kynurenic acid has been researched along with Schizophrenia in 90 studies
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.
kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.
Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "The tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) since the rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine-dioxygenase (IDO) may be induced by inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators." | 9.22 | The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments. ( Al-Hakeim, HK; Almulla, AF; Maes, M; Solmi, M; Tunvirachaisakul, C; Vasupanrajit, A; Verkerk, R, 2022) |
| "The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is postulated to play various roles in immune system dysregulation of schizophrenia (SCZ)." | 9.12 | Dysregulation of kynurenine pathway and potential dynamic changes of kynurenine in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cao, B; Chen, Y; McIntyre, RS; Pan, Z; Ren, Z; Wang, D, 2021) |
| "The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been proposed as indirect link between systemic immune responses and clinical symptom development in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD)." | 9.05 | Blood-based kynurenine pathway alterations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. ( Coppens, V; De Picker, L; Kampen, JK; Morrens, M, 2020) |
| "The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is of major interest in psychiatry and is altered in patients with depression, schizophrenia and panic disorder." | 8.12 | The immune-kynurenine pathway in social anxiety disorder. ( Butler, MI; Clarke, G; Cryan, JF; Dinan, TG; Long-Smith, C; Moloney, GM; Morkl, S; O'Mahony, SM, 2022) |
| "A number of tryptophan metabolites known to be neuroactive have been examined for their potential associations with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia." | 8.02 | Effects of neuroactive metabolites of the tryptophan pathway on working memory and cortical thickness in schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Cui, Y; Hong, LE; Huang, J; Kochunov, P; Tan, S; Tan, Y; Tian, B; Tian, L; Tong, J; Wang, Z; Yang, F; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2021) |
| "There is evidence suggesting that tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) pathway dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and is regulated by inflammatory cytokines." | 8.02 | Association of the kynurenine pathway metabolites with clinical, cognitive features and IL-1β levels in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and their siblings. ( Alptekin, K; Atbaşoğlu, C; Erdağ, E; Gülöksüz, S; Hakan, MT; Küçükhüseyin, Ö; Noyan, H; Rutten, BPF; Saka, MC; Tüzün, E; Üçok, A; van Os, J; Yaylım, İ, 2021) |
| " The KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) is increased in the brains of people with schizophrenia." | 7.96 | Dysregulation of kynurenine metabolism is related to proinflammatory cytokines, attention, and prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia. ( Balzan, R; Boerrigter, D; Bruggemann, J; Galletly, C; Guillemin, GJ; Jacobs, KR; Kindler, J; Lenroot, R; Lim, CK; Liu, D; O'Donnell, M; Weickert, CS; Weickert, TW, 2020) |
| "Abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, leading to the dysfunction of neuroactive KP metabolites in the brain, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ)." | 7.88 | Influence of plasma cytokines on kynurenine and kynurenic acid in schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Notarangelo, FM; Pocivavsek, A; Rowland, LM; Schwarcz, R; Thomas, MAR, 2018) |
| " Levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in saliva increase in response to psychological stress, and this stress-induced effect may be abnormal in people with schizophrenia." | 7.88 | Salivary kynurenic acid response to psychological stress: inverse relationship to cortical glutamate in schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Jones, A; Kochunov, P; Notarangelo, FM; Pocivavsek, A; Rowland, LM; Schwarcz, R; Thomas, MAR; Wijtenburg, SA; Wisner, K, 2018) |
| "Deficit schizophrenia is accompanied by mucosa-associated activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, as indicated by increased IgA responses to noxious (NOX) TRYCATs, but not regulatory or protective (PRO) TRYCATs, suggesting increased neurotoxic, excitotoxic, inflammatory, and oxidative potential." | 7.88 | Deficit Schizophrenia Is Characterized by Defects in IgM-Mediated Responses to Tryptophan Catabolites (TRYCATs): a Paradigm Shift Towards Defects in Natural Self-Regulatory Immune Responses Coupled with Mucosa-Derived TRYCAT Pathway Activation. ( Anderson, G; Carvalho, AF; Geffard, M; Kanchanatawan, B; Maes, M; Ruxrungtham, K; Sirivichayakul, S, 2018) |
| "Aim & Objective: To delineate the associations between executive impairments and changes in tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) patterning, negative symptoms and deficit schizophrenia." | 7.88 | The Effects of Tryptophan Catabolites on Negative Symptoms and Deficit Schizophrenia are Partly Mediated by Executive Impairments: Results of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. ( Kanchanatawan, B; Maes, M, 2018) |
| "Several studies suggest a pathophysiologically relevant association between increased brain levels of the neuroinhibitory tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid and cognitive dysfunctions in people with schizophrenia." | 7.88 | Maternal genotype determines kynurenic acid levels in the fetal brain: Implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. ( Beggiato, S; Giorgini, F; Notarangelo, FM; Sathyasaikumar, KV; Schwarcz, R, 2018) |
| "The aim of the present study was to compare blood serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) concentrations measured before ECT and after 1, 6 and 12 electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) sessions in patients with diagnoses of recurrent depressive disorder (RDD), depression in bipolar disorder (DBD) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD)." | 7.85 | Blood serum concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, depression in bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder treated with electroconvulsive therapy. ( Olajossy, B; Olajossy, M; Potembska, E; Urbańska, E; Wnuk, S, 2017) |
| "Several lines of evidence suggest that up-regulation of immune response and alterations of kynurenine pathway function are involved in pathogenesis of schizophrenia." | 7.85 | Correlations of Kynurenic Acid, 3-Hydroxykynurenine, sIL-2R, IFN-α, and IL-4 with Clinical Symptoms During Acute Relapse of Schizophrenia. ( Flis, M; Kandefer-Szerszeń, M; Karakuła-Juchnowicz, H; Kocki, T; Rosa, W; Szymona, K; Urbańska, EM; Zdzisińska, B, 2017) |
| "The levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous negative modulator of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs), are elevated in the brains of patients with schizophrenia (SZ)." | 7.81 | Elevated levels of kynurenic acid during gestation produce neurochemical, morphological, and cognitive deficits in adulthood: implications for schizophrenia. ( Bortz, DM; Bruno, JP; Fredericks, PJ; Jørgensen, CV; Leuner, B; Pershing, ML; Pocivavsek, A; Schwarcz, R; Vunck, SA, 2015) |
| "Several lines of evidence have linked the endogenous neuromodulator kynurenic acid (KYNA) to schizophrenia." | 7.80 | Stress-induced increase in kynurenic acid as a potential biomarker for patients with schizophrenia and distress intolerance. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Kochunov, P; Notarangelo, FM; Nugent, KL; Pocivavsek, A; Rowland, LM; Schwarcz, R, 2014) |
| "The formation of KYNA is determined by the availability of substrate, and hence, we analyzed KYNA and its precursors, kynurenine (KYN) and TRP, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with schizophrenia." | 7.78 | Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia. ( Dahl, ML; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Holtze, M; Linderholm, KR; Olsson, SK; Samuelsson, M; Skogh, E, 2012) |
| "Patients with schizophrenia show increased brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (KYNA)." | 7.78 | Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase polymorphisms: relevance for kynurenic acid synthesis in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. ( Agartz, I; Andreassen, OA; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Hall, H; Holtze, M; Jönsson, EG; Saetre, P; Schalling, M; Schwieler, L; Terenius, L; Werge, T, 2012) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous compound implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia." | 7.75 | Elevated levels of kynurenic acid change the dopaminergic response to amphetamine: implications for schizophrenia. ( Andersson, AS; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Holtze, M; Larsson, K; Linderholm, KR; Nilsson-Todd, LK; Olsson, E; Olsson, SK; Schwieler, L, 2009) |
| "Previous studies have shown that endogenous brain levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a glutamate receptor antagonist, are elevated in patients with schizophrenia." | 7.73 | Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia. ( Blennow, K; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Karanti, A; Linderholm, KR; Lindström, LH; Nilsson, LK; Nordin, C; Paulson, L; Persson, P, 2005) |
| "Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disease burdened by cognitive deficits which hamper daily functioning causing disability and costs for society." | 7.01 | Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies. ( Bosia, M; Comai, S; Guillemin, GJ; Sapienza, J; Spangaro, M, 2023) |
| "Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance." | 6.72 | A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia. ( Büki, A; Horvath, G; Kekesi, G; Vécsei, L, 2021) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that is derived from astrocytes as part of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation." | 6.55 | Kynurenic Acid in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Caravaggio, F; Chakravarty, MM; Chung, JK; Gerretsen, P; Graff-Guerrero, A; Iwata, Y; Kim, J; Nakajima, S; Plitman, E; Remington, G; Takeuchi, H, 2017) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a neuroactive metabolite of tryptophan formed in the brain and in the periphery, known to block ionotropic glutamate receptors and α7 nicotinic receptors, and to act as a ligand of G protein-coupled GPR35 receptors and human aryl hydrocarbon (AHR) receptors." | 6.53 | [The kynurenic acid hypothesis - a new look at etiopathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia]. ( Flis, M; Kandefer-Szerszeń, M; Karakuła-Juchnowicz, H; Krukow, P; Morylowska-Topolska, J; Szymona, K; Urbańska, A; Urbańska, EM; Zdzisińska, B, 2016) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a metabolite of tryptophan (TRP)." | 5.72 | Increased plasma level of kynurenic acid in drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared to patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls: preliminary data. ( Ding, W; Li, H; Ning, Y; Wang, R; Wu, F; Zhou, S, 2022) |
| "Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) suffer severe, long-term psychotic symptoms and chronic stress." | 5.72 | Elevated salivary kynurenic acid levels related to enlarged choroid plexus and severity of clinical phenotypes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Huang, J; Kochunov, P; Li, Y; Tan, S; Tan, Y; Tian, B; Tian, L; Tong, J; Wang, Z; Yang, F; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2022) |
| "The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been linked to alterations in glutamatergic and monoaminergic neurotransmission and to SZ symptomatology through the production of the metabolites quinolinic acid (QA) and kynurenic acid (KYNA)." | 5.62 | Kynurenine pathway in post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in schizophrenia: relationship with monoamines and symptomatology. ( Afia, AB; Artuch, R; Garcia-Bueno, B; Haro, JM; Leza, JC; MacDowell, KS; Ormazabal, A; Ramos, B; Vila, È, 2021) |
| "Kynurenic acid is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycine-site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor." | 5.34 | The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia. ( Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Linderholm, K; Nilsson, L; Schwieler, L, 2007) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycinesite of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor." | 5.32 | Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia. ( Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Schwieler, L, 2003) |
| "Kynurenic acid is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycine-site of the N-methyl D-aspartate-receptor." | 5.31 | Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. ( Blennow, K; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Lindström, LH; Nordin, C; Skogh, E, 2001) |
| "The tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) since the rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine-dioxygenase (IDO) may be induced by inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators." | 5.22 | The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments. ( Al-Hakeim, HK; Almulla, AF; Maes, M; Solmi, M; Tunvirachaisakul, C; Vasupanrajit, A; Verkerk, R, 2022) |
| "The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is postulated to play various roles in immune system dysregulation of schizophrenia (SCZ)." | 5.12 | Dysregulation of kynurenine pathway and potential dynamic changes of kynurenine in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cao, B; Chen, Y; McIntyre, RS; Pan, Z; Ren, Z; Wang, D, 2021) |
| "The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been proposed as indirect link between systemic immune responses and clinical symptom development in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD)." | 5.05 | Blood-based kynurenine pathway alterations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. ( Coppens, V; De Picker, L; Kampen, JK; Morrens, M, 2020) |
| "In schizophrenia and depression, opposite patterns of type-1 - type-2 immune response seem to be associated with differences in the activation of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and in the tryptophan - kynurenine metabolism resulting in increased production of kynurenic acid in schizophrenia and decreased production of kynurenic acid in depression." | 4.84 | COX-2 inhibition in schizophrenia and major depression. ( Müller, N; Schwarz, MJ, 2008) |
| "The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is of major interest in psychiatry and is altered in patients with depression, schizophrenia and panic disorder." | 4.12 | The immune-kynurenine pathway in social anxiety disorder. ( Butler, MI; Clarke, G; Cryan, JF; Dinan, TG; Long-Smith, C; Moloney, GM; Morkl, S; O'Mahony, SM, 2022) |
| "There is evidence suggesting that tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) pathway dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and is regulated by inflammatory cytokines." | 4.02 | Association of the kynurenine pathway metabolites with clinical, cognitive features and IL-1β levels in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and their siblings. ( Alptekin, K; Atbaşoğlu, C; Erdağ, E; Gülöksüz, S; Hakan, MT; Küçükhüseyin, Ö; Noyan, H; Rutten, BPF; Saka, MC; Tüzün, E; Üçok, A; van Os, J; Yaylım, İ, 2021) |
| "A number of tryptophan metabolites known to be neuroactive have been examined for their potential associations with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia." | 4.02 | Effects of neuroactive metabolites of the tryptophan pathway on working memory and cortical thickness in schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Cui, Y; Hong, LE; Huang, J; Kochunov, P; Tan, S; Tan, Y; Tian, B; Tian, L; Tong, J; Wang, Z; Yang, F; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2021) |
| "Risks of autoimmune processes causing schizophrenia are associated with several factors: an impaired functioning of dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in the brain, kynurenine pathway disorder with overproduction of quinolinic, anthranilic, and kynurenic acids (possibly altering both neurons and T-regulators), increased intestinal permeability, as well as food antigens' effects, stress and infections with various pathogens at different stages of ontogenesis." | 4.02 | Autoimmune Concept of Schizophrenia: Historical Roots and Current Facets. ( Butoma, BG; Churilov, LP; Gilburd, B; Mayorova, MA; Petrova, NN; Shoenfeld, Y, 2021) |
| " The KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) is increased in the brains of people with schizophrenia." | 3.96 | Dysregulation of kynurenine metabolism is related to proinflammatory cytokines, attention, and prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia. ( Balzan, R; Boerrigter, D; Bruggemann, J; Galletly, C; Guillemin, GJ; Jacobs, KR; Kindler, J; Lenroot, R; Lim, CK; Liu, D; O'Donnell, M; Weickert, CS; Weickert, TW, 2020) |
| "Several studies suggest a pathophysiologically relevant association between increased brain levels of the neuroinhibitory tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid and cognitive dysfunctions in people with schizophrenia." | 3.88 | Maternal genotype determines kynurenic acid levels in the fetal brain: Implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. ( Beggiato, S; Giorgini, F; Notarangelo, FM; Sathyasaikumar, KV; Schwarcz, R, 2018) |
| "Deficit schizophrenia is accompanied by mucosa-associated activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, as indicated by increased IgA responses to noxious (NOX) TRYCATs, but not regulatory or protective (PRO) TRYCATs, suggesting increased neurotoxic, excitotoxic, inflammatory, and oxidative potential." | 3.88 | Deficit Schizophrenia Is Characterized by Defects in IgM-Mediated Responses to Tryptophan Catabolites (TRYCATs): a Paradigm Shift Towards Defects in Natural Self-Regulatory Immune Responses Coupled with Mucosa-Derived TRYCAT Pathway Activation. ( Anderson, G; Carvalho, AF; Geffard, M; Kanchanatawan, B; Maes, M; Ruxrungtham, K; Sirivichayakul, S, 2018) |
| "Aim & Objective: To delineate the associations between executive impairments and changes in tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) patterning, negative symptoms and deficit schizophrenia." | 3.88 | The Effects of Tryptophan Catabolites on Negative Symptoms and Deficit Schizophrenia are Partly Mediated by Executive Impairments: Results of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. ( Kanchanatawan, B; Maes, M, 2018) |
| " Levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in saliva increase in response to psychological stress, and this stress-induced effect may be abnormal in people with schizophrenia." | 3.88 | Salivary kynurenic acid response to psychological stress: inverse relationship to cortical glutamate in schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Jones, A; Kochunov, P; Notarangelo, FM; Pocivavsek, A; Rowland, LM; Schwarcz, R; Thomas, MAR; Wijtenburg, SA; Wisner, K, 2018) |
| "Abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, leading to the dysfunction of neuroactive KP metabolites in the brain, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ)." | 3.88 | Influence of plasma cytokines on kynurenine and kynurenic acid in schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Notarangelo, FM; Pocivavsek, A; Rowland, LM; Schwarcz, R; Thomas, MAR, 2018) |
| "A subgroup of individuals with mood and psychotic disorders shows evidence of inflammation that leads to activation of the kynurenine pathway and the increased production of neuroactive kynurenine metabolites." | 3.85 | Serum kynurenic acid is reduced in affective psychosis. ( Bliss, SA; Dantzer, R; Drevets, WC; Ford, BN; McMillin, JR; Morris, HM; Savitz, JB; Suzuki, H; Teague, TK; Wurfel, BE, 2017) |
| "Increased cytokines and kynurenic acid (KYNA) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder." | 3.85 | Kynurenic acid and psychotic symptoms and personality traits in twins with psychiatric morbidity. ( Bhat, M; Cannon, TD; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Hultman, CM; Johansson, V; Kegel, ME; Landén, M; Schuppe-Koistinen, I; Schwieler, L; Wetterberg, L, 2017) |
| "Several lines of evidence suggest that up-regulation of immune response and alterations of kynurenine pathway function are involved in pathogenesis of schizophrenia." | 3.85 | Correlations of Kynurenic Acid, 3-Hydroxykynurenine, sIL-2R, IFN-α, and IL-4 with Clinical Symptoms During Acute Relapse of Schizophrenia. ( Flis, M; Kandefer-Szerszeń, M; Karakuła-Juchnowicz, H; Kocki, T; Rosa, W; Szymona, K; Urbańska, EM; Zdzisińska, B, 2017) |
| "The aim of the present study was to compare blood serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) concentrations measured before ECT and after 1, 6 and 12 electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) sessions in patients with diagnoses of recurrent depressive disorder (RDD), depression in bipolar disorder (DBD) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD)." | 3.85 | Blood serum concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, depression in bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder treated with electroconvulsive therapy. ( Olajossy, B; Olajossy, M; Potembska, E; Urbańska, E; Wnuk, S, 2017) |
| "Levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous negative modulator of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) and antagonist at glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), are elevated in the brain of patients with schizophrenia (SZ)." | 3.83 | Prenatal kynurenine exposure in rats: age-dependent changes in NMDA receptor expression and conditioned fear responding. ( Bruno, JP; Lindquist, DH; Pershing, ML; Phenis, D; Pocivavsek, A; Schwarcz, R; Valentini, V, 2016) |
| "The levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous negative modulator of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs), are elevated in the brains of patients with schizophrenia (SZ)." | 3.81 | Elevated levels of kynurenic acid during gestation produce neurochemical, morphological, and cognitive deficits in adulthood: implications for schizophrenia. ( Bortz, DM; Bruno, JP; Fredericks, PJ; Jørgensen, CV; Leuner, B; Pershing, ML; Pocivavsek, A; Schwarcz, R; Vunck, SA, 2015) |
| "Several lines of evidence have linked the endogenous neuromodulator kynurenic acid (KYNA) to schizophrenia." | 3.80 | Stress-induced increase in kynurenic acid as a potential biomarker for patients with schizophrenia and distress intolerance. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Kochunov, P; Notarangelo, FM; Nugent, KL; Pocivavsek, A; Rowland, LM; Schwarcz, R, 2014) |
| "The kynurenine pathway metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), modulating glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, is increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder type 1 with psychotic features." | 3.80 | The KMO allele encoding Arg452 is associated with psychotic features in bipolar disorder type 1, and with increased CSF KYNA level and reduced KMO expression. ( Backlund, L; Cichon, S; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Frisén, L; Landén, M; Lavebratt, C; Nikamo, P; Olsson, S; Osby, U; Priebe, L; Schalling, M; Sellgren, C; Träskman-Bendz, L; Vawter, MP, 2014) |
| "Patients with schizophrenia show increased brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (KYNA)." | 3.78 | Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase polymorphisms: relevance for kynurenic acid synthesis in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. ( Agartz, I; Andreassen, OA; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Hall, H; Holtze, M; Jönsson, EG; Saetre, P; Schalling, M; Schwieler, L; Terenius, L; Werge, T, 2012) |
| "The formation of KYNA is determined by the availability of substrate, and hence, we analyzed KYNA and its precursors, kynurenine (KYN) and TRP, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with schizophrenia." | 3.78 | Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia. ( Dahl, ML; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Holtze, M; Linderholm, KR; Olsson, SK; Samuelsson, M; Skogh, E, 2012) |
| "Impaired α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function and GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus and elevated brain levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an astrocyte-derived metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, are key features of schizophrenia." | 3.78 | Regulation of GABAergic inputs to CA1 pyramidal neurons by nicotinic receptors and kynurenic acid. ( Albuquerque, EX; Alkondon, M; Banerjee, J; Pereira, EF, 2012) |
| " Kynurenic acid (KYNA), an astrocyte-derived kynurenine metabolite whose levels are increased in the brains of patients with schizophrenia, also controls the excitability of SRIs." | 3.77 | Endogenous activation of nAChRs and NMDA receptors contributes to the excitability of CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons in rat hippocampal slices: effects of kynurenic acid. ( Albuquerque, EX; Alkondon, M; Pereira, EF, 2011) |
| "The association between the pro-inflammatory state of schizophrenia and increased tryptophan degradation into kynurenine has been reported." | 3.77 | Reversal of imbalance between kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine by antipsychotics in medication-naïve and medication-free schizophrenic patients. ( Kim, YK; Leonard, BE; Mueller, HH; Myint, AM; Scharpé, S; Schwarz, MJ; Steinbusch, HW; Verkerk, R; Zach, J, 2011) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous compound implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia." | 3.75 | Elevated levels of kynurenic acid change the dopaminergic response to amphetamine: implications for schizophrenia. ( Andersson, AS; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Holtze, M; Larsson, K; Linderholm, KR; Nilsson-Todd, LK; Olsson, E; Olsson, SK; Schwieler, L, 2009) |
| "The upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway was demonstrated in postmortem anterior cingulated cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder." | 3.74 | Tryptophan breakdown pathway in bipolar mania. ( Kim, YK; Leonard, BE; Myint, AM; Park, SH; Scharpé, S; Steinbusch, HW; Verkerk, R, 2007) |
| "Previous studies have shown that endogenous brain levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a glutamate receptor antagonist, are elevated in patients with schizophrenia." | 3.73 | Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia. ( Blennow, K; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Karanti, A; Linderholm, KR; Lindström, LH; Nilsson, LK; Nordin, C; Paulson, L; Persson, P, 2005) |
| "Several lines of evidence suggest that metabolic changes in the kynurenic acid (KYNA) pathway are related to the etiology of schizophrenia." | 3.73 | Association study between kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population. ( Aoyama, N; Ikeda, M; Inada, T; Ishihara, R; Iwata, N; Ji, X; Kinoshita, Y; Kitajima, T; Maeno, N; Miura, H; Ozaki, N; Saito, S; Suzuki, T; Takahashi, N; Yamanouchi, Y; Yoshida, K, 2006) |
| "The data demonstrate an impairment of brain kynurenine pathway metabolism in schizophrenia, resulting in elevated kynurenate levels and suggesting a possible concomitant reduction in glutamate receptor function." | 3.71 | Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. ( Medoff, D; Rassoulpour, A; Roberts, RC; Schwarcz, R; Tamminga, CA; Wu, HQ, 2001) |
| "Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disease burdened by cognitive deficits which hamper daily functioning causing disability and costs for society." | 3.01 | Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies. ( Bosia, M; Comai, S; Guillemin, GJ; Sapienza, J; Spangaro, M, 2023) |
| "Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance." | 2.72 | A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia. ( Büki, A; Horvath, G; Kekesi, G; Vécsei, L, 2021) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that is derived from astrocytes as part of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation." | 2.55 | Kynurenic Acid in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Caravaggio, F; Chakravarty, MM; Chung, JK; Gerretsen, P; Graff-Guerrero, A; Iwata, Y; Kim, J; Nakajima, S; Plitman, E; Remington, G; Takeuchi, H, 2017) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a neuroactive metabolite of tryptophan formed in the brain and in the periphery, known to block ionotropic glutamate receptors and α7 nicotinic receptors, and to act as a ligand of G protein-coupled GPR35 receptors and human aryl hydrocarbon (AHR) receptors." | 2.53 | [The kynurenic acid hypothesis - a new look at etiopathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia]. ( Flis, M; Kandefer-Szerszeń, M; Karakuła-Juchnowicz, H; Krukow, P; Morylowska-Topolska, J; Szymona, K; Urbańska, A; Urbańska, EM; Zdzisińska, B, 2016) |
| "Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) suffer severe, long-term psychotic symptoms and chronic stress." | 1.72 | Elevated salivary kynurenic acid levels related to enlarged choroid plexus and severity of clinical phenotypes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. ( Chiappelli, J; Hong, LE; Huang, J; Kochunov, P; Li, Y; Tan, S; Tan, Y; Tian, B; Tian, L; Tong, J; Wang, Z; Yang, F; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2022) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a metabolite of tryptophan (TRP)." | 1.72 | Increased plasma level of kynurenic acid in drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared to patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls: preliminary data. ( Ding, W; Li, H; Ning, Y; Wang, R; Wu, F; Zhou, S, 2022) |
| "The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been linked to alterations in glutamatergic and monoaminergic neurotransmission and to SZ symptomatology through the production of the metabolites quinolinic acid (QA) and kynurenic acid (KYNA)." | 1.62 | Kynurenine pathway in post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in schizophrenia: relationship with monoamines and symptomatology. ( Afia, AB; Artuch, R; Garcia-Bueno, B; Haro, JM; Leza, JC; MacDowell, KS; Ormazabal, A; Ramos, B; Vila, È, 2021) |
| "Only kynurenine-treated rats were impaired in acquiring the extra-dimensional shift (saline, 8." | 1.38 | Acute elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility: normalization by the alpha7 positive modulator galantamine. ( Alexander, KS; Bruno, JP; Schwarcz, R; Wu, HQ, 2012) |
| "Kynurenic acid is an endogenous neuroactive compound whose unbalancing is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of several neurological diseases." | 1.35 | Crystal structure of human kynurenine aminotransferase II, a drug target for the treatment of schizophrenia. ( Garavaglia, S; Montalbano, V; Rizzi, M; Rossi, F; Walsh, MA, 2008) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a tryptophan metabolite that is synthesized and released by astrocytes and acts as a competitive antagonist of the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at high concentrations and as a noncompetitive antagonist of the alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at low concentrations." | 1.34 | Elevations of endogenous kynurenic acid produce spatial working memory deficits. ( Alling, TE; Bucci, DJ; Chess, AC; Simoni, MK, 2007) |
| "Kynurenic acid is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycine-site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor." | 1.34 | The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia. ( Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Linderholm, K; Nilsson, L; Schwieler, L, 2007) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycinesite of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor." | 1.32 | Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia. ( Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Schwieler, L, 2003) |
| "Kynurenic acid is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycine-site of the N-methyl D-aspartate-receptor." | 1.31 | Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. ( Blennow, K; Engberg, G; Erhardt, S; Lindström, LH; Nordin, C; Skogh, E, 2001) |
| "Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors, preferentially blocking the glycine-site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor." | 1.31 | Increased phasic activity of dopaminergic neurones in the rat ventral tegmental area following pharmacologically elevated levels of endogenous kynurenic acid. ( Engberg, G; Erhardt, S, 2002) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 2 (2.22) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 22 (24.44) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 41 (45.56) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 25 (27.78) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Afia, AB | 1 |
| Vila, È | 1 |
| MacDowell, KS | 1 |
| Ormazabal, A | 1 |
| Leza, JC | 1 |
| Haro, JM | 1 |
| Artuch, R | 1 |
| Ramos, B | 1 |
| Garcia-Bueno, B | 1 |
| Büki, A | 1 |
| Kekesi, G | 1 |
| Horvath, G | 1 |
| Vécsei, L | 2 |
| Butler, MI | 1 |
| Long-Smith, C | 1 |
| Moloney, GM | 1 |
| Morkl, S | 1 |
| O'Mahony, SM | 1 |
| Cryan, JF | 1 |
| Clarke, G | 2 |
| Dinan, TG | 1 |
| Huang, J | 3 |
| Zhang, P | 3 |
| Zhou, Y | 3 |
| Tong, J | 3 |
| Cui, Y | 2 |
| Tan, S | 3 |
| Wang, Z | 3 |
| Yang, F | 3 |
| Kochunov, P | 5 |
| Tian, B | 3 |
| Tian, L | 3 |
| Hong, LE | 7 |
| Tan, Y | 3 |
| Ding, W | 1 |
| Wu, F | 1 |
| Zhou, S | 1 |
| Li, H | 1 |
| Wang, R | 1 |
| Ning, Y | 1 |
| Steiner, J | 2 |
| Dobrowolny, H | 1 |
| Guest, PC | 2 |
| Bernstein, HG | 2 |
| Fuchs, D | 1 |
| Roeser, J | 2 |
| Summergrad, P | 2 |
| Oxenkrug, G | 2 |
| Almulla, AF | 1 |
| Vasupanrajit, A | 1 |
| Tunvirachaisakul, C | 1 |
| Al-Hakeim, HK | 1 |
| Solmi, M | 1 |
| Verkerk, R | 3 |
| Maes, M | 3 |
| Li, Y | 1 |
| Chiappelli, J | 5 |
| Sakamoto, T | 1 |
| Odera, K | 1 |
| Onozato, M | 1 |
| Sugasawa, H | 1 |
| Takahashi, R | 1 |
| Fujimaki, Y | 1 |
| Fukushima, T | 1 |
| Sapienza, J | 3 |
| Spangaro, M | 3 |
| Guillemin, GJ | 5 |
| Comai, S | 3 |
| Bosia, M | 3 |
| Hare, SM | 1 |
| Adhikari, BM | 1 |
| Mo, C | 1 |
| Chen, S | 1 |
| Wijtenburg, SA | 2 |
| Seneviratne, C | 1 |
| Kane-Gerard, S | 1 |
| Sathyasaikumar, KV | 3 |
| Notarangelo, FM | 5 |
| Schwarcz, R | 14 |
| Kelly, DL | 2 |
| Rowland, LM | 5 |
| Buchanan, RW | 1 |
| Wang, Y | 1 |
| Fang, X | 1 |
| Wang, G | 1 |
| Tang, W | 1 |
| Liu, S | 1 |
| Yang, Y | 1 |
| Chen, J | 1 |
| Ling, Y | 1 |
| Zhou, C | 1 |
| Zhang, X | 1 |
| Zhang, C | 1 |
| Su, KP | 1 |
| Zhu, F | 1 |
| Guo, R | 1 |
| Wang, W | 1 |
| Ju, Y | 1 |
| Wang, Q | 1 |
| Ma, Q | 1 |
| Sun, Q | 1 |
| Fan, Y | 1 |
| Xie, Y | 1 |
| Yang, Z | 1 |
| Jie, Z | 1 |
| Zhao, B | 1 |
| Xiao, L | 1 |
| Yang, L | 1 |
| Zhang, T | 1 |
| Liu, B | 1 |
| Guo, L | 1 |
| He, X | 1 |
| Chen, Y | 2 |
| Chen, C | 1 |
| Gao, C | 1 |
| Xu, X | 1 |
| Yang, H | 1 |
| Wang, J | 1 |
| Dang, Y | 1 |
| Madsen, L | 1 |
| Brix, S | 1 |
| Kristiansen, K | 1 |
| Jia, H | 1 |
| Ma, X | 1 |
| Zhang, Z | 1 |
| Zhang, M | 1 |
| Luo, Y | 1 |
| Ni, X | 1 |
| Lu, H | 1 |
| Wen, Y | 1 |
| Fan, N | 1 |
| Morrens, M | 1 |
| De Picker, L | 1 |
| Kampen, JK | 1 |
| Coppens, V | 1 |
| Marx, W | 1 |
| McGuinness, AJ | 1 |
| Rocks, T | 1 |
| Ruusunen, A | 1 |
| Cleminson, J | 1 |
| Walker, AJ | 1 |
| Gomes-da-Costa, S | 1 |
| Lane, M | 1 |
| Sanches, M | 1 |
| Diaz, AP | 1 |
| Tseng, PT | 1 |
| Lin, PY | 1 |
| Berk, M | 1 |
| O'Neil, A | 1 |
| Jacka, F | 1 |
| Stubbs, B | 1 |
| Carvalho, AF | 2 |
| Quevedo, J | 1 |
| Soares, JC | 1 |
| Fernandes, BS | 1 |
| Cao, B | 1 |
| Ren, Z | 1 |
| Pan, Z | 1 |
| McIntyre, RS | 1 |
| Wang, D | 1 |
| Noyan, H | 1 |
| Erdağ, E | 1 |
| Tüzün, E | 1 |
| Yaylım, İ | 1 |
| Küçükhüseyin, Ö | 1 |
| Hakan, MT | 1 |
| Gülöksüz, S | 1 |
| Rutten, BPF | 1 |
| Saka, MC | 1 |
| Atbaşoğlu, C | 1 |
| Alptekin, K | 1 |
| van Os, J | 1 |
| Üçok, A | 1 |
| Noorbakhsh, A | 1 |
| Hosseininezhadian Koushki, E | 1 |
| Farshadfar, C | 1 |
| Ardalan, N | 1 |
| Mayorova, MA | 1 |
| Butoma, BG | 1 |
| Churilov, LP | 1 |
| Gilburd, B | 1 |
| Petrova, NN | 2 |
| Shoenfeld, Y | 1 |
| Sellgren, CM | 1 |
| Imbeault, S | 1 |
| Larsson, MK | 2 |
| Oliveros, A | 1 |
| Nilsson, IAK | 1 |
| Codeluppi, S | 1 |
| Orhan, F | 2 |
| Bhat, M | 4 |
| Tufvesson-Alm, M | 2 |
| Gracias, J | 1 |
| Kegel, ME | 3 |
| Zheng, Y | 1 |
| Faka, A | 1 |
| Svedberg, M | 1 |
| Powell, SB | 1 |
| Caldwell, S | 1 |
| Kamenski, ME | 1 |
| Vawter, MP | 2 |
| Schulmann, A | 1 |
| Goiny, M | 2 |
| Svensson, CI | 1 |
| Hökfelt, T | 1 |
| Schalling, M | 3 |
| Schwieler, L | 10 |
| Cervenka, S | 1 |
| Choi, DS | 1 |
| Landén, M | 4 |
| Engberg, G | 16 |
| Erhardt, S | 16 |
| Bartoli, F | 1 |
| Cioni, RM | 1 |
| Callovini, T | 1 |
| Cavaleri, D | 1 |
| Crocamo, C | 1 |
| Carrà, G | 1 |
| Wurfel, BE | 1 |
| Drevets, WC | 1 |
| Bliss, SA | 1 |
| McMillin, JR | 1 |
| Suzuki, H | 1 |
| Ford, BN | 1 |
| Morris, HM | 1 |
| Teague, TK | 1 |
| Dantzer, R | 1 |
| Savitz, JB | 1 |
| Olajossy, M | 1 |
| Olajossy, B | 1 |
| Wnuk, S | 1 |
| Potembska, E | 1 |
| Urbańska, E | 1 |
| Pocivavsek, A | 5 |
| Thomas, MAR | 2 |
| Jones, A | 1 |
| Wisner, K | 1 |
| Kanchanatawan, B | 2 |
| Thiyagarajamoorthy, DK | 1 |
| Arulanandam, CD | 1 |
| Dahms, HU | 1 |
| Murugaiah, SG | 1 |
| Krishnan, M | 1 |
| Rathinam, AJ | 1 |
| Beggiato, S | 1 |
| Giorgini, F | 1 |
| Curto, M | 1 |
| Lionetto, L | 1 |
| Fazio, F | 1 |
| Corigliano, V | 1 |
| Comparelli, A | 1 |
| Ferracuti, S | 1 |
| Simmaco, M | 1 |
| Nicoletti, F | 1 |
| Baldessarini, RJ | 1 |
| Kindler, J | 1 |
| Lim, CK | 2 |
| Weickert, CS | 2 |
| Boerrigter, D | 1 |
| Galletly, C | 1 |
| Liu, D | 1 |
| Jacobs, KR | 1 |
| Balzan, R | 1 |
| Bruggemann, J | 1 |
| O'Donnell, M | 1 |
| Lenroot, R | 1 |
| Weickert, TW | 1 |
| Johansson, V | 2 |
| Kegel, M | 1 |
| Blennow, K | 3 |
| Zetterberg, H | 1 |
| Cannon, TD | 2 |
| Wetterberg, L | 2 |
| Hultman, CM | 2 |
| van der Hart, M | 1 |
| Lavebratt, C | 1 |
| Olsson, S | 1 |
| Backlund, L | 1 |
| Frisén, L | 1 |
| Sellgren, C | 2 |
| Priebe, L | 1 |
| Nikamo, P | 1 |
| Träskman-Bendz, L | 1 |
| Cichon, S | 1 |
| Osby, U | 1 |
| Johansson, AS | 1 |
| Owe-Larsson, B | 1 |
| Asp, L | 2 |
| Kocki, T | 2 |
| Adler, M | 1 |
| Hetta, J | 1 |
| Gardner, R | 1 |
| Lundkvist, GB | 1 |
| Urbanska, EM | 3 |
| Karlsson, H | 2 |
| Javitt, DC | 1 |
| Nugent, KL | 1 |
| Zavitsanou, K | 1 |
| Purves-Tyson, T | 1 |
| Karl, T | 1 |
| Kassiou, M | 1 |
| Banister, SD | 1 |
| Kozak, R | 1 |
| Campbell, BM | 1 |
| Strick, CA | 1 |
| Horner, W | 1 |
| Hoffmann, WE | 1 |
| Kiss, T | 1 |
| Chapin, DS | 1 |
| McGinnis, D | 1 |
| Abbott, AL | 1 |
| Roberts, BM | 1 |
| Fonseca, K | 1 |
| Guanowsky, V | 1 |
| Young, DA | 1 |
| Seymour, PA | 1 |
| Dounay, A | 1 |
| Hajos, M | 1 |
| Williams, GV | 1 |
| Castner, SA | 1 |
| Pershing, ML | 2 |
| Bortz, DM | 1 |
| Fredericks, PJ | 1 |
| Jørgensen, CV | 1 |
| Vunck, SA | 1 |
| Leuner, B | 1 |
| Bruno, JP | 5 |
| Skogh, E | 3 |
| Abdelmoaty, S | 1 |
| Finn, A | 1 |
| Samuelsson, M | 2 |
| Lundberg, K | 1 |
| Dahl, ML | 2 |
| Schuppe-Koistinen, I | 2 |
| Svensson, C | 1 |
| Dorofeykova, MV | 1 |
| Fukuda, K | 1 |
| Sekine, A | 1 |
| Kuroki, Y | 1 |
| Urata, T | 1 |
| Mori, N | 1 |
| Fukuwatari, T | 1 |
| Phenis, D | 1 |
| Valentini, V | 1 |
| Lindquist, DH | 1 |
| Flis, M | 2 |
| Szymona, K | 2 |
| Morylowska-Topolska, J | 1 |
| Urbańska, A | 1 |
| Krukow, P | 1 |
| Kandefer-Szerszeń, M | 2 |
| Zdzisińska, B | 2 |
| Karakuła-Juchnowicz, H | 2 |
| Shovestul, BJ | 1 |
| Glassman, M | 1 |
| McMahon, RP | 1 |
| Liu, F | 1 |
| Plitman, E | 1 |
| Iwata, Y | 1 |
| Caravaggio, F | 1 |
| Nakajima, S | 1 |
| Chung, JK | 1 |
| Gerretsen, P | 1 |
| Kim, J | 1 |
| Takeuchi, H | 1 |
| Chakravarty, MM | 1 |
| Remington, G | 1 |
| Graff-Guerrero, A | 1 |
| Rosa, W | 1 |
| Sirivichayakul, S | 1 |
| Ruxrungtham, K | 1 |
| Geffard, M | 1 |
| Anderson, G | 1 |
| Müller, N | 3 |
| Schwarz, MJ | 5 |
| Holtze, M | 4 |
| Olsson, SK | 3 |
| Andersson, AS | 1 |
| Linderholm, KR | 3 |
| Nilsson-Todd, LK | 1 |
| Olsson, E | 1 |
| Larsson, K | 1 |
| Zmarowski, A | 1 |
| Wu, HQ | 4 |
| Brooks, JM | 1 |
| Potter, MC | 1 |
| Pellicciari, R | 2 |
| Pereira, EF | 3 |
| Albuquerque, EX | 3 |
| Fülöp, F | 1 |
| Szatmári, I | 1 |
| Vámos, E | 1 |
| Zádori, D | 1 |
| Toldi, J | 1 |
| Akagbosu, CO | 1 |
| Evans, GC | 1 |
| Gulick, D | 1 |
| Suckow, RF | 1 |
| Bucci, DJ | 2 |
| Myint, AM | 4 |
| Mueller, HH | 1 |
| Zach, J | 1 |
| Scharpé, S | 2 |
| Steinbusch, HW | 2 |
| Leonard, BE | 2 |
| Kim, YK | 2 |
| Alkondon, M | 2 |
| Saetre, P | 1 |
| Werge, T | 1 |
| Andreassen, OA | 1 |
| Hall, H | 1 |
| Terenius, L | 1 |
| Agartz, I | 1 |
| Jönsson, EG | 2 |
| Wonodi, I | 1 |
| Stine, OC | 1 |
| Roberts, RC | 2 |
| Mitchell, BD | 1 |
| Kajii, Y | 1 |
| Thaker, GK | 1 |
| Alexander, KS | 1 |
| Banerjee, J | 1 |
| Möller, M | 1 |
| Du Preez, JL | 1 |
| Harvey, BH | 1 |
| Carlborg, A | 1 |
| Jokinen, J | 1 |
| Nordström, P | 1 |
| Krause, D | 1 |
| Weidinger, E | 1 |
| BENASSI, CA | 1 |
| ALLEGRI, G | 1 |
| BENASSI, P | 1 |
| RABASSINI, A | 1 |
| Nilsson, LK | 1 |
| Paulson, L | 1 |
| Lindström, LH | 2 |
| Nordin, C | 2 |
| Karanti, A | 1 |
| Persson, P | 1 |
| Miller, CL | 1 |
| Llenos, IC | 1 |
| Dulay, JR | 1 |
| Weis, S | 1 |
| Aoyama, N | 1 |
| Takahashi, N | 1 |
| Saito, S | 1 |
| Maeno, N | 1 |
| Ishihara, R | 1 |
| Ji, X | 1 |
| Miura, H | 1 |
| Ikeda, M | 1 |
| Suzuki, T | 1 |
| Kitajima, T | 1 |
| Yamanouchi, Y | 1 |
| Kinoshita, Y | 1 |
| Yoshida, K | 1 |
| Iwata, N | 1 |
| Inada, T | 1 |
| Ozaki, N | 1 |
| Chess, AC | 1 |
| Simoni, MK | 1 |
| Alling, TE | 1 |
| Park, SH | 1 |
| Hunter, CA | 1 |
| Nilsson, L | 1 |
| Linderholm, K | 1 |
| Miüller, N | 1 |
| Han, Q | 1 |
| Robinson, H | 1 |
| Li, J | 1 |
| Rossi, F | 1 |
| Garavaglia, S | 1 |
| Montalbano, V | 1 |
| Walsh, MA | 1 |
| Rizzi, M | 1 |
| Ravikumar, A | 1 |
| Deepadevi, KV | 1 |
| Arun, P | 1 |
| Manojkumar, V | 1 |
| Kurup, PA | 1 |
| Stone, TW | 1 |
| Rassoulpour, A | 1 |
| Medoff, D | 1 |
| Tamminga, CA | 1 |
| Payne, IR | 1 |
| Walsh, EM | 1 |
| Whittenburg, EJ | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Longitudinal Study of Inflammatory Pathways in Depression[NCT04159207] | 160 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2019-10-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Vortioxetine Monotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Inflammation, Kynurenine Pathway, and Structural and Functional Brain Connectivity as Biomarkers[NCT03580967] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-07-01 | Withdrawn (stopped due to COVID-19 Pandemic interfered with Pt recruitment) | ||
| Pilot Study of Glycine Augmentation in Carriers of a Mutation in the Gene Encoding Glycine Decarboxylase[NCT01720316] | Phase 2 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-12-10 | Completed | ||
| Targeting a Genetic Mutation in Glycine Metabolism With D-cycloserine[NCT02304432] | Early Phase 1 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-09-27 | Completed | ||
| The Effects of Glycine Transport Inhibition on Brain Glycine Concentration[NCT00538070] | 68 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-08-31 | Completed | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Auditory evoked potentials amplitude: P50 ratio (S2/S1). Participants were assessed at baseline and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine
| Intervention | ratio (Number) |
|---|---|
| Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) Baseline: Subject 2 | 44.51 |
| Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 2 | 35.67 |
Auditory evoked potentials amplitude: P300 at fz, cz, and pz; N100 at fz and cz; P200 at fz and cz; P50 S1 and S2 amplitude; mismatch negativity (MMN) at fz and cz. Participants were assessed at baseline and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine
| Intervention | microvolts (Number) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P300 amplitude at fz | P300 amplitude at cz | P300 amplitude at pz | N100 amplitude at fz | N100 amplitude at cz | P200 amplitude at fz | P200 amplitude at cz | P50 S1 amplitude | P50 S2 amplitude | MMN amplitude at fz | MMN amplitude at cz | |
| Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 2 | 3.74 | 6.6 | 5.57 | -4.71 | -3.89 | 6.29 | 7.8 | 2.2 | 0.78 | -1.004 | -1.322 |
| Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) Baseline: Subject 2 | -0.635 | 6.53 | 5.34 | -3.93 | -3.62 | 1.662 | 6.59 | 2.76 | 1.23 | -3.356 | -4.13 |
Auditory evoked potentials gamma: G40 hz phase locking at fz and cz; G20 hz phase locking response at fz and cz G30 hz phase locking response at fz and cz. Participants were assessed at baseline and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine
| Intervention | microvolts squared (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G40 fz | G40 cz | G20 fz | G20 cz | G30 fz | G30 cz | |
| Auditory ERPs Gamma 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 2 | 0.255 | 0.29 | 0.107 | 0.108 | 0.177 | 0.242 |
| Auditory ERPs Gamma Baseline: Subject 2 | 0.135 | 0.168 | 0.023 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.163 |
Auditory evoked potentials latency: P300 at fz, cz, and pz); N100 at fz and cz); P200 at fz and cz. Participants were assessed at baseline and in week of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine
| Intervention | msec (Number) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P300 latency at fz | P300 latency at cz | P300 latency at pz | N100 latency at fz | N100 latency at cz | P200 latency at fz | P200 latency at cz | |
| Auditory ERPs Latency (ms) 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 2 | 300.78 | 293 | 294.92 | 94 | 94 | 205 | 203 |
| Auditory ERPs Latency (ms) Baseline: Subject 2 | 279.3 | 279.3 | 279.3 | 97.66 | 91.8 | 197.27 | 193.4 |
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy GABA/Cr. Participants were assessed 1) pre-glycine treatment (baseline) and 2) in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment measured in posterior occipital cortex. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 of glycine
| Intervention | ratio (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline GABA/Cr | Week 6 of glycine tx GABA/Cr | |
| Subject1: Brain GABA/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| Subject2: Brain GABA/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine | 0.27 | 0.24 |
magnetic resonance spectroscopy - glutamate metabolite level. Participants were assessed 1) pre-glycine treatment and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. Measured in posterior occipital cortex. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and week 6 of glycine
| Intervention | ratio (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline brain glutamate/Cr ratio | Week 6 brain glutamate/Cr ratio | |
| Subject1: Brain Glutamate/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine | 0.98 | 0.84 |
| Subject2: Brain Glutamate/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine | 2.053 | 1.13 |
magnetic resonance spectroscopy: glycine/creatine ratio. Participants were assessed at 1) BASELINE PRE-GLYCINE TREATMENT: pre-glycine challenge drink, 60 minutes post challenge drink, 80 minutes post challenge drink, 100 minutes post challenge drink, and 120 minutes post challenge drink (0.4 g/kg up to max of 30 g); and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF OPEN-LABEL GLYCINE TREATMENT: pre-glycine dose, and 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 100 minutes and 120 minutes post daily dose of glycine. Measured in posterior occipital cortex (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline (pre-challenge, 60, 80, 100, 120 minutes post-challenge), and week 6 of glycine (pre-dose and 60, 80, 100, 120 minutes post-dose
| Intervention | ratio (Number) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline - pre-challenge drink | Baseline 60 minutes post challenge drink | Baseline 80 minutes post challenge drink | Baseline 100 minutes post challenge drink | Baseline 120 minutes post challenge drink | Week 6 of glycine - pre-glycine dose | Week 6 of glycine - 60 minutes post glycine dose | Week 6 of glycine - 80 minutes post glycine dose | Week 6 of glycine - 100 minutes post glycine dose | Week 6 of glycine - 120 minutes post glycine dose | |
| Subject 2:Brain Glycine/CR Ratio at Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine | 0.5691 | 0.3918 | 0.6428 | 0.6363 | 0.9559 | 0.3235 | 0.3807 | 0.5591 | 0.4142 | 0.3545 |
| Subject1: Brain Glycine/CR Ratio at Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine | 0.2558 | 0.6157 | 0.6631 | 0.5938 | 0.6953 | 0.6573 | 0.2983 | 0.4577 | 0.5751 | 0.3842 |
Total BPRS score measures severity of 18 psychiatric symptoms. Each symptom is scored 1-7 with the total score ranging from 18-126. 18 means no symptoms and 126 means very severe symptoms. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within and after each treatment period
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPRS at baseline | BPRS at 2 weeks intervention 1 | BPRS at 4 weeks intervention 1 | BPRS at 6 weeks intervention 1 | BPRS, end of washout1 | BPRS at 2 weeks intervention 2 | BPRS at 4 weeks intervention 2 | BPRS at 6 weeks intervention 2 | BPRS, end of washout2 | BPRS at 2 weeks open label | BPRS at 4 weeks open label | BPRS at 6 weeks open label | BPRS, end of washout3 | |
| Glycine, Then Placebo | 39 | 38 | 32 | 21 | 22 | 37 | 31 | 37 | 32 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 19 |
| Placebo, Then Glycine | 46 | 38 | 39 | 28 | 34 | 32 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 23 |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity scores measure severity of mental illness on a scale of 1-7 where 1 means normal, not at all ill, 2 means borderline mentally ill, 3 means mildly ill, 4 means moderately ill, 5 means markedly ill, 6 means severely ill and 7 means among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: CGI at baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks per treatment period
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CGI severity score at baseline | CGI severity score at 2 weeks intervention 1 | CGI severity score at 4 weeks intervention 1 | CGI severity score at 6 weeks intervention 1 | CGI severity score, end of washout1 | CGI severity score at 2 weeks intervention 2 | CGI severity score at 4 weeks intervention 2 | CGI severity score at 6 weeks intervention 2 | CGI severity score, end of washout2 | CGI severity score at 2 weeks open label | CGI severity score at 4 weeks open label | CGI severity score at 6 weeks open label | CGI severity score, end of washout3 | |
| Glycine, Then Placebo | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Placebo, Then Glycine | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) therapeutic effect scores measure degree of improvement as marked (1), moderate (5), minimal (9) or unchanged/worse (13). (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period
| Intervention | score (Number) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CGI therapeutic effect at 2 weeks intervention 1 | CGI therapeutic effect at 4 weeks intervention 1 | CGI therapeutic effect at 6 weeks intervention 1 | CGI therapeutic effect, end of washout1 | CGI therapeutic effect at 2 weeks intervention 2 | CGI therapeutic effect at 4 weeks intervention 2 | CGI therapeutic effect at 6 weeks intervention 2 | CGI therapeutic effect, end of washout2 | CGI therapeutic effect at 2 weeks open label | CGI therapeutic effect at 4 weeks open label | CGI therapeutic effect at 6 weeks open label | CGI therapeutic effect, end of washout3 | |
| Glycine, Then Placebo | 13 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| Placebo, Then Glycine | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 13 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hamilton Depression Scale measures severity of depression symptoms. The sum of ratings for 9 depression symptoms are measured on a scale from 0-2 with 0 meaning no symptoms and 2 meaning some level of severity of that specific symptom. The rating for 1 depression symptom is measured on a scale from 0-3 with 0 meaning no symptoms and 3 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The sum of ratings for 11 depression symptoms are measured on a scale from 0-4 with 0 meaning no symptoms and 4 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The three sums are added to produce an overall depression rating scale score ranging from 0-65. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression symptoms at baseline | Depression symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 1 | Depression symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 1 | Depression symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 1 | Depression symptoms, end of washout1 | Depression symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 2 | Depression symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 2 | Depression symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 2 | Depression symptoms, end of washout2 | Depression symptoms at 2 weeks open label | Depression symptoms at 4 weeks open label | Depression symptoms at 6 weeks open label | Depression symptoms, end of washout3 | |
| Glycine, Then Placebo | 18 | 17 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 19 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Placebo, Then Glycine | 12 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Plasma glycine levels; normal range is 122-467 nM/mL (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: At baseline, during glycine treatment, during placebo treatment and during open-label glycine
| Intervention | nM/mL (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Glycine double-blind | Placebo | Glycine open-label | |
| Glycine Then Placebo | 216 | 410 | 194 | 516 |
| Placebo Then Glycine | 271 | 761 | 347 | 634 |
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) measures severity of manic symptoms. The sum of ratings for 7 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale from 0-4 and the sum of 4 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale from 0-8 to yield a total score ranging from 0-60, with 0 meaning no manic symptoms and 60 meaning severe manic symptoms. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manic symptoms at baseline | Manic symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 1 | Manic symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 1 | Manic symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 1 | Manic symptoms, end of washout1 | Manic symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 2 | Manic symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 2 | Manic symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 2 | Manic symptoms, end of washout2 | Manic symptoms at 2 weeks open label | Manic symptoms at 4 weeks open label | Manic symptoms at 6 weeks open label | Manic symptoms, end of washout3 | |
| Glycine, Then Placebo | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Placebo, Then Glycine | 7 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Scores on each of 8 domains of cognitive function (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning/problem solving, social cognition, overall composite). Scores are T scores ranging from 0-100, with 50 representing the mean for a population based on a normal distribution; standard deviation of 10. Only overall composite score is entered. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: At baseline, during glycine treatment, during placebo treatment and during open-label glycine
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Participant 1 | Participant 2 | |
| Baseline | 45 | 48 |
| Composite Score on Glycine, Double-blind | 52 | 52 |
| Composite Score on Glycine, Open-label | 49 | 46 |
| Composite Score on Placebo | 52 | 55 |
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) measures positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The sum of ratings for seven positive symptoms are measured on a scale from 7-49 with 7 meaning no symptoms and 49 meaning severe symptoms. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period and after each treatment period
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive symptoms at baseline | Positive symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 1 | Positive symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 1 | Positive symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 1 | Positive symptoms, end of washout1 | Positive symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 2 | Positive symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 2 | Positive symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 2 | Positive symptoms, end of washout2 | Positive symptoms at 2 weeks open label | Positive symptoms at 4 weeks open label | Positive symptoms at 6 weeks open label | Positive symptoms, end of washout3 | |
| Glycine, Then Placebo | 13 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 |
| Placebo, Then Glycine | 19 | 20 | 19 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
Auditory evoked potential amplitude: P50 ratio (P50 S2/S1) (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of DCS treatment
| Intervention | ratio (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| P50 ratio: Baseline | P50 ratio: Week 8 of DCS | |
| First Open Label DCS | 44.51 | 30 |
Auditory evoked potential amplitude: P300 at fz, cz, and pz; N100 at fz and cz; P200 at fz and cz; P50 S1 and S2; mismatch negativity (MMN) at fz and cz. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of DCS treatment
| Intervention | microvolts (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P300 at fz: Baseline | P300 at cz: Baseline | P300 at pz: Baseline | N100 at fz: Baseline | N100 at cz: Baseline | P200 at fz: Baseline | P200 at cz: Baseline | P50 S1: Baseline | P50 S2: Baseline | MMN at fz: Baseline | MMN at cz: Baseline | P300 at fz: Week 8 of DCS | P300 at cz: Week 8 of DCS | P300 at pz: Week 8 of DCS | N100 at fz: Week 8 of DCS | N100 at cz: Week 8 of DCS | P200 at fz: Week 8 of DCS | P200 at cz: Week 8 of DCS | P50 S1: Week 8 of DCS | P50 S2: Week 8 of DCS | MMN at fz: Week 8 of DCS | MMN at cz: Week 8 of DCS | |
| First Open Label DCS | -0.635 | 6.529 | 5.340 | -3.926 | -3.615 | 1.662 | 6.591 | 2.759 | 1.23 | -3.356 | -4.130 | 3.030 | 6.810 | 6.620 | -3.260 | -3.940 | 8.200 | 8.160 | 1.36 | 0.4 | -3.330 | -1.540 |
Auditory evoked potential gamma: G40 hz phase locking at fz and cz; G30 hz phase locking at fz and cz; G20 hz phase locking at fz and cz (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of DCS treatment
| Intervention | microvolts squared (Number) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G40 hz phase locking at fz: Baseline | G40 hz phase locking at cz: Baseline | G30 hz phase locking at fz: Baseline | G30 hz phase locking at cz: Baseline | G20 hz phase locking at fz: Baseline | G20 hz phase locking at cz: Baseline | G40 hz phase locking at fz: Week 8 of DCS | G40 hz phase locking at cz: Week 8 of DCS | G30 hz phase locking at fz: Week 8 of DCS | G30 hz phase locking at cz: Week 8 of DCS | G20 hz phase locking at fz: Week 8 of DCS | G20 hz phase locking at cz: Week 8 of DCS | |
| First Open Label DCS | 0.135 | 0.168 | 0.190 | 0.163 | 0.023 | 0.030 | 0.344 | 0.381 | 0.168 | 0.19 | 0.01 | -0.01 |
Auditory evoked potential latency: P300 at fz, cz, and pz; N100 at fz and cz; P200 at fz and cz. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of DCS treatment
| Intervention | msec (Number) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P300 at fz: Baseline | P300 at cz: Baseline | P300 at pz: Baseline | N100 at fz: Baseline | N100 at cz: Baseline | P200 at fz: Baseline | P200 at cz: Baseline | P300 at fz: Week 8 of DCS | P300 at cz: Week 8 of DCS | P300 at pz: Week 8 of DCS | N100 at fz: Week 8 of DCS | N100 at cz: Week 8 of DCS | P200 at fz: Week 8 of DCS | P200 at cz: Week 8 of DCS | |
| First Open Label DCS | 279.297 | 279.297 | 279.297 | 97.656 | 91.797 | 197.266 | 193.359 | 294.920 | 294.000 | 294 | 87.9 | 88.000 | 212.890 | 212.000 |
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T: brain glycine/CR ratio. Participants were assessed at baseline (pre-glycine challenge dose and 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes post glycine dose) and in week 8 of of open-label DCS treatment: pre-DCS dose, and 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes post DCS dose. Measured in posterior occipital cortex. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of DCS treatment
| Intervention | ratio (Median) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Baseline at 60 minutes | Baseline at 80 minutes | Baseline at 100 minutes | Baseline at 120 minutes | Week 8 of DCS: Baseline | Week 8 of DCS: 60 minutes | Week 8 of DCS: 80 minutes | Week 8 of DCS: 100 minutes | Week 8 of DCS: 120 minutes | |
| Open Label DCS | 0.41245 | 0.50375 | 0.65295 | 0.61505 | 0.8256 | 0.10977 | 0.248885 | 0.32609 | 0.32052 | 0.312155 |
Total BPRS score measures severity of 18 psychiatric symptoms. Each symptom is scored 1-7 with the total score ranging from 18-126. 18 means no symptoms and 126 means very severe symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline & at 2, 4, 6 & 8 Weeks during open-label phase 1 and every 2 weeks up to 24 weeks during open label phase 2
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline BPRS | 2 weeks BPRS | 4 weeks BPRS | 6 weeks BPRS | 8 weeks BPRS | 10 weeks BPRS | 12 weeks BPRS | 14 weeks BPRS | 16 weeks BPRS | 18 weeks BPRS | 20 weeks BPRS | 22 weeks BPRS | 24 weeks BPRS | |
| First Open Label DCS | 37 | 25 | 26 | 24 | 24.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Second Open Label DCS | 31.5 | 30.5 | 28 | 25.5 | 26 | 26.5 | 26 | 25.5 | 28.5 | 27 | 25 | 24.5 | 26.5 |
Total BPRS score measures severity of 18 psychiatric symptoms. Each symptom is scored 1-7 with the total score ranging from 18-126. 18 means no symptoms and 126 means very severe symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, & 6 weeks (crossover periods)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline BPRS for first intervention | 2 weeks BPRS for first intervention | 4 weeks BPRS for first intervention | 6 weeks BPRS for first intervention | Baseline BPRS for second intervention | 2 weeks BPRS for second intervention | 4 weeks BPRS for second intervention | 6 weeks BPRS for second intervention | |
| DCS First, Then Placebo | 26 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 39 | 45 | 45 | 38 |
| Placebo First, Then DCS | 29 | 35 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 30 | 27 | 28 |
CGI severity scores measure severity of mental illness on a scale of 1-7 where 1 means normal, not at all ill, 2 means borderline mentally ill, 3 means mildly ill, 4 means moderately ill, 5 means markedly ill, 6 means severely ill and 7 means among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline & at 2, 4, 6 & 8 Weeks during open-label phase 1 and every 2 weeks up to 24 weeks during open label phase 2
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline CGI | 2 weeks CGI | 4 weeks CGI | 6 weeks CGI | 8 weeks CGI | 10 weeks CGI | 12 weeks CGI | 14 weeks CGI | 16 weeks CGI | 18 weeks CGI | 20 weeks CGI | 22 weeks CGI | 24 weeks CGI | |
| First Open Label DCS | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Second Open Label DCS | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3 | 2.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
CGI severity scores measure severity of mental illness on a scale of 1-7 where 1 means normal, not at all ill, 2 means borderline mentally ill, 3 means mildly ill, 4 means moderately ill, 5 means markedly ill, 6 means severely ill and 7 means among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, & 6 weeks (crossover periods)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline CGI for first intervention | 2 weeks CGI for first intervention | 4 weeks CGI for first intervention | 6 weeks CGI for first intervention | Baseline CGI for second intervention | 2 weeks CGI for second intervention | 4 weeks CGI for second intervention | 6 weeks CGI for second intervention | |
| DCS First, Then Placebo | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Placebo First, Then DCS | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM) measures severity of depression symptoms. The sum of the ratings for 9 depression symptoms is measured on a scale of 0-2 with 0 meaning no depression symptoms and 2 meaning some level of severity of that specific symptom. The rating for one depression symptom is measured on a scale of 0-3 with 0 meaning no depression symptoms and 3 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The sum of ratings for 11 depression symptoms is measured on a scale of 0-4, with 0 meaning no symptoms and 4 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The three sums are added to produce an overall depression rating scale score ranging from 0-65. Higher scores indicate worse depression symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline & at 2, 4, 6 & 8 Weeks during open-label phase 1 and every 2 weeks up to 24 weeks during open label phase 2
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline HAM | 2 weeks HAM | 4 weeks HAM | 6 weeks HAM | 8 weeks HAM | 10 weeks HAM | 12 weeks HAM | 14 weeks HAM | 16 weeks HAM | 18 weeks HAM | 20 weeks HAM | 22 weeks HAM | 24 weeks HAM | |
| First Open Label DCS | 5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Second Open Label DCS | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM) measures severity of depression symptoms. The sum of the ratings for 9 depression symptoms is measured on a scale of 0-2 with 0 meaning no depression symptoms and 2 meaning some level of severity of that specific symptom. The rating for one depression symptom is measured on a scale of 0-3 with 0 meaning no depression symptoms and 3 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The sum of ratings for 11 depression symptoms is measured on a scale of 0-4, with 0 meaning no symptoms and 4 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The three sums are added to produce an overall depression rating scale score ranging from 0-65. Higher scores indicate worse depression symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, & 6 weeks (crossover periods)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline HAM for first intervention | 2 weeks HAM for first intervention | 4 weeks HAM for first intervention | 6 weeks HAM for first intervention | Baseline HAM for second intervention | 2 weeks HAM for second intervention | 4 weeks HAM for second intervention | 6 weeks HAM for second intervention | |
| DCS First, Then Placebo | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 9 | 2 |
| Placebo First, Then DCS | 4 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) measures severity of manic symptoms. The sum of the ratings for 7 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale of 0-4 and the sumof 4 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale of 0-8 to yield a total score ranging from 0-60, with 0 meaning no manic symptoms and 60 meaning severe manic symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline & at 2, 4, 6 & 8 Weeks during open-label phase 1 and every 2 weeks up to 24 weeks during open label phase 2
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline YMRS | 2 weeks YMRS | 4 weeks YMRS | 6 weeks YMRS | 8 weeks YMRS | 10 weeks YMRS | 12 weeks YMRS | 14 weeks YMRS | 16 weeks YMRS | 18 weeks YMRS | 20 weeks YMRS | 22 weeks YMRS | 24 weeks YMRS | |
| First Open Label DCS | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Second Open Label DCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) measures severity of manic symptoms. The sum of the ratings for 7 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale of 0-4 and the sumof 4 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale of 0-8 to yield a total score ranging from 0-60, with 0 meaning no manic symptoms and 60 meaning severe manic symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, & 6 weeks (crossover periods)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline YMRS for first intervention | 2 weeks YMRS for first intervention | 4 weeks YMRS for first intervention | 6 weeks YMRS for first intervention | Baseline YMRS for second intervention | 2 weeks YMRS for second intervention | 4 weeks YMRS for second intervention | 6 weeks YMRS for second intervention | |
| DCS First, Then Placebo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Placebo First, Then DCS | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Scores on each of 8 domains of cognitive function (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning/problem solving, social cognition, overall composite). Scores are T scores ranging from 0-100, with 50 representing the mean for a population based on a normal distribution, standard deviation of 10. Higher scores signify better functioning. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8 of open-label DCS treatment
| Intervention | T scores (Median) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Processing Speed | Baseline Attention/Vigilance | Baseline Working Memory | Baseline Verbal Learning | Baseline Visual Learning | Baseline Reasoning/Problem Solving | Baseline Social Cognition | Baseline Overall Composite Score | Week 8 of open-label DCS Processing Speed | Week 8 of open-label DCS Attention/Vigilance | Week 8 of open-label DCS Working Memory | Week 8 of open-label DCS Verbal Learning | Week 8 of open-label DCS Visual Learning | Week 8 of open-label DCS Reasoning/Problem Solving | Week 8 of open-label DCS Social Cognition | Week 8 of open-label DCS Overall Composite Score | |
| Open Label DCS | 48.5 | 44.5 | 38.5 | 54 | 50.5 | 52.5 | 48 | 46.5 | 52.5 | 47.5 | 50.5 | 43.5 | 54.5 | 66.5 | 44.5 | 51.5 |
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) measures positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The sum of ratings for seven positive symptoms is measured on a scale from 7-49 with 7 meaning no symptoms and 49 meaning severe symptoms.The sum of ratings for seven negative symptoms is measured on a scale from 7-49 with 7 meaning no symptoms and 49 meaning severe symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline & at 2, 4, 6 & 8 Weeks during open-label phase 1 and every 2 weeks up to 24 weeks during open label phase 2
| Intervention | units on a scale (Median) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline positive | Baseline negative | 2 weeks positive | 2 weeks negative | 4 weeks positive | 4 weeks negative | 6 weeks positive | 6 weeks negative | 8 weeks positive | 8 weeks negative | 10 weeks positive | 10 weeks negative | 12 weeks positive | 12 weeks negative | 14 weeks positive | 14 weeks negative | 16 weeks positive | 16 weeks negative | 18 weeks positive | 18 weeks negative | 20 weeks positive | 20 weeks negative | 22 weeks positive | 22 weeks negative | 24 weeks positive | 24 weeks negative | |
| First Open Label DCS | 14.5 | 14.5 | 10 | 12 | 10.5 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Second Open Label DCS | 11 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 10.5 | 13.5 | 9 | 13 | 9.5 | 12 | 10.5 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 10.5 | 12 | 10.5 | 12 | 10.5 | 12 | 9.5 | 12 | 10 | 12 |
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) measures positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The sum of ratings for seven positive symptoms is measured on a scale from 7-49 with 7 meaning no symptoms and 49 meaning severe symptoms.The sum of ratings for seven negative symptoms is measured on a scale from 7-49 with 7 meaning no symptoms and 49 meaning severe symptoms. (NCT02304432)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2, 4, & 6 weeks (crossover periods)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline positive for first intervention | Baseline negative symptoms for first intervention | 2 weeks positive for first intervention | 2 weeks negative for first intervention | 4 weeks positive for first intervention | 4 weeks negative for first intervention | 6 weeks positive for first intervention | 6 weeks negative for first intervention | Baseline positive for second intervention | Baseline negative for second intervention | 2 weeks positive for second intervention | 2 weeks negative for second intervention | 4 weeks positive for second intervention | 4 weeks negative for second intervention | 6 weeks positive for second intervention | 6 weeks negative for second intervention | |
| DCS First, Then Placebo | 10 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 14 | 18 |
| Placebo First, Then DCS | 11 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 11 |
16 reviews available for kynurenic acid and Schizophrenia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Schizophrenia | 2021 |
The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments.
Topics: Humans; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Quinolinic Acid; Schizophr | 2022 |
Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Psychotic Disorders; Quality of Life; Schizophrenia | 2023 |
Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Psychotic Disorders; Quality of Life; Schizophrenia | 2023 |
Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Psychotic Disorders; Quality of Life; Schizophrenia | 2023 |
Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Psychotic Disorders; Quality of Life; Schizophrenia | 2023 |
Blood-based kynurenine pathway alterations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Quinolinic Acid; Schizophrenia; Tryptophan | 2020 |
The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Schizophrenia | 2021 |
Dysregulation of kynurenine pathway and potential dynamic changes of kynurenine in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Topics: Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Quinolinic Acid; Schizophrenia; Tryptophan | 2021 |
[Mechanisms of neurocognitive deficit development in schizophrenia and current treatment approaches].
Topics: Animals; Cognition; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Neurotransmitter Agents; Schizophrenia; Synaptic Transmi | 2014 |
[The kynurenic acid hypothesis - a new look at etiopathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia].
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Brain; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; N | 2016 |
Kynurenic Acid in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Schizophrenia | 2017 |
COX-2 inhibition in schizophrenia and major depression.
Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cytokines; Depressive Disorder, Major; Elect | 2008 |
Pharmacological manipulation of kynurenic acid: potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cognition Disorders; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; | 2009 |
Syntheses, transformations and pharmaceutical applications of kynurenic acid derivatives.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Ischemia; Kynurenic Acid; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Renal Insufficiency | 2009 |
Kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenas | 2011 |
Anti-inflammatory treatment in schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipsychotic Agents; Controlled Clinical Trials a | 2013 |
The immunological basis of glutamatergic disturbance in schizophrenia: towards an integrated view.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Astrocytes; Brain; Carrier Proteins; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhib | 2007 |
Kynurenic acid antagonists and kynurenine pathway inhibitors.
Topics: Brain Ischemia; Epilepsy; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Neu | 2001 |
1 trial available for kynurenic acid and Schizophrenia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Tryptophan challenge in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls: acute effects on circulating kynurenine and kynurenic acid, cognition and cerebral blood flow.
Topics: Animals; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cognition; Cross-Over Studies; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynuren | 2023 |
73 other studies available for kynurenic acid and Schizophrenia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Kynurenine pathway in post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in schizophrenia: relationship with monoamines and symptomatology.
Topics: Cerebellum; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Prefrontal Cortex; Schizophrenia | 2021 |
The immune-kynurenine pathway in social anxiety disorder.
Topics: Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Male; Phobia, Social; Schizophrenia; Tryptophan | 2022 |
Serum kynurenine metabolites might not be associated with risk factors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Topics: Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia; Schizophr | 2022 |
Increased plasma level of kynurenic acid in drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared to patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls: preliminary data.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Preliminary Data; Schizophrenia; Tandem Mass Spectro | 2022 |
Gender-specific elevation of plasma anthranilic acid in schizophrenia: Protection against glutamatergic hypofunction?
Topics: Humans; Kynurenic Acid; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Schizophrenia | 2022 |
Elevated salivary kynurenic acid levels related to enlarged choroid plexus and severity of clinical phenotypes in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Choroid Plexus; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Phenotype; Schizophrenia; | 2022 |
Direct Fluorescence Evaluation of d-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity Using a Synthetic d-Kynurenine Derivative.
Topics: Animals; D-Amino-Acid Oxidase; Fluorometry; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Schizophrenia; Swine | 2022 |
The association between inflammation and kynurenine pathway metabolites in electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: Implications for clinical efficacy.
Topics: Electroconvulsive Therapy; Humans; Interleukin-18; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; RNA, Messenger; Schiz | 2023 |
Transplantation of microbiota from drug-free patients with schizophrenia causes schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors and dysregulated kynurenine metabolism in mice.
Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Dopamine; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Gastrointestinal Microbio | 2020 |
Preliminary comparative analysis of kynurenine pathway metabolites in chronic ketamine users, schizophrenic patients, and healthy controls.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Kynuren | 2020 |
Association of the kynurenine pathway metabolites with clinical, cognitive features and IL-1β levels in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and their siblings.
Topics: Cognition; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Schizophrenia; Siblings | 2021 |
Designing a natural inhibitor against human kynurenine aminotransferase type II and a comparison with PF-04859989: a computational effort against schizophrenia.
Topics: Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Pyrazoles; Schizophrenia; Transaminases | 2022 |
Effects of neuroactive metabolites of the tryptophan pathway on working memory and cortical thickness in schizophrenia.
Topics: Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Memory, Short-Term; Quinolinic Acid; Schizophrenia; Tryptophan | 2021 |
Autoimmune Concept of Schizophrenia: Historical Roots and Current Facets.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia | 2021 |
GRK3 deficiency elicits brain immune activation and psychosis.
Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Kynurenic Acid; Mice; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia | 2021 |
The kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia and other mental disorders: Insight from meta-analyses on the peripheral blood levels of tryptophan and related metabolites.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Schizophrenia; Tryptophan | 2021 |
Serum kynurenic acid is reduced in affective psychosis.
Topics: Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Bipolar Disorder; Corpus Striatum; Cytokines; Depression; Dep | 2017 |
Blood serum concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, depression in bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder treated with electroconvulsive therapy.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Female; Hum | 2017 |
Influence of plasma cytokines on kynurenine and kynurenic acid in schizophrenia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Male; Middle Aged; Psychot | 2018 |
Salivary kynurenic acid response to psychological stress: inverse relationship to cortical glutamate in schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Female; Glutamic Acid; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Proton Magnetic Resonance | 2018 |
Importance of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase for spontaneous firing and pharmacological responses of midbrain dopamine neurons: Relevance for schizophrenia.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Dopaminergic Neurons; Dose-Response Relationship, | 2018 |
The Effects of Tryptophan Catabolites on Negative Symptoms and Deficit Schizophrenia are Partly Mediated by Executive Impairments: Results of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Cognition Disorders; Executive Function; Female; Huma | 2018 |
Marine Bacterial Compounds Evaluated by In Silico Studies as Antipsychotic Drugs Against Schizophrenia.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Binding Sites; Computational Biology; Drug Interactions; Famotidine; Furans; H | 2018 |
Maternal genotype determines kynurenic acid levels in the fetal brain: Implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Female; Genotype; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Kynurenine 3-Mo | 2018 |
Serum xanthurenic acid levels: Reduced in subjects at ultra high risk for psychosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Kynurenic Acid; Ky | 2019 |
Dysregulation of kynurenine metabolism is related to proinflammatory cytokines, attention, and prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Mal | 2020 |
Twin study shows association between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Chemokine CCL2; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male; | 2020 |
Plasma xanthurenic acid in a context of insulin resistance and obesity in schizophrenia.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Obesity; Schizophrenia | 2019 |
The KMO allele encoding Arg452 is associated with psychotic features in bipolar disorder type 1, and with increased CSF KYNA level and reduced KMO expression.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Alleles; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Cell Line; Female; Gene Expression; Ge | 2014 |
Activation of kynurenine pathway in ex vivo fibroblasts from patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: cytokine challenge increases production of 3-hydroxykynurenine.
Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Female; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation | 2013 |
Distress intolerance, kynurenic acid, and schizophrenia.
Topics: Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Schizophrenia; Stress, Psychological | 2014 |
Stress-induced increase in kynurenic acid as a potential biomarker for patients with schizophrenia and distress intolerance.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Neur | 2014 |
Effect of maternal immune activation on the kynurenine pathway in preadolescent rat offspring and on MK801-induced hyperlocomotion in adulthood: amelioration by COX-2 inhibition.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; | 2014 |
Reduction of brain kynurenic acid improves cognitive function.
Topics: Animals; Attention; Brain; Cognition; Enzyme Inhibitors; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Female; Hippoc | 2014 |
Elevated levels of kynurenic acid during gestation produce neurochemical, morphological, and cognitive deficits in adulthood: implications for schizophrenia.
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Attention; Brain; Cognition; Dendritic Spines; Die | 2015 |
Increased levels of IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic schizophrenia--significance for activation of the kynurenine pathway.
Topics: Adult; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Interleukin-6; | 2015 |
Integrated theory to unify status among schizophrenia and manic depressive illness.
Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Antipsychotic Agents; Biopterins; Bipolar Dis | 2015 |
Inhibition of Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporters Suppresses Kynurenic Acid Production Via Inhibition of Kynurenine Uptake in Rodent Brain.
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; Animals; Brain; Kynu | 2016 |
Prenatal kynurenine exposure in rats: age-dependent changes in NMDA receptor expression and conditioned fear responding.
Topics: Age Factors; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Brain; Cognition; Conditioning, Psych | 2016 |
Kynurenic acid and psychotic symptoms and personality traits in twins with psychiatric morbidity.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; P | 2017 |
Pilot study examining the relationship of childhood trauma, perceived stress, and medication use to serum kynurenic acid and kynurenine levels in schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Antipsychotic Agents; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynuren | 2017 |
Correlations of Kynurenic Acid, 3-Hydroxykynurenine, sIL-2R, IFN-α, and IL-4 with Clinical Symptoms During Acute Relapse of Schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Clozapine; Female; Humans; Interferon-alpha; Interleukin-4; Kynurenic A | 2017 |
Deficit Schizophrenia Is Characterized by Defects in IgM-Mediated Responses to Tryptophan Catabolites (TRYCATs): a Paradigm Shift Towards Defects in Natural Self-Regulatory Immune Responses Coupled with Mucosa-Derived TRYCAT Pathway Activation.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulin M; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Metab | 2018 |
Induction of the kynurenine pathway by neurotropic influenza A virus infection.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Coculture Techniques; Encephalitis, Viral; G | 2008 |
Elevated levels of kynurenic acid change the dopaminergic response to amphetamine: implications for schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Dextroamphetamine; Dopamine; Dopamine Up | 2009 |
Astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid modulates basal and evoked cortical acetylcholine release.
Topics: Acetylcholine; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Amphetamine; Animals; Astrocytes; Central Ne | 2009 |
The astrocyte-derived alpha7 nicotinic receptor antagonist kynurenic acid controls extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex.
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Astrocytes; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhi | 2010 |
Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Male; Middle Aged; | 2012 |
Exposure to kynurenic acid during adolescence produces memory deficits in adulthood.
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fear; Kynurenic | 2012 |
Reversal of imbalance between kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine by antipsychotics in medication-naïve and medication-free schizophrenic patients.
Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Antipsychotic Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diagnostic and Statis | 2011 |
Endogenous activation of nAChRs and NMDA receptors contributes to the excitability of CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons in rat hippocampal slices: effects of kynurenic acid.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; In Vitro Tec | 2011 |
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase polymorphisms: relevance for kynurenic acid synthesis in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.
Topics: Adult; Alleles; Brain; Genetic Association Studies; Genotype; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine 3-M | 2012 |
Downregulated kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene expression and enzyme activity in schizophrenia and genetic association with schizophrenia endophenotypes.
Topics: Adult; Brain Chemistry; Case-Control Studies; Down-Regulation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, E | 2011 |
Acute elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility: normalization by the alpha7 positive modulator galantamine.
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Brain; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Disease Mod | 2012 |
Regulation of GABAergic inputs to CA1 pyramidal neurons by nicotinic receptors and kynurenic acid.
Topics: Aconitine; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Bungarotoxins; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; | 2012 |
Development and validation of a single analytical method for the determination of tryptophan, and its kynurenine metabolites in rat plasma.
Topics: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; Animals; Charcoal; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Depression; Kynu | 2012 |
CSF kynurenic acid and suicide risk in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Linear Models; | 2013 |
TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM IN SPECIAL PAIRS OF TWINS.
Topics: Chromatography; Diseases in Twins; Genetics, Medical; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Metabolic Diseases | 1964 |
Kynurenic acid and schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Dopamine; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Models, Neurol | 2003 |
Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of male patients with schizophrenia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Kynurenic | 2005 |
Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bipolar Disorder; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Demography; Dep | 2006 |
Association study between kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
Topics: Aged; Case-Control Studies; Chi-Square Distribution; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1; Epigenesis, Genetic | 2006 |
Elevations of endogenous kynurenic acid produce spatial working memory deficits.
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; | 2007 |
Tryptophan breakdown pathway in bipolar mania.
Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Bipolar Disorder; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Female; Gyrus Cinguli; Human | 2007 |
Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia: linkage through astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid?
Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Recepto | 2007 |
The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Injections, Intraventricular; Ky | 2007 |
The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Injections, Intraventricular; Ky | 2007 |
The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Injections, Intraventricular; Ky | 2007 |
The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Injections, Intraventricular; Ky | 2007 |
Crystal structure of human kynurenine aminotransferase II.
Topics: Binding Sites; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimerization; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Live | 2008 |
Crystal structure of human kynurenine aminotransferase II, a drug target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Topics: Binding Sites; Brain; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dimerization; Drug Design; | 2008 |
Tryptophan and tyrosine catabolic pattern in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Topics: Adult; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Digoxin; Epilepsy, Generalized; Erythro | 2000 |
Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Female; Frontal Lobe; Haloperidol; Hu | 2001 |
Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Male | 2001 |
Increased phasic activity of dopaminergic neurones in the rat ventral tegmental area following pharmacologically elevated levels of endogenous kynurenic acid.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Antimetabolites; Butyrates; Cycloserine; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dopamine; | 2002 |
Relationship of dietary tryptophan and niacin to tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics.
Topics: Acetates; Aminohippuric Acids; Diet; Female; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Indican; Indoles; Kyn | 1974 |