kynurenine has been researched along with Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant in 12 studies
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.
kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant: Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "The kynurenine pathway (KP) and inflammation are substantial in depression pathogenesis." | 8.12 | A kynurenine pathway enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase may be involved in treatment-resistant depression, and baseline inflammation status of patients predicts treatment response: a pilot study. ( Aslan, S; Bolu, A; Bozkurt, A; Bukan, N; Cevik, C; Cicek, S; Ekmekci Ertek, I; Karadag, RF; Kocak, C; Sen, B; Ucar, H; Yilmaz, NS, 2022) |
| "The kynurenine pathway (KP) and inflammation are substantial in depression pathogenesis." | 4.12 | A kynurenine pathway enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase may be involved in treatment-resistant depression, and baseline inflammation status of patients predicts treatment response: a pilot study. ( Aslan, S; Bolu, A; Bozkurt, A; Bukan, N; Cevik, C; Cicek, S; Ekmekci Ertek, I; Karadag, RF; Kocak, C; Sen, B; Ucar, H; Yilmaz, NS, 2022) |
| "Cytokines in plasma from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 19) and healthy volunteers (n = 14) were analyzed with electrochemiluminescence detection." | 1.43 | Electroconvulsive therapy suppresses the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant depressed patients. ( Bhat, M; Erhardt, S; Frye, MA; Johansson, AG; Jungholm, O; Landén, M; Samuelsson, M; Schuppe-Koistinen, I; Schwieler, L; Sellgren, CM, 2016) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 0 (0.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 5 (41.67) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 7 (58.33) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Tateishi, H | 2 |
| Setoyama, D | 2 |
| Kato, TA | 2 |
| Kang, D | 2 |
| Matsushima, J | 2 |
| Nogami, K | 1 |
| Mawatari, S | 2 |
| Kojima, R | 2 |
| Fujii, Y | 2 |
| Sakemura, Y | 2 |
| Shiraishi, T | 2 |
| Imamura, Y | 1 |
| Maekawa, T | 2 |
| Asami, T | 2 |
| Mizoguchi, Y | 2 |
| Monji, A | 2 |
| Yilmaz, NS | 1 |
| Sen, B | 1 |
| Karadag, RF | 1 |
| Aslan, S | 1 |
| Ekmekci Ertek, I | 1 |
| Bozkurt, A | 1 |
| Cicek, S | 1 |
| Bolu, A | 1 |
| Ucar, H | 1 |
| Kocak, C | 1 |
| Cevik, C | 1 |
| Bukan, N | 1 |
| Levin, G | 1 |
| Ein-Dor, T | 1 |
| Badawy, AA | 1 |
| Murata, S | 1 |
| Murphy, M | 1 |
| Hoppensteadt, D | 1 |
| Fareed, J | 1 |
| Welborn, A | 1 |
| Halaris, A | 1 |
| Park, LT | 1 |
| Kadriu, B | 1 |
| Gould, TD | 1 |
| Zanos, P | 1 |
| Greenstein, D | 1 |
| Evans, JW | 1 |
| Yuan, P | 1 |
| Farmer, CA | 1 |
| Oppenheimer, M | 1 |
| George, JM | 1 |
| Adeojo, LW | 1 |
| Snodgrass, HR | 1 |
| Smith, MA | 1 |
| Henter, ID | 1 |
| Machado-Vieira, R | 1 |
| Mannes, AJ | 1 |
| Zarate, CA | 1 |
| Kikuchi, J | 1 |
| Fukuchi, J | 1 |
| Serafini, G | 1 |
| Adavastro, G | 1 |
| Canepa, G | 1 |
| Capobianco, L | 1 |
| Conigliaro, C | 1 |
| Pittaluga, F | 1 |
| Murri, MB | 1 |
| Valchera, A | 1 |
| De Berardis, D | 1 |
| Pompili, M | 1 |
| Lindqvist, D | 1 |
| Brundin, L | 1 |
| Amore, M | 1 |
| Thomas, J | 1 |
| Khanam, R | 1 |
| Vohora, D | 1 |
| Allen, AP | 1 |
| Naughton, M | 1 |
| Dowling, J | 1 |
| Walsh, A | 1 |
| O'Shea, R | 1 |
| Shorten, G | 1 |
| Scott, L | 1 |
| McLoughlin, DM | 1 |
| Cryan, JF | 1 |
| Clarke, G | 1 |
| Dinan, TG | 1 |
| Yang, JJ | 1 |
| Wang, N | 1 |
| Yang, C | 1 |
| Shi, JY | 1 |
| Yu, HY | 1 |
| Hashimoto, K | 1 |
| Schwieler, L | 1 |
| Samuelsson, M | 1 |
| Frye, MA | 1 |
| Bhat, M | 1 |
| Schuppe-Koistinen, I | 1 |
| Jungholm, O | 1 |
| Johansson, AG | 1 |
| Landén, M | 1 |
| Sellgren, CM | 1 |
| Erhardt, S | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclooxygenase-2-Inhibitor Combination Treatment for Bipolar Depression: Role of Inflammation and Kynurenine Pathway Biomarkers[NCT01479829] | Phase 4 | 88 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-03-31 | Completed | ||
| An Investigation of the Antidepressant Effects of the Glycine Receptor Antagonist AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) in Major Depressive Disorder[NCT02484456] | Phase 2 | 22 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-10-14 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item measure of depression with each question on a 4-point scale ranging from 0=minimal to 3 = more severe (full list score values = 0,1,2,3). Total scores are a sum of individual items. The minimal depression = 0-13, mild depression = 14-19, moderate depression = 20-28, and severe depression = 29-63. The maximum score being 63 and the minimum possible score = 0. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 0
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 25.35 |
| Placebo | 25.79 |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item measure of depression with each question on a 4-point scale ranging from 0=minimal to 3 = more severe (full list score values = 0,1,2,3). Total scores are a sum of individual items. The minimal depression = 0-13, mild depression = 14-19, moderate depression = 20-28, and severe depression = 29-63. The maximum score being 63 and the minimum possible score = 0. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 1
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 24.76 |
| Placebo | 24.75 |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item measure of depression with each question on a 4-point scale ranging from 0=minimal to 3 = more severe (full list score values = 0,1,2,3). Total scores are a sum of individual items. The minimal depression = 0-13, mild depression = 14-19, moderate depression = 20-28, and severe depression = 29-63. The maximum score being 63 and the minimum possible score = 0. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 13
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 25.86 |
| Placebo | 23.84 |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item measure of depression with each question on a 4-point scale ranging from 0=minimal to 3 = more severe (full list score values = 0,1,2,3). Total scores are a sum of individual items. The minimal depression = 0-13, mild depression = 14-19, moderate depression = 20-28, and severe depression = 29-63. The maximum score being 63 and the minimum possible score = 0. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 2
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 25.88 |
| Placebo | 26.14 |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item measure of depression with each question on a 4-point scale ranging from 0=minimal to 3 = more severe (full list score values = 0,1,2,3). Total scores are a sum of individual items. The minimal depression = 0-13, mild depression = 14-19, moderate depression = 20-28, and severe depression = 29-63. The maximum score being 63 and the minimum possible score = 0. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 25.64 |
| Placebo | 24.64 |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item measure of depression with each question on a 4-point scale ranging from 0=minimal to 3 = more severe (full list score values = 0,1,2,3). Total scores are a sum of individual items. The minimal depression = 0-13, mild depression = 14-19, moderate depression = 20-28, and severe depression = 29-63. The maximum score being 63 and the minimum possible score = 0. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 7
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 25.82 |
| Placebo | 24.22 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item global measure of anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe) (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4), with a total score range of 0-56 (0 = minimum score and 56 = maximum), where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Total scores are a sum of individual items. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 0
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 15.71 |
| Placebo | 16.20 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item global measure of anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe) (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4), with a total score range of 0-56 (0 = minimum score and 56 = maximum), where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Total scores are a sum of individual items. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 1
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 17.30 |
| Placebo | 16.67 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item global measure of anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe) (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4), with a total score range of 0-56 (0 = minimum score and 56 = maximum), where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Total scores are a sum of individual items. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 13
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 18.33 |
| Placebo | 16.28 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item global measure of anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe) (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4), with a total score range of 0-56 (0 = minimum score and 56 = maximum), where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Total scores are a sum of individual items. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 2
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 17.83 |
| Placebo | 17.66 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item global measure of anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe) (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4), with a total score range of 0-56 (0 = minimum score and 56 = maximum), where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Total scores are a sum of individual items. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 16.48 |
| Placebo | 17.87 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a 14-item global measure of anxiety symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe) (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4), with a total score range of 0-56 (0 = minimum score and 56 = maximum), where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Total scores are a sum of individual items. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 7
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 18.42 |
| Placebo | 17.25 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating scale is a 17-item global measure of depressive symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe (full score values = 0,1,2,3,4). Some items rated on a scale of 0-2 (0, 1, 2) with 0 = not present to 2 = more severe. Total scores are a sum of the individual items. The maximum total score being 52 on the 17-point scale, and the minimum score being 0.Total scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 0
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 20.22 |
| Placebo | 20.56 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating scale is a 17-item global measure of depressive symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe (full score values = 0,1,2,3,4). Some items rated on a scale of 0-2 (0, 1, 2) with 0 = not present to 2 = more severe. Total scores are a sum of the individual items. The maximum total score being 52 on the 17-point scale, and the minimum score being 0.Total scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 1
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 20.22 |
| Placebo | 20.06 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating scale is a 17-item global measure of depressive symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe (full score values = 0,1,2,3,4). Some items rated on a scale of 0-2 (0, 1, 2) with 0 = not present to 2 = more severe. Total scores are a sum of the individual items. The maximum total score being 52 on the 17-point scale, and the minimum score being 0.Total scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 13
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 21.52 |
| Placebo | 19.69 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating scale is a 17-item global measure of depressive symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe (full score values = 0,1,2,3,4). Some items rated on a scale of 0-2 (0, 1, 2) with 0 = not present to 2 = more severe. Total scores are a sum of the individual items. The maximum total score being 52 on the 17-point scale, and the minimum score being 0.Total scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 2
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 20.75 |
| Placebo | 20.41 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating scale is a 17-item global measure of depressive symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe (full score values = 0,1,2,3,4). Some items rated on a scale of 0-2 (0, 1, 2) with 0 = not present to 2 = more severe. Total scores are a sum of the individual items. The maximum total score being 52 on the 17-point scale, and the minimum score being 0.Total scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 19.51 |
| Placebo | 20.74 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating scale is a 17-item global measure of depressive symptoms on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe (full score values = 0,1,2,3,4). Some items rated on a scale of 0-2 (0, 1, 2) with 0 = not present to 2 = more severe. Total scores are a sum of the individual items. The maximum total score being 52 on the 17-point scale, and the minimum score being 0.Total scores of 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 7
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 21.28 |
| Placebo | 20.43 |
"The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item global measure evaluating core symptoms of depression. Questions concern how the patient has felt over the past week. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being normal/not present and 6 being extreme (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6). Maximum score = 60, minimum score = 0. Total scores are a sum of the individual items." (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 0
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 29.28 |
| Placebo | 29.48 |
"The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item global measure evaluating core symptoms of depression. Questions concern how the patient has felt over the past week. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being normal/not present and 6 being extreme (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6). Maximum score = 60, minimum score = 0. Total scores are a sum of the individual items." (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 1
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 28.75 |
| Placebo | 28.79 |
"The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item global measure evaluating core symptoms of depression. Questions concern how the patient has felt over the past week. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being normal/not present and 6 being extreme (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6). Maximum score = 60, minimum score = 0. Total scores are a sum of the individual items." (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 13
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 29.70 |
| Placebo | 27.06 |
"The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item global measure evaluating core symptoms of depression. Questions concern how the patient has felt over the past week. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being normal/not present and 6 being extreme (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6). Maximum score = 60, minimum score = 0. Total scores are a sum of the individual items." (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 2
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 29.51 |
| Placebo | 29.84 |
"The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item global measure evaluating core symptoms of depression. Questions concern how the patient has felt over the past week. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being normal/not present and 6 being extreme (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6). Maximum score = 60, minimum score = 0. Total scores are a sum of the individual items." (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 29.85 |
| Placebo | 30.81 |
"The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item global measure evaluating core symptoms of depression. Questions concern how the patient has felt over the past week. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being normal/not present and 6 being extreme (full score list = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6). Maximum score = 60, minimum score = 0. Total scores are a sum of the individual items." (NCT02484456)
Timeframe: Post Dose Day 7
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| AV 101 (4-chlorokynurenine) | 30.45 |
| Placebo | 28.64 |
2 reviews available for kynurenine and Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
A unified model of the biology of peripartum depression.
Topics: Biology; Depression; Depression, Postpartum; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Female; Human | 2023 |
Abnormalities in Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism in Treatment-Resistant Depression and Suicidality: A Systematic Review.
Topics: Animals; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Humans; Kynurenine; Suicide | 2017 |
2 trials available for kynurenine and Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Effects of adjunctive inflammatory modulation on IL-1β in treatment resistant bipolar depression.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Celecoxib; Citalopram; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Humans; Interleuk | 2020 |
A Randomized Trial of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Glycine Site Antagonist Prodrug 4-Chlorokynurenine in Treatment-Resistant Depression.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Cross-Over Studies; | 2020 |
8 other studies available for kynurenine and Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Changes in the metabolites of cerebrospinal fluid induced by rTMS in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study.
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Humans; Kynurenine; Pilot Projects; Prefrontal | 2022 |
A kynurenine pathway enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase may be involved in treatment-resistant depression, and baseline inflammation status of patients predicts treatment response: a pilot study.
Topics: Biomarkers; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Humans; | 2022 |
Kynurenine pathway and suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant depression.
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Humans; Kynurenine; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide | 2023 |
The changes in kynurenine metabolites induced by rTMS in treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study.
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Humans; Kynurenine; Pilot Projects; Transcrani | 2021 |
Activation of indoleamine 2, 3- dioxygenase pathway by olanzapine augments antidepressant effects of venlafaxine in mice.
Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Depression; Depressive Disord | 2017 |
Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression: Comparison of multiple ketamine infusions and electroconvulsive therapy.
Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Elect | 2018 |
Serum interleukin-6 is a predictive biomarker for ketamine's antidepressant effect in treatment-resistant patients with major depression.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Depressive Disorder, Major; Depressive Disorder, | 2015 |
Electroconvulsive therapy suppresses the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant depressed patients.
Topics: Adult; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cohort Studies; Cytokines; Depressive Disorder, Major; | 2016 |