levetiracetam and Nerve-Degeneration

Peripheral diabetic neuropathy develops in diabetic patients. The current study tested the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of the anticonvulsant drug, levetiracetam compared with the standard drug, gabapentin, in a model of streptozotocin-induced peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Male albino mice were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (40mg/kg) for five consecutive days to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus. After development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, mice were then treated orally with 10 doses of levetiracetam or gabapentin (or vehicle). The effect of multiple doses of levetiracetam on the histopathology of sciatic nerve and spinal cord was tested. Furthermore, the effect of levetiracetam on the spinal expression of microglia and astrocytes was examined in comparison with gabapentin. Results indicated that the highest dose of levetiracetam and all doses of gabapentin increased the withdrawal threshold in von Frey test. Furthermore, all doses of levetiracetam and gabapentin prolonged the reaction time exhibited by diabetic mice tested in hot plate test. Both drugs provided protection for the sciatic nerve and the spinal cord. In addition, levetiracetam (20 and 40mg/kg) decreased spinal immunostaining for CD11b (microglia marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrocytes marker) however; the high dose of gabapentin (40mg/kg) reduced the spinal immunostaining for GFAP only. In conclusion, levetiracetam produced antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effect in diabetic mice with favorable effects on sciatic nerve and spinal cord that were accompanied by downregulation of the spinal expression of microglia and astrocytes. Thus, levetiracetam may have promise in alleviating neuropathic pain in diabetic patients.

Topics: Amines; Animals; Astrocytes; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Neuropathies; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Levetiracetam; Male; Mice; Microglia; Nerve Degeneration; Nootropic Agents; Pain Measurement; Piracetam; Sciatic Neuropathy; Spinal Cord

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used to treat seizures in pregnant women, infants, and young children can cause cognitive impairment. One mechanism implicated in the development of neurocognitive deficits is a pathologic enhancement of physiologically occurring apoptotic neuronal death in the developing brain. We investigated whether the newer antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) and the older antiepileptic drug sulthiame (SUL) have neurotoxic properties in the developing rat brain. SUL significantly enhanced neuronal death in the brains of rat pups ages 0 to 7 days at doses of 100 mg/kg and above, whereas LEV did not show this neurotoxic effect. Dosages of both drugs used in the context of this study comply with an effective anticonvulsant dose range applied in rodent seizure models. Thus, LEV is an AED which lacks neurotoxicity in the developing rat brain and should be considered in the treatment of epilepsy in pregnant women, infants, and toddlers once general safety issues have been properly addressed.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Cell Death; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Levetiracetam; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Neurotoxins; Piracetam; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiazines