lewis-x-antigen and Granuloma

Paracoccidioidomycosis (Pmycosis) is one of the most common deep mycoses in many regions of Latin America, particularly in Brazil. Microscopically, it shows granulomatous inflammatory reaction with giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes, and eosinophils. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of inflammatory cells in oral Pmycosis. Fifteen cases of oral Pmycosis were studied by immunohistochemistry for the presence of macrophages, CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes, CD20(+), CD15(+), and S100(+) cells. Macrophages were the main cells in well-organized granulomas and non-granulomatous areas. The CD4 phenotype was predominant in well-organized granulomas and a balance between CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was observed in non-granulomatous areas. Dendritic, S100(+) cells were found mainly in the epithelium, in subepithelial connective tissue, and at the periphery of organized granulomas. CD15(+) cells were concentrated mainly in areas of intraepithelial microabscess and ulceration. Macrophages and T cells are the predominant cells in oral Pmycosis. Well-organized granulomas contain fewer yeast particles, indicating a more effective host immune response. Better understanding of the histopathological changes in oral Pmycosis might help determine treatment, severity and systemic involvement of the disease.

Topics: Abscess; Adult; Antigens, CD20; B-Lymphocytes; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Dendritic Cells; Epithelium; Giant Cells; Granulocytes; Granuloma; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Lewis X Antigen; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Oral Ulcer; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Phagocytes; S100 Proteins

Control of pathogens by formation of abscesses and granulomas is a major strategy of the innate immune system, especially when effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity are insufficient. We show in human listeriosis that DCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), together with macrophages, are major cellular components of suppurative granulomas in vivo. Induction of IDO by DCs is a cell-autonomous response to Listeria monocytogenes infection and was also observed in other granulomatous infections with intracellular bacteria, such as Bartonella henselae. Reporting on our use of the clinically applied anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab, we further demonstrate in vitro that IDO induction is TNF-alpha dependent. Repression of IDO therefore might result in exacerbation of granulomatous diseases observed during anti-TNF-alpha therapy. These findings place IDO(+) DCs not only at the intersection of innate and adaptive immunity but also at the forefront of bacterial containment in granulomatous infections.

Topics: Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; CD3 Complex; Cells, Cultured; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dendritic Cells; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Gene Expression; Granuloma; Humans; Immunoblotting; Immunohistochemistry; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; Interferon-gamma; Lewis X Antigen; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Macrophages; Membrane Proteins; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; S100 Proteins; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Ki-1 Antigen; Lewis X Antigen; Male; Middle Aged; Orchitis; Recurrence; Sarcoidosis

To further investigate the factors involved in the modulation of the schistosomal granuloma, mice were primed with immunogenic carbohydrates which were common to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and adult worm antigen. Mice sensitized with LewisX trisaccharide or lacto-N-fucopentaose-III (LNFP-III) displayed an increased cellular response towards SEA-coupled beads implanted in the liver by mesenteric injection, resulting in the formation of larger periparticular granulomas. When animals were sensitized with bovine serum albumin or a structurally related carbohydrate, an accelerated response was not seen. Since LNFP-III is built up of LewisX molecules, and LewisX carbohydrates are common to SEA and worm antigens such as the gut-secreted antigens CCA and CAA (two antigens that could prime egg-antigen-induced granuloma formation), this may explain why adult, live Schistosoma mansoni worms positively modulate egg-antigen-induced hepatic granuloma formation in the murine host. These observations provide new insights into the role of carbohydrates in parasite-host immunity and may yield important implications for choosing worm-derived antigens for the development of anti-schistosome vaccines.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Carbohydrate Sequence; Cattle; Glycoproteins; Granuloma; Helminth Proteins; Immunization; Lewis X Antigen; Liver Diseases; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Oligosaccharides; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Vaccines