linoleic-acid and Deficiency-Diseases

The fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:2ω-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3ω-3), are essential to the human diet. When these essential fatty acids are not provided in sufficient quantities, essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) develops. This can be suggested clinically by abnormal liver function tests or biochemically by an elevated Mead acid and reduced linoleic acid and arachidonic acid level, which is manifested as an elevated triene/tetraene ratio of Mead acid/arachidonic acid. Clinical features of EFAD may present later. With the introduction of novel intravenous (IV) lipid emulsions in North America, the proportion of fatty acids provided, particularly the essential fatty acids, varies substantially. We describe a case series of 3 complicated obese patients who were administered parenteral nutrition (PN), primarily using ClinOleic 20%, an olive oil-based lipid emulsion with reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids, linoleic and α-linolenic, compared with more conventional soybean oil emulsions throughout their hospital admission. Essential fatty acid profiles were obtained for each of these patients to investigate EFAD as a potential cause of abnormal liver enzymes. Although the profiles revealed reduced linoleic acid and elevated Mead acid levels, this was not indicative of the development of essential fatty acid deficiency, as reflected in the more definitive measure of triene/tetraene ratio. Instead, although the serum fatty acid panel reflected the markedly lower but still adequate dietary linoleic acid content and greatly increased oleic acid content in the parenteral lipid emulsion, the triene/tetraene ratio remained well below the level, indicating EFAD in each of these patients. The availability and use of new IV lipid emulsions in PN should encourage the clinician to review lipid metabolism based on the quantity of fatty acids provided in specific parenteral lipid emulsions and the expected impact of these lipid emulsions (with quite different fatty acid composition) on measured fatty acid profiles.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Arachidonic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Essential; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Liver; Oleic Acid; Parenteral Nutrition; Plant Oils; Soybean Oil

Essential fatty acid deficiency as a result of inadequate linoleic acid impairs growth in healthy infants and is common in infants with malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis (CF). We investigated the effect of dietary linoleic acid intake on the growth of infants with CF. In this study, predigested formula preparations A and B, with linoleic acid contents of 12% and 7% of energy, respectively, were fed before and after 1989 to infants enrolled in the evaluation and treatment protocol of the Wisconsin CF Neonatal Screening Project. Outcome was assessed from height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) Z scores on follow-up exams during the first year. Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between groups A (n = 43) and B (n = 33). At diagnosis, 53% of the enrolled infants (n = 76) showed low plasma linoleic acid concentrations and 22% had a high ratio of triene to tetraene. After correcting for the effect of potentially confounding variables, we found that HAZ (by .27, P < 0.05) and WAZ (by 0.26, P = 0.081) were higher in group A than in group B. This occurred despite a significantly higher energy intake in group B. This difference was most pronounced between 6 and 9 mo of age. Our results suggest that a high linoleic acid content in formula benefits infants with CF because it optimizes nutrition, growth, and feeding efficiency.

Topics: Age Factors; Body Height; Body Weight; Cystic Fibrosis; Deficiency Diseases; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids, Essential; Female; Growth; Growth Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Wisconsin

Previous studies on rats and human subjects have established that the linoleic acid (LA) requirement is 2 % of the total energy intake (en%), but is obtained in the absence of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and consequently appear to be overestimated. This raises questions since a recent study including ALA has suggested to divide the historical value by four. However, this recent study has remained inconclusive because the animals used were not totally LA-deficient animals. For the first time, the present study was especially designed using physiological and biochemical markers and performed in two steps: (1) to achieve a specific n-6 fatty acid deficiency model using growing male rats fed either a 0 en% from LA/0 en% from ALA (0LA/0ALA), 0LA/0·5ALA or 2LA/0·5ALA diet, born from female rats fed a 0LA/0·5ALA diet; and (2) to refine the required level of LA in the presence of ALA using rats fed either a 0LA/0ALA, 0·5LA/0·5ALA, 1LA/0·5ALA, 1·5LA/0·5ALA diet, born from female rats fed a 0LA/0·5ALA diet. The first step shows that the best LA deficiency model was obtained using rats fed the 0LA/0ALA diet, born from female rats fed the 0LA/0·5ALA diet. The second step demonstrates that in growing rats, LA deficiency was corrected with an intake of 1-1·5 en% from LA and 0·5 en% from ALA. These data suggest that the requirements in humans should be revisited, considering the presence of ALA to set up the recommendation for LA.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Biomarkers; Deficiency Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Intake; Female; Fetal Development; Lactation; Linoleic Acid; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Pregnancy; Random Allocation; Rats, Wistar; Skin Diseases, Metabolic; Tail; Weaning; Weight Gain

To evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets in early childhood as a function of milk intake, cows' milk (CM) or growing-up milk (GUM).. From a cross-sectional food consumption survey, two groups of children aged 1-2 years were defined: group CM fed exclusively on CM ≥ 250 ml/d and group GUM fed on GUM ≥ 250 ml/d. Proportions of children at risk of nutrient excess or insufficiency were estimated relative to the French recommended daily allowances, estimated average requirements or adequate intakes.. Parents participating in the survey were recruited from all regions of France by a polling organization. Distribution was adjusted to that of the French population.. Sixty-three (group CM) and fifty-five (group GUM) children.. Total energy and macronutrient intakes were similar in the two groups except protein intake of group CM, which was much higher than the Recommended Daily Allowance and significantly higher than in group GUM. A high percentage of children of Group CM had intake of linoleic acid (51%) and α-linolenic acid (84%) below the lower limit of the adequate intake, and intake of Fe (59%) vitamin C (49%) and alimentary vitamin D (100%) less than the Estimated Average Requirement. Significant differences were observed in the proportions of children with a risk of dietary inadequacy between the two groups for all the mentioned nutrients (P < 0.001). In group GUM, this imbalance was only observed for vitamin D. Intake of foods other than milk and dairy products could not account for these discrepancies.. Consumption of CM (≥250 ml/d) entails the risk of insufficiency in α-linolenic acid, Fe, vitamin C and vitamin D. Use of GUM (≥250 ml/d) significantly reduces the risk of insufficiencies in the mentioned nutrients.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cattle; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Food, Fortified; France; Humans; Infant; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Linoleic Acid; Milk; Nutrition Assessment; Nutrition Policy; Nutritional Requirements; Parents; Risk Factors; Trace Elements; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Because fatty acid (FA) metabolism of cats is unique, effects of dietary fish and vegetable oil supplementation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, lecithin/cholesterol acyl transferase activities, and plasma phospholipid and esterified cholesterol (EC) FAs were investigated. Cats were fed a commercial diet supplemented with 8 g oil/100 g diet for 4 weeks using either high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (diet H), Menhaden fish oil (diet M), or safflower oil (diet S). When supplemented, diet M contained sufficient arachidonate (AA), but diets H and S were deficient. We hypothesized that diet M would modify plasma lipid metabolism, increase FA long-chain n-3 (LCn-3) FA content but not deplete AA levels. Also, diet S would show linoleic acid (LA) accumulation without conversion to AA, and both vegetable oil supplements would dilute dietary AA content when fed to meet cats' energy needs. Plasma samples on weeks 0, 2, and 4 showed no alterations in total cholesterol or nonesterified FA concentrations. Unesterified cholesterol decreased and EC increased in all groups, whereas lecithin/cholesterol acyl transferase activities were unchanged. Diet M showed significant triacylglycerol lowering and decreased pre-β-lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma phospholipid FA profiles revealed significant enrichment of 18:1n-9 with diet H, LA and 20:2n-6 with diet S, and FA LCn-3FA with diet M. Depletion of AA was observed with diets H and S but not with diet M. Diet M EC FA profiles revealed specificities for LA and 20:5n-3 but not 22:5n-3 or 22:6n-3. Oversupplementation of some commercial diets with vegetable oils causes AA depletion in young cats due to dietary dilution. Findings are consistent with the current recommendations for at least 0.2 g AA/kg diet and that fish oil supplements provide both preformed LCn-3 polyunsaturated FA and AA.

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cats; Cholesterol; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fish Oils; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Phospholipids; Plant Oils; Safflower Oil; Sunflower Oil; Transferases; Triglycerides

Male SS/Jr rats were placed on a specially formulated, high-cholesterol, low-sodium diet at 3 weeks of age. Of the 50 animals on the diet, 40 developed skin lesions ranging from focal areas of alopecia to diffuse areas of moist dermatitis on the head, face, ear pinnae, and neck. Similar lesions were noted later in 17 of 36 SS/Jr rats in a second study group. Histopathologic findings from two affected animals revealed diffuse, hyperplastic, ulcerative dermatitis, with bacterial colonies of cocci in superficial crusts, as well as chronic hepatic inflammation with hepatocellular glycogen and sinusoidal macrophage aggregates suggestive of lipidosis. Results of a fatty-acid profile of the affected rats showed serum linoleic acid levels of 931 to 1566 micromol/liter, whereas those for control (SS/Jr) samples ranged from 2711 to 3145 micromol/liter. Dietary analysis of the specially formulated diet showed that it contained only 0.225% linoleic acid, which is below the recommended level of 0.3 to 0.6%. In light of the clinical and dietary findings, a diagnosis of linoleic acid deficiency was made. The food manufacturer revised its dietary formulation to increase the linoleic acid content to 1.05%, and no further cases of dermatitis developed in any subsequent groups of rats maintained under the same study protocol.

Topics: Animals; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Linoleic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Dahl; Skin Diseases

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Linolenic Acids; Nutritional Requirements

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography; Deficiency Diseases; Epididymis; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glycerides; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Radiometry; Rats; Research; Tritium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Cathepsins; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Linoleic Acid; Lysosomes; Methionine; Muscular Dystrophies; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Pharmacology; Poultry Diseases; Research; Ribonucleases; Sulfatases; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Deficiency Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Fats; Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Oils; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids

Topics: Chromatography; Deficiency Diseases; Epididymis; Ethers; Ethers, Cyclic; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Male; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Myocardium; Phospholipids; Rats; Research; Testis

Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Diaphragm; Electrons; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; In Vitro Techniques; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles; Myocardium; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Radiometry; Rats; Research

Topics: Animals; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Linoleic Acid; Lipids; Rats

Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; Electron Transport Complex II; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Indophenol; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Mitochondria; Mitochondria, Liver; Rats; Research; Spectrophotometry; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Glycine max; Linoleic Acid; Lung; Meat; Pathology; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Research; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Chromatography; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Essential; Infrared Rays; Linoleic Acid; Linoleic Acids; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Ozone; Rats; Research