leptin and Ovarian-Cysts

Absent or irregular ovarian cycles in lactating dairy cows are caused by failure to ovulate the dominant follicle at the appropriate time. The follicle then either regresses or develops into a cyst. This process can be triggered by a variety of metabolic and disease factors that act at the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibit pulsatile LH secretion and the LH surge, and at the ovary to reduce follicular growth and oestradiol production. Cows of poor energy status have low circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Predisposing factors include calving difficulties, inappropriate diet, reduced intake of dry matter and a high rate of body condition score loss. Various stressors predispose the follicle to cyst development by inhibiting the LH surge and ovulation; these include common infections, such as mastitis. Even when ovulation does occur, poor follicular development may result in production of an inadequate corpus luteum. The timing of the increase in progesterone in the early luteal phase (days 4-5) appears to be a key determinant of fertility, probably because it alters the secretory activity of the reproductive tract, thus influencing embryonic growth and interferon-tau production. A period of negative energy balance after calving can reduce fertility even though metabolic parameters have apparently improved at the time of service.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Corpus Luteum; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Estradiol; Female; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Insulin; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Lactation; Leptin; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Ovarian Cysts; Ovarian Follicle; Ovulation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Progesterone

Stress response to surgery is modulated by several factors, including magnitude of the injury, pain, type of procedure and choice of anaesthesia. Our purpose was to compare intra- and post-operative hormonal changes during total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) using propofol and remifentanil vs. sevoflurane anaesthesia in a low stress level surgical model (laparoscopy).. We randomly allocated 18 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign ovarian cysts in two groups to receive either TIVA (group A=9) or sevoflurane anaesthesia (group B=9). Perioperative plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and leptin were measured. Blood samples were collected pre-operatively (time 0), 30 min after the beginning of surgery (time 1), after extubation (time 2), and 2 h (time 3) and 4 h after surgery (time 4).. The comparative analysis between the groups shows significantly higher values of NE (P<0.001 at time 1 and P<0.01 at time 3), E (P<0.001 at times 1 and 2; P<0.01 at time 3 and P<0.05 at time 4), ACTH (P<0.001 at times 1 and 2; P<0.05 at time 3) and cortisol (P<0.001 at times 1 and 2; P<0.01 at time 3; P<0.05 at time 4) in group B. The serum values of leptin were not significantly different between the two groups.. The choice of anaesthesia does not seem to affect the leptin serum levels but influences the release of stress response markers: ACTH, cortisol, NE and E.

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Catecholamines; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Laparoscopy; Leptin; Methyl Ethers; Monitoring, Physiologic; Neurosecretory Systems; Norepinephrine; Ovarian Cysts; Perioperative Care; Piperidines; Propofol; Remifentanil; Sevoflurane; Time Factors

Ovarian follicular cysts are one of leading causes of infertility and financial loss in pig breeding program. This study was carried out to investigate the association between polymorphisms of estrogen receptor (ESR), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β, and leptin genes and follicular cysts in sows. A total of 47 and 120 sows with follicular cysts and normal follicles, respectively, were selected to evaluate whether these candidate loci affect the formation of follicular cysts in sows. The polymorphisms of ESR, FSHβ, FSHβ/HaeIII and leptin genes were tested by PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. Cyst-normal case data analysis showed that ESR/PvuII polymorphisms are highly associated with follicular cysts and that sows ESR/PvuII genotype have lower rate of suffering from cysts (P = 0.021). Unfortunately, FSHβ, FSHβ/HaeIII, and leptin C3469T polymorphisms were found no significant difference in follicular cysts sows and normal sows. These results suggest that FSHβ, FSHβ/HaeIII, and leptin C3469T genotypes are not able to effect the presence of follicular cysts (P > 0.05). In addition, the haplotype EBCM and EBTM within four loci of genes had significant dominance effect on follicular cysts (P < 0.05). The detection of ESR/PvuII polymorphisms and haplotype EBCM and EBTM can positively improve the development of biological biomarkers, which is thereby beneficial in breeding and ovary-protective therapy of reproductive disease in pigs.

Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Leptin; Ovarian Cysts; Polymorphism, Genetic; Receptors, Estrogen; Swine; Swine Diseases

Evidence from both clinical and animal studies suggests that exposure to excess androgens results in cyst formation. The present in vitro study assessed the effects of supraphysiological concentrations of leptin (20 and 40 ng/ml) on progesterone (P(4)), androstenedione androstendione (A(4)), testosterone and estradiol (E(2)) secretion by ELISA and the expression of CYP11A1, CYP17, 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17b-HSD) and CYP19 by western blot to answer the question of whether leptin could be independent risk factor for cystformation in pigs. Small- and medium-sized ovarian follicles were collected from prepubertal and cycling pigs. Increased P(4) and testosterone secretions were observed in both small- and medium-sized follicles in prepubertal and cycling animals whereas there was no change in E2 secretion. Leptin treatment resulted in an increase in CYP11A1 and 17b-HSD protein expression but had no effect on CYP17 and CYP19 expression in follicles of either size from prepubertal and cycling pigs. Results of presented data suggest that leptin in elevated doses, by stimulatory effect on CYP11A1 and 17b-HSD protein expression resulting in elevated P(4) and testosterone secretions could be an independent risk factor for cyst formation in both prepubertal and cycling pigs.

Topics: 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; Androstenedione; Animals; Aromatase; Blotting, Western; Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Estradiol; Female; Leptin; Ovarian Cysts; Ovarian Follicle; Progesterone; Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase; Swine; Testosterone; Tissue Culture Techniques

Leptin is important in the regulation of fat mass and body weight. Adipose tissue not only secretes leptin but also serves as a site of action for leptin. This study was designed to examine the relationships among tissue expression of leptin receptors, serum leptin, and body mass index.. Omental adipose tissue and fasting blood samples were obtained from 57 nondiabetic women who underwent surgery for either myoma of the uterus or ovarian cyst. Tissue RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent and serum leptin concentrations were determined with commercial kits. The leptin receptor isoforms in tissues were quantified using real-time Taqman technology.. Three leptin receptor isoforms, Ob-Rb, HuB219.1, and HuB219.3, were found in human omental adipose tissue. The amounts of HuB219.1 and HuB219.3 mRNA relative to that of Ob-Rb were 1314.2 and 16.7, respectively. Higher body mass index was significantly correlated with an increase in serum leptin concentration and a decrease in leptin receptor HuB219.1 isoform in omental fat, even after adjustment for age and menopausal status. There was no direct association between serum leptin concentration and tissue HuB219.1 mRNA level.. HuB219.1 is the major isoform of leptin receptor expressed in human omental adipose tissue. Our findings suggest that the shorter leptin receptor isoforms in human omental adipose tissue might play an important role in body weight control. Further studies on the inter-relationship between leptin concentrations and multiple leptin receptor isoforms are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of obesity.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Body Mass Index; Carrier Proteins; Female; Humans; Leiomyoma; Leptin; Omentum; Ovarian Cysts; Protein Isoforms; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Leptin; Uterine Neoplasms