kynurenic acid and Depression studies

Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.
kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.

Depression: Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by mediating immune-inflammation and neurodegenerative processes."	9.12	Tryptophan Catabolites in Bipolar Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. ( Coppens, V; De Picker, L; Giltay, EJ; Hebbrecht, K; Morrens, M; Skorobogatov, K, 2021)
"Dysregulated kynurenine (KYN) pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression."	9.05	Effect of immune activation on the kynurenine pathway and depression symptoms - A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cuellar Leal, VA; Dantzer, R; de Dios, C; Hunt, C; Macedo E Cordeiro, T; Selvaraj, S; Soares, JC; Suchting, R; Teixeira, AL, 2020)
"Abnormalities of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression."	8.98	Kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Graff-Guerrero, A; Iwata, Y; Kubo, K; Mimura, M; Miyazaki, T; Moriguchi, S; Nakajima, S; Noda, Y; Ogyu, K; Omura, Y; Plitman, E; Tarumi, R; Tsugawa, S; Uchida, H; Wada, M, 2018)
"Evidence, largely obtained from peripheral studies, suggests that alterations in the kynurenine pathway contribute to the aetiology of depression and disorders involving psychosis."	8.12	Alterations in the kynurenine pathway and excitatory amino acid transporter-2 in depression with and without psychosis: Evidence of a potential astrocyte pathology. ( Brown, AM; Brown, SJ; Huang, XF; Newell, KA; Purves-Tyson, TD; Shannon Weickert, C, 2022)
"Higher estimated tryptophan intake was cross-sectionally independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japanese women."	8.12	Tryptophan intake is related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. ( Arakawa, M; Miyake, Y; Okubo, H; Sasaki, S; Tanaka, K, 2022)
" In rodents, KMO deficiency induces a depression-like behavior and increases the levels of kynurenic acid (KA), a KYN metabolite formed by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs)."	8.02	Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase deficiency induces depression-like behavior via enhanced antagonism of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by kynurenic acid. ( Fujigaki, H; Fujigaki, S; Hasegawa, M; Hirakawa, M; Hoshi, M; Kosuge, A; Kubota, H; Kunisawa, K; Kurahashi, H; Mori, Y; Mouri, A; Murakami, R; Nabeshima, T; Nakano, T; Niijima, M; Saito, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2021)
"Tryptophan catabolites ("TRYCATs") produced by the kynurenine pathway (KP) may play a role in depression pathophysiology."	8.02	The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: The role of symptom profiles and inflammation. ( Allers, KA; Beekman, ATF; Giltay, EJ; Keller, S; Milaneschi, Y; Niessen, HG; Penninx, BWJH; Schoevers, RA; Süssmuth, SD, 2021)
"Kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites are believed to be a link between inflammation and depression through effects on brain glutamate receptors."	7.96	Associations among peripheral and central kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammation in depression. ( Baer, W; Felger, JC; Goldsmith, DR; Haroon, E; Miller, AH; Patel, T; Welle, JR; Woolwine, BJ, 2020)
"A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in patients with first stroke, of >1 month and <1 year of evolution, with no history of previous psychiatric or neurological disorders; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), functional evaluations (Barthel index, Functional Independence Measure [FIM]) were applied and serum kynurenines (Kyns) were determined."	7.96	Serum Kynurenines Correlate With Depressive Symptoms and Disability in Poststroke Patients: A Cross-sectional Study. ( Barajas-Martínez, K; Carrillo-Mora, P; Estrada-Cortés, B; Franyutti-Prado, K; Gamboa-Coria, G; Martínez-Cortéz, JA; Pérez-De la Cruz, V; Quinzaños-Fresnedo, J; Ramírez-Ortega, D; Ramos-Chávez, LA; Rangel-Caballero, F; Rodríguez-Barragán, M; Sánchez-Chapul, L; Sánchez-Vázquez, I; Toussaint-González, P, 2020)
" Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has attracted considerable attention due to its influence on the onset of depression via induction of inflammation."	7.91	Changes in tryptophan metabolism during pregnancy and postpartum periods: Potential involvement in postpartum depressive symptoms. ( Kubo, H; Morikawa, M; Mouri, A; Nabeshima, T; Nakamura, Y; Okada, T; Ozaki, N; Saito, K; Shiino, T; Teshigawara, T; Yamamoto, Y, 2019)
"In both cohorts, inflammation as measured by higher levels of CRP, sVCAM1 and sICAM1 was associated with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and thus enhanced tryptophan breakdown (beta: 0."	7.88	Psychosocial stress and inflammation driving tryptophan breakdown in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of two cohorts. ( Carvalho, LA; Clarke, G; Díaz, LE; Gómez-Martínez, S; Marcos, A; Michels, N; Olavarria-Ramirez, L; Widhalm, K, 2018)
"We evaluated 101 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with PEG-IFN-α2a, and 40 controls, so as to determine the activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan (TRP) and their metabolites' concentrations/levels: kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and anthranilic acid (AA)."	7.88	Alterations in the metabolism of tryptophan in patients with chronic hepatitis C six months after pegylated interferon-α 2a treatment. ( Inglot, M; Laskus, T; Malyszczak, K; Pawlak, D; Pawlowski, T; Radkowski, M; Zalewska, M, 2018)
"Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects on treatment-resistant depression, but the biological mechanism underpinning this effect is less clear."	7.88	Antidepressant effect of repeated ketamine administration on kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. ( Chen, L; Li, H; Li, M; Liu, W; Ning, Y; Wang, C; Zhan, Y; Zheng, W; Zhou, Y, 2018)
"These data support the hypothesis that altered kynurenine metabolism may molecularly link sleep disturbance and depression."	7.85	Sleep disturbance and kynurenine metabolism in depression. ( Cho, HJ; Dantzer, R; Drevets, WC; Irwin, MR; Savitz, J; Teague, TK, 2017)
"The aim of the present study was to compare blood serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) concentrations measured before ECT and after 1, 6 and 12 electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) sessions in patients with diagnoses of recurrent depressive disorder (RDD), depression in bipolar disorder (DBD) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD)."	7.85	Blood serum concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, depression in bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder treated with electroconvulsive therapy. ( Olajossy, B; Olajossy, M; Potembska, E; Urbańska, E; Wnuk, S, 2017)
"Adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit alterations in tryptophan metabolism, mainly via the kynurenine pathway, due to higher enzymatic activity induced mainly by inflammation."	7.83	Tryptophan metabolism, its relation to inflammation and stress markers and association with psychological and cognitive functioning: Tasmanian Chronic Kidney Disease pilot study. ( Davies, N; Hilder, EF; Jose, MD; Karu, N; McKercher, C; Nichols, DS; Shellie, RA, 2016)
"Sub-chronic tryptophan depletion (SCTD) is proposed as an animal model for depression."	7.78	Sub-chronic dietary tryptophan depletion--an animal model of depression with improved face and good construct validity. ( Bermudez, I; Franklin, M; Gaburro, S; Murck, H; Singewald, N, 2012)
"Inflammation has an important physiological influence on mood and behavior."	6.90	Kynurenine metabolism and inflammation-induced depressed mood: A human experimental study. ( Cho, JH; Eisenberger, NI; Faull, K; Hwang, L; Irwin, MR; Kruse, JL; Olmstead, R, 2019)
"Considerable data relate major depressive disorder (MDD) with aberrant immune system functioning."	5.72	Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression. ( Asratian, A; Boda, S; Dantzer, R; Erhardt, S; Hamilton, JP; Heilig, M; Holm, L; Kämpe, R; Paul, ER; Samuelsson, M; Schwieler, L; Trepci, A; Yngve, A, 2022)
"Depression is a debilitating condition with a profound impact on quality of life for millions of people worldwide."	5.40	Skeletal muscle PGC-1α1 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression. ( Agudelo, LZ; Barres, R; Bhat, M; Correia, JC; Erhardt, S; Femenía, T; Ferreira, DMS; Goiny, M; Izadi, M; Krook, A; Lindskog, M; Martinez-Redondo, V; Orhan, F; Pettersson, AT; Porsmyr-Palmertz, M; Ruas, JL; Schuppe-Koistinen, I; Zierath, JR, 2014)
"Tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by mediating immune-inflammation and neurodegenerative processes."	5.12	Tryptophan Catabolites in Bipolar Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. ( Coppens, V; De Picker, L; Giltay, EJ; Hebbrecht, K; Morrens, M; Skorobogatov, K, 2021)
"Dysregulated kynurenine (KYN) pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression."	5.05	Effect of immune activation on the kynurenine pathway and depression symptoms - A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cuellar Leal, VA; Dantzer, R; de Dios, C; Hunt, C; Macedo E Cordeiro, T; Selvaraj, S; Soares, JC; Suchting, R; Teixeira, AL, 2020)
"Abnormalities of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression."	4.98	Kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Graff-Guerrero, A; Iwata, Y; Kubo, K; Mimura, M; Miyazaki, T; Moriguchi, S; Nakajima, S; Noda, Y; Ogyu, K; Omura, Y; Plitman, E; Tarumi, R; Tsugawa, S; Uchida, H; Wada, M, 2018)
"Our findings clarify that crocetin exerted antidepressant effects through its anti-inflammation, repairment of intestinal barrier, modulatory on the intestinal flora and metabolic disorders, which further regulated tryptophan metabolism and impacted mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway to enhance neural plasticity, thereby protect neural."	4.12	Detection of the role of intestinal flora and tryptophan metabolism involved in antidepressant-like actions of crocetin based on a multi-omics approach. ( Chen, S; Chen, Z; Li, Q; Lin, S; Tao, Y; Tong, Y; Wang, P; Wang, T; Xu, Z, 2022)
"Evidence, largely obtained from peripheral studies, suggests that alterations in the kynurenine pathway contribute to the aetiology of depression and disorders involving psychosis."	4.12	Alterations in the kynurenine pathway and excitatory amino acid transporter-2 in depression with and without psychosis: Evidence of a potential astrocyte pathology. ( Brown, AM; Brown, SJ; Huang, XF; Newell, KA; Purves-Tyson, TD; Shannon Weickert, C, 2022)
"Higher estimated tryptophan intake was cross-sectionally independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japanese women."	4.12	Tryptophan intake is related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. ( Arakawa, M; Miyake, Y; Okubo, H; Sasaki, S; Tanaka, K, 2022)
" We evaluated the relationships between total score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and kynurenine, tryptophan, anthranilic acid and kynurenic acid concentrations, IDO activity and tryptophan availability to the brain."	4.02	The role of anthranilic acid in the increase of depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder during treatment for hepatitis C with pegylated interferon-α2a and oral ribavirin. ( Bugajska, J; Inglot, M; Janocha-Litwin, J; Malyszczak, K; Marciniak, D; Pawlak, D; Pawlowski, T; Zalewska, M, 2021)
" In rodents, KMO deficiency induces a depression-like behavior and increases the levels of kynurenic acid (KA), a KYN metabolite formed by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs)."	4.02	Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase deficiency induces depression-like behavior via enhanced antagonism of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by kynurenic acid. ( Fujigaki, H; Fujigaki, S; Hasegawa, M; Hirakawa, M; Hoshi, M; Kosuge, A; Kubota, H; Kunisawa, K; Kurahashi, H; Mori, Y; Mouri, A; Murakami, R; Nabeshima, T; Nakano, T; Niijima, M; Saito, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2021)
"Tryptophan catabolites ("TRYCATs") produced by the kynurenine pathway (KP) may play a role in depression pathophysiology."	4.02	The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: The role of symptom profiles and inflammation. ( Allers, KA; Beekman, ATF; Giltay, EJ; Keller, S; Milaneschi, Y; Niessen, HG; Penninx, BWJH; Schoevers, RA; Süssmuth, SD, 2021)
"Kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites are believed to be a link between inflammation and depression through effects on brain glutamate receptors."	3.96	Associations among peripheral and central kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammation in depression. ( Baer, W; Felger, JC; Goldsmith, DR; Haroon, E; Miller, AH; Patel, T; Welle, JR; Woolwine, BJ, 2020)
"A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in patients with first stroke, of >1 month and <1 year of evolution, with no history of previous psychiatric or neurological disorders; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), functional evaluations (Barthel index, Functional Independence Measure [FIM]) were applied and serum kynurenines (Kyns) were determined."	3.96	Serum Kynurenines Correlate With Depressive Symptoms and Disability in Poststroke Patients: A Cross-sectional Study. ( Barajas-Martínez, K; Carrillo-Mora, P; Estrada-Cortés, B; Franyutti-Prado, K; Gamboa-Coria, G; Martínez-Cortéz, JA; Pérez-De la Cruz, V; Quinzaños-Fresnedo, J; Ramírez-Ortega, D; Ramos-Chávez, LA; Rangel-Caballero, F; Rodríguez-Barragán, M; Sánchez-Chapul, L; Sánchez-Vázquez, I; Toussaint-González, P, 2020)
" Evidence suggests that the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, but few studies have explored the association between the KYN pathway and cognitive impairment in MDD."	3.91	Cross-sectional relationship between kynurenine pathway metabolites and cognitive function in major depressive disorder. ( Chen, L; Li, H; Liu, W; Ning, Y; Wang, C; Zhan, Y; Zheng, W; Zhou, Y, 2019)
" Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has attracted considerable attention due to its influence on the onset of depression via induction of inflammation."	3.91	Changes in tryptophan metabolism during pregnancy and postpartum periods: Potential involvement in postpartum depressive symptoms. ( Kubo, H; Morikawa, M; Mouri, A; Nabeshima, T; Nakamura, Y; Okada, T; Ozaki, N; Saito, K; Shiino, T; Teshigawara, T; Yamamoto, Y, 2019)
" These behavioral effects are associated with i/ a reversal of anxiety and reduced self-care, ii/ a decrease in parenchymal cytokine production, iii/ a modulation of the microglial reactivity and iv/ a decrease in microglial quinolinic acid production that is correlated with plasmatic peripheral production."	3.91	Microglial production of quinolinic acid as a target and a biomarker of the antidepressant effect of ketamine. ( Abdel-Ahad, P; Blatzer, M; Callebert, J; Chrétien, F; Danckaert, A; de Maricourt, P; De Medeiros, GF; Gaillard, R; Jouvion, G; Langeron, O; Launay, JM; Maignan, A; Petit, AC; Sharshar, T; Van Steenwinckel, J; Verdonk, F; Vinckier, F, 2019)
"Sensitive and comprehensive measurement of systemic metabolites of tryptophan, phenylalanine and glutamate metabolism in biological samples is effective for understanding the pathogenesis of depression and other neurological diseases."	3.91	Development of an underivatized LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of 14 neurotransmitters in rat hippocampus, plasma and urine: Application to CUMS induced depression rats. ( Han, XM; Lu, YN; Qin, YJ; Rang, Y; Wang, NX; Zhai, XJ; Zhang, XL; Zhu, Y, 2019)
"Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects on treatment-resistant depression, but the biological mechanism underpinning this effect is less clear."	3.88	Antidepressant effect of repeated ketamine administration on kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. ( Chen, L; Li, H; Li, M; Liu, W; Ning, Y; Wang, C; Zhan, Y; Zheng, W; Zhou, Y, 2018)
"In both cohorts, inflammation as measured by higher levels of CRP, sVCAM1 and sICAM1 was associated with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and thus enhanced tryptophan breakdown (beta: 0."	3.88	Psychosocial stress and inflammation driving tryptophan breakdown in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of two cohorts. ( Carvalho, LA; Clarke, G; Díaz, LE; Gómez-Martínez, S; Marcos, A; Michels, N; Olavarria-Ramirez, L; Widhalm, K, 2018)
"We evaluated 101 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with PEG-IFN-α2a, and 40 controls, so as to determine the activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan (TRP) and their metabolites' concentrations/levels: kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and anthranilic acid (AA)."	3.88	Alterations in the metabolism of tryptophan in patients with chronic hepatitis C six months after pegylated interferon-α 2a treatment. ( Inglot, M; Laskus, T; Malyszczak, K; Pawlak, D; Pawlowski, T; Radkowski, M; Zalewska, M, 2018)
"These data support the hypothesis that altered kynurenine metabolism may molecularly link sleep disturbance and depression."	3.85	Sleep disturbance and kynurenine metabolism in depression. ( Cho, HJ; Dantzer, R; Drevets, WC; Irwin, MR; Savitz, J; Teague, TK, 2017)
" Depression is hypothesized to be causally associated with an imbalance in the kynurenine pathway, with an increased metabolism down the 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) branch of the pathway leading to increased levels of the neurotoxic metabolite, quinolinic acid (QA), which is a putative N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist."	3.85	Serum kynurenic acid is reduced in affective psychosis. ( Bliss, SA; Dantzer, R; Drevets, WC; Ford, BN; McMillin, JR; Morris, HM; Savitz, JB; Suzuki, H; Teague, TK; Wurfel, BE, 2017)
"The aim of the present study was to compare blood serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) concentrations measured before ECT and after 1, 6 and 12 electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) sessions in patients with diagnoses of recurrent depressive disorder (RDD), depression in bipolar disorder (DBD) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD)."	3.85	Blood serum concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, depression in bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder treated with electroconvulsive therapy. ( Olajossy, B; Olajossy, M; Potembska, E; Urbańska, E; Wnuk, S, 2017)
"Adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit alterations in tryptophan metabolism, mainly via the kynurenine pathway, due to higher enzymatic activity induced mainly by inflammation."	3.83	Tryptophan metabolism, its relation to inflammation and stress markers and association with psychological and cognitive functioning: Tasmanian Chronic Kidney Disease pilot study. ( Davies, N; Hilder, EF; Jose, MD; Karu, N; McKercher, C; Nichols, DS; Shellie, RA, 2016)
"Sub-chronic tryptophan depletion (SCTD) is proposed as an animal model for depression."	3.78	Sub-chronic dietary tryptophan depletion--an animal model of depression with improved face and good construct validity. ( Bermudez, I; Franklin, M; Gaburro, S; Murck, H; Singewald, N, 2012)
"We studied the effect of activation (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and D-cycloserine) and blockade (dizocilpine and 7-chlorokynurenic acid) of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on the development of amnesia in intact and depressive mice under conditions of conditioned passive avoidance response."	3.74	N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and amnesia in mice with depression-like state. ( Dubrovina, NI; Zinovyev, DR; Zinovyeva, DV, 2007)
"Inflammation has an important physiological influence on mood and behavior."	2.90	Kynurenine metabolism and inflammation-induced depressed mood: A human experimental study. ( Cho, JH; Eisenberger, NI; Faull, K; Hwang, L; Irwin, MR; Kruse, JL; Olmstead, R, 2019)
"Considerable data relate major depressive disorder (MDD) with aberrant immune system functioning."	1.72	Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression. ( Asratian, A; Boda, S; Dantzer, R; Erhardt, S; Hamilton, JP; Heilig, M; Holm, L; Kämpe, R; Paul, ER; Samuelsson, M; Schwieler, L; Trepci, A; Yngve, A, 2022)
"Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an L-tryptophan metabolite with neuromodulatory activities, regulating the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, dopamine (DA), and acetylcholine (Ach)."	1.56	Antidepressant-like effects of kynurenic acid in a modified forced swim test. ( Bohár, Z; Martos, D; Tanaka, M; Telegdy, G; Vécsei, L, 2020)
"Mastocytosis is a rare disease in which chronic symptoms, including depression, are related to mast cell accumulation and activation."	1.43	Mast cells' involvement in inflammation pathways linked to depression: evidence in mastocytosis. ( Alyanakian, MA; Aouba, A; Bachmeyer, C; Barète, S; Bonin, B; Chandesris, MO; Chauvet-Gelinier, JC; Côté, F; Damaj, G; Dubreuil, P; Gaillard, R; Georgin-Lavialle, S; Grandpeix-Guyodo, C; Haffen, E; Hermine, O; Launay, JM; Lortholary, O; Moura, DS; Salvador, A; Soucié, E; Teyssier, JR; Trojak, B; Vandel, P, 2016)
"Depression is a debilitating condition with a profound impact on quality of life for millions of people worldwide."	1.40	Skeletal muscle PGC-1α1 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression. ( Agudelo, LZ; Barres, R; Bhat, M; Correia, JC; Erhardt, S; Femenía, T; Ferreira, DMS; Goiny, M; Izadi, M; Krook, A; Lindskog, M; Martinez-Redondo, V; Orhan, F; Pettersson, AT; Porsmyr-Palmertz, M; Ruas, JL; Schuppe-Koistinen, I; Zierath, JR, 2014)

Research

Studies (48)

Authors

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change of Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) in Response to the TSST

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (2.08)	18.7374
1990's	1 (2.08)	18.2507
2000's	4 (8.33)	29.6817
2010's	27 (56.25)	24.3611
2020's	15 (31.25)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kimmel, M	1
Jin, W	1
Xia, K	1
Lun, K	1
Azcarate-Peril, A	1
Plantinga, A	1
Wu, M	1
Ataei, S	1
Rackers, H	1
Carroll, I	1
Meltzer-Brody, S	1
Fransson, E	1
Knickmeyer, R	1
Paul, ER	1
Schwieler, L	2
Erhardt, S	3
Boda, S	1
Trepci, A	1
Kämpe, R	1
Asratian, A	1
Holm, L	1
Yngve, A	1
Dantzer, R	4
Heilig, M	1
Hamilton, JP	1
Samuelsson, M	1
Brown, SJ	1
Brown, AM	1
Purves-Tyson, TD	1
Huang, XF	1
Shannon Weickert, C	1
Newell, KA	1
Kucukkarapinar, M	1
Yay-Pence, A	1
Yildiz, Y	1
Buyukkoruk, M	1
Yaz-Aydin, G	1
Deveci-Bulut, TS	1
Gulbahar, O	1
Senol, E	1
Candansayar, S	1
Miyake, Y	1
Tanaka, K	1
Okubo, H	1
Sasaki, S	1
Arakawa, M	1
Lin, S	1
Li, Q	1
Xu, Z	1
Chen, Z	1
Tao, Y	1
Tong, Y	1
Wang, T	1
Chen, S	1
Wang, P	1
Ou, W	1
Chen, Y	1
Ju, Y	1
Ma, M	1
Qin, Y	1
Bi, Y	1
Liao, M	1
Liu, B	1
Liu, J	1
Zhang, Y	1
Li, L	1
Haroon, E	1
Welle, JR	1
Woolwine, BJ	1
Goldsmith, DR	1
Baer, W	1
Patel, T	1
Felger, JC	1
Miller, AH	1
Tanaka, M	1
Bohár, Z	1
Martos, D	1
Telegdy, G	1
Vécsei, L	1
Hunt, C	1
Macedo E Cordeiro, T	1
Suchting, R	1
de Dios, C	1
Cuellar Leal, VA	1
Soares, JC	1
Teixeira, AL	1
Selvaraj, S	1
Carrillo-Mora, P	1
Pérez-De la Cruz, V	1
Estrada-Cortés, B	1
Toussaint-González, P	1
Martínez-Cortéz, JA	1
Rodríguez-Barragán, M	1
Quinzaños-Fresnedo, J	1
Rangel-Caballero, F	1
Gamboa-Coria, G	1
Sánchez-Vázquez, I	1
Barajas-Martínez, K	1
Franyutti-Prado, K	1
Sánchez-Chapul, L	1
Ramírez-Ortega, D	1
Ramos-Chávez, LA	1
Pawlowski, T	2
Pawlak, D	2
Inglot, M	2
Zalewska, M	2
Marciniak, D	1
Bugajska, J	1
Janocha-Litwin, J	1
Malyszczak, K	2
Mori, Y	1
Mouri, A	2
Kunisawa, K	1
Hirakawa, M	1
Kubota, H	1
Kosuge, A	1
Niijima, M	1
Hasegawa, M	1
Kurahashi, H	1
Murakami, R	1
Hoshi, M	1
Nakano, T	1
Fujigaki, S	1
Fujigaki, H	1
Yamamoto, Y	2
Nabeshima, T	2
Saito, K	2
Hebbrecht, K	1
Skorobogatov, K	1
Giltay, EJ	2
Coppens, V	1
De Picker, L	1
Morrens, M	1
Milaneschi, Y	1
Allers, KA	1
Beekman, ATF	1
Keller, S	1
Schoevers, RA	1
Süssmuth, SD	1
Niessen, HG	1
Penninx, BWJH	1
Wurfel, BE	1
Drevets, WC	2
Bliss, SA	1
McMillin, JR	1
Suzuki, H	1
Ford, BN	1
Morris, HM	1
Teague, TK	2
Savitz, JB	1
Cho, HJ	1
Savitz, J	1
Irwin, MR	2
Olajossy, M	1
Olajossy, B	1
Wnuk, S	1
Potembska, E	1
Urbańska, E	1
Ogyu, K	1
Kubo, K	1
Noda, Y	1
Iwata, Y	1
Tsugawa, S	1
Omura, Y	1
Wada, M	1
Tarumi, R	1
Plitman, E	1
Moriguchi, S	1
Miyazaki, T	1
Uchida, H	1
Graff-Guerrero, A	1
Mimura, M	1
Nakajima, S	1
Michels, N	1
Clarke, G	2
Olavarria-Ramirez, L	1
Gómez-Martínez, S	1
Díaz, LE	1
Marcos, A	1
Widhalm, K	1
Carvalho, LA	1
Du, TT	1
Cui, T	1
Qiu, HM	1
Wang, NR	1
Huang, D	1
Jiang, XH	1
Radkowski, M	1
Laskus, T	1
Zhou, Y	2
Zheng, W	2
Liu, W	2
Wang, C	2
Zhan, Y	2
Li, H	2
Chen, L	2
Li, M	1
Ning, Y	2
Harkin, A	1
McLoughlin, DM	1
Herrstedt, A	1
Bay, ML	1
Simonsen, C	1
Sundberg, A	1
Egeland, C	1
Thorsen-Streit, S	1
Djurhuus, SS	1
Magne Ueland, P	1
Midttun, Ø	1
Pedersen, BK	1
Bo Svendsen, L	1
de Heer, P	1
Christensen, JF	1
Hojman, P	1
Sellgren, CM	1
Gracias, J	1
Jungholm, O	1
Perlis, RH	1
Engberg, G	1
Landen, M	1
Teshigawara, T	1
Kubo, H	1
Nakamura, Y	1
Shiino, T	1
Okada, T	1
Morikawa, M	1
Ozaki, N	1
Verdonk, F	1
Petit, AC	1
Abdel-Ahad, P	1
Vinckier, F	1
Jouvion, G	1
de Maricourt, P	1
De Medeiros, GF	1
Danckaert, A	1
Van Steenwinckel, J	1
Blatzer, M	1
Maignan, A	1
Langeron, O	1
Sharshar, T	1
Callebert, J	1
Launay, JM	2
Chrétien, F	1
Gaillard, R	2
Han, XM	1
Qin, YJ	1
Zhu, Y	1
Zhang, XL	1
Wang, NX	1
Rang, Y	1
Zhai, XJ	1
Lu, YN	1
Kruse, JL	1
Cho, JH	1
Olmstead, R	1
Hwang, L	1
Faull, K	1
Eisenberger, NI	1
Agudelo, LZ	1
Femenía, T	1
Orhan, F	1
Porsmyr-Palmertz, M	1
Goiny, M	1
Martinez-Redondo, V	1
Correia, JC	1
Izadi, M	1
Bhat, M	1
Schuppe-Koistinen, I	1
Pettersson, AT	1
Ferreira, DMS	1
Krook, A	1
Barres, R	1
Zierath, JR	1
Lindskog, M	1
Ruas, JL	1
Harrington, M	1
Fukuda, K	1
Georgin-Lavialle, S	1
Moura, DS	1
Salvador, A	1
Chauvet-Gelinier, JC	1
Damaj, G	1
Côté, F	1
Soucié, E	1
Chandesris, MO	1
Barète, S	1
Grandpeix-Guyodo, C	1
Bachmeyer, C	1
Alyanakian, MA	1
Aouba, A	1
Lortholary, O	1
Dubreuil, P	1
Teyssier, JR	1
Trojak, B	1
Haffen, E	1
Vandel, P	1
Bonin, B	1
Hermine, O	1
Buras, A	1
Waszkiewicz, N	1
Szulc, A	1
Hu, LJ	1
Li, XF	1
Hu, JQ	1
Ni, XJ	1
Lu, HY	1
Wang, JJ	1
Huang, XN	1
Lin, CX	1
Shang, DW	1
Wen, YG	1
Karu, N	1
McKercher, C	1
Nichols, DS	1
Davies, N	1
Shellie, RA	1
Hilder, EF	1
Jose, MD	1
Birner, A	1
Platzer, M	1
Bengesser, SA	1
Dalkner, N	1
Fellendorf, FT	1
Queissner, R	1
Pilz, R	1
Rauch, P	1
Maget, A	1
Hamm, C	1
Herzog-Eberhard, S	1
Mangge, H	1
Fuchs, D	1
Moll, N	1
Zelzer, S	1
Schütze, G	1
Schwarz, M	1
Reininghaus, B	1
Kapfhammer, HP	1
Reininghaus, EZ	1
Dubrovina, NI	1
Zinovyev, DR	1
Zinovyeva, DV	1
Franklin, M	1
Bermudez, I	1
Murck, H	1
Singewald, N	1
Gaburro, S	1
Maes, M	2
Rief, W	1
Möller, M	1
Du Preez, JL	1
Harvey, BH	1
Wichers, MC	1
Koek, GH	1
Robaeys, G	1
Verkerk, R	1
Scharpé, S	1
Miller, CL	1
Llenos, IC	1
Dulay, JR	1
Weis, S	1
Desbonnet, L	1
Garrett, L	1
Bienenstock, J	1
Dinan, TG	1
Nowak, G	1
Paul, IA	1
Popik, P	1
Young, A	1
Skolnick, P	1
Patt, V	1
Feltkamp, H	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effects of 3-month Probiotic Mix Supplementation (L. Helveticus R-0052, B. Longum R-0175) on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome, Endocannabinoid and Immune Systems Activation, Along With Symptoms of Fatigue in Professional Dancers[NCT05567653]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-21	Recruiting
Prediction of the Therapeutic Response in Depression Based on an Early Neuro-computational Modeling Assessment of Motivation[NCT05866575]		136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Vortioxetine Monotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Inflammation, Kynurenine Pathway, and Structural and Functional Brain Connectivity as Biomarkers[NCT03580967]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to COVID-19 Pandemic interfered with Pt recruitment)
Randomized Controlled Experimental Trial Designed to Test the Effects of Probiotics on Mood[NCT03539263]		39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-20	Completed
Understanding the Neurocognitive Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Major Depressive Disorder Patients With and Without Irritable Bowel Syndrome[NCT05174273]	Phase 2/Phase 3	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-06	Recruiting
The Safety and Effectiveness of Probiotic Supplementation on Bipolar Depression: a Proof of Concept Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02155972]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to The trial was terminated because of inability to recruit the needed number of participants)
"Proof-of-Concept Stress & Anxiety Dampening Effects of Lpc-37"[NCT03494725]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-10	Completed
A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Population With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder[NCT05720793]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Population With Bipolar Disorder[NCT03279224]	Phase 2/Phase 3	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of the diastolic BP in response to the TSST compared to placebo. (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 3 minutes before the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of Mood Scale Scores Over the Course of the Treatment

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -3min	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	79.13	90.38
Placebo	78.41	88.36

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the increase of mood scale scores over the course of the treatment~Measured with a daily online diary. Mood was rated by participants on an 11-point scale (0-10; very bad to very well) and monitored through the washout phase (week 1 and 2) and the subsequent treatment phase (weeks 3-7). Higher scores indicate a better mood. Efficacy is defined as an increase, or (in case of a general decrease) reduced decrease for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group. Time is coded as a continuous variable with one average value for each week and participant. Values reflect summary measures for mood ratings on a scale from 0 to 10 for the averaged ratings per participant and week." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of Perceived Health Status Scores Over the Course of the Treatment

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	7.31	7.53	7.66	7.77	7.73	7.90	7.77
Placebo	7.27	7.49	7.46	7.53	7.50	7.40	7.55

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the increase of perceived health status scores over the course of the treatment.~Measured with a daily online diary. Health status was rated by participants on an 11-point scale (0-10; not at all to very) and monitored through the wash-out phase (week 1 and 2) and the subsequent treatment phase (weeks 3-7). Higher scores indicate a high perceived health.Efficacy is defined as an increase, or (in case of a general decrease) reduced decrease for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group. Time is coded as a continuous variable with one value for each day and participant. Values reflect summary measures for perceived health status on a scale from 0 to 10 for the averaged ratings per participant and week." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of Perceived Productivity Scores Over the Course of the Treatment

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	7.80	7.89	7.88	7.91	8.05	8.11	7.91
Placebo	7.86	7.92	7.92	8.01	7.92	7.73	7.75

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the increase of perceived productivity scores over the course of the treatment~Measured with a daily online diary. Productivity was rated by participants on an 11-point scale (0-10; not at all to very) and monitored through the wash-out phase (week 1 and 2) and the subsequent treatment phase (weeks 3-7). Higher scores indicate a higher perceived productivity. Efficacy is defined as an increase, or (in case of a general decrease) reduced decrease for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group.Time is coded as a continuous variable with one value for each day and participant. The values reflect summary measures for perceived productivity on a scale from 0 to 10 for the averaged ratings per participant and week." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of Reported Number of Sleep Disruptions Over the Course of the Treatment

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	6.98	7.34	7.53	7.48	7.59	7.57	7.50
Placebo	7.15	7.29	7.30	7.34	7.43	7.31	7.32

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the decrease of reported number of sleep disruptions over the course of the treatment measured with a daily online diary (mean of week summary).~Sleep disruptions were monitored through the wash-out phase (Week 1 and 2) and the subsequent treatment phase (Weeks 3-7). In the count version, the value can be 0 or a natural number for each day and each participant. Efficacy is defined as a decrease, or (in case of a general increase) reduced increase for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group. Time is coded as a continuous variable with one value for each day and participant. Values reflect summary measures for sleep disruptions (count) for the summed counts per participant and week." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of Reported Sleep Disruptions Over the Course of the Treatment by Week (Proportion Yes/Total)

Intervention	sleep disruptions per participant & week (Mean)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	7.30	5.50	4.89	5.43	3.52	3.80	4.66
Placebo	6.09	5.49	5.11	4.30	3.53	4.02	5.83

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the decrease of sleep disruptions over the course of the treatment measured with a daily online diary (Proportion (yes/total)).~Sleep disruptions were monitored through the wash-out phase and the subsequent treatment phase for each week. In the binary version, the value is either Yes or No for each day and each participant.~Efficacy is defined as a decrease, or (in case of a general increase) reduced increase for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group. Time is coded as a continuous variable with one value for each day and participant.~The proportion of participants with at least one sleep disruption by treatment group is given, treatment commenced after week 2. Data listed here reflect the proportion of participants who answered Yes (e.g. 0,477 * 44 = 20.99 participants answered with Yes in week 1 in the Lpc-37 group)." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of sAA in Response to the TSST

Intervention	Proportion of participants (yes/total) (Number)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	0.477	0.435	0.354	0.367	0.306	0.279	0.290
Placebo	0.465	0.426	0.418	0.310	0.292	0.331	0.389

Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of salivary Alpha-Amylase (sAA) in response to the TSST compared to placebo. (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 1 minute before the TSST and 1, 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of Salivary Cortisol in Response to the TSST

Intervention	U/ml (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -2min	Post-TSST +1min	Post-TSST +10min	Post-TSST +20min	Post-TSST +30min	Post-TSST +45min
Lpc-37	154.04	246.29	146.53	130.11	125.19	141.13
Placebo	161.67	270.55	158.85	141.49	138.48	148.15

Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of salivary cortisol in response to the TSST compared to placebo. (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 1 minute before the TSST and 1, 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of Sleep Duration Over the Course of the Treatment

Intervention	nmol/L (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -2min	Post-TSST +1min	Post-TSST +10min	Post-TSST +20min	Post-TSST +30min	Post-TSST +45min
Lpc-37	4.79	6.96	9.48	9.89	8.04	6.21
Placebo	4.82	6.85	8.97	9.21	7.71	6.16

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the increase of sleep duration over the course of the treatment.~Sleep duration was monitored through the wash-out phase (week 1 and 2) and the subsequent treatment phase (weeks 3-7). Efficacy is defined as an increase, or (in case of a general decrease) reduced decrease for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group. Time is coded as a continuous variable with one value for each day and participant. Summary measures for Sleep duration for the averaged ratings per participant and week" (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of Sleep Related Recovery Scores Over the Course of the Treatment

Intervention	min (Mean)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	447.27	444.01	449.45	450.62	454.50	450.88	445.60
Placebo	447.45	448.13	456.90	459.81	457.26	450.16	459.66

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the increase of sleep related recovery scores over the course of the treatment.~Measured with a daily online diary. Sleep related recovery was rated by participants on an 11-point scale (0-10; not at all to very) and monitored throughout the wash-out phase (Week 1 and 2) and the subsequent treatment phase (weeks 3-7). High scores indicate a high recovery.~Efficacy is defined as an increase, or (in case of a general decrease) reduced decrease for the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group and operationalized as the interaction between time and treatment group. Time is coded as a continuous variable with one value for each day and participant. Summary measures for sleep related recovery for the averaged ratings per participant and week." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Daily for 2 weeks before treatment intake and 5 weeks during treatment intake

Change of STAI-State Scores in Response to the TSST

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Week 1 (run-in)	Week 2 (run-in)	Week 3 (treatment)	Week 4 (treatment)	Week 5 (treatment)	Week 6 (treatment)	Week 7 (treatment)
Lpc-37	6.71	7.07	7.32	7.30	7.36	7.42	7.31
Placebo	6.91	7.15	7.27	7.29	7.36	7.10	7.28

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of STAI-State scores in response to the TSST compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory, scale anxiety as a temporary emotional state (STAI-X1). Answers are given on a four-point rating scale ranging from 1=not at all to 4=very true. The score range is 20-80; Higher scores indicate more anxiety." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 10 minutes before the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of Systolic BP in Response to the TSST

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -10min	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	36.09	42.38
Placebo	36.83	43.60

Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of the systolic BP in response to the TSST compared to placebo. (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 3 minutes before the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of the Heart Rate (HR) in Response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -3min	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	115.11	127.47
Placebo	114.33	129.19

Efficacy was defined as a lower increase in HR in response to the TSST following intervention with Lpc-37, compared to placebo. (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Continuous measurement starting 20 minutes before and ending 20 minutes after the TSST after 5 weeks of product intake. Mean values were calculated per group at seven-time windows before, during and after the TSST

Change of VAS Anxiety Scores in Response to the TSST

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -20min	Pre-TSST -10min	Pre-TSST -3min	during TSST (Interview)	during TSST (Arithmetic)	Post-TSST +10min	Post-TSST +20min
Lpc-37	74.84	88.15	97.34	107.56	102.77	93.32	75.88
Placebo	74.34	86.69	97.62	105.66	100.81	90.81	74.97

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of VAS anxiety scores in response to the TSST compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating greater anxiety." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 10 minutes before the TSST, during the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of VAS Exhaustion Scores in Response to the TSST

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -10min	Interview TSST (during)	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	6.80	20.85	10.68
Placebo	8.50	22.47	11.74

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of VAS exhaustion scores in response to the TSST compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating greater exhaustion." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 10 minutes before the TSST, during the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of VAS Insecurity Scores in Response to the TSST

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -10min	Interview TSST (during)	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	21.18	19.20	22.12
Placebo	19.79	21.30	25.68

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of VAS insecurity scores in response to the TSST compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating greater insecurity." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 10 minutes before the TSST, during the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Change of VAS Stress Perception Scores in Response to the TSST

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -10min	Interview TSST (during)	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	14.47	45.08	23.92
Placebo	17.19	52.19	23.69

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on reduction of the increase of VAS Stress perception scores in response to the TSST compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating higher perceived stress." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: 10 minutes before the TSST, during the TSST and 1 minute after the TSST after 5 weeks of study product intake

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment BAI Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Pre-TSST -10min	Interview TSST (during)	Post-TSST +1min
Lpc-37	19.89	47.71	31.72
Placebo	18.52	51.51	32.85

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory as a self-rating scale designed to measure anxiety. It comprises 21 sentences describing feelings that can occur when being anxious. These sentences are rated on a four-point rating scale ranging from 0=not at all to 3=severely, considering the last 7 days. The score range is 0-63; Higher scores indicate higher anxiety." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment DASS Anxiety Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	5.51	4.75
Placebo	5.85	6.33

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) anxiety scores compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the DASS as a 42-item self report instrument designed to measure negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress during the past week. The DASS includes three scales (depression, anxiety and stress) of which each scale includes 14 items that are divided into subscales of 2-5 items of similar content.~Items are answered on a four point rating scale ranging from 0 = not at all to 3 = very much. Scores of each scale are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items.~The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. The items are 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 36, 40, 41 and individual scores can range from 0 to 42 with higher scores indicating greater severity of the symptoms." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment DASS Depression Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	2.60	2.44
Placebo	3.07	3.45

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) depression scores compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the DASS as a 42-item self report instrument designed to measure negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress during the past week. The DASS includes three scales (depression, anxiety and stress) of which each scale includes 14 items that are divided into subscales of 2-5 items of similar content.~Items are answered on a four point rating scale ranging from 0 = not at all to 3 = very much. Scores of each scale are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items.~The Depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest/involvement, anhedonia, and inertia. The items are 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, 42 and individual scores can range from 0 to 42 with higher scores indicating greater severity of the symptoms." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment DASS Stress Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	4.60	4.15
Placebo	5.21	5.10

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) stress scores compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the DASS as a 42-item self report instrument designed to measure negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress during the past week. The DASS includes three scales (depression, anxiety and stress) of which each scale includes 14 items that are divided into subscales of 2-5 items of similar content.~Items are answered on a four point rating scale ranging from 0 = not at all to 3 = very much. Scores of each scale are calculated by summing the scores for the relevant items.~The stress scale (items) is sensitive to levels of chronic non-specific arousal.The stress scale items are 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 39 and individual scores can range from 0 to 42 with higher scores indicating greater severity of the symptoms." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment Diastolic BP

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	9.76	8.91
Placebo	9.41	10.09

Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of diastolic BP. (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Scores

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	71.89	73.18
Placebo	71.68	74.62

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the PSS as a psychological instrument for measuring stress perception. It assesses how unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloaded participants perceived their lives to have been within the last month. The PSS comprises 14 items that are answered on a five-point rating scale ranging from 0 = never to 4 = very often. Individual scores on the PSS can range from 0 to 56 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment STAI-state Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	21.89	20.49
Placebo	20.72	21.56

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI)-state scores compared to placebo.~Measured with the german version of the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory, scale anxiety as a temporary emotional state (STAI-X1). Answers are given on a four-point rating scale ranging from 1=not at all to 4=very true. The score range is 20-80; Higher scores indicate more anxiety." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment Systolic BP

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	33.65	35.18
Placebo	34.33	35.33

Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of systolic blood pressure (BP). (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment VAS Anxiety Scores

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	119.60	121.87
Placebo	119.66	122.86

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of VAS anxiety scores compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating greater anxiety." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment VAS Exhaustion Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	7.29	9.26
Placebo	7.58	7.85

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of VAS exhaustion scores compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating greater exhaustion." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment VAS Insecurity Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	29.56	24.66
Placebo	23.19	18.45

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of VAS insecurity scores compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating greater insecurity." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

Changes in Pre and Post Treatment VAS Stress Perception Scores

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	13.58	16.44
Placebo	15.91	17.30

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) stress perception scores compared to placebo.~Measured with a german version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a 10cm bipolar scale ranging from not at all to highly. The participant indicated his/her actual perception by placing a mark on a line. VAS scores were obtained by using a ruler and measuring the position of the participants's mark with millimeter precision. To control for possible variations due to printing, the total length of the line was also measured and percentage scores for each participant were computed. Percentage scores range from 0-100. Higher scores indicating higher perceived stress." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Before and after 5 weeks of study product intake.

The Change of the Difference From Baseline and 5 Weeks of Treatment to the Respective Mean of CAR 8pm Measures

Intervention	score (Mean)
	Baseline	End of Study
Lpc-37	19.11	23.32
Placebo	19.34	20.67

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of the difference of cortisol at 8 pm values to the respective mean before and after 5 weeks of treatment~Efficacy for the CAR variable cortisol at 8 pm is defined in terms of a normalization: Number of participants with normal values (between first and third quantile of reference measures) and numbers of participants with low or high values are compared before treatment and after treatment. More participants in the normal range after treatment is defined as efficacy." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of 2 days before first product intake) and end of study (average of 2 days before last product intake

The Change of the Difference From Baseline and 5 Weeks of Treatment to the Respective Mean of CAR AUCg Measures

Intervention	number of participants (Number)
	Baseline (<25% quantile)	Baseline (25% - 75% quantile)	Baseline (>75% quantile)	End of Study (<25% quantile)	End of Study (25% - 75% quantile)	End of Study (>75% quantile)
Lpc-37	4	20	29	3	28	22
Placebo	6	23	26	7	18	30

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of the difference of Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCg) values to the respective mean before and after 5 weeks of treatment.~The CAR is summarized in the variables AUCg, AUCi, mean increase and peak value. These cortisol indices are frequently used to describe hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and represent information either of the total cortisol production or of the change in cortisol levels. AUCg is the total area under the curve of all measurements (i.e., the intensity or magnitude of the response).~Efficacy for the CAR variables AUCg is defined in terms of a normalization: Number of participants with normal values (between first and third quantile of reference measures) and numbers of participants with low or high values are compared before treatment and after treatment. More participants in the normal range after treatment is defined as efficacy." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of 2 days before first product intake) and end of study (average of 2 days before last product intake)

The Change of the Difference From Baseline and 5 Weeks of Treatment to the Respective Mean of Cortisol at Awakening Measures

Intervention	number of participants (Number)
	Baseline (<25% quantile)	Baseline (25% - 75% quantile)	Baseline (>75% quantile)	End of Study (<25% quantile)	End of Study (25% - 75% quantile)	End of Study (>75% quantile)
Lpc-37	6	36	11	11	28	14
Placebo	12	30	13	7	35	13

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of the difference of Cortisol at Awakening values to the respective mean before and after 5 weeks of treatment~Efficacy for the CAR variable cortisol at awakening is defined in terms of a normalization: Number of participants with normal values (between first and third quantile of reference measures) and numbers of participants with low or high values are compared before treatment and after treatment. More participants in the normal range after treatment is defined as efficacy." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of 2 days before first product intake) and end of study (average of 2 days before last product intake)

The Change of the Difference From Baseline and 5 Weeks of Treatment to the Respective Mean of Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) AUCi Measures

Intervention	number of participants (Number)
	Baseline (<25% quantile)	Baseline (25% - 75% quantile)	Baseline (>75% quantile)	End of Study (<25% quantile)	End of Study (25% - 75% quantile)	End of Study (>75% quantile)
Lpc-37	14	31	8	19	26	8
Placebo	16	26	13	12	34	9

"Efficacy of the intake of Lpc-37 on the reduction of the difference of CAR area under the curve with respect to the increase (AUCi) values to the respective mean before and after the treatment.~The CAR is summarized in the variables AUCg, AUCi, mean increase and peak value. These cortisol indices are frequently used to describe hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and represent information either of the total cortisol production or of the change in cortisol levels. AUCi is calculated with reference to the baseline measurement and it ignores the distance from zero for all measurements and emphasizes the changes over time. Efficacy for the CAR variables AUCi is defined in terms of a normalization: Number of participants with normal values (between first and third quantile of reference measures) and numbers of participants with low or high values are compared before treatment and after treatment. More participants in the normal range after treatment is defined as efficacy." (NCT03494725)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of 2 days before first product intake) and end of study (average of 2 days before last product intake)

Article	Year
The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder under different disease states: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 2023, 10-15, Volume: 339 Topics: Biomarkers; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Quinolinic A	2023
Effect of immune activation on the kynurenine pathway and depression symptoms - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2020, Volume: 118 Topics: Depression; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Prospective Studies; Tryptophan	2020
Tryptophan Catabolites in Bipolar Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in immunology, 2021, Volume: 12 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Humans; Inflammation; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Tryptophan	2021
Kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2018, Volume: 90 Topics: Brain; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Quinolinic Acid	2018
[Depression and inflammation in rheumatic diseases]. Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online), 2016, Mar-04, Volume: 70 Topics: Cytokines; Depression; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase;	2016

Article	Year
Exercise-mediated improvement of depression in patients with gastro-esophageal junction cancer is linked to kynurenine metabolism. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 2019, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anxiety; Depression; Exercise; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Male;	2019
Kynurenine metabolism and inflammation-induced depressed mood: A human experimental study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019, Volume: 109 Topics: Adult; Affect; Cytokines; Depression; Endotoxins; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Kynur	2019
IDO and interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms: a shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity. Molecular psychiatry, 2005, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Depression; Dioxygenases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Immunother	2005

Article	Year
Metabolite trajectories across the perinatal period and mental health: A preliminary study of tryptophan-related metabolites, bile acids and microbial composition. Behavioural brain research, 2022, 02-10, Volume: 418 Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Bile Acids and Salts; Chromatography, Liquid; Depression; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids	2022
Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2022, Volume: 101 Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Quinolinic Acid	2022
Alterations in the kynurenine pathway and excitatory amino acid transporter-2 in depression with and without psychosis: Evidence of a potential astrocyte pathology. Journal of psychiatric research, 2022, Volume: 147 Topics: Astrocytes; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Psychotic Di	2022
Psychological outcomes of COVID-19 survivors at sixth months after diagnose: the role of kynurenine pathway metabolites in depression, anxiety, and stress. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2022, Volume: 129, Issue:8 Topics: Anxiety; Biomarkers; COVID-19; Depression; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Survivors; Tryptophan	2022
Tryptophan intake is related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. European journal of nutrition, 2022, Volume: 61, Issue:8 Topics: Calcium; Child; Child Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapent	2022
Detection of the role of intestinal flora and tryptophan metabolism involved in antidepressant-like actions of crocetin based on a multi-omics approach. Psychopharmacology, 2022, Volume: 239, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Arachidonic Acid; Arginine; Cytokines; Depression; Gastrointestinal	2022
Associations among peripheral and central kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammation in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2020, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Depression; Humans; Inflammation; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Tryptophan	2020
Antidepressant-like effects of kynurenic acid in a modified forced swim test. Pharmacological reports : PR, 2020, Volume: 72, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Depression; Disease Models, Animal; Kynurenic Acid	2020
Serum Kynurenines Correlate With Depressive Symptoms and Disability in Poststroke Patients: A Cross-sectional Study. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; Functional Status; H	2020
The role of anthranilic acid in the increase of depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder during treatment for hepatitis C with pegylated interferon-α2a and oral ribavirin. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 2021, 01-18, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; He	2021
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase deficiency induces depression-like behavior via enhanced antagonism of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by kynurenic acid. Behavioural brain research, 2021, 05-07, Volume: 405 Topics: Aconitine; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Depression; Disease M	2021
The association between plasma tryptophan catabolites and depression: The role of symptom profiles and inflammation. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2021, Volume: 97 Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Humans; Inflammation; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Tryptophan	2021
Serum kynurenic acid is reduced in affective psychosis. Translational psychiatry, 2017, 05-02, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Bipolar Disorder; Corpus Striatum; Cytokines; Depression; Dep	2017
Sleep disturbance and kynurenine metabolism in depression. Journal of psychosomatic research, 2017, Volume: 99 Topics: Adult; Depression; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Male; Quinolinic Acid; Sleep Wake Dis	2017
Blood serum concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder, depression in bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatria polska, 2017, Jun-18, Volume: 51, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Female; Hum	2017
Psychosocial stress and inflammation driving tryptophan breakdown in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of two cohorts. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2018, Volume: 94 Topics: Adolescent; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Depressio	2018
Simultaneous determination of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and two monoamines in rat plasma by HPLC-ECD/DAD. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2018, Sep-05, Volume: 158 Topics: Amino Acids, Essential; Animals; Boron; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid	2018
Alterations in the metabolism of tryptophan in patients with chronic hepatitis C six months after pegylated interferon-α 2a treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2018, Volume: 97 Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Female; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic;	2018
Antidepressant effect of repeated ketamine administration on kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2018, Volume: 74 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; China; Chromatography,	2018
Ketamine and depression: A special kase for kynurenic acid? Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2019, Volume: 75 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Ketamine; Kynurenic Acid; K	2019
Cross-sectional relationship between kynurenine pathway metabolites and cognitive function in major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019, Volume: 101 Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Liquid; Cognition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Depressive Disorder,	2019
Peripheral and central levels of kynurenic acid in bipolar disorder subjects and healthy controls. Translational psychiatry, 2019, 01-29, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Depression; Female; Humans; Kynurenic	2019
Changes in tryptophan metabolism during pregnancy and postpartum periods: Potential involvement in postpartum depressive symptoms. Journal of affective disorders, 2019, 08-01, Volume: 255 Topics: Adult; Depression; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Postpartum Period; Preg	2019
Microglial production of quinolinic acid as a target and a biomarker of the antidepressant effect of ketamine. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2019, Volume: 81 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Depression;	2019
Development of an underivatized LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of 14 neurotransmitters in rat hippocampus, plasma and urine: Application to CUMS induced depression rats. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2019, Sep-10, Volume: 174 Topics: Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Chromatography, Liquid; Depression; Disease Models, Animal; Glutam	2019
Skeletal muscle PGC-1α1 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression. Cell, 2014, Sep-25, Volume: 159, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Depression; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynuren	2014
Strong muscles, strong mind. Lab animal, 2014, Volume: 43, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Depression; Exercise; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Kynurenine; Mice;	2014
Integrated theory to unify status among schizophrenia and manic depressive illness. Medical hypotheses, 2015, Volume: 85, Issue:4 Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Antipsychotic Agents; Biopterins; Bipolar Dis	2015
Mast cells' involvement in inflammation pathways linked to depression: evidence in mastocytosis. Molecular psychiatry, 2016, Volume: 21, Issue:11 Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; Inflam	2016
A Simple HPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Tryptophan, Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid in Human Serum and its Potential for Monitoring Antidepressant Therapy. Journal of analytical toxicology, 2017, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Case-Control Studies; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Depression; Drug	2017
Tryptophan metabolism, its relation to inflammation and stress markers and association with psychological and cognitive functioning: Tasmanian Chronic Kidney Disease pilot study. BMC nephrology, 2016, 11-10, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anxiety; Biomarkers; Cognition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female	2016
Increased breakdown of kynurenine towards its neurotoxic branch in bipolar disorder. PloS one, 2017, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Case-Control Studies; Cognition; Depression; Female; Humans; Inflamm	2017
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and amnesia in mice with depression-like state. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine, 2007, Volume: 144, Issue:5 Topics: Amnesia; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Cycloserine; Depressio	2007
Sub-chronic dietary tryptophan depletion--an animal model of depression with improved face and good construct validity. Journal of psychiatric research, 2012, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Aldosterone; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Catecholam	2012
Diagnostic classifications in depression and somatization should include biomarkers, such as disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway. Psychiatry research, 2012, Apr-30, Volume: 196, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Biomarkers; Chi-Square Distribution; Depression; Female; Humans; Intern	2012
Development and validation of a single analytical method for the determination of tryptophan, and its kynurenine metabolites in rat plasma. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2012, Jun-01, Volume: 898 Topics: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid; Animals; Charcoal; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Depression; Kynu	2012
Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain research, 2006, Feb-16, Volume: 1073-1074 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bipolar Disorder; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Demography; Dep	2006
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. Journal of psychiatric research, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Bifidobacterium; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain; Chrom	2008
Ca2+ antagonists effect an antidepressant-like adaptation of the NMDA receptor complex. European journal of pharmacology, 1993, Sep-15, Volume: 247, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Binding Sites; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cerebral Cortex; Depression	1993
[Hormonal contraception, tryptophan metabolism and depression]. Archiv fur Gynakologie, 1975, Nov-18, Volume: 219, Issue:1-4 Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Depression; Female; Humans; Kynurenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Tryptophan; Xanthurena	1975

kynurenic acid and Depression