters for the subsequent AF analysis of serum, collected from rats undergoing liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Differences in AF spectral profiles detected between control and I/R were due to the increase in the AF components representing fatty acids in I/R serum samples. No significant changes occurred for retinol levels, consistently with the literature reporting that constant retinol levels are commonly observed in the blood, except for malnutrition or chronic severe liver disease. Conversely, fatty acids, in particular arachidonic and linoleic acid and their derivatives, act as modulating agents in inflammation, representing both a protective and damaging response to stress stimuli. The biometabolic and pathophysiological meaning of serum components and the possibility of their direct detection by AF spectrofluorometry open up interesting perspectives for the development of AF serum analysis, as a direct, cost effective, supportive tool to assess liver injury and related systemic metabolic alterations, for applications in experimental biomedicine and foreseen translation to the clinics.

Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Biomarkers; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Fluorescence; Inflammation; Ischemia; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Serum; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Vitamin A

The relation between dietary and circulating linoleic acid (18:2 n-6, LA), glucose metabolism and liver function is not yet clear. Associations of dietary and circulating LA with glucose metabolism and liver function markers were investigated.. Cross-sectional analyses in 633 black South Africans (aged > 30 years, 62% female, 51% urban) without type 2 diabetes at baseline of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study. A cultural-sensitive 145-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary data, including LA (percentage of energy; en%). Blood samples were collected to measure circulating LA (% total fatty acids (FA); plasma phospholipids), plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Associations per 1 standard deviation (SD) and in tertiles were analyzed using multivariable regression.. Mean (±SD) dietary and circulating LA was 6.8 (±3.1) en% and 16.0 (±3.5) % total FA, respectively. Dietary and circulating LA were not associated with plasma glucose or HbA1c (β per 1 SD: - 0.005 to 0.010, P > 0.20). Higher dietary LA was generally associated with lower serum liver enzymes levels. One SD higher circulating LA was associated with 22% lower serum GGT (β (95% confidence interval): - 0.25 (- 0.31, - 0.18), P < 0.001), but only ≤9% lower for ALT and AST. Circulating LA and serum GGT associations differed by alcohol use and locality.. Dietary and circulating LA were inversely associated with markers of impaired liver function, but not with glucose metabolism. Alcohol use may play a role in the association between LA and liver function.. PURE North-West Province South Africa study described in this manuscript is part of the PURE study. The PURE study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03225586; URL).

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Black People; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glucose; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; South Africa

Intravenous fish oil (FO) treats pediatric intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). There are concerns that a lipid emulsion composed of ω-3 fatty acids will cause an essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). This study's objective was to quantify the risk for abnormal fatty acid concentrations in children treated with FO.. Inclusion criteria for this prospective study were children with intestinal failure. Intravenous soybean oil (SO) was replaced with FO for no longer than 6 months. Serum fatty acids were analyzed using linear and logistic models, and compared with age-based norms to determine the percentage of subjects with low and high concentrations.. Subjects (n = 17) started receiving FO at a median of 3.6 months (interquartile range 2.4-9.6 months). Over time, α-linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic, and Mead acid decreased, whereas docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid increased (P < 0.001 for all). Triene-tetraene ratios remained unchanged (P = 1). Although subjects were 1.8 times more likely to develop a low linoleic acid while receiving FO vs SO (95% CI: 1.4-2.3, P < 0.01), there was not a significant risk for low arachidonic acid. Subjects were 1.6 times more likely to develop high docosahexaenoic acid while receiving FO vs SO; however, this was not significant (95% CI: 0.9-2.6, P = 0.08).. In this cohort of parenteral nutrition-dependent children, switching from SO to FO led to a decrease in essential fatty acid concentrations, but an EFAD was not evident. Low and high levels of fatty acids developed. Further investigation is needed to clarify if this is clinically significant.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Prospective Studies; Soybean Oil

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and is detrimental to several organs including the liver and kidneys. The flaxseed-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids including the omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids have been shown to blunt the effects of hypertension. It is however, unclear whether the flaxseed, which is rich in these essential fatty acids, could improve the liver and kidney dysfunctions observed in the hypertensive condition. To test this, functional markers of the liver and kidneys, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), creatinine, and renin were examined in hypertensive male Wistar rats fed a flaxseed diet. Normotensive rats maintained on a standard diet were rendered hypertensive with a daily administration of cyclosporin A (CYS) (25 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, hypertensive rats were either fed a standard diet alone or a flaxseed-supplemented standard diet (FLX; 10% W/W) for 8 weeks. Compared to normotensive rats, standard diet-fed hypertensive rats had significantly elevated blood pressure, altered lipid profile, and increased plasma levels of tissue markers measured immediately following the CYS treatment and thereafter at 4 and 8 week intervals. On the other hand, rats fed the FLX-supplemented diet had significantly lower blood pressure, an improved lipid profile and decreased tissue marker levels measured after 4 and 8 week durations. The data demonstrate for the first time the favourable effects of FLX in improving liver and kidney functions in the hypertensive condition. These effects are likely to be mediated by the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) contents of flaxseed oil due to its demonstrated ability to lower the blood pressure.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Blood Pressure; Dietary Supplements; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Linoleic Acid; Linseed Oil; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Topics: Child; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases; Parenteral Nutrition; Short Bowel Syndrome

Dietary fat intake in the South African population is increasing. This population also has a high prevalence of HIV infection. However, information about metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids on HIV-infected subjects is lacking.. Our objective was to investigate the relation between dietary fatty acid intake and liver function in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected subjects.. This cross-sectional epidemiologic survey included a representative sample of 1854 apparently healthy black volunteers aged > or =15 y, who were recruited from 37 randomly selected sites throughout the North West province of South Africa. Data from 216 asymptomatic HIV-infected and 1604 HIV-uninfected subjects were used.. Intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (n-6), and the ratio of PUFAs to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were positively associated with all the liver enzymes measured in HIV-infected subjects (R = 0.16-0.65). Most of these R values differed significantly from the R values for HIV-uninfected subjects. No associations were seen between liver enzymes and intakes of SFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin E intake was positively associated with serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (R = 0.23), alanine aminotransferase (R = 0.37), and aspartate aminotransferase (R = 0.58) in HIV-infected subjects; these correlations differed significantly from those of the HIV-uninfected subjects because PUFA sources are the main carriers of vitamin E.. The results suggest that n-6 PUFA intakes may be related to liver damage in these HIV-infected asymptomatic subjects. The reasons or mechanisms responsible are not clear, and further research is necessary to determine the optimal safe amounts for intake of n-6 PUFAs by HIV-infected subjects, especially in countries with traditionally high intakes of n-6 PUFA-rich vegetable oils.

Topics: Adult; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Black People; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; HIV Infections; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Liver Diseases; South Africa; Vitamin E

In acute liver failure the liver has to regenerate, which may increase the consumption of essential fatty acids. Nutritional support consists mainly of infusion of glucose. It is therefore possible that essential fatty acid deficiency may develop in such patients.. Plasma phospholipid composition was studied in healthy controls (n=11), in patients with acute liver failure, (n=10), in patients with stable cirrhosis (n=7), and in patients with acute on chronic liver disease with hepatic encephalopathy (n=6). The influence of 2 days of fat-free diet followed by infusion of glucose was studied in five healthy controls.. The ratio between the sums of nonessential/ essential fatty acids, (n-7+n-9)/(n-3+n-6), was higher in patients with acute liver failure (0.73+/-0.17) compared to healthy controls (0.35+/-0.06, p<0.001). The ratio was also higher in patients with acute on chronic liver disease (1.11+/-0.39) compared to patients with cirrhosis (0.61+/-0.18, p<0.01). These differences were mainly due to low levels of linoleic acid and high levels of oleic acid in the patients with acute liver failure and acute on chronic liver disease. Two days of fat-free diet followed by infusion of glucose did not change this ratio (0.40+/-0.04 vs. 0.47+/-0.05, NS) in healthy controls. The essential fatty acid deficiency indicator eicosatrienoic acid was detectable in 2 out of 11 controls, in 5/10 with acute liver failure, in 7/7 with cirrhosis, and in 6/7 with acute on chronic liver disease.. Acute severe deterioration of liver function was associated with changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids suggestive of essential fatty acid deficiency.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Chronic Disease; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Glucose; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Diseases; Liver Failure; Male; Middle Aged; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Reference Values

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcoholism; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphatidylcholines; Triglycerides

Topics: Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Diet; Dietary Fats; Edible Grain; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipids; Liver Diseases; Muscular Dystrophies; Nutrition Disorders; Research; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin E

Topics: Abetalipoproteinemia; Adipose Tissue; Ataxia; Celiac Disease; Child; Cholesterol; Chylomicrons; Consanguinity; Electrons; Electrophoresis; Erythrocytes; Genetics, Medical; Glycerides; Humans; Jejunum; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, LDL; Liver Diseases; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Mucous Membrane; Pathology; Phospholipids; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; Retinitis Pigmentosa

Topics: Amino Acids; Blood; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Choline; Glycine max; Hepatitis; Linoleic Acid; Lipotropic Agents; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental; Liver Diseases; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Sulfacetamide; Toxicology

Topics: Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases; Rats; Thioacetamide

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases; Syndrome

Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System Diseases; Linoleic Acid; Liver Diseases; Syndrome