ketorolac and Pain, Postoperative studies

Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.
5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To compare pain and the need for the opioid fentanyl use associated with the administration of phenylephrine 1."	9.51	Pain control and reduction of opioid use associated with intracameral phenylephrine1.0%-ketorolac 0.3% administered during cataract surgery. ( Donnenfeld, ED; Mychajlyszyn, A; Mychajlyszyn, D; Stein, R, 2022)
" However, use of ketorolac resulted in significantly fewer renal colic-related unplanned emergency department/clinic visits in the treatment group (2%) compared with the control group (13%, p=0."	9.51	Efficacy of Intramuscular Ketorolac for Preventing Renal Colic Post Stent Removal: Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Antonelli, J; Johnson, BA; Pearle, M; Sorokin, I, 2022)
" We sought to determine if the use of intraoperative ketorolac as part of a multimodal ERAS protocol increased the risk of bleeding complications in breast surgery."	9.30	Intraoperative Ketorolac Use Does Not Increase the Risk of Bleeding in Breast Surgery. ( Andaz, C; Borgen, P; Flom, P; Fortes, TA; Manasseh, DM; Rojas, KE, 2019)
"To determine the efficacy of preoperative intravenous ketorolac in reducing intraoperative and postoperative pain and improving patient satisfaction in patients undergoing single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery."	9.15	The efficacy of intravenous ketorolac for pain relief in single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. ( Bae, SJ; Chang, JH; Chung, SA; Kim, WK; Lee, JB; Rhiu, S, 2011)
"In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study we sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined use of intravenous ketorolac and acetaminophen in small children undergoing outpatient inguinal hernia repair."	9.14	Fentanyl sparing effects of combined ketorolac and acetaminophen for outpatient inguinal hernia repair in children. ( Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, WO; Won Han, S, 2010)
"The use of ketorolac for pre-emptive analgesia is effective in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery under general anesthesia."	9.12	Ketorolac as a pre-emptive analgesic in retinal detachment surgery: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. ( Sindjelic, R; Stefanovic, I; Vlajkovic, G, 2007)
"Diclofenac suppository 50 mg and intravenous ketorolac 30 mg provided equivalent postoperative analgesia following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair under general anaesthesia."	9.10	Prospective randomized trial of pre-emptive analgesics following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair: intravenous ketorolac versus diclofenac suppository. ( Goh, LC; Lau, H; Lee, F; Patil, NG; Wong, C, 2002)
"To determine the efficacy of oral granisetron in preventing postoperative vomiting (POV) following strabismus repair in children."	9.09	Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children. ( D'Errico, CC; Lauder, GR; Munro, HM; Tait, AR; Voepel-Lewis, T; Wagner, DS, 1999)
" This study has attempted to assess postoperative analgesic consumption and nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia for tonsillectomy using either paracetamol premedication, paracetamol plus a NSAID or intravenous morphine to provide postoperative analgesia."	9.08	Postoperative morphine requirements, nausea and vomiting following anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Comparison of intravenous morphine and non-opioid analgesic techniques. ( Mather, SJ; Peutrell, JM, 1995)
"Fifty-four ASA I and II children 1 to 10 yr of age undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized to receive in a double-blind fashion intravenous ketorolac (0."	9.08	The effects of ketorolac and fentanyl on postoperative vomiting and analgesic requirements in children undergoing strabismus surgery. ( Guarnieri, KM; Mendel, HG; Sundt, LM; Torjman, MC, 1995)
"Infiltration of 30 mg of ketorolac along with mepivacaine delays the appearance of postoperative pain and diminishes it in the first 24 hours after surgery to correct hallux valgus, in comparison with infiltration of mepivacaine alone plus intravenous ketorolac."	9.08	[The utility of digital infiltration of mepivacaine and ketorolac in postoperative analgesia of the unilateral hallux valgus]. ( Arauzo-Pérez, P; García-Enguita, MA; Girón-Mombiela, JA; Laglera-Trébol, S; López-Sicilia, S; Ortega-Lahuerta, JP; Urieta-Solanas, A, 1997)
"The efficacy of intraoperatively administered ketorolac for the prophylactic treatment of pain in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) was examined in a prospective, double-blinded study."	9.07	Effect of intraoperative ketorolac on postanesthesia care unit comfort. ( Behrman, KH; Disbrow, EA; Hanowell, LH; Loeb, RG; Valdrighi, JB, 1994)
" ketorolac and morphine in paediatric outpatients undergoing strabismus surgery."	9.07	Comparison of the analgesic and emetic properties of ketorolac and morphine for paediatric outpatient strabismus surgery. ( Lewis, IH; Munro, HM; Reynolds, PI; Riegger, LQ; Wilton, NC, 1994)
" The authors compare the effectiveness of a single intravenous dose of ketorolac with a single oral dose of either acetaminophen or ibuprofen in controlling postoperative pain in patients with strabismus."	9.07	Ketorolac versus acetaminophen or ibuprofen in controlling postoperative pain in patients with strabismus. ( Morrison, NA; Repka, MX, 1994)
" Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is limited in hypospadias surgery due to concerns for post-operative bleeding, particularly with ketorolac."	8.31	Does ketorolac administration at the time of hypospadias surgery increase unplanned encounters in the immediate postoperative period? ( Canning, DA; Eftekharzadeh, S; Fombona, A; Hyacinthe, N; Kolon, TF; Long, CJ; Mittal, S; Shah, YB; Shukla, AR; Srinivasan, AK; Weinstein, C; Weiss, DA; Zaontz, MR, 2023)
"To study the efficacy and safety profile of ketorolac in cleft palate surgery."	8.12	Postoperative Use of Ketorolac Improves Pain Management and Decreases Narcotic Use Following Primary Cleft Palate Surgery. ( Dudley, S; Frederick, R; Spence, M; Stocks, R, 2022)
"After accounting for associations with longer operative times, concomitant IBBR, and bilateral procedures, ketorolac administration did not remain an independent risk factor for hematoma formation."	8.12	Postoperative Hematomas in the Era of Outpatient Mastectomy: Is Ketorolac Really to Blame? ( Abujbarah, SM; Ahmad, S; Casey, W; Craner, R; Cronin, PA; Jogerst, K; Kosiorek, HE; Pockaj, BA; Rebecca, A, 2022)
" There is conflicting evidence that ketorolac use in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may precipitate disease flares and postoperative complications."	7.96	Ketorolac after colectomy for ulcerative colitis in children: An analysis of opioid utilization and postoperative complications. ( Deneau, M; Guthery, SL; Short, SS; Taylor, MA; West, WB, 2020)
"Determine the impact of ketorolac on post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) and narcotic administration in children undergoing tonsillectomy."	7.96	Intraoperative ketorolac for pediatric tonsillectomy: Effect on post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage and perioperative analgesia. ( Dahl, JP; Gettelfinger, JD; Matt, BH; Pflum, ZE; Rabbani, CC; Sadhasivam, S; Ye, MJ, 2020)
"We sought to determine the effect of ketorolac on pediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax recurrence after operation."	7.88	The use of perioperative ketorolac in the surgical treatment of pediatric spontaneous pneumothorax. ( Cairo, SB; Dorman, RM; Rothstein, DH; Vali, K; Ventro, G, 2018)
"The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of ketorolac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on anastomotic leakage after surgery for gastro-esophageal-junction cancer."	7.88	Ketorolac and Other NSAIDs Increase the Risk of Anastomotic Leakage After Surgery for GEJ Cancers: a Cohort Study of 557 Patients. ( Achiam, MP; Fjederholt, KT; Kirkegård, J; Mortensen, FV; Okholm, C; Svendsen, LB, 2018)
" Ketorolac has well-documented opioid-sparing effects in the postoperative period; however, its use is limited because of concerns of postoperative bleeding and hematoma formation."	7.88	Perioperative Ketorolac Use and Postoperative Hematoma Formation in Reduction Mammaplasty: A Single-Surgeon Experience of 500 Consecutive Cases. ( Firriolo, JM; Labow, BI; Nuzzi, LC; Schmidtberg, LC, 2018)
"Ketorolac administered in the first 24 hours after fracture repair for acute pain management does not seem to have a negative impact on time to healing or incidence of nonunion for femoral or tibial shaft fractures."	7.83	Ketorolac Administered in the Recovery Room for Acute Pain Management Does Not Affect Healing Rates of Femoral and Tibial Fractures. ( Donohue, D; Gaskins, R; Jordan, C; Sagi, HC; Sanders, D; Sanders, R; Serrano-Riera, R, 2016)
"To study the effect of ketorolac, a potent anti-inflammatory medication, on in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy outcomes when used at the time of oocyte retrieval."	7.79	The effect of ketorolac on pregnancy rates when used immediately after oocyte retrieval. ( Hurst, BS; Kacemi-Bourhim, L; Marshburn, PB; Matthews, M; Mesen, TB; Norton, HJ; Usadi, RS, 2013)
"Ketorolac administration has a protective effect against the development of microvascular thrombosis and can be a preferred analgesic in free tissue transfer."	7.78	The effects of ketorolac on microvascular thrombosis in lower extremity reconstruction. ( Bang, SI; Jeon, BJ; Lee, KT; Lim, SY; Mun, GH; Oh, KS; Pyon, JK, 2012)
" All patients received ketorolac and acetaminophen with codeine for pain, and early in the series 7 patients received morphine."	7.75	Contemporary open ureteral reimplantation without morphine: assessment of pain and outcomes. ( Chamie, K; Chi, A; Hu, B; Keegan, KA; Kurzrock, EA, 2009)
"A retrospective review comparing patients who had postoperative ketorolac and those who did not following posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation (PSFI) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)."	7.74	Postoperative ketorolac does not predispose to pseudoarthrosis following posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. ( Agrawal, S; Elerson, E; Lovejoy, JF; McClung, A; Nelson, T; Sucato, DJ, 2008)
"We evaluated the effect of ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia (31."	7.73	Ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia and postoperative recovery in rats. ( Huerkamp, MJ; Kinkead, B; Nemeroff, CB; Plotsky, PM; Thrivikraman, K; Welberg, LA, 2006)
"3% was safe for use in children and maintained mydriasis during cataract surgery."	6.94	Safety and efficacy data supporting U.S. FDA approval of intracameral phenylephrine and ketorolac 1.0%/0.3% for pediatric cataract surgery: clinical safety and pupil and pain management. ( Plager, DA; Trivedi, RH; Wilson, ME, 2020)
"Ketorolac is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, commonly used with local anaesthetics as part of local infiltration analgesia protocols following orthopaedic surgery."	6.87	Randomized controlled trial of intra-articular ketorolac on pain and inflammation after minor arthroscopic knee surgery. ( Bjerkeli, V; Gordh, T; Gregersen, I; Halvorsen, B; Rosseland, LA; Solheim, N; Stubhaug, A, 2018)
"Ketorolac was given at the end of surgery, and meloxicam was prescribed in the postoperative period to all patients in both groups."	6.82	Preventive Analgesic Efficacy of Nefopam in Acute and Chronic Pain After Breast Cancer Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blind, and Randomized Trial. ( Han, JW; Koo, BW; Lim, DJ; Na, HS; Oh, AY; Ryu, JH, 2016)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS)."	6.77	The effect of perioperative ketorolac on pain control in pregnancy termination. ( Fechner, A; James, D; Li, D; Roche, NE; Tilak, V, 2012)
"Postoperative pain is common and may be severe."	6.72	Single-dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults. ( Ferguson, MC; McNicol, ED; Schumann, R, 2021)
"We also assessed postoperative pain and side effects."	6.71	The effect of preoperative ketorolac on WBC response and pain in laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. ( Hong, JY, 2005)
"Propacetamol was not significantly different from ketorolac 15 mg and 30 mg with respect to the main analgesic efficacy variables during the 6-h assessment period."	6.70	Propacetamol versus ketorolac for treatment of acute postoperative pain after total hip or knee replacement. ( Tang, J; White, PF; Zhou, TJ, 2001)
"0001) and required twice the rescue dosage (p = 0."	6.68	Effect of ketorolac on bleeding time and postoperative pain in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with meperidine. ( Bean-Lijewski, JD; Hunt, RD, 1996)
"Postoperative pain was assessed with objective (SAP, DAP, HR) and subjective (VAS, BS 11) methods at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after the end of surgery."	6.68	[Ketorolac for prevention of acute postoperative pain]. ( D'Uva, R; Peduto, VA; Piga, M; Toscano, A, 1995)
"Oral ketorolac 10 mg was consistently at least as effective as ketorolac 30 mg i."	6.41	Single-dose ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. ( Carroll, D; Edwards, JE; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA; Smith, LA, 2000)
"To compare pain and the need for the opioid fentanyl use associated with the administration of phenylephrine 1."	5.51	Pain control and reduction of opioid use associated with intracameral phenylephrine1.0%-ketorolac 0.3% administered during cataract surgery. ( Donnenfeld, ED; Mychajlyszyn, A; Mychajlyszyn, D; Stein, R, 2022)
"To assess the use of intraoperative IV ketorolac (Toradol) on the peri-operative total morphine milligram equivalent (MME) requirements of patients undergoing ureteroscopy for nephrolithiasis."	5.51	Toradol to Reduce Ureteroscopy Symptoms Trial (TRUST). ( Khan, A; Ludvigson, A; Motamedinia, P; Syed, JS; Van-Ryn, MG, 2022)
" However, use of ketorolac resulted in significantly fewer renal colic-related unplanned emergency department/clinic visits in the treatment group (2%) compared with the control group (13%, p=0."	5.51	Efficacy of Intramuscular Ketorolac for Preventing Renal Colic Post Stent Removal: Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Antonelli, J; Johnson, BA; Pearle, M; Sorokin, I, 2022)
"Antithrombotic agent usage, postoperative pain, and two or more doses of ketorolac postoperatively were identified as independent risk factors for PH."	5.51	Perioperative risk factors for post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Significance of pain and ketorolac usage. ( Ahn, SH; Jeong, WJ; Jung, YH; Kim, Y; Lee, M; Rhee, J, 2019)
"Treatment with morphine (1mg/kg, s."	5.38	Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac. ( Fujita, I; Kita, Y; Okumura, T; Sakakibara, A, 2012)
"Ketorolac is a potent analgesic drug that has been restricted in dosage and use because of its potential adverse effects."	5.33	Report of an anaphylactoid and an anaphylactic reaction to ketorolac in two pediatric surgical patients. ( Castillo-Peralta, LA; Castillo-Zamora, C; Nava-Ocampo, AA, 2006)
"The aim of the present double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of ketorolac buccal infiltration of on postendodontic pain of patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular first/second molars."	5.30	The effect of ketorolac buccal infiltration on postoperative endodontic pain: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( Akhlaghi, N; Akhoundi, N; Azarshab, M; Meraji, N, 2019)
" We sought to determine if the use of intraoperative ketorolac as part of a multimodal ERAS protocol increased the risk of bleeding complications in breast surgery."	5.30	Intraoperative Ketorolac Use Does Not Increase the Risk of Bleeding in Breast Surgery. ( Andaz, C; Borgen, P; Flom, P; Fortes, TA; Manasseh, DM; Rojas, KE, 2019)
" The study drug was significantly better than the vehicle and ketorolac in maintaining mydriasis (least-squares mean differences 0."	5.24	Intracameral ketorolac and phenylephrine effect on intraoperative pupil diameter and postoperative pain in cataract surgery. ( Donnenfeld, ED; Jackson, MA; Whitaker, JS; Wittpenn, J, 2017)
" Secondary measures were morphine usage in the first 8 and 24h postoperatively, numeric rating scores (NRS) up to 24h, sedation, nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, pruritus and bleeding complications."	5.24	Intraoperative ketorolac dose of 15mg versus the standard 30mg on early postoperative pain after spine surgery: A randomized, blinded, non-inferiority trial. ( Davis, M; De Guzman, C; Duttchen, KM; Lo, A; McLuckie, D; Roman-Smith, H; Walker, A, 2017)
"Ketorolac or weak opioids are equally effective on acute pain and on persistent postsurgical pain development after IHR, and drug choice should be based on their potential side effects and patient's comorbidities."	5.20	Effect of postoperative analgesia on acute and persistent postherniotomy pain: a randomized study. ( Allegri, M; Ambrosoli, AL; Braschi, A; Bugada, D; Fanelli, G; Klersy, C; Lavand'homme, P; Saccani Jotti, GM, 2015)
"To determine the efficacy of preoperative intravenous ketorolac in reducing intraoperative and postoperative pain and improving patient satisfaction in patients undergoing single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery."	5.15	The efficacy of intravenous ketorolac for pain relief in single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. ( Bae, SJ; Chang, JH; Chung, SA; Kim, WK; Lee, JB; Rhiu, S, 2011)
"In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study we sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined use of intravenous ketorolac and acetaminophen in small children undergoing outpatient inguinal hernia repair."	5.14	Fentanyl sparing effects of combined ketorolac and acetaminophen for outpatient inguinal hernia repair in children. ( Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, WO; Won Han, S, 2010)
"The use of ketorolac for pre-emptive analgesia is effective in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery under general anesthesia."	5.12	Ketorolac as a pre-emptive analgesic in retinal detachment surgery: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. ( Sindjelic, R; Stefanovic, I; Vlajkovic, G, 2007)
"Ketorolac can be used to treat pain after congenital heart surgery without an increased risk of bleeding complications."	5.11	Prospective randomized trial of ketorolac after congenital heart surgery. ( Daggett, C; Drant, S; Gupta, A; Lewis, A; Rivero, N, 2004)
"Diclofenac suppository 50 mg and intravenous ketorolac 30 mg provided equivalent postoperative analgesia following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair under general anaesthesia."	5.10	Prospective randomized trial of pre-emptive analgesics following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair: intravenous ketorolac versus diclofenac suppository. ( Goh, LC; Lau, H; Lee, F; Patil, NG; Wong, C, 2002)
"To determine the efficacy of oral granisetron in preventing postoperative vomiting (POV) following strabismus repair in children."	5.09	Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children. ( D'Errico, CC; Lauder, GR; Munro, HM; Tait, AR; Voepel-Lewis, T; Wagner, DS, 1999)
" This study has attempted to assess postoperative analgesic consumption and nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia for tonsillectomy using either paracetamol premedication, paracetamol plus a NSAID or intravenous morphine to provide postoperative analgesia."	5.08	Postoperative morphine requirements, nausea and vomiting following anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Comparison of intravenous morphine and non-opioid analgesic techniques. ( Mather, SJ; Peutrell, JM, 1995)
"Fifty-four ASA I and II children 1 to 10 yr of age undergoing strabismus surgery were randomized to receive in a double-blind fashion intravenous ketorolac (0."	5.08	The effects of ketorolac and fentanyl on postoperative vomiting and analgesic requirements in children undergoing strabismus surgery. ( Guarnieri, KM; Mendel, HG; Sundt, LM; Torjman, MC, 1995)
"This prospective, randomized double-blind study was conducted to examine the effect of intraoperative opioid (fentanyl) supplementation on postoperative analgesia, emesis, and recovery in ambulatory patients receiving propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia."	5.08	Recovery after propofol with and without intraoperative fentanyl in patients undergoing ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy. ( Aasen, M; Frey, K; Pappas, AL; Slogoff, S; Sukhani, R; Vazquez, J, 1996)
"In the dosages reported, oxycodone can be used epidurally for acute post-operative pain."	5.08	Comparison of epidural morphine and oxycodone for pain after abdominal surgery. ( Backlund, M; Kajimoto, Y; Lindgren, L; Rosenberg, PH, 1997)
"Infiltration of 30 mg of ketorolac along with mepivacaine delays the appearance of postoperative pain and diminishes it in the first 24 hours after surgery to correct hallux valgus, in comparison with infiltration of mepivacaine alone plus intravenous ketorolac."	5.08	[The utility of digital infiltration of mepivacaine and ketorolac in postoperative analgesia of the unilateral hallux valgus]. ( Arauzo-Pérez, P; García-Enguita, MA; Girón-Mombiela, JA; Laglera-Trébol, S; López-Sicilia, S; Ortega-Lahuerta, JP; Urieta-Solanas, A, 1997)
"05 mg kg(-1) +droperidol 20 microg kg(-1) was given as prophylaxis for postoperative pain and emesis, respectively."	5.08	Desflurane versus propofol maintenance for outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Aasbø, V; Buanes, T; Grøgaard, B; Mjåland, O; Raeder, JC, 1998)
"The efficacy of intraoperatively administered ketorolac for the prophylactic treatment of pain in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) was examined in a prospective, double-blinded study."	5.07	Effect of intraoperative ketorolac on postanesthesia care unit comfort. ( Behrman, KH; Disbrow, EA; Hanowell, LH; Loeb, RG; Valdrighi, JB, 1994)
" ketorolac and morphine in paediatric outpatients undergoing strabismus surgery."	5.07	Comparison of the analgesic and emetic properties of ketorolac and morphine for paediatric outpatient strabismus surgery. ( Lewis, IH; Munro, HM; Reynolds, PI; Riegger, LQ; Wilton, NC, 1994)
" The authors compare the effectiveness of a single intravenous dose of ketorolac with a single oral dose of either acetaminophen or ibuprofen in controlling postoperative pain in patients with strabismus."	5.07	Ketorolac versus acetaminophen or ibuprofen in controlling postoperative pain in patients with strabismus. ( Morrison, NA; Repka, MX, 1994)
" Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is limited in hypospadias surgery due to concerns for post-operative bleeding, particularly with ketorolac."	4.31	Does ketorolac administration at the time of hypospadias surgery increase unplanned encounters in the immediate postoperative period? ( Canning, DA; Eftekharzadeh, S; Fombona, A; Hyacinthe, N; Kolon, TF; Long, CJ; Mittal, S; Shah, YB; Shukla, AR; Srinivasan, AK; Weinstein, C; Weiss, DA; Zaontz, MR, 2023)
" The purpose of our investigation was to examine the intraosseous administration of a multimodal pain regimen comprised of morphine and ketorolac during total knee arthroplasty with regard to immediate and 2-week postoperative pain, opioid pain medication intake, and nausea levels."	4.31	A multimodal intraosseous infusion of morphine and ketorolac decreases early postoperative pain and opioid consumption following total knee arthroplasty. ( Clyburn, TA; Incavo, SJ; Lambert, BS; Laurita, J; McNamara, CA; Park, KJ; Sullivan, TC, 2023)
"To study the efficacy and safety profile of ketorolac in cleft palate surgery."	4.12	Postoperative Use of Ketorolac Improves Pain Management and Decreases Narcotic Use Following Primary Cleft Palate Surgery. ( Dudley, S; Frederick, R; Spence, M; Stocks, R, 2022)
"After accounting for associations with longer operative times, concomitant IBBR, and bilateral procedures, ketorolac administration did not remain an independent risk factor for hematoma formation."	4.12	Postoperative Hematomas in the Era of Outpatient Mastectomy: Is Ketorolac Really to Blame? ( Abujbarah, SM; Ahmad, S; Casey, W; Craner, R; Cronin, PA; Jogerst, K; Kosiorek, HE; Pockaj, BA; Rebecca, A, 2022)
"To determine whether postoperative ketorolac (1) reduces opioid consumption, (2) improves VAS pain control, and (3) affects fracture healing after open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures."	3.96	How Does Perioperative Ketorolac Affect Opioid Consumption and Pain Management After Ankle Fracture Surgery? ( Bilolikar, V; Daniel, JN; McDonald, EL; Nicholson, K; Pedowitz, DI; Raikin, SM; Rogero, RG; Shakked, RJ; Winters, BS, 2020)
" There is conflicting evidence that ketorolac use in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may precipitate disease flares and postoperative complications."	3.96	Ketorolac after colectomy for ulcerative colitis in children: An analysis of opioid utilization and postoperative complications. ( Deneau, M; Guthery, SL; Short, SS; Taylor, MA; West, WB, 2020)
"Determine the impact of ketorolac on post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) and narcotic administration in children undergoing tonsillectomy."	3.96	Intraoperative ketorolac for pediatric tonsillectomy: Effect on post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage and perioperative analgesia. ( Dahl, JP; Gettelfinger, JD; Matt, BH; Pflum, ZE; Rabbani, CC; Sadhasivam, S; Ye, MJ, 2020)
"We sought to determine the effect of ketorolac on pediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax recurrence after operation."	3.88	The use of perioperative ketorolac in the surgical treatment of pediatric spontaneous pneumothorax. ( Cairo, SB; Dorman, RM; Rothstein, DH; Vali, K; Ventro, G, 2018)
"The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of ketorolac and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on anastomotic leakage after surgery for gastro-esophageal-junction cancer."	3.88	Ketorolac and Other NSAIDs Increase the Risk of Anastomotic Leakage After Surgery for GEJ Cancers: a Cohort Study of 557 Patients. ( Achiam, MP; Fjederholt, KT; Kirkegård, J; Mortensen, FV; Okholm, C; Svendsen, LB, 2018)
" Ketorolac has well-documented opioid-sparing effects in the postoperative period; however, its use is limited because of concerns of postoperative bleeding and hematoma formation."	3.88	Perioperative Ketorolac Use and Postoperative Hematoma Formation in Reduction Mammaplasty: A Single-Surgeon Experience of 500 Consecutive Cases. ( Firriolo, JM; Labow, BI; Nuzzi, LC; Schmidtberg, LC, 2018)
"Ketorolac administered in the first 24 hours after fracture repair for acute pain management does not seem to have a negative impact on time to healing or incidence of nonunion for femoral or tibial shaft fractures."	3.83	Ketorolac Administered in the Recovery Room for Acute Pain Management Does Not Affect Healing Rates of Femoral and Tibial Fractures. ( Donohue, D; Gaskins, R; Jordan, C; Sagi, HC; Sanders, D; Sanders, R; Serrano-Riera, R, 2016)
" The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the relationship between perioperative ketorolac use and anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery."	3.80	Perioperative nonselective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not associated with anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. ( Ambrosini, L; Gnanasegaram, JJ; Jackson, TD; Kwong, J; Okrainec, A; Quereshy, F; Saleh, F, 2014)
"To study the effect of ketorolac, a potent anti-inflammatory medication, on in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy outcomes when used at the time of oocyte retrieval."	3.79	The effect of ketorolac on pregnancy rates when used immediately after oocyte retrieval. ( Hurst, BS; Kacemi-Bourhim, L; Marshburn, PB; Matthews, M; Mesen, TB; Norton, HJ; Usadi, RS, 2013)
"We aimed to identify the risk factors for acute kidney injury in infants who have received ketorolac after a cardiac surgical procedure by identifying patients with a > or = 50% increase in serum creatinine from baseline and matching them by age with three controls that had < 50% increase in serum creatinine."	3.79	Ketorolac-associated renal morbidity: risk factors in cardiac surgical infants. ( Cabrera, A; Moffett, BS, 2013)
"Ketorolac administration has a protective effect against the development of microvascular thrombosis and can be a preferred analgesic in free tissue transfer."	3.78	The effects of ketorolac on microvascular thrombosis in lower extremity reconstruction. ( Bang, SI; Jeon, BJ; Lee, KT; Lim, SY; Mun, GH; Oh, KS; Pyon, JK, 2012)
"This retrospective analysis suggests that intraoperative administration of ketorolac decreases the risk of breast cancer relapse compared with other analgesícs."	3.76	Do intraoperative analgesics influence breast cancer recurrence after mastectomy? A retrospective analysis. ( Berliere, M; De Kock, M; Forget, P; Legrand, C; Machiels, JP; Nussbaum, B; Vandenhende, J, 2010)
"This case report describes postoperative, reversible renal dysfunction and hypertension in a 5-year-old healthy boy after administration of relevant doses of ketorolac during anaesthesia."	3.75	[Ketorolac as a possible cause of reversible renal dysfunction in a 5-year-old child]. ( Knudsen, SM; Mantoni, T; Walther-Larsen, S, 2009)
" All patients received ketorolac and acetaminophen with codeine for pain, and early in the series 7 patients received morphine."	3.75	Contemporary open ureteral reimplantation without morphine: assessment of pain and outcomes. ( Chamie, K; Chi, A; Hu, B; Keegan, KA; Kurzrock, EA, 2009)
"A retrospective review comparing patients who had postoperative ketorolac and those who did not following posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation (PSFI) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)."	3.74	Postoperative ketorolac does not predispose to pseudoarthrosis following posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. ( Agrawal, S; Elerson, E; Lovejoy, JF; McClung, A; Nelson, T; Sucato, DJ, 2008)
"We evaluated the effect of ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia (31."	3.73	Ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine anesthesia and postoperative recovery in rats. ( Huerkamp, MJ; Kinkead, B; Nemeroff, CB; Plotsky, PM; Thrivikraman, K; Welberg, LA, 2006)
" For management of postoperative muscle spasm, an intravenous benzodiazepine was used (diazepam 0."	3.69	Pain management for children following selective dorsal rhizotomy. ( Geiduschek, JM; Haberkern, CM; Hays, RM; Jacobson, LE; McLaughlin, JF; Roberts, TS, 1994)
"We report the first case of colonic ulceration precipitated by the intramuscular administration of ketorolac."	3.69	Colonic ulceration associated with the systemic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication. ( Buchman, AL; Schwartz, MR, 1996)
"Postoperative pain was measured via a visual analog scale immediately after DCR on the first day after surgery (POD1)."	3.30	Does Time of Administration of Intravenous Ketorolac Impact Pain-Related Outcomes in Dacryocystorhinostomy? ( De, A; Shah, V; Wladis, EJ, 2023)
"The postoperative pain was evaluated using a verbal numerical rating scale."	3.30	Effectiveness of ketorolac-soaked bandage contact lens for pain management after photorefractive keratectomy. ( Kadioglu, E; Ucar, F, 2023)
"Regional anesthetic techniques decrease postoperative pain, narcotic analgesic requirements, and opioid-related adverse effects in patients scheduled for bariatric surgery."	3.30	Ultrasound-Guided Techniques for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Erector Spinae Plane Block vs. Quadratus Lumborum Block. ( Ali, MM; Ashoor, TM; Esmat, IM; Jalal, AS; Said, AM, 2023)
" The combination of additives and dosage are various and controversial."	3.11	Efficacy of Periarticular Multimodal Analgesic Injection Containing High-Dose Ketorolac versus Triamcinolone in Early Postoperative Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Apinyankul, R; Goodman, SB; Lilakhunakon, K; Vechvitvarakul, M; Witayakom, W, 2022)
"The secondary outcome measures were postoperative pain score, the incidence of early postoperative fever and the incidence of ibuprofen and ketorolac adverse effects including pain during drug infusion, vomiting, epigastric pain and allergic reaction."	3.11	Comparison of intravenous ibuprofen versus ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing lower abdominal surgery: A randomized, controlled, non-inferiority study. ( Abdelbaser, I; ALseoudy, MM; El-Emam, EM; Mageed, NA, 2022)
"Opioids are often used to manage postoperative pain."	3.11	Optimizing pain management following kidney stone surgery: can we avoid narcotics? ( Ahn, J; Cuartas, P; Demasi, M; Feiertag, N; Kim, M; Laudano, M; Loloi, J; Mengotto, A; Segall, M; Stern, J; Watts, K, 2022)
"In addition, mean postoperative pain scores were 22."	3.11	Oral Ketorolac as an Adjuvant Agent for Postoperative Pain Control After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study. ( Goodfellow, D; Karns, MR; Mengers, SR; Salata, MJ; Sivasundaram, L; Strony, JT; Voos, JE; Yu, J, 2022)
"Ketorolac is a frequently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug due to its excellent disposition in all administration routes; however, it possesses an "analgesic ceiling," which means that higher doses of the drug have no additional analgesic effect."	3.11	Periarticular Injection of Ketorolac Augmenting Intravenous Administration of Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty. ( Laoruengthana, A; Lohitnavy, M; Mahatthanatrakul, A; Pongpirul, K; Rattanaprichavej, P; Tantimethanon, T, 2022)
"The primary outcome variable was the postoperative pain level, measured with a Visual Analogue Scale."	3.01	Is Dexamethasone superior to Ketorolac in reducing pain, swelling and trismus following mandibular third molar removal? A split mouth triple-blind randomized clinical trial. ( Araújo, FA; Barros, AM; Lucena, EE; Martins-de-Barros, AV; Sette de Souza, PH; Siqueira, AK, 2021)
"Patients receiving Lidocaine - Ketorolac combination dosage had significantly lower VAS scores, and these results confirm that local injection of Lidocaine - Ketorolac combination had a superior pain-controlling effect during the first 24 hours after the biopsy procedure in comparison to Lidocaine injection alone, as measured by VAS score scale."	3.01	Ketorolac plus Lidocaine vs Lidocaine for pain relief following core needle soft tissue biopsy: A CONSORT-compliant double-blind randomized controlled study. ( Chobpenthai, T; Ingviya, T; Jaiwithee, R; Sutthivaiyakit, K; Thanindratarn, P, 2021)
"No differences were found in postoperative pain scores, study medication or rescue pill usage, or side effects."	3.01	SKOPE-Study of Ketorolac vs Opioid for Pain after Endoscopy: A Double-Blinded Randomized Control Trial in Patients Undergoing Ureteroscopy. ( De, S; Elia, M; Faris, A; Fedrigon, D; Jain, R; Kachroo, N; Li, J; Monga, M; Noble, M; Sivalingam, S; Wilkins, L, 2021)
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of whole-course application of dexmedetomidine combined with ketorolac in nonnarcotic postoperative analgesia and its effect on inflammatory response and immune function in thoracoscopic surgery of lung cancer."	2.94	Whole-Course Application of Dexmedetomidine Combined with Ketorolac in Nonnarcotic Postoperative Analgesia for Patients with Lung Cancer Undergoing Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Control Trial. ( Hou, QH; Lin, Y; Lu, XY; Lv, R; Miao, Z; Wang, J; Wen, QP; Wu, P; Zhou, FC, 2020)
"3% was safe for use in children and maintained mydriasis during cataract surgery."	2.94	Safety and efficacy data supporting U.S. FDA approval of intracameral phenylephrine and ketorolac 1.0%/0.3% for pediatric cataract surgery: clinical safety and pupil and pain management. ( Plager, DA; Trivedi, RH; Wilson, ME, 2020)
"Morphine consumption was very slightly higher in the control group than in the multimodal group (2."	2.94	No Difference in Pain After Spine Surgery with Local Wound Filtration of Morphine and Ketorolac: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Chancharoenchai, T; Honsawek, S; Kotheeranurak, V; Limthongkul, W; Singhatanadgige, W; Tanavalee, C, 2020)
"Ketorolac tromethamine has been used for joint infiltration by the orthopedic surgeons as a part of postoperative multimodal analgesia."	2.90	Population Pharmacokinetics of Periarticular Ketorolac in Adult Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Total Knee Replacement Surgery. ( Bijoor, M; Gurunathan, U; Maguire, R; Parker, SL; Ramdath, D; Roberts, JA; Wallis, SC, 2019)
"To determine which non-narcotic analgesic, acetaminophen (Ofirmev®) or ketorolac (Toradol®), provides better post-operative pain control when combined with an opioid patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump."	2.90	A prospective randomized trial of intravenous ketorolac vs. acetaminophen administered with opioid patient-controlled analgesia in gynecologic surgery. ( Ahmad, S; Bigsby, GE; Ghurani, GB; Holloway, RW; James, JA; Jeppson, CN; Kendrick, JE; Rakowski, JA, 2019)
"Pathophysiology of postoperative pain in spine surgery is unique, as it is a combination of nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuronal stimuli."	2.90	A prospective randomized study to analyze the efficacy of balanced pre-emptive analgesia in spine surgery. ( Kanna, RM; Raja S, DC; Rajasekaran, S; Shetty, AP; Subramanian, B, 2019)
"The difference in postoperative pain was assessed by 4 primary end-points: pain intensity (VAS 100mm, for 48 h), rescue medication, overall assessment and adverse effects."	2.90	Analgesic efficacy of ketorolac associated with a tramadol/acetaminophen combination after third molar surgery - a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial. ( Bortoluzzi, MC; Loguercio, AD; Martins, LD; Reis, A; Rezende, M, 2019)
"Ketorolac has been shown to provide quality postoperative pain control and decrease opioid requirement with minimal side effects following spinal surgery."	2.90	The effect of ketorolac on posterior thoracolumbar spinal fusions: a prospective double-blinded randomised placebo-controlled trial protocol. ( Bahoura, M; Bono, P; Claus, CF; Dosanjh, A; Houseman, C; Kelkar, P; Lago, D; Lawless, M; Lytle, E; Richards, B; Sigler, D; Slavnic, D; Soo, TM; Tong, D, 2019)
"IV-PCA was noninferior to TEA for the treatment of postoperative pain in patients undergoing open liver resection."	2.90	Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia Versus Thoracic Epidural Analgesia After Open Liver Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Noninferiority Trial. ( Andersen, MH; Bjørnelv, GMW; Dagenborg, VJ; Edwin, B; Fretland, ÅA; Hausken, J; Kristiansen, R; Kvarstein, G; Røysland, K; Tønnessen, TI, 2019)
"The outcome parameters were postoperative pain assessed by using a visual analog scale (VAS), the maximal angle of knee flexion, and quadriceps function from day 1 to 6 weeks after surgery."	2.90	Timing of periarticular injection has no effect on postoperative pain and functional recovery in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized, double-blinded trial. ( Jarusriwanna, A; Laoruengthana, A; Pongpirul, K; Rasamimongkol, S; Rattanaprichavej, P; Varakornpipat, P, 2019)
"Postoperative pain was compared using the validated Wong-Baker pain scale."	2.90	Pain management after photorefractive keratectomy. ( D'Souza, S; Dalal, R; Khamar, P; Nair, AP; Shetty, R; Vaishnav, R, 2019)
"Pain was not better controlled with the addition of continuous infusions of morphine and midazolam when compared with intermittent dosing only."	2.87	Intermittent Versus Continuous and Intermittent Medications for Pain and Sedation After Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery; A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Brady, CM; Lefaiver, CA; Penk, JS; Steffensen, CM; Wittmayer, K, 2018)
"Postoperative pain is one of the issues that concern most patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)."	2.87	Periarticular multimodal drug injection is better than single anesthetic drug in controlling pain after total knee arthroplasty. ( Kanitnate, S; Manuwong, S; Panichkul, P; Tammachote, N, 2018)
"Ketorolac is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, commonly used with local anaesthetics as part of local infiltration analgesia protocols following orthopaedic surgery."	2.87	Randomized controlled trial of intra-articular ketorolac on pain and inflammation after minor arthroscopic knee surgery. ( Bjerkeli, V; Gordh, T; Gregersen, I; Halvorsen, B; Rosseland, LA; Solheim, N; Stubhaug, A, 2018)
"We evaluated postoperative pain control and narcotic usage after thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthroplasty or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the distal radius in patients given opiates with or without other non-opiate medication using a specific dosing regimen."	2.87	Multi-Modal Pain Control in Ambulatory Hand Surgery. ( Awan, HM; DiMeo, T; Harrison, RK; Klinefelter, RD; Ruff, ME, 2018)
"Compare postoperative pain scores following hysterectomy in patients receiving perioperative celecoxib versus postoperative ketorolac as part of a multimodal pain regimen."	2.87	Celecoxib versus ketorolac following robotic hysterectomy for the management of postoperative pain: An open-label randomized control trial. ( ElNaggar, AC; Tillmanns, TD; Ulm, MA, 2018)
"Preoperative and postoperative pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale at 6 time intervals."	2.84	Comparative Evaluation of Premedication with Ketorolac and Prednisolone on Postendodontic Pain: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Kirthiga, M; Praveen, R; Thakur, S, 2017)
"Ketorolac was associated with greater likelihood of complete pain relief, but the data were heterogeneous."	2.82	Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac in palliative care patients receiving opioids for chronic cancer-related pain: A systematic literature review. ( Butcher, B; Clark, K; Currow, D; Fazekas, B; Hutchings, E; Rowett, D, 2022)
"Breast augmentation can cause severe postoperative pain; therefore, some surgeons perform wound infiltration with a local anesthetic solution."	2.82	The Efficacy of Local Anesthesia for Postoperative Pain Control in Breast Augmentation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Chen, C; Chen, IC; Chiu, WK; Kang, YN; Wang, HJ, 2022)
"Morphine has no additive effect and there is insufficient evidence on epinephrine and clonidine."	2.82	The Efficacy and Safety of Periarticular Injection in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Direct Meta-Analysis. ( Casambre, FD; Della Valle, CJ; Fillingham, YA; Hamilton, WG; Hannon, CP; Kamath, AF; Karas, V; Nelson, N; Spangehl, MJ; Verity, TJ, 2022)
" In the same patient cohort the maximal total plasma concentration of ropivacaine was below the established toxic threshold for most patients."	2.82	Local infiltration analgesia in knee and hip arthroplasty efficacy and safety. ( Affas, F, 2016)
"Ketorolac was the least immunosuppressive among the 3 drugs."	2.82	Comparison Between the Effects of Intravenous Morphine, Tramadol, and Ketorolac on Stress and Immune Responses in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy. ( Abd El-Rahman, AM; Amr, SA; Bakr, MA; El Sherif, FA; Hamed, HB; Mohamed, SA; Mostafa, MA, 2016)
"Ketorolac is a parenterally active nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with localized anti-inflammatory properties."	2.82	Intraperitoneal ketorolac for post-cholecystectomy pain: a double-blind randomized-controlled trial. ( Day, AG; Jalink, D; McMullen, M; Murdoch, J; Orr, E; Phelan, R; Ramsey, G, 2016)
"Ketorolac was given at the end of surgery, and meloxicam was prescribed in the postoperative period to all patients in both groups."	2.82	Preventive Analgesic Efficacy of Nefopam in Acute and Chronic Pain After Breast Cancer Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blind, and Randomized Trial. ( Han, JW; Koo, BW; Lim, DJ; Na, HS; Oh, AY; Ryu, JH, 2016)
"Oxycodone not only provides better postoperative pain relief and less sedation, but also there was a tendency toward more side effects with oxycodone."	2.82	Efficacy and tolerability of oxycodone versus fentanyl for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after gastrointestinal laparotomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. ( Ding, Z; Li, H; Wang, B; Wang, K; Yan, B; Zhou, N, 2016)
" We performed a two-center, prospective, randomized, blinded trial comparing three doses of intrathecal morphine, combined with routine intravenous ketorolac, in 144 healthy women undergoing elective cesarean delivery."	2.82	Dose-response of intrathecal morphine when administered with intravenous ketorolac for post-cesarean analgesia: a two-center, prospective, randomized, blinded trial. ( Alshaeri, T; Amdur, RL; Berger, JS; Gonzalez, A; Hopkins, A; Jeon, D; Smiley, R; Wang, S, 2016)
"Gabapentin was investigated as a single-dose adjunct to morphine for postoperative pain management."	2.80	Randomized controlled trial of gabapentin as an adjunct to perioperative analgesia in total hip arthroplasty patients. ( Avram, V; Buckley, N; Cheng, J; DeBeer, J; Nantha-Aree, M; Paul, JE; Punthakee, D; Shahzad, U; Thabane, L; Tidy, A; Winemaker, M; Wismer, D, 2015)
"Poor postoperative pain control is frequently associated with complications and delayed discharge from a hospital."	2.80	Comparing parecoxib and ketorolac as preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing posterior lumbar spinal fusion: a prospective randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. ( Cheewakidakarn, J; Nimmaanrat, S; Siribumrungwong, K; Tangtrakulwanich, B, 2015)
"Nefopam is a centrally-acting non-opioid analgesic, which has no effect on bleeding time and platelet aggregation."	2.80	A Randomized Clinical Trial of Nefopam versus Ketorolac Combined With Oxycodone in Patient-Controlled Analgesia after Gynecologic Surgery. ( Hwang, BY; Kim, E; Kim, HK; Kim, TK; Kwon, JY; Lee, DW, 2015)
"The MMA group showed significantly less postoperative pain at postoperative 5 h, and 9 a."	2.79	Multimodal analgesia for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. ( Huh, J; Jo, CH; Shin, JS, 2014)
"The difference in postoperative pain was assessed by four primary points: pain intensity as measured by a 10 mm visual analogue scale hourly for 12 h, median time to rescue analgesics, number of analgesics consumed and patient's overall 5-point global assessment scale."	2.79	Comparative study of intravenous Tramadol versus Ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery--a prospective randomized study. ( Gopalraju, P; Lalitha, RM; Prasad, K; Ranganath, K, 2014)
"Postoperative pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were assessed via a visual analog scale."	2.79	Efficacy of continuous wound infiltration of local anesthetic for pain relief after gynecologic laparoscopy. ( Cheong, JY; Kong, TW; Min, SK; Park, H; Ryu, HS, 2014)
"The patients were asked to score the postoperative pain in each eye with a visual analog scale at 6, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours."	2.79	Comparison of analgesic effect of preoperative topical diclofenac and ketorolac on postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy. ( Hong, JP; Im, CY; Kim, EK; Kim, TI; Nam, SM; Seo, KY; Yoon, S, 2014)
"Ketorolac (KET) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for the use in humans that possesses a potent analgesic activity, comparable to morphine, and could represent a useful tool to control acute pain also in animals."	2.78	Pharmacokinetics and perioperative efficacy of intravenous ketorolac in dogs. ( Beccaglia, M; Cagnardi, P; Carli, S; Fonda, D; Gallo, M; Ravasio, G; Villa, R; Zonca, A, 2013)
"morphine PCA was lower in the ketorolac group vs control group {0-6 h: 0 (0-0) vs 5 (0-10) mg, P<0."	2.78	Local infiltration analgesia for total knee arthroplasty: should ketorolac be added? ( Andersen, KV; Haraldsted, V; Nikolajsen, L; Odgaard, A; Søballe, K, 2013)
"Morphine consumption was equivalent, median difference 0 mg (95% confidence interval -4 to 4."	2.78	Postoperative pain relief after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind comparison between intrathecal morphine and local infiltration analgesia. ( Granath, B; Gupta, A; Kuchálik, J; Ljunggren, A; Lundin, A; Magnuson, A, 2013)
"The decrease in postoperative pain was measured as the primary outcome variable."	2.78	Does ketorolac have a preemptive analgesic effect? A randomized, double-blind, control study. ( Gutta, R; James, LE; Koehn, CR, 2013)
"The primary outcome was a reduction in postoperative pain as assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS)."	2.78	Intravesical ropivacaine as a novel means of analgesia post-robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Fuller, A; Martin, PR; Nott, L; Pautler, SE; Vanderhaeghe, L, 2013)
" These results suggest that administration of NSAIDs into surgical wounds may be an analgesic alternative to higher systemic dosing of NSAIDs."	2.78	Postoperative subcutaneous instillation of low-dose ketorolac but not hydromorphone reduces wound exudate concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 and improves analgesia following cesarean delivery. ( Angst, MS; Carvalho, B; Lemmens, HJ; Ting, V, 2013)
"The ketorolac dose was 30 mg in the non-high-risk and high-weight cohorts and 15 mg in the high-risk cohort."	2.78	Analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel injectable formulation of diclofenac compared with intravenous ketorolac and placebo after orthopedic surgery: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, multiple-dose trial. ( Carr, DB; Daniels, S; Hamilton, DA; Lang, E; Melson, T, 2013)
"Postoperative pain was managed with patient-controlled analgesia using ketorolac."	2.78	Is pain after TKA better with periarticular injection or intrathecal morphine? ( Kanitnate, S; Manuwong, S; Panichkul, P; Tammachote, N; Yakumpor, T, 2013)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS)."	2.77	The effect of perioperative ketorolac on pain control in pregnancy termination. ( Fechner, A; James, D; Li, D; Roche, NE; Tilak, V, 2012)
"Pain, trismus, and swelling after lower third molar extraction, independent of surgical difficulty, were successfully controlled by sublingual ketorolac (10 mg 4 times daily) or sublingual piroxicam (20 mg once daily), and no significant differences were observed between the NSAIDs evaluated."	2.77	Sublingual ketorolac and sublingual piroxicam are equally effective for postoperative pain, trismus, and swelling management in lower third molar removal. ( Brozoski, DT; Calvo, AM; Colombini-Ishikiriama, BL; Dionísio, TJ; Faria, FA; Giglio, FP; Lauris, JR; Modena, KC; Ribeiro, DA; Santos, CF; Trindade, PA, 2012)
"Ketorolac tromethanime is a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug and its efficacy on acute pain control after abdominal surgery has been well documented."	2.77	Efficacy of scheduled time ketorolac administration compared to continuous infusion for post-operative pain after abdominal surgery. ( Bevilacqua, F; Cafarotti, S; Di Stasio, E; Marana, E; Russo, A; Scarano, A, 2012)
"Ketorolac was more effective in reducing the frequency of bladder spasms and rescue analgesic requirements."	2.76	Ketorolac or fentanyl continuous infusion for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing ureteroneocystostomy. ( Choi, EK; Hong, JY; Jo, YY; Kil, HK, 2011)
"IV diclofenac was superior to placebo as measured by TOTPAR6 (P < ."	2.76	A double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of a novel formulation of intravenous diclofenac and ketorolac for postoperative third molar extraction pain. ( Bandy, D; Carr, DB; Christensen, K; Daniels, S; Ernst, CC; Hamilton, DA; Mermelstein, FH; Wang, J, 2011)
"Mean morphine consumption was significantly lower in group L than in group M during the first 48 postoperative hours: 26 ± 15 vs 54 ± 29 mg, i."	2.76	Local infiltration analgesia versus intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain management after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. ( Åberg, E; Axelsson, K; Essving, P; Gupta, A; Lundin, A; Spännar, H, 2011)
" We, therefore, investigated the analgesic effect of gabapentin, dexamethasone and low-dose ketamine in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac as compared with paracetamol and ketorolac alone after hip arthroplasty."	2.75	Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin, ketamine and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac after hip arthroplasty: a preliminary study. ( Christensen, BV; Dahl, JB; Dierking, G; Hilsted, KL; Larsen, TK; Mathiesen, O; Rasmussen, ML, 2010)
" Efficacy assessments included pain intensity, which was measured on a 0- to 100-mm visual analog scale, total pain relief, and global pain evaluation up to 8 hours after dosing or until patients required rescue analgesia."	2.75	Intranasal ketorolac for pain secondary to third molar impaction surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Grant, GM; Mehlisch, DR, 2010)
"Postoperative pain is often severe after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)."	2.75	Reduced morphine consumption and pain intensity with local infiltration analgesia (LIA) following total knee arthroplasty. ( Axelsson, K; Essving, P; Gupta, A; Kjellberg, J; Lundin, A; Wallgren, O, 2010)
"ketorolac 30 mg was given 24 h after surgery."	2.75	High-volume local infiltration analgesia combined with intravenous or local ketorolac+morphine compared with epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. ( Dahl, V; Fagerland, MW; Hjall, A; Ræder, J; Spreng, UJ, 2010)
"Morphine was basically used in PCA manner during the 3-day study course; and in Group K patients received an intravenous loading bolus of 30mg ketorolac post-operatively and then 90mg ketorolac combined with morphine in PCA fashion throughout the study course."	2.75	Comparison of the efficacy of parecoxib versus ketorolac combined with morphine on patient-controlled analgesia for post-cesarean delivery pain management. ( Cheu, NW; Chuang, FH; Liao, CH; Tan, TD; Wang, YR; Watts, MP; Wong, JO, 2010)
"The optimal approach to postoperative pain management in these patients, however, has yet to be determined."	2.74	Efficacy of pocket irrigation with bupivacaine and ketorolac in breast augmentation: a randomized controlled trial. ( Hidalgo, DA; McCarthy, CM; Pusic, AL, 2009)
"Morphine consumption was statistically significantly lower in group A for the first 48 h, resulting in a lower frequency of nausea, pruritus, and sedation."	2.74	Reduced hospital stay, morphine consumption, and pain intensity with local infiltration analgesia after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. ( Axelsson, K; Essving, P; Gupta, A; Kjellberg, J; Lundin, A; Wallgren, O, 2009)
"IN ketorolac was well tolerated and effective in treating moderate-to-severe postoperative pain in inpatients; the convenience of IN dosing suggests that its usefulness in the ambulatory care setting should be evaluated."	2.74	Intranasal ketorolac for postoperative pain: a phase 3, double-blind, randomized study. ( Bisley, E; Brown, C; Bynum, L; Moodie, J, 2009)
"However, postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in groups II and III (p < 0."	2.73	Postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in thyroid surgery: comparison of fentanyl and ondansetron regimens with and without the nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac. ( Chang, DJ; Kim, EM; Kim, KJ; Kim, SY; Nam, KH; Nam, SH, 2008)
" Other adverse events were reported with similar frequency in all treatment groups and most were considered unrelated to treatment."	2.73	The safety and analgesic efficacy of intranasal ketorolac in patients with postoperative pain. ( Bisley, EJ; Brown, CR; Bynum, L; Moodie, JE; Weber, HU, 2008)
"The ketorolac patients were significantly faster for ready discharge, median 165 min vs."	2.73	Analgesic and antiemetic effect of ketorolac vs. betamethasone or dexamethasone after ambulatory surgery. ( Jensen, HH; Raeder, J; Thagaard, KS, 2007)
" Further studies of dosage (high/low) and duration of intraarticular treatment are warranted."	2.73	Reduced hospital stay and narcotic consumption, and improved mobilization with local and intraarticular infiltration after hip arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial of an intraarticular technique versus epidural infusion in 80 patients. ( Andersen, KV; Haraldsted, V; Pfeiffer-Jensen, M; Søballe, K, 2007)
"Patients' satisfaction with postoperative pain treatment was evaluated 1 month postoperatively."	2.73	Alleviation of wound pain after surgeries for obstructive sleep apnea. ( Chen, NH; Fang, TJ; Huang, HC; Lee, LA; Li, HY; Lo, CC; Wang, PC, 2007)
"Morphine requirements were then recorded immediately postoperative, at 6, 12, and at 24 hours postoperative."	2.73	Ketorolac use for postoperative pain management following lumbar decompression surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. ( Bohlman, HH; Cassinelli, EH; Dean, CL; Furey, CG; Garcia, RM, 2008)
"Postoperative pain is common and may be severe."	2.72	Single-dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults. ( Ferguson, MC; McNicol, ED; Schumann, R, 2021)
"Only a relatively short immediate analgesic benefit could be demonstrated by a combination of IINB with spinal anaesthesia compared with IINB combined with general anaesthesia."	2.71	Analgesia and discharge following preincisional ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block combined with general or spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy. ( Permi, J; Rosenberg, PH; Toivonen, J, 2004)
"Ketorolac is a powerful nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used for pain control in children and adults."	2.71	Use of intravenous ketorolac in the neonate and premature babies. ( De Carolis, MP; De Francisci, G; Giannantonio, C; Iacobucci, T; Papacci, P; Romagnoli, C; Zecca, E, 2004)
"The difference in postoperative pain was assessed by four primary end-points: pain intensity as measured by a 100-mm visual analogue scale hourly for 12 h, median time to rescue analgesic, postoperative acetaminophen consumption, and patient's global assessment."	2.71	Preoperative intravenous tramadol versus ketorolac for preventing postoperative pain after third molar surgery. ( Ong, KS; Tan, JM, 2004)
"VAT is as safe as conventional thyroidectomy and is characterized by a less painful postoperative course and by better cosmetic results and postoperative outcome."	2.71	Safety of video-assisted thyroidectomy versus conventional surgery. ( Bellantone, R; Fadda, G; Lombardi, CP; Lulli, P; Princi, P; Raffaelli, M; Rossi, ED, 2005)
"Parecoxib sodium is an effective analgesic in the management of acute postoperative pain after laparotomy surgery."	2.71	A clinical trial demonstrates the analgesic activity of intravenous parecoxib sodium compared with ketorolac or morphine after gynecologic surgery with laparotomy. ( Bajwa, ZH; Bikhazi, GB; Davis, DJ; Hubbard, RC; LeComte, D; Snabes, MC; Traylor, L, 2004)
"Parecoxib 20 mg i."	2.71	The analgesic efficacy of intramuscular parecoxib sodium in postoperative dental pain. ( Daniels, S; Desjardins, PJ; Hubbard, RC; Mehlisch, DR, 2004)
"Minimal postoperative pain has been reported following robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) but there have been few comparative studies with RRP."	2.71	Robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy versus retropubic radical prostatectomy: a prospective assessment of postoperative pain. ( Anderson, LW; Baumgartner, RG; Chang, SS; Cookson, MS; Herrell, SD; Smith, JA; Webster, TM, 2005)
"We also assessed postoperative pain and side effects."	2.71	The effect of preoperative ketorolac on WBC response and pain in laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. ( Hong, JY, 2005)
"Ketorolac is a useful adjuvant to lidocaine for IVRA."	2.70	An evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine and ketorolac using a forearm versus upper arm tourniquet. ( Maciolek, H; Manikantan, P; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 2002)
"Pre- and postoperative pain was assessed by using a standard scale and was correlated to postoperative MSO4 demand by Pearson correlation."	2.70	Postoperative narcotic requirement after microscopic lumbar discectomy is not affected by intraoperative ketorolac or bupivacaine. ( Hass, D; Lavyne, MH; Lien, CA; Mack, PF; Snow, RB, 2001)
"Ketorolac was delivered through a device for patient controlled analgesia after surgery."	2.70	[Bupivacaine in continuous epidural infusion using a portable mechanical devise for postoperative analgesia after surgery for hernia of the lumbar disk]. ( Burguillos López, S; Hernández-Palazón, J; Martínez-Pérez, M; Piqueras-Pérez, C; Tortosa Serrano, JA, 2001)
"The ketorolac dose was modified, after six patients had been studied, based on new product information recommending a maximum of 120 mg ketorolac over 24 h."	2.70	The effect of intravenous ketorolac on opioid requirement and pain after cesarean delivery. ( Evans, SF; Paech, MJ; Pavy, TJ, 2001)
"Propacetamol was not significantly different from ketorolac 15 mg and 30 mg with respect to the main analgesic efficacy variables during the 6-h assessment period."	2.70	Propacetamol versus ketorolac for treatment of acute postoperative pain after total hip or knee replacement. ( Tang, J; White, PF; Zhou, TJ, 2001)
"If ketorolac has preemptive effects, then there may be an advantage to administering it at the beginning of surgery despite the potential for increased blood loss."	2.70	Preemptive analgesic effects of ketorolac in ankle fracture surgery. ( Daley, MD; Lindsey, RW; Norman, PH, 2001)
"Parecoxib sodium is an injectable cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor developed for the treatment of acute pain."	2.70	A double-blind, randomized comparison of intramuscularly and intravenously administered parecoxib sodium versus ketorolac and placebo in a post-oral surgery pain model. ( Daniels, SE; Grossman, EH; Hubbard, RC; Kuss, ME; Talwalker, S, 2001)
"Ketorolac is approved for the relief of postoperative pain but concerns have been raised over a possible risk of serious adverse effects and death."	2.70	Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. ( Abdalla, M; Bianchi, PG; Bonnet, F; Camu, F; Ebrahim, S; Escolar, G; Forrest, JB; Greer, IA; Heitlinger, E; Jage, J; Kehlet, H; Langman, MJ; Pocock, S; Samama, MM; Velo, G, 2002)
"Ketorolac is a potent non-steroidal analgesic with moderate anti-inflammatory effects."	2.70	Intra-muscular ketorolac administered as a supplemental analgesic for removal of impacted third molar teeth: a prospective study. ( Smith, A; Wright, G, 2002)
"Parecoxib sodium was safe and well tolerated."	2.70	Intravenous parecoxib sodium foracute pain after orthopedic knee surgery. ( Hogue, C; Hubbard, RC; Rasmussen, GL; Steckner, K; Torri, S, 2002)
"Lidocaine-treated patients first experienced flatulence in a significantly shorter time (P < 0."	2.69	Intravenous lidocaine speeds the return of bowel function, decreases postoperative pain, and shortens hospital stay in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. ( Fisher, HA; Groudine, SB; Kaufman, RP; Lumb, PD; Mehta, SA; Patel, MK; Wilkins, LJ, 1998)
"The ketorolac was administered every 6 h, in addition to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine, to 70 inpatients undergoing spine stabilization by one surgeon."	2.69	Dose-response of ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia morphine in patients after spinal fusion surgery. ( Connelly, NR; Gibson, CS; Klatt, M; Lurie, S; Reuben, SS, 1998)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by self-report 1."	2.69	Analgesic efficacy and safety of preoperative versus postoperative ketorolac in paediatric tonsillectomy. ( Ostergaard, D; Rømsing, J; Valentin, N; Walther-Larsen, S, 1998)
"Propacetamol and ketorolac, combined with patient-controlled analgesia morphine, show similar analgesic efficacy after gynecologic surgery."	2.69	A double-blinded evaluation of propacetamol versus ketorolac in combination with patient-controlled analgesia morphine: analgesic efficacy and tolerability after gynecologic surgery. ( Agrò, F; Aloe, L; Ballabio, M; De Cillis, P; De Nicola, A; Giunta, F; Ischia, S; Marinangeli, F; Stefanini, S; Varrassi, G, 1999)
" Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for racemic drug and both enantiomers were determined for each patient."	2.69	Enantiomer-selective pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ketorolac in children. ( Aravind, MK; Kauffman, RE; Lieh-Lai, MW; Uy, HG, 1999)
"Diclofenac and ketorolac were equally effective in reducing total morphine consumption (61% and 52%, respectively)."	2.69	I.v. diclofenac and ketorolac for pain after thoracoscopic surgery. ( Kalso, E; Nilsson, E; Perttunen, K, 1999)
"After umbilical hernia surgery, and wound infiltration with bupivacaine 0."	2.68	The effect of ketorolac as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic infiltration for analgesia in paediatric umbilical hernia surgery. ( Graham, SG; Wandless, JG, 1995)
" Post-operative patients with moderate or severe pain were dosed and followed for 1 h."	2.68	Speed of onset of analgesic effect of intravenous ketorolac compared to morphine and placebo. ( Bullingham, RE; Lloyd, J; O'Sullivan, G; Rice, AS; Whitehead, EM, 1995)
"When postoperative pain first increased to 4/10 (by visual analog scale [VAS]), patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups."	2.68	Comparative analgesic efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia with ketorolac versus morphine after elective intraabdominal operations. ( Carr, DB; Cepeda, MS; Ortegon, G; Sanchez, MA; Vargas, L, 1995)
"Ketorolac-treated patients had consistently (but not significantly) shorter recovery times to oral intake, ambulation, and discharge than those in the dezocine or fentanyl groups."	2.68	Use of analgesics during propofol sedation: a comparison of ketorolac, dezocine, and fentanyl. ( Ramirez-Ruiz, M; Smith, I; White, PF, 1995)
"Diclofenac has the added advantage, in our institution, of being 60% less expensive than ketorolac."	2.68	A comparative study of ketorolac and diclofenac on post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain. ( Fredman, B; Jedeikin, R; Olsfanger, D, 1995)
"Ketorolac was no better than the other analgesics studied but was associated with a higher number of mild side effects."	2.68	[Postoperative analgesia in herniated disk surgery. Comparative study of diclofenac , lysine acetylsalicylate, and ketorolac]. ( Fábregas, N; Izquierdo, E; Nalda, MA; Salvador, L; Soley, R; Valero, R, 1995)
"0001) and required twice the rescue dosage (p = 0."	2.68	Effect of ketorolac on bleeding time and postoperative pain in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with meperidine. ( Bean-Lijewski, JD; Hunt, RD, 1996)
"Postoperative pain was assessed hourly for six hours using a 100 mm visual analog score (VAS) and a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device."	2.68	Ketorolac does not decrease postoperative pain in elderly men after transvesical prostatectomy. ( Flor, P; Fredman, B; Jedeikin, R; Olsfanger, D, 1996)
"Postoperative pain was assessed with objective (SAP, DAP, HR) and subjective (VAS, BS 11) methods at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after the end of surgery."	2.68	[Ketorolac for prevention of acute postoperative pain]. ( D'Uva, R; Peduto, VA; Piga, M; Toscano, A, 1995)
" Pharmacokinetic data was available for 85 subjects."	2.68	Population pharmacodynamic model for ketorolac analgesia. ( Mandema, JW; Stanski, DR, 1996)
"Ketorolac was better tolerated than meperidine."	2.68	Ketorolac versus meperidine for pain relief after orthopaedic surgery. ( Brown, J; Bynum, L; Cardea, J; Chang, YL; DeAndrade, JR; Howe, D; Maneatis, T; Maslanka, M; Rasmussen, GL; Reines, HD; Shefrin, A, 1996)
" Pharmacokinetic values were estimated by a nonlinear computer program."	2.68	Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in children after abdominal surgery. ( González-Martin, G; González-Sotomayor, J; Maggio, L; Zuniga, S, 1997)
"Ketorolac and metamizol were found to be equally safe and effective in reducing postoperative pain after plastic surgery."	2.68	A controlled, randomized, double-blind study of ketorolac for postoperative analgesia after plastic surgery. ( Amorrortu-Velayos, J; De Andrés, J; González-Martínez, R; Marín-Bertolín, S; Valia Vera, JC, 1997)
"To evaluate postoperative pain relief of intramuscular ketorolac, topical bupivacaine, and placebo in patients undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization with silastic bands."	2.68	Postoperative pain relief following laparoscopic tubal sterilization with silastic bands. ( Charsley, M; Cousin, MO; Kammerer-Doak, DN; Nguyen, CM; Tool, AL, 1997)
"University Cancer Center."	2.67	Comparison of morphine and ketorolac for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in postoperative cancer patients. ( Bosek, V; Miguel, R, 1994)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue score (VAS) on 3 separate occasions in recovery."	2.67	Intramuscular ketorolac for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic sterilisation. ( Duffy, BL; Shapiro, MH, 1994)
"Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal analgesic that may provide postoperative analgesia without opioid-related side effects."	2.67	Evaluation of intravenous ketorolac administered by bolus or infusion for treatment of postoperative pain. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. ( Brown, CR; Egan, KJ; Jones, SF; Moodie, JE; Ready, LB; Ross, B; Stahlgren, LH; Tommeraasen, M; Trierwieler, M; Wild, L, 1994)
"Operative blood losses, postoperative pain, sedation, and on-demand morphine consumption (patient-controlled analgesia [PCA]) were measured."	2.67	The effects of perioperative ketorolac infusion on postoperative pain and endocrine-metabolic response. ( Marinangeli, F; Niv, D; Panella, L; Piroli, A; Varrassi, G; Varrassi, S; Wolman, I, 1994)
"Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent with opioid-sparing properties."	2.67	Use of ketorolac after lower abdominal surgery. Effect on analgesic requirement and surgical outcome. ( Holtmann, B; Parker, RK; Smith, I; White, PF, 1994)
"Fentanyl usage was less in the ketorolac group throughout the study (33 +/- 3 vs."	2.67	Assessment of ketorolac as an adjuvant to fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia after radical retropubic prostatectomy. ( Bourke, DL; Fischer, K; Grass, JA; Jackson, C; Sakima, NT; Valley, M; Walsh, P, 1993)
"Ketorolac was found to be equally efficacious in comparison to buprenorphine and caused fewer side effects."	2.67	[Comparison of ketorolac/buprenorphine in the treatment of post-cholecystectomy pain]. ( Asaro, L; Bentivegna, S; Castiglione, G; Crimi, G; Fusto, A; Pappalardo, G, 1993)
"Ketorolac was compared with papaveretum followed by paracetamol plus dextropropoxyphene orally, for postoperative pain relief in elderly orthopaedic patients."	2.67	Ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in elderly patients. ( Ewart, MC; Morgan, M; Powell, H; Smallman, JM, 1992)
"Postoperative pain was evaluated by the child using a 10-cm linear visual analog scale (VAS) and by a blinded observer using both a VAS and an objective pain scale (OPS) in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU)."	2.67	Comparison of ketorolac and morphine as adjuvants during pediatric surgery. ( Jones, MB; Lagueruela, RG; Schweiger, C; Watcha, MF; White, PF, 1992)
"Acetaminophen, 1000 mg, was statistically superior to 500 mg acetaminophen, demonstrating assay sensitivity."	2.66	Ketorolac and acetaminophen for orthopedic postoperative pain. ( Bullingham, RE; Carroll, D; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA; Poppleton, P; Summerfield, RJ, 1986)
"Reducing postoperative pain following breast surgery is crucial for rapid recovery and shortening hospital stay."	2.58	Analgesic Effects of Locally Administered Ketorolac-based Analgesics After Breast Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Chen, JY; Feng, IJ; Lin, CC; Loh, EW; Tam, KW; Wang, LK, 2018)
" There was considerable heterogeneity among study designs, including the comparator arms (placebo, opioid, another NSAID, or a different regimen of ketorolac), dosing regimens (routes and timing of administration, single versus multiple dose), outcome assessment methods, and types of surgery."	2.58	Ketorolac for postoperative pain in children. ( Cooper, TE; McNicol, ED; Rowe, E, 2018)
"Ketorolac use has significantly expanded for postoperative pain management since it first became available in the United States, primarily due to well established effects on patient pain scores and its ability to reduce perioperative opioid requirements."	2.55	Safety Considerations in the Use of Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain. ( Kodumudi, G; Lipana, L; Maslin, B; Roth, B; Vadivelu, N, 2017)
"Less postoperative pain typically is associated with a minimally invasive hysterectomy compared with a laparotomy approach; however, poor pain control can still be an issue."	2.55	Non-opioid pain management in benign minimally invasive hysterectomy: A systematic review. ( As-Sanie, S; Barron, KI; Blanton, E; Lamvu, G; Patanwala, I; Tu, FF; Witzeman, K, 2017)
"Inadequately managed postsurgical pain has both clinical and economic consequences such as longer recovery times, delayed ambulation, higher incidence of complications, increased length of hospital stay, and potential to develop into chronic pain."	2.52	Intranasal ketorolac as part of a multimodal approach to postoperative pain. ( Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Taylor, R, 2015)
"Ketorolac is an attractive alternative for achieving pain control postoperatively, but concerns over postoperative bleeding have limited its use."	2.50	Ketorolac does not increase perioperative bleeding: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Gobble, RM; Hoang, HLT; Kachniarz, B; Orgill, DP, 2014)
"Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug frequently used to treat postoperative pain."	2.48	Perioperative single dose ketorolac to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. ( Agarwal, D; Benzon, HT; De Oliveira, GS, 2012)
"Unrelieved postoperative pain following arthroplasty has been shown to delay patients' recovery and discharge from the hospital."	2.42	Multimodal acute pain management. ( Skinner, HB, 2004)
"Oral ketorolac 10 mg was consistently at least as effective as ketorolac 30 mg i."	2.41	Single-dose ketorolac and pethidine in acute postoperative pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. ( Carroll, D; Edwards, JE; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA; Smith, LA, 2000)
"No cases of post-operative renal failure requiring dialysis were described."	2.41	Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on post-operative renal function in adults. ( Cooper, MG; Craig, JC; Keneally, JP; Knight, JF; Lee, A, 2000)
"Without proper management, postoperative pain can grow to intolerable levels and interfere with functioning and healing."	2.41	Postoperative pain management: morphine versus ketorolac. ( Anthony, D; Jasinski, DM, 2002)
"Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with potent analgesic effects and a relatively low incidence of adverse effects."	2.40	Ketorolac for postoperative pain management in children. ( Forrest, JB; Heitlinger, EL; Revell, S, 1997)
"Ketorolac has a much longer duration than morphine or meperidine but has a slower onset."	2.40	Clinical implications of ketorolac for postoperative analgesia. ( Fiedler, MA, 1997)
"Ketorolac is an efficient drug for the treatment of moderate to severe pain following minor or intermediate types of surgery."	2.39	Analgesic efficacy of ketorolac. ( Wheatley, RG, 1996)
"Fentanyl dose response was evidenced by oxycodone administration differences ( P ≤ 0."	1.91	Middle Ear Condition at the Time of Pediatric Myringotomy Tube Placement: Pain Associations Following Intraoperative Fentanyl/Ketorolac and Seasonal Variation. ( Ampah, SB; Cohen, WG; Cook-Sather, SD; Lee, DR; Sobol, SE; Zhang, B, 2023)
"Ketorolac is an effective adjunct in multimodal regimens for postoperative pain control."	1.91	Bleeding and ketorolac use in pediatric circumcision. ( Davis, RL; Lee, J; Lin, HM; Ouyang, Y; Yudkowitz, FS; Zhou, EP, 2023)
"Ketorolac has been added to many of these protocols, but few studies have examined its effects independently."	1.91	Scheduled Postoperative Ketorolac Does Not Decrease Opiate Use following Free Flap Breast Reconstruction. ( Agarwal, J; Anderson, E; Clinker, C; Eddington, D; Kwok, AC; Marquez, JL; Moss, WD; Sudduth, JD, 2023)
"The mean postoperative pain was measured for both groups."	1.91	Efficacy of Oral Toradol (Ketorolac) Compared to Oral Tramadol as a Preemptive Analgesic in Impacted Third Molar Surgery. ( Fazal, M; Rao, U, 2023)
"Suboptimal control of postoperative pain following knee arthroplasty can slow recovery and reduce patient satisfaction."	1.72	In situ gelling system for sustained intraarticular delivery of bupivacaine and ketorolac in sheep. ( Abdeltawab, H; Bolam, SM; Hill, A; Jaiswal, JK; McGlashan, SR; Sharma, M; Svirskis, D; Young, SW, 2022)
"Managing acute postoperative pain without opioids is of the utmost importance for the Veteran patient population."	1.72	Evaluation of a Novel Multimodal Opioid-Free Postoperative Pain Management Pathway Following Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Pilot Series in the Veteran Population. ( Badlani, G; Bercu, C; Dutta, R; Hemal, A; Pathak, R, 2022)
" The profile of adverse reactions was assessed by the dynamics of red blood counts, as a possible trigger for the development of gastrointestinal bleeding according to the method of global assessment of triggers (Global Trigger Tool GTT)."	1.72	[Evaluation of the association of polymorphisms of the CYP2C8 gene with the efficacy and safety of ketorolac in patients with postoperative pain syndrome]. ( Abdullaev, SP; Blagovestnov, DA; Denisenko, NP; Epifanova, IP; Grishina, EA; Kachanova, AA; Muradian, AA; Petrov, DI; Skukin, DS; Sozaeva, ZA; Sychev, DA, 2022)
"However, RALP does not reduce postoperative pain compared to the open approach."	1.72	Intraoperative multimodal analgesic bundle containing dexmedetomidine and ketorolac may improve analgesia after robot-assisted prostatectomy in patients receiving rectus sheath blocks. ( Bae, J; Chae, MS; Hong, SH; Jun, EH; Lee, HM; Moon, HW; Park, J; Shim, JW, 2022)
"There are no rational schemes for postoperative pain relief."	1.62	The effect of ( Akmalova, KA; Blagovestnov, DA; Epifanova, IA; Kerimova, LN; Koroshvili, VT; Muradian, AA; Sozaeva, ZA; Sychev, DA; Zastrozhin, MS, 2021)
"Severe postoperative pain is principally managed by opioids."	1.62	Intravenous Magnesium - Lidocaine - Ketorolac Cocktail for Postoperative Opioid Resistant Pain: A Case Series of Novel Rescue Therapy. ( Abenavoli, L; Artico, M; Berger, JM; Bonato, V; Franceschi, F; Lin, E; Longhitano, Y; Luo, J; Piccioni, A; Savarese, B; Taurone, S; Zanza, C, 2021)
"Ketorolac was given to 1549 (45%) of the women, with 922 women (60%) receiving 30 mg and 627 women (40%) receiving 15 mg."	1.62	Intraoperative Ketorolac is Associated with Risk of Reoperation After Mastectomy: A Single-Center Examination. ( Assel, M; McCormick, PJ; Morrow, M; Nelson, JA; Simon, BA; Tokita, HK; Twersky, RS; Van Zee, KJ; Vickers, AJ, 2021)
"In our study, PAI in the shoulder after mini-open rotator cuff repair showed effective pain control on the day of the surgery, postponed the time of the first dosage of intravenous pain medication, and reduced the total dosage of the intravenous pain medication."	1.62	The efficacy of periarticular injection intraoperatively for mini-open rotator cuff repair: A comparative study. ( Chang, MC; Chen, WM; Huang, CC; Huang, TF; Ma, HH, 2021)
"Postoperative pain is a significant cause of morbidity in pediatric anesthesia, which can result in delayed discharge and unplanned hospital admission."	1.56	Reducing postoperative pain in children undergoing strabismus surgery: From bundle implementation to clinical decision support tools. ( Ali, U; Balakrishnan, S; Campbell, F; Igbeyi, B; Kotzer, G; Matava, C; Mc Donnell, C; Shackell, K; Tsang, M, 2020)
"They were divided into three different postoperative pain treatment groups: continuous infusion of Tramadol and Ketorolac with elastomeric pump, intraperitoneal topical instillation of Levobupivacaine, and intraperitoneal aerosolization of Levobupivacaine."	1.56	Pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A prospective study. ( Cianci, P; Fersini, A; Tartaglia, N, 2020)
"Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as part of multimodal analgesia in women undergoing cesarean delivery."	1.56	Intra-operative ketorolac 15 mg versus 30 mg for analgesia following cesarean delivery: a retrospective study. ( Fuller, M; Habib, AS; Pedro, C; Yurashevich, M, 2020)
"We hypothesized that postoperative pain in children treated with intraoperative ketorolac would, among several exposures of interest, be strongly associated with ear condition."	1.56	Principal Factors Associated With Ketorolac-Refractory Pain Behavior After Pediatric Myringotomy and Pressure Equalization Tube Placement: A Retrospective Cohort Study. ( Castella, G; Cook-Sather, SD; Galvez, J; Mensinger, JL; Wetmore, RF; Zhang, B, 2020)
"Ketorolac did not increase postoperative hemorrhage rates in patients posttonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy or UPPP."	1.56	Ketorolac usage in tonsillectomy and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty patients. ( McClain, K; Williams, AM; Yaremchuk, K, 2020)
"Antithrombotic agent usage, postoperative pain, and two or more doses of ketorolac postoperatively were identified as independent risk factors for PH."	1.51	Perioperative risk factors for post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Significance of pain and ketorolac usage. ( Ahn, SH; Jeong, WJ; Jung, YH; Kim, Y; Lee, M; Rhee, J, 2019)
"The aim of this study was to review age- and weight-related effects on ketorolac pharmacokinetic parameters in children and current dosing schedules."	1.48	The pharmacokinetics of intravenous ketorolac in children aged 2 months to 16 years: A population analysis. ( Anderson, BJ; Avram, MJ; Cameron, G; Christians, U; Cohen, MN; Dsida, RM; Engelhardt, T; Galinkin, JL; Hawwa, AF; Henthorn, TK; McLay, JS; Mohammed, BS, 2018)
"Ketorolac was administered to 11."	1.48	Pain Management for Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: Adequate Analgesia in a Pediatric Cohort? ( Cho, R; Dorafshar, AH; Faateh, M; Kattail, D; Lopez, J; Macmillan, A; Musavi, L; Pedreira, R, 2018)
"It has the potential to reduce postoperative pain and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and to enhance recovery from surgery."	1.48	Outcomes of Transhiatal and Intercostal Pleural Drain After Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy: Comparative Analysis of Two Consecutive Patient Cohorts. ( Asti, E; Bernardi, D; Bonavina, L; Bonitta, G, 2018)
"Ketorolac was associated with fewer readmissions (OR, 0."	1.48	Postoperative Ketorolac in Breast and Body Contouring Procedures: A Nationwide Claims Analysis. ( Bennett, KG; Chung, KC; Chung, TT; Kelley, BP; Sacks, G; Sears, ED; Waljee, JF, 2018)
"Median postoperative pain scores were, at rest and at mobilization respectively 3 [IQR 2-4] and 6 [IQR 4."	1.48	Pain management in living related adult donor hepatectomy: feasibility of an evidence-based protocol in 100 consecutive donors. ( De Kock, M; Dewe, G; Forget, P; Lois, F; Reding, R; Steyaert, A, 2018)
"Ketorolac was given to 167 patients intraoperatively or postoperatively within 24 h after LDN."	1.46	Perioperative Ketorolac Use: A Potential Risk Factor for Renal Dysfunction After Live-Donor Nephrectomy. ( Denny, JE; Kane, WJ; Kim, DY; Malinzak, LE; Nagai, S; Patel, AK; Putchakayala, KG; Safwan, M; Takahashi, K; Yoshida, A, 2017)
"Variation in postoperative pain management for children undergoing PSF for AIS likely impacts outcomes."	1.46	The Association Between Adjuvant Pain Medication Use and Outcomes Following Pediatric Spinal Fusion. ( Cohen, M; Erickson, M; Errico, T; McLeod, L; Rosenberg, RE; Trzcinski, S, 2017)
" Fentanyl and ketorolac dose-response relationships were evaluated for selected outcome variables."	1.46	Intramuscular Fentanyl and Ketorolac Associated with Superior Pain Control After Pediatric Bilateral Myringotomy and Tube Placement Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. ( Cook-Sather, SD; Jantzen, EC; Jawad, AF; Li, Y; Long, AS; Muhly, WT; Polansky, M; Stricker, PA, 2017)
"Postoperative pain was higher in females (P < ."	1.43	How Do Demographic, Surgical, Patient, and Cultural Factors Affect Pain Control After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty? A Multivariable Regression Analysis. ( Barrington, JW; Emerson, RH; Lovald, ST; Ong, KL; Watson, HN, 2016)
"PCA morphine requirements were significantly lower at day 2 and day 3 in group 1."	1.43	Transitional Study of Patient-Controlled Analgesia Morphine With Ketorolac to Patient-Controlled Analgesia Morphine With Parecoxib Among Donors in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Single-Center Experience. ( Chen, CL; Cheng, KW; Huang, CJ; Jawan, B; Juang, SE; Lee, YE; Lim, KI; Liu, CK; Shih, TH; Wang, CH; Wu, SC; Yang, SC, 2016)
"Ketorolac was the most frequent NSAID prescribed, commonly on the first postoperative day."	1.42	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration after coronary artery bypass surgery: utilization persists despite the boxed warning. ( Bateman, BT; Bykov, K; Choudhry, NK; Kulik, A, 2015)
"In this retrospective analysis of 10,575 patients who used fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) after surgery, we evaluated difference between young and elderly patients on their characteristic of adverse effects."	1.42	Postoperative Pain and Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia-Related Adverse Effects in Young and Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 10,575 Patients. ( Choi, S; Han, DW; Kim, SY; Koh, JC; Lee, J, 2015)
"Ketorolac-treated patients were younger, had better preoperative renal function, and underwent less complex operations compared with non-ketorolac patients."	1.40	Black box warning: is ketorolac safe for use after cardiac surgery? ( Jerzewski, K; Kulik, A; Oliveri, L, 2014)
"Ketorolac use was not associated with need for transfusion (P = ."	1.40	Ketorolac after free tissue transfer: a comparative effectiveness study. ( Bayon, R; Chang, KE; Pagedar, NA; Schleiffarth, JR; Van Daele, DJ, 2014)
"The indication for surgery was: endometrial cancer (n=82; 41%), ovarian cancer (n=5; 2."	1.40	The feasibility and safety of same-day discharge after robotic-assisted hysterectomy alone or with other procedures for benign and malignant indications. ( Barakat, RR; Calderon, B; Gardner, GJ; Lee, SJ; Leitao, MM; Mays, A; Nolan, S; Sonoda, Y, 2014)
"Eighty patients with advanced ovarian cancer (International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, stage IIIC and IV) undergoing surgery between January 2000 and March 2011 were studied."	1.39	The relationship between neuraxial anesthesia and advanced ovarian cancer-related outcomes in the Chilean population. ( Assel, M; Brañes, J; Cartagena, J; Echevarría, GC; Lacassie, HJ, 2013)
"Fentanyl was more effective as an analgesic than was ketorolac on the day of operation for both surgical types."	1.39	Comparison of pain-relieving effects of fentanyl versus ketorolac after eye amputation surgery. ( Jang, SY; Kim, JH; Kim, MJ; Lee, SY; Yoon, JS, 2013)
" Following implant surgery, postoperative pain was rated moderate or severe in 25/28 patients (89 percent), requiring prn analgesic dosing for up to 3 days in 14/25 individuals (56 percent)."	1.39	Characterization and treatment of postsurgical dental implant pain employing intranasal ketorolac. ( Bockow, R; Bodner, L; Hersh, EV; Hutcheson, M; Korostoff, J; Pinto, A; Secreto, SA, 2013)
"Forepaw mechanical allodynia was measured for 7 days, and spinal cord tissue was immunolabeled for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and PAR1 expression in the dorsal horn on day 7."	1.39	Ketorolac reduces spinal astrocytic activation and PAR1 expression associated with attenuation of pain after facet joint injury. ( Dong, L; Smith, JR; Winkelstein, BA, 2013)
"Poorly managed postoperative pain has a negative impact in healing patients and costs of care."	1.38	[Economic analysis of parecoxib in the management of postsurgical pain in gynecology]. ( Díaz-Ponce, H; Galindo-Suárez, RM; Muciño-Ortega, E; Walter-Tordecillas, MA, 2012)
"Up to 80% of patients develop heterotopic ossification (HO) following total hip replacement (THR) and high grades may adversely affect outcome."	1.38	Periarticular infiltration in total hip replacement: effect on heterotopic ossification, analgesic requirements and outcome. ( Biant, LC; Breusch, SJ; Scott, CE; Streit, J, 2012)
"Treatment with morphine (1mg/kg, s."	1.38	Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac. ( Fujita, I; Kita, Y; Okumura, T; Sakakibara, A, 2012)
"Ketorolac is a parenterally available nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that nonselectively inhibits cyclooxygenase."	1.37	Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous ketorolac in infants aged 2-11 months. ( Christians, U; Cohen, MN; Galinkin, J; Henthorn, T; Moll, V; Vu Tran, Z; Zuk, J, 2011)
"Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug widely used as an adjunct to postoperative pain control in adult and pediatric patients."	1.37	Safety of ketorolac in surgical neonates and infants 0 to 3 months old. ( Aldrink, JH; Caniano, DA; Ma, M; Puthoff, T; Wang, W; Wispe, J, 2011)
" Use of a forearm tourniquet allows the dosage of local anesthetic to be decreased to almost half of what is required with an upper arm tourniquet, and the incidence of tourniquet pain has been reported to be less with forearm tourniquet."	1.36	Forearm IVRA, using 0.5% lidocaine in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg with ketorolac 0.15 mg/kg for hand and wrist surgeries. ( Bhadoria, P; Bhagwat, A; Kohli, A; Singh, R, 2010)
"Pseudarthrosis was identified in 12 of 228 patients (5."	1.35	Ketorolac and spinal fusion: does the perioperative use of ketorolac really inhibit spinal fusion? ( Dawson, EG; Gallina, J; Kuhns, CA; Pradhan, BB; Tatsumi, RL; Wang, JC, 2008)
"Ketorolac is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indicated for short term management of moderate to severe post-operative pain."	1.35	Safety of intravenous use of ketorolac in infants following cardiothoracic surgery. ( Barclay, CA; Dawkins, TN; Gardiner, RL; Krawczeski, CD, 2009)
"The ketorolac group was older, included a larger proportion of atrial septum defect repairs and a smaller proportion of ventricular septum defect repairs compared to the control group."	1.35	Safety and efficacy of ketorolac in children after cardiac surgery. ( Caldarone, CA; Cox, PN; Frndova, H; Guerguerian, AM; Inoue, M; Ito, S; Taddio, A, 2009)
"The opiate tolerance was complicated by tactile hyperalgesia at the site of the surgical wound."	1.35	[Acute opiate tolerance and postoperative hyperalgesia after a brief infusion of remifentanil managed with multimodal analgesia]. ( Cortiñas Sáenz, M; Cortiñas Sáenz, ML; Gerónimo Pardo, M; Hernández Vallecillo, MT; Ibarra Martí, ML; Mateo Cerdán, CM, 2008)
"No morphine was required for postoperative pain control in two-thirds of the patients."	1.35	Local infiltration analgesia: a technique for the control of acute postoperative pain following knee and hip surgery: a case study of 325 patients. ( Kerr, DR; Kohan, L, 2008)
"Ketorolac is a potent analgesic drug that has been restricted in dosage and use because of its potential adverse effects."	1.33	Report of an anaphylactoid and an anaphylactic reaction to ketorolac in two pediatric surgical patients. ( Castillo-Peralta, LA; Castillo-Zamora, C; Nava-Ocampo, AA, 2006)
"Analgesic management of postoperative pain associated with thoracic surgery remains a difficult clinical challenge."	1.33	Upregulation of cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral prostaglandin E2 in a rat postoperative pain model. ( Buvanendran, A; Kroin, JS; Saha, C; Tuman, KJ; Watts, DE, 2006)
"Treatment of postsurgical pain is a major use of analgesics, particularly after abdominal surgery."	1.32	Effects of laparotomy on spontaneous exploratory activity and conditioned operant responding in the rat: a model for postoperative pain. ( Buechler, NL; Crews, JC; Eisenach, JC; Kahn, W; Martin, TJ, 2004)
"The use of ketorolac in managing postoperative pain after a variety of surgical procedures has potential advantages over the use of narcotic analgesics alone."	1.31	The role of ketorolac tromethamine in a clinical care pathway for men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. ( Almeida, S; Bukala, B; Campbell, R; Kay, G; Razvi, H, 2002)
"Eight patients reported "0" for postoperative pain, while one assessed pain as "4" and one as "2"."	1.31	[Locoregional anesthesia for external ear surgery and postoperative analgesia]. ( García Pourriños, F; Vicente Gutiérrez, U, 2000)
"The use of ketorolac to control postoperative pain for patients undergoing open donor nephrectomy reduced morbidity and was not associated with any effect on long-term renal function or increased risk of complications."	1.31	Ketorolac-based analgesia improves outcomes for living kidney donors. ( Blanco-Yarosh, M; Elashoff, DA; Freedland, SJ; Gritsch, HA; Hale, SJ; Litwin, MS; Rajfer, J; Smith, RB; Sun, JC, 2002)
"Ketorolac use was not associated with any long-term impairment in renal function when used during the first 2 postoperative days in healthy patients undergoing open donor nephrectomy."	1.31	Effect of ketorolac on renal function after donor nephrectomy. ( Blanco-Yarosh, M; Elashoff, DA; Freedland, SJ; Gritsch, HA; Hale, SJ; Rajfer, J; Sun, JC, 2002)
"Ketorolac (K) is a useful addition to lidocaine for i."	1.30	The dose-response relationship of ketorolac as a component of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine. ( Gardner, G; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 1998)
"We compared the effects of postoperative pain control strategies on recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy."	1.29	An outcome study of patient-controlled morphine analgesia, with or without ketorolac, following radical retropubic prostatectomy. ( Fuller, JR; See, WA; Toner, ML, 1995)
"Propofol was used for induction of anesthesia in 76 patients, the other three were induced with sodium pentothal."	1.29	Harvesting bone marrow in an outpatient setting using newer anesthetic agents. ( Gulati, SC; Stewart, M; Thorne, AC, 1993)
"Forty-one patients suffering from postoperative pain were admitted to an open, noncomparative trial."	1.28	[I.V. ketorolac in the therapy of postoperative pain]. ( Dal Prà, ML; Durante, E; Pampolini, M, 1990)

Research

Studies (575)

Authors

Clinical Trials (156)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Subjects Experiencing Nausea

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (0.17)	18.7374
1990's	145 (25.22)	18.2507
2000's	136 (23.65)	29.6817
2010's	195 (33.91)	24.3611
2020's	98 (17.04)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Dudley, S	1
Spence, M	1
Frederick, R	1
Stocks, R	1
Kim, YS	1
Lee, CH	2
Kim, AR	1
Choi, SS	1
Lee, MK	1
Kim, H	1
Oh, SK	1
Butcher, B	1
Hutchings, E	1
Fazekas, B	1
Clark, K	1
Rowett, D	1
Currow, D	1
Klifto, KM	1
Elhelali, A	1
Payne, RM	1
Cooney, CM	1
Manahan, MA	1
Rosson, GD	1
Yang, J	1
Ni, B	1
Fu, X	2
Donnenfeld, ED	2
Mychajlyszyn, D	1
Mychajlyszyn, A	1
Stein, R	1
Baumann, JR	1
Stoker, AM	1
Bozynski, CC	1
Sherman, SL	1
Cook, JL	1
Hagar, AD	1
Fang, CJ	1
Dannenbaum, JH	1
Smith, EL	1
Bono, JV	1
Talmo, CT	1
Isiordia-Espinoza, MA	4
Alonso-Castro, ÁJ	1
Serafín-Higuera, N	1
Castañeda-Santana, DI	1
de la Rosa Coronado, M	1
Bologna-Molina, RE	1
Chen, IC	1
Kang, YN	1
Wang, HJ	1
Chiu, WK	1
Chen, C	1
Syed, JS	1
Khan, A	1
Van-Ryn, MG	1
Ludvigson, A	1
Motamedinia, P	1
Abdeltawab, H	1
Bolam, SM	1
Jaiswal, JK	1
McGlashan, SR	1
Young, SW	1
Hill, A	1
Svirskis, D	1
Sharma, M	1
Muradian, AA	2
Sychev, DA	2
Blagovestnov, DA	2
Sozaeva, ZA	2
Akmalova, KA	1
Zastrozhin, MS	1
Kerimova, LN	1
Koroshvili, VT	1
Epifanova, IA	1
Apinyankul, R	1
Lilakhunakon, K	1
Witayakom, W	1
Vechvitvarakul, M	1
Goodman, SB	1
Wladis, EJ	2
Shah, V	1
De, A	1
Ganske, IM	1
Langa, OC	1
Cappitelli, AT	1
Nuzzi, LC	2
Staffa, SJ	1
DiTullio, N	1
Fullerton, Z	1
Alrayashi, W	1
Meara, JG	1
Rogers-Vizena, CR	1
Johnson, BA	1
Sorokin, I	1
Antonelli, J	1
Pearle, M	1
Lemos, SE	1
Carter, JA	1
Black, LK	1
Deering, KL	1
Jahr, JS	1
Bercu, C	1
Hemal, A	1
Badlani, G	1
Dutta, R	1
Pathak, R	1
Lombana, NF	1
Falola, RA	1
Zolfaghari, K	1
Roth, C	1
Abraham, JT	1
Saint-Cyr, MH	1
Ewing, M	1
Huff, H	1
Heil, S	1
Borsheski, RR	1
Smith, MJ	1
Kim, HM	1
Jones, CA	1
Throckmorton, TW	3
Murphy, J	1
Eason, RR	1
Joyce, M	1
Bernholt, DL	1
Azar, FM	3
Brolin, TJ	2
Abujbarah, SM	1
Jogerst, K	1
Kosiorek, HE	1
Ahmad, S	2
Cronin, PA	1
Casey, W	1
Craner, R	1
Rebecca, A	1
Pockaj, BA	1
Badin, D	1
Ortiz-Babilonia, CD	1
Gupta, A	9
Leland, CR	1
Musharbash, F	1
Parrish, JM	1
Aiyer, AA	1
Indermuhle, P	1
Zelko, M	1
Mori, C	1
Chiu, SH	1
Abdelbaser, I	1
Mageed, NA	1
El-Emam, EM	1
ALseoudy, MM	1
Hannon, CP	2
Fillingham, YA	2
Spangehl, MJ	1
Karas, V	1
Kamath, AF	1
Casambre, FD	1
Verity, TJ	1
Nelson, N	1
Hamilton, WG	2
Della Valle, CJ	2
Petrov, DI	1
Skukin, DS	1
Epifanova, IP	1
Kachanova, AA	1
Denisenko, NP	1
Abdullaev, SP	1
Grishina, EA	1
Shnayder, Y	1
Baumanis, MM	1
Brown, A	1
Reese, A	1
Bur, AM	1
Kakarala, K	1
Sykes, KJ	1
Demasi, M	1
Segall, M	1
Mengotto, A	1
Cuartas, P	1
Feiertag, N	1
Loloi, J	1
Ahn, J	1
Kim, M	1
Laudano, M	1
Stern, J	1
Watts, K	1
Mengers, SR	2
Strony, JT	2
Sivasundaram, L	3
Yu, J	2
Goodfellow, D	2
Salata, MJ	3
Voos, JE	3
Karns, MR	3
Cohen, WG	2
Zhang, B	3
Lee, DR	2
Ampah, SB	2
Sobol, SE	2
Cook-Sather, SD	4
Halepas, S	1
Christiansen, C	1
Koch, A	1
Aziz, SR	1
Shafer, DM	1
Ferneini, EM	1
Mittal, S	1
Eftekharzadeh, S	1
Weinstein, C	1
Fombona, A	1
Hyacinthe, N	1
Shah, YB	1
Weiss, DA	1
Kolon, TF	1
Shukla, AR	1
Canning, DA	1
Srinivasan, AK	1
Zaontz, MR	1
Long, CJ	1
Lee, J	3
Zhou, EP	1
Davis, RL	1
Ouyang, Y	1
Lin, HM	2
Yudkowitz, FS	1
Hostage, J	1
Kolettis, D	1
Sverdlov, D	1
Ludgin, J	1
Drzymalski, D	1
Sweigart, B	1
Mhatre, M	1
House, M	1
Ucar, F	1
Kadioglu, E	1
Sudduth, JD	1
Moss, WD	1
Clinker, C	1
Marquez, JL	1
Anderson, E	1
Eddington, D	1
Agarwal, J	1
Kwok, AC	1
Jaglal, R	1
Nemec, EC	1
Ashoor, TM	1
Jalal, AS	1
Said, AM	1
Ali, MM	1
Esmat, IM	1
Bhenderu, LS	1
Lyon, KA	1
Soto, JM	1
Richardson, W	1
Desai, R	1
Rahm, M	1
Huang, JH	1
Cepeda, A	1
Johnson, ML	1
Kelagere, K	1
Obinero, CG	1
Nguyen, PD	1
Greives, MR	1
McNamara, CA	1
Laurita, J	1
Lambert, BS	1
Sullivan, TC	1
Clyburn, TA	1
Incavo, SJ	1
Park, KJ	1
Rao, U	1
Fazal, M	1
Khargi, R	1
Yaghoubian, AJ	1
Blake, RM	1
Ricapito, A	1
Connors, C	1
Gallante, B	1
Khusid, JA	1
Atallah, W	1
Gupta, M	1
Gurunathan, U	1
Parker, SL	1
Maguire, R	1
Ramdath, D	1
Bijoor, M	1
Wallis, SC	1
Roberts, JA	1
Schneider, J	1
Broome, B	1
Keeley, D	1
McDonald, EL	1
Daniel, JN	1
Rogero, RG	1
Shakked, RJ	1
Nicholson, K	1
Pedowitz, DI	1
Raikin, SM	1
Bilolikar, V	1
Winters, BS	1
Rakowski, JA	1
Holloway, RW	1
Jeppson, CN	1
James, JA	1
Ghurani, GB	1
Bigsby, GE	1
Kendrick, JE	1
Srinivas, NR	1
Gaballah, KM	1
Habeeb, RM	1
Abdallah, SI	1
Savva, DA	1
Kishk, OA	1
Morgan, JA	1
Biggs, JM	1
Seung, H	1
Bauer, C	1
Barg, A	1
Liu, M	1
Zhang, D	1
Shi, B	1
Ali, U	1
Tsang, M	1
Campbell, F	1
Matava, C	1
Igbeyi, B	1
Balakrishnan, S	1
Shackell, K	1
Kotzer, G	1
Mc Donnell, C	1
Barney, EZ	1
Pedro, CD	2
Gamez, BH	1
Fuller, ME	1
Dominguez, JE	1
Habib, AS	3
Wan, RJ	1
Liu, SF	1
Kuang, ZP	1
Ran, Q	1
Zhao, C	1
Huang, W	1
Miao, Z	1
Wu, P	1
Wang, J	2
Zhou, FC	1
Lin, Y	1
Lu, XY	1
Lv, R	1
Hou, QH	1
Wen, QP	1
Wilson, ME	1
Trivedi, RH	1
Plager, DA	1
Sandri, M	1
Blasi, A	1
De Blasi, RA	1
Javaherforooshzadeh, F	1
Abdalbeygi, H	1
Janatmakan, F	1
Gholizadeh, B	1
Taylor, MA	1
West, WB	1
Guthery, SL	1
Deneau, M	1
Short, SS	1
Khadge, SD	1
Tanella, A	1
Ren, I	1
Michaels, I	1
Hyman, JB	1
Singhatanadgige, W	1
Chancharoenchai, T	1
Honsawek, S	1
Kotheeranurak, V	1
Tanavalee, C	1
Limthongkul, W	1
Cianci, P	1
Tartaglia, N	1
Fersini, A	1
YaDeau, JT	1
Rothschild, MI	1
Rubinstein, TJ	1
Roberts, KC	1
Mullen, K	1
Casambre, F	1
Riley, C	1
Jiang, Q	1
Huang, SQ	1
Jiao, J	1
Zhou, XM	1
Rabbani, CC	1
Pflum, ZE	1
Ye, MJ	1
Gettelfinger, JD	1
Sadhasivam, S	1
Matt, BH	1
Dahl, JP	1
Yurashevich, M	2
Pedro, C	1
Fuller, M	2
Chen, J	1
Salerno, D	1
Breslin, N	1
Chowdhury, T	1
Lobritto, S	1
Martinez, M	1
Goldner, D	1
Vittorio, J	1
Laoruengthana, A	3
Rattanaprichavej, P	3
Reosanguanwong, K	1
Chinwatanawongwan, B	1
Chompoonutprapa, P	1
Pongpirul, K	3
Mahatthanatrakul, A	1
Tantimethanon, T	1
Lohitnavy, M	1
Martins-de-Barros, AV	1
Barros, AM	1
Siqueira, AK	1
Lucena, EE	1
Sette de Souza, PH	1
Araújo, FA	1
Zanza, C	1
Longhitano, Y	1
Lin, E	1
Luo, J	1
Artico, M	1
Savarese, B	1
Bonato, V	1
Piccioni, A	1
Franceschi, F	1
Taurone, S	1
Abenavoli, L	1
Berger, JM	1
Chuckpaiwong, B	1
Harnroongroj, T	1
Sirivanasandha, B	1
Tharmviboonsri, T	1
Hatami, M	1
Talebi, M	1
Heiranizadeh, N	1
Vaziribozorg, S	1
Herbert, KA	1
Bongiovanni, T	1
Lancaster, E	1
Ledesma, Y	1
Whitaker, E	1
Steinman, MA	1
Allen, IE	1
Auerbach, A	1
Wick, E	1
Chobpenthai, T	1
Ingviya, T	1
Thanindratarn, P	1
Jaiwithee, R	1
Sutthivaiyakit, K	1
Halpern, LW	1
McCormick, PJ	1
Assel, M	2
Van Zee, KJ	1
Vickers, AJ	1
Nelson, JA	1
Morrow, M	1
Tokita, HK	1
Simon, BA	1
Twersky, RS	2
Fedrigon, D	1
Faris, A	1
Kachroo, N	1
Jain, R	1
Elia, M	1
Wilkins, L	1
Li, J	1
De, S	1
Noble, M	1
Monga, M	1
Sivalingam, S	2
Ma, HH	1
Huang, CC	1
Chang, MC	1
Chen, WM	1
Huang, TF	1
Stein, JR	1
Mantilla-Rivas, E	1
Aivaz, M	1
Rana, MS	1
Mamidi, IS	1
Ichiuji, BA	1
Manrique, M	1
Rogers, GF	1
Finkel, JC	1
Oh, AK	1
McNicol, ED	2
Ferguson, MC	1
Schumann, R	1
Mengers, S	1
Trivedi, NN	1
Strony, J	1
Victoroff, BN	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Intra-nasal Ketorolac Versus Oral Diclofenac for Acute Ureteral Stent-associated Pain Following Ureteroscopy for Stone Disease[NCT06158620]	Phase 1/Phase 2	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-02-01	Not yet recruiting
Opiate Free Multimodal Pain Pathway in Elective Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Prospective Study[NCT04771741]		72 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-12-01	Completed
Impact of Local Anesthetic Wound Infiltration on Postoperative Pain Following Cesarean Delivery[NCT02829944]	Phase 4	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Masked, Parallel-Group, Phenylephrine-Controlled Study of the Effect of OMS302 Added to Standard Irrigation Solution on Intraoperative Pupil Diameter and Acute Postoperative Pain in Children Ages Birth Through Three Years Undergoing U[NCT02132312]	Phase 3	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Comparison of the Volume Dependent Effect of Pericapsular Nerve Block in Patients Operated for Femur Fracture: A Randomized Prospective Study[NCT05256056]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-02-25	Completed
A Randomized Comparison Between Parecoxib and Placebo Added to a Standard Perioperative Analgesic Protocol for Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT05924412]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-06	Recruiting
Preemptive Use of Etoricoxib and Dexamethasone: Effect on Early Bone Healing, Inflammatory Response, and Postoperative Parameters After Impacted Lower Third Molar Surgery[NCT05791721]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-11	Completed
Pretreatment Aceclofenac Effect on Pain and Analgesic Intake After Endodontic Treatment: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT03335007]	Phase 2/Phase 3	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
The Effect of Premedication With Curcumin on Post-Operative Pain in Single Visit Endodontic Treatment of Acute Pulpitis in Mandibular Molars: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04012424]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Completed
Continuous Standard Bupivacaine Interscalene Block Versus Single Injection Liposomal Bupivacaine Following Surgical Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures[NCT05084573]	Phase 3	92 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-01	Recruiting
Local Infiltration Analgesia Vs. Interscalene Block in Total Shoulder Arthorplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04415931]		78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-15	Completed
Effectiveness of Intraoperative Exparel, a Bupivacaine Liposome Injectable Suspension, for Postoperative Pain Control in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Study[NCT02808728]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Comparison Between Periarticular Infiltration of Local Anesthetics and Ultrasound-Guided Pericapsular Nerve Group Block for Total Hip Replacement[NCT05087862]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-11-05	Completed
A Randomized Comparison Between Total Periarticular Anesthetic Infiltration and Partial Posterior Periarticular Anesthetic Infiltration Plus Low Volume Ultrasound-Guided Pericapsular Nerve Group Block for Total Hip Replacement Analgesia[NCT06075004]		74 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-18	Recruiting
Liposomal Bupivacaine Reduces Opiate Consumption After Rotator Cuff Repair in a Randomized Control Trial[NCT03692546]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Completed
The Effect of Adding Dexamethasone to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Adductor Canal Block for Postoperative Analgesia Following Knee Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction[NCT03239314]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Enhanced Pain Control After Reduction Mammaplasty With Bupivicaine and Dexamethasone Regional Block: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04919317]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-29	Completed
Impact of Counseling and Education on Opioid Consumption After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04885231]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-12	Active, not recruiting
"Continuous Thoracic Epidural Analgesia Versus Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Adult Living Donar Open Hepatectomies."[NCT04151511]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-19	Recruiting
Ultrasound-guided Bilateral Erector Spinalis Plane Block on Postoperative Pain Management in Liver Transplantation Donors[NCT05406388]		41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-24	Completed
Intravenous Versus Oral Acetaminophen for Postoperative Pain Control After Cesarean Delivery[NCT02487303]		148 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-17	Completed
A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of Toradol and Lyrica Verses Placebo for Pain Control After Donor Nephrectomy (TORPEDO)[NCT03669081]	Phase 2	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-20	Completed
The Effect of Ketorolac on Posterior Thoracolumbar Spinal Fusions: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03278691]	Phase 4	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-03	Recruiting
The Effect of Electroacupuncture (EA) on the Success of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) and Post-operative Pain Relief in Mandibular Molar With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis (SIP) Among Malaysians: A Study Protocol for Randomized Double-Blinded C[NCT04804761]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-01	Recruiting
Multimodal Pain Management for Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Control Trial[NCT02922985]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Opioid-Free Versus Transitional Anesthetic With Opioids From Tonsillectomy[NCT04528173]	Phase 4	550 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-22	Recruiting
ICE-T Postoperative Multimodal Pain Regimen Compared to the Standard Regimen in Same Day Vaginal Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03052816]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-01	Completed
The Effect of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for Cesarean Section on Neonatal Blood Glucose - A Randomized Equivalency Trial[NCT05081804]		216 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-20	Recruiting
Improving Pain Perceptions After Initiating a Delivery Application[NCT04822493]		83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Completed
Multiple Doses of Gabapentin and Postoperative Morphine Consumption in Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT01307202]		101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Does Single Dose Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation Reduce Post-operative Pain in Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Randomized Control Study[NCT02466022]	Phase 3	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Postoperative Pain After Intravenous Vitamin C Injection for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair[NCT02992028]	Phase 4	54 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Recruiting
Effects of Pre-emptive Scalp Infiltration With Ketorolac and Ropivacaine for Postoperative Pain Relief After Elective Supratentorial Craniotomy (PAINLESS)[NCT04141319]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Pre-emptive Scalp Infiltration With Low-dose Ketorolac and Ropivacaine for Postoperative Pain Relief After Elective Supratentorial Craniotomy (PAINLESS): a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial[NCT04380298]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Not yet recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized Trial Evaluating Regional Anesthesia, Long-Acting Local Anesthesia, and Traditional Care for Pain Control of Operatively Treated Ankle Fractures[NCT03696199]	Phase 4	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Recruiting
KINCISE™ Surgical Automated System in Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)[NCT05223777]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-09	Recruiting
A Randomized Blinded Placebo Controlled Trial Assessing Ketorolac (Toradol) at Oocyte Retrieval[NCT06026553]	Phase 1	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-10	Recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Motor Sparing Knee Blocks With or Without Dexmedetomidine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomized Double Blinded Study[NCT02540070]	Phase 3	135 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Recruiting
Effect of Low-dose Epidural Morphine Combined With Single-injection Femoral Nerve Block on Postoperative Analgesia in Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT03203967]		110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-01	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study of Ketorolac Use in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Tonsillectomy[NCT03453541]	Phase 4	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-21	Recruiting
Effect of Intrathecal Ketorolac on Mechanical Hypersensitivity After Total Hip Arthroplasty[NCT00621530]	Phase 2	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to Terminated due to discontinuation of Acular PF (investigational medication))
Single-dose and Multi-dose Open-label Pilot Trial of the Analgesic Efficacy and Tolerability of Intranasal Ketorolac Tromethamine (SPRIX®) in Dental Implant Surgery Patients With Postoperative Pain.[NCT01490931]	Phase 4	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Demonstration of OTC Naproxen Sodium's (Aleve's) Anti-inflammatory Action in Dental Implant Surgery Patients[NCT04694300]	Phase 4	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-02-07	Completed
Prospective Evaluation of the Effects of IV Ketorolac on Platelet Function Post-Cesarean Delivery[NCT03805607]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-18	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, Control Trial of Ketorolac Versus Placebo on Opioid Analgesic Use, Estimated Blood Loss and Complications Following Cesarean Delivery With Epidural Morphine[NCT02509312]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
Comparing Pain Outcomes of Intra-operative IV Tylenol and/or IV Toradol Administration for Carpal Tunnel Release and Distal Radius Fracture Surgeries[NCT02313675]	Phase 4	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
Efficacy of Intravenous Acetaminophen as Analgesic Adjuvant Therapy in Children Undergoing Posterior Fossa Surgery[NCT02532322]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to not enough patients meeting criteria)
Can Intranasal Ketorolac Tromethamine Prescribed Postoperatively After Major Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery Reduce Consumption of Prescribed Narcotics?[NCT04444830]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study never opened to enrollment. Study never IRB approved.)
Comparing the Efficacy of Parecoxib and Ketorolac as Preemptive Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion[NCT01859585]	Phase 4	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
Randomized, Prospective Study of the Assessment, Prevention and Management of Acute Post-herniotomy Pain[NCT01345162]	Phase 4	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Perioperative Pain Management With Multi-discipline Team(pMDT) in Thoracic Surgery: a Multi-center，Prospective, Observational Study--The Process Implementation Stage[NCT03761550]		480 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-12-01	Completed
Perioperative Pain Management With Multi-discipline Team(pMDT) in Thoracic Surgery: a Multi-center，Prospective, Observational Study--------For the Baseline Investigation and Technical Preparation Stage[NCT03759275]		480 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-01	Completed
Effect of Toradol on Post-operative Foot and Ankle Healing[NCT03727048]	Phase 4	128 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Effect of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen When Intravenously Given Combination or Alone in Reducing Morphine Requirements After Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT04414995]	Phase 2/Phase 3	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-05	Completed
Evaluation of Perioperative Usage of Ketorolac on Postoperative Pain Reduction in Pediatric Patients With Adenotonsillectom[NCT05074056]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-08	Recruiting
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Use on Intraoperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Cases[NCT05826119]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-15	Recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Erector Spinae Plane Block For Postoperative Analgesia In Patient Undergoing Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Randomized Double Blinded Study[NCT05465525]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-07-25	Completed
Magnesium Infusion for Pain Management in Critically Ill Trauma Patients[NCT04166877]	Phase 4	156 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-07	Recruiting
The Influence of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate Administration on Postoperative Morphine Requirement in Living Donor During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation[NCT03717467]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-08	Recruiting
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Use on Intraoperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain in Abdominal Hysterectomy Cases[NCT05644873]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-30	Not yet recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Erector Spinae Plane Block For Postoperative Analgesia In Patient Undergoing Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Randomized Double Blinded Study[NCT05675657]		81 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-01-15	Completed
Multimodal Pain Management After Robotic-Assisted Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy[NCT04429022]	Phase 3	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-24	Completed
A Randomized Control Trial Study of the Efficacy of Celecoxib Versus Ketorolac for Perioperative Pain Control[NCT03331315]	Phase 2	170 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-01	Completed
Effectiveness of Corticosteroid vs Ketorolac Shoulder Injections: a Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Trial[NCT04895280]	Phase 4	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Corticosteroid vs. Ketorolac Shoulder Injections: A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Trial[NCT04115644]	Phase 4	82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-05-01	Terminated (stopped due to Covid-19 and we failed to submit annual report for 2017 and 2018)
Prospective, Randomized, Allocation-Concealed, Blinded Study Designed to Compare Ketorolac Sublingual and Fentanyl Intranasal in Pain Control for Bilateral Myringotomy and Tubes (BMT) Placement in Children[NCT02653742]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Recruiting
Evaluating Post-operative Pain Management Efficacy of Intra Nasal Ketorolac in Ambulatory Urological Surgeries-A Randomized Double-blinded Placebo Controlled Study[NCT01736358]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to Interim analysis showed futility of primary endpoint)
Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain Control in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients[NCT04040452]	Phase 4	166 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Recruiting
A Double Blind Randomized Control Trial on the Efficacy of Periarticular Levo Bupivicaine Injection Following Primary Hip Arthroplasty[NCT01106001]	Phase 4	91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Double Blinded Multicentre Study Comparing Discharge Readiness of Combined Adductor Canal and IPACK Blocks to LIA for Knee Arthroplasty Surgery.[NCT03944005]		532 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Local Infiltration Analgesia (LIA) With Ropivacaine, Ketorolac and Epinephrine Intra- and Postoperatively in Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty[NCT00653926]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
Oxybutynin for Post-surgical Bladder Pain and Urgency[NCT03952299]	Phase 3	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-01	Recruiting
Perioperative Administration of Pregabalin in Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Does it Help to Relieve Postoperative Pain?[NCT01242332]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Preoperative Use of Pregabalin and Analgesia Levels After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy[NCT01321801]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Effect of a Multimodal Pain Regimen on Pain Control, Patient Satisfaction and Narcotic Use in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients[NCT02160301]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Insufficient infrastructure/funding for enrollment)
Do Peri-operative High Doses of Intravenous Glucocorticoids Improve Short-term Functional Outcome After Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Randomized, Single Surgeon, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind Study[NCT04317872]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Recruiting
Pre-Emptive Analgesia in Ano-Rectal Surgery[NCT02402543]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) Lobectomy or Wedge Resections - a Pilot Randomized Control Trial[NCT03176667]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-06	Completed
Investigate the Efficacy of Acupuncture in Postoperative Pain Control for Minimal Invasive Thoracoscopic Surgery Patients[NCT02959346]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Recruiting
Supplementary Epidural Analgesia in Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) - The SEAVATS Study[NCT02359175]	Phase 4	161 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
Single-centre, Randomized, Clinical Trial of Opioid-free Analgesia Versus Routine Opioid-based Analgesia Regimen for the Management of Acute Post-operative Pain Following Caesarean Section[NCT04539249]		324 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-04	Completed
Efficacy of Peri-Incisional Multimodal Drug Injection Following Operative Management of Femur Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02793947]	Phase 4	102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
Efficacy of Postoperative Pain Control Between Transarticular VS Periartiucular Multimodal Drug Infiltration in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Double-blinded Randomized Control Trial[NCT05325671]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-05	Not yet recruiting
Ultrasound-guided Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) Block vs. Intraoperative Local Anesthetic Infiltration (ILAI) for Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA): a Single Center, Non-inferiority Randomized Control Trial.[NCT05898581]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Pain Management in Different Concentrations of Bupivacaine in Periarticular Injection and Plasma Concentrations of Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Bilateral Knee Arthroplasty[NCT03249662]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-27	Completed
Perioperative Ketorolac in High Risk Breast Cancer Patients With and Without Inflammation. A Prospective Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.[NCT01806259]	Phase 3	203 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Completed
Atomized Intranasal Vs Intravenous Ketorolac in Acute Renal Colic Pain Management: A Randomized Controlled Double-blinded Clinical Trial.[NCT04441762]	Phase 2/Phase 3	171 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-30	Completed
Efficacy of Multimodal Peri- and Intraarticular Drug Injections in Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT00562627]	Phase 4	102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
Peri-articular Tranexamic Acid Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02829346]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
The Effectiveness of Bupivicaine Infusion Versus Intravenous Ketorolac for Postoperative Analgesia After Iliac Crest Bone Harvesting for Lefort I Osteotomy or Alveolar Cleft Repair.[NCT00405262]	Phase 3	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
Efficacy of the Combination Mepivacaine-Tramadol on the Success of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: a Randomized Clinical Trial.[NCT02110966]	Phase 4	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Administration of Dexketoprofen Trometamol in Third Molar Surgery, Compared to Postoperative Administration[NCT02380001]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Clinical Outcomes of an Adductor Canal Block Versus Liposomal Bupivacaine in Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: A Randomized Prospective Study[NCT04086186]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-22	Completed
Gonyautoxins Local Periarticular Injection for Pain Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Double Blind Randomized Study[NCT03025594]	Phase 3	64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Adductor Canal Catheter (ACC) and Intra-articular Catheter (IAC) Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT02497911]	Phase 4	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Enrolling by invitation
Analgesic Efficacy of Adductor Canal Block (ACB) Before and After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA): A Prospective Randomized Trial to Compare Postoperative Clinical Outcomes[NCT02908711]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Adductor Canal Catheter (ACC) and Local Infiltration of Analgesia (LIA) Following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT02603900]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Withdrawn
Analgesic Efficacy of Quadaratus Lumborum Block (QLB) for Laparoscopic Colectomy Surgery: A Prospective Observational Case Control Trial to Evaluate Clinical Outcomes[NCT03017638]		14 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-02-27	Completed
A Pilot Study Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Ketorolac Administration in Children Undergoing Circumcision[NCT02973958]	Phase 1	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Completed
Perioperative Systemic Acetaminophen to Improve Postoperative Quality of Recovery After Ambulatory Breast Surgery[NCT01852955]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
A Randomized Control Trial Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Ketorolac Administration in Children Undergoing Circumcision[NCT04646967]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-25	Recruiting
Pain Management in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Insertion; Effectiveness of Bupivacaine, Ketorolac, Ketamine, vs Bupivacaine Alone in Reducing Postoperative Pocket Pain[NCT05575999]	Phase 1	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Not yet recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, Pilot Study of Preoperative Anti-Inflammatory Therapy for Ureteral Stent Symptoms[NCT03638999]	Early Phase 1	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-07-31	Recruiting
Pain Control for Intrauterine Device Placement: A Randomized, Double Blind Control Trial of Ketorolac Prior to Intrauterine Device Placement.[NCT01664559]		67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Completed
Pain Control for Intrauterine Device Placement: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Paracervical Block[NCT02219308]		67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Repeated Dosing of DIC075V Relative To Parenteral Ketorolac and Placebo in Patients With Acute Post-Op Pain After Abdominal or Pelvic Surgery[NCT00448110]	Phase 3	331 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
A Randomized Double-blinded Trial Comparing the Clinical Efficacy and Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Oral Diclofenac and Intramuscular Diclofenac in Patients With Acute Limb Injuries[NCT03472339]	Phase 4	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-15	Recruiting
Ultrasound-guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block After Abdominal Hysterectomy: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01153503]		75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With or Without Magnesium for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy With or Without Salpingo-oophorectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02680626]	Phase 4	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Pfannenstiel hysterectomies are now rarely performed so cannot recruit eligible patients)
Effect of Ibuprofen on Postoperative Opiate Medication Use and Shoulder[NCT02588027]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Active, not recruiting
Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block: Cadaveric Study[NCT04166188]		7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Completed
Dexmedetomidine as a Sole Premedication for BMT Placement in Children Undergoing Bilateral Myringotomy Tube Placement Surgery[NCT05903326]		276 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-02-11	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study Assessing the Efficacy of Intravenous (IV) Ibuprofen Versus IV Acetaminophen for the Treatment of Pain Following Orthopaedic Low Extremity Surgery[NCT03771755]		62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-01	Completed
Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric vs. Quadratus Lumborum Nerve Blockade for Elective Open Inguinal Herniorrhaphy[NCT03007966]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-30	Completed
Effect of Medial vs Traditional Approach to US-guided Transverse Abdominis Plane (TAP) Blocks on Analgesia After Open Inguinal Hernia Repair[NCT01589796]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Recruiting
A Pilot Study on Pacemaker Interference From Peripheral Nerve Stimulator for[NCT00586248]		14 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-03-31	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled, Equivalence Study Comparing Intra-articular Corticosteroid to Intra-articular Ketorolac Knee Injections[NCT02612272]	Phase 4	448 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Recruiting
The Effect of Intravenous Single-dose Dexamethasone on Pain After Total Knee Replacement Surgery[NCT03034733]	Phase 4	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-15	Terminated (stopped due to Principal investigator (M.K.) left for another workplace. Patient recruitment more difficult than expected.)
The Effect of a Preoperative Single-dose Methylprednisolone on the Postoperative Rehabilitation After Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Prospective, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled Study[NCT01106547]	Phase 4	55 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Perioperative IV Steroid Administration Lowers Post-operative Pain Levels and Opioid Use in Pediatric Patients After Posterior Spinal Fusion and Instrumentation for Spine Deformity.[NCT05287035]	Early Phase 1	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Enrolling by invitation
Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Caudal Epidural for Lower Abdominal Surgery in Children: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02160821]	Phase 4	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Allocation Concealed Study Comparing the Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine Over Standard Bupivacaine Plus Dexamethasone in Quadriceps Sparing Femoral Nerve Block and Wound Infiltration for Primary Total Knee Arthro[NCT02624856]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to Lack of funding)
Comparison of Clonidine and Morphine Plus Bupivacaine in Caudal Peridural Anesthesia for Postoperative Analgesia After Pediatric Urogenital Surgery[NCT00672347]	Phase 1/Phase 2	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
The Role of Intra-Operative Intracapsular Blocks in Post-Operative Pain Management Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT00620828]	Phase 4	67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Naproxen for Acute Pain After Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT00615875]	Phase 4	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Post-Op Pain Control for Prophylactic Intramedullary Nailing.[NCT03823534]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-20	Recruiting
Effect of Single Intravenous Ketamine Dose on Postoperative Pain Following Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Control Clinical Trial.[NCT03018301]	Phase 2	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Recruiting
Comparison of Three Kinds of Postoperative Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty :a Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT02094339]	Phase 4	45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Recruiting
Periarticular Injection With Bupivacaine For Post-Operative Pain Control In Total Knee Replacement: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial[NCT01364194]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Efficacy of a Peri-Operative Surgical-Site, Multimodal Drug Injection in Pediatric Patients With Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Hip Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04074265]	Phase 4	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-01	Completed
Opioid-free Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04421196]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-09-15	Withdrawn (stopped due to Currently does not have active IRB status.)
Utilization of Quadratus Lumborum Versus Lumbar Plexus Blocks for Postoperative Analgesia Following Hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04402437]		111 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-23	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Ultrasound Guided Combined (Suprascapular and Circumflex Nerve Blocks ) Versus (Suprascapular Nerve and Posterior Cord Nerve Blocks at Infraclavicular Level ) During Shoulder Arthroscopy : A Randomized Controlled Study[NCT04446403]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-25	Recruiting
Effect of the Peri-incisional Multimodal Cocktail Infiltration on Postcraniotomy Headache[NCT03915639]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Local Infiltration Analgesia on Postoperative Pain Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction[NCT03873077]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Recruiting
Total Knee Arthroplasty Versus Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomized, Double-blind Multicenter Trial[NCT02481427]		140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Intra-Articular Ketorolac Injection for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blinded Study[NCT03694821]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-05	Terminated (stopped due to Low enrollment)
Evaluation of Aerosolized Bupivacaine Versus Pre-incision Lidocaine Versus Instilled Liquid Bupivacaine Versus Post-operative Bupivacaine Injection for Optimization of Post-operative Pain Control in Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgical Patients[NCT00508976]	Phase 2	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Achieving Peri-Operative Pain Control Without Opioids[NCT04813991]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-15	Withdrawn (stopped due to Enrollment was never initiated and the PI is leaving the institution so the study is closing.)
Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in the Management of Post-operative Pain in Colorectal Patients[NCT01836614]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study was closed due to recommendations of performing a PK study first.)
The Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine on Quality of Recovery After Cesarean Delivery[NCT02257346]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to PI terminated study with no subjects enrolled.)
Analgesic Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine in Patients Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy Surgery[NCT00913003]	Phase 4	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to PI terminated employment with the University)
The Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine on Quality of Recovery After Outpatient Gynecologic Laparoscopy[NCT01250002]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Effect of Intravenous Lignocaine Infusion on Intraoperative End Tidal Desflurane Concentration Requirements: A Randomised Double-Blinded Controlled Study[NCT06064331]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-21	Completed
Intravenous Lignocaine as an Analgesic Adjunct in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery (IGNITE-AIS Study)[NCT04931433]	Phase 4	102 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-24	Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion in Children[NCT02241096]	Phase 1	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Lack of available study participants.)
Comparing Analgesic Efficacy of Systemic Lidocaine Against Placebo in General Anesthesia in Bariatric Surgery: Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo Controlled, Mono-Center Study[NCT03667001]	Phase 3	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-16	Completed
IRB-HSR# 13957: IV Lidocaine for Patients Undergoing Primary Breast Cancer Surgery: Effects on Postoperative Recovery and Cancer Recurrence[NCT01204242]	Phase 2	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-01	Completed
Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lignocaine on Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Elective Open Abdominal Surgeries- a Double Blinded Randomized Control Trial[NCT01699919]	Phase 4	134 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Randomized Prospective Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Surgeon Performed IIlioinguinal/Iliohypogastric Blockade With Ultrasound-Guided TAP Blockade in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Unilateral Herniorrhaphy on an Outpatient Basis[NCT01740193]		59 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Assessment of the Operative Course in Connection With Removal of Lower Third Molars With Particular Consideration to the Occurence of Pain and Swelling[NCT00805298]		154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Efficacy of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Compared With Platelet Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial[NCT03289416]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-05	Completed
Comparative, Randomized Trial of SPI-directed Intravenous Analgesia Using Metamizole With Tramadol Versus Preemptive Wound Infiltration Using 0,2 % Ropivacaine With Fentanyl or 0,2 % Bupivacaine With Fentanyl for Lumbar Discectomy[NCT02971540]		132 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
Acute Kidney Injury and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Patients Undergoing High-risk Abdominal or Thoracic Surgery[NCT02553174]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-06-01	Terminated (stopped due to unable to recruit sufficient patients to satisfy study protocols)
Initial Pain Management in Pediatric Pancreatitis: Opioid vs. Non-Opioid[NCT04291599]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-15	Recruiting
A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Postoperative Intravenous Parecoxib Sodium Followed by Oral Celecoxib Post Total Knee Arthroplasty in Osteoarthritis Patients[NCT02198924]	Phase 4	246 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Asking patients whether or not they experienced the symptom in the preceding time-frame (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Nausea

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	14
Ropivacaine	12

Asking patients whether or not they experienced the symptom in the preceding time-frame (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Nausea

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	9
Ropivacaine	7

Asking patients whether or not they experienced the symptom in the preceding time-frame (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Pruritus

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	4
Ropivacaine	1

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Pruritus

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo	4
Ropivacaine	5.5

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Pruritus

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Placebo	3.5
Ropivacaine	4

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Vomiting

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	0
Ropivacaine	0

Asking patients whether or not they experienced the symptom in the preceding time-frame (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Vomiting

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	7
Ropivacaine	8

Asking patients whether or not they experienced the symptom in the preceding time-frame (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Subjects Experiencing Vomiting

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	4
Ropivacaine	4

Asking patients whether or not they experienced the symptom in the preceding time-frame (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Number of Subjects With Chronic Pain

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	1
Ropivacaine	0

Phone interview asking patient about presence of pain at incision site (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 6 months

Number of Subjects With Chronic Pain

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	0
Ropivacaine	0

Phone interview asking patient about presence of pain at incision site (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Opioid Consumption

Pain Score on Movement

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	3
Ropivacaine	3

Intervention	mg Oxycodone Equivalent (Median)
Placebo	0
Ropivacaine	0

Intervention	mg Oxycodone Equivalent (Median)
Placebo	5
Ropivacaine	5

Intervention	mg Oxycodone Equivalent (Mean)
Placebo	20
Ropivacaine	10

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgery

Pain Score on Movement (Sitting in Bed From a Supine Position)

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo	5.5
Ropivacaine	5

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Pain Scores at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo	5
Ropivacaine	5

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Pain Scores at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo	2
Ropivacaine	0

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain Scores at Rest

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	2
Ropivacaine	2

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being none and 10 being the worst imaginable (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Patient Satisfaction With Postoperative Analgesia on a 0-10 Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo	2
Ropivacaine	2

Score reported on a scale of 0-10, with 0 being not at all satisfied and 10 being completely satisfied (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Postpartum Depression, as Measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo	9.5
Ropivacaine	8

Patients contacted over the phone completed screening with the EPDS, on a scale of 0-30. A score of over 13 indicate risk for postpartum depression (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 6 months

Postpartum Depression, as Measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo	3
Ropivacaine	1

Patients contacted over the phone completed screening with the EPDS, on a scale of 0-30. A score of over 13 indicate risk for postpartum depression (NCT02829944)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Time to First Rescue Analgesic

Acute Postoperative Pain

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Placebo	1
Ropivacaine	0.5

Intervention	Minutes (Mean)
Placebo	660
Ropivacaine	954

"Mean AUC Analysis of Postoperative pain as measured using the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score at 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours after surgery. The primary analysis of Alder Hey Triage Pain Score was similar to the primary analysis of the change in pupil diameter using AUC. The Alder Hey Triage Pain Score identifies five categories of observations: voice/cry, facial expression, posture, movement, and color. Each of these has a possible score of 0, 1, or 2, resulting in a total score ranging between 0 and 10. A total score of zero means the subject experienced no pain, as the 5 categories added up totals zero. A total score of 10 means the subject experienced a lot of pain and is the worst possible outcome, as the 5 categories added up totals 10.~Parent responses in a diary with a score of 0, 1, or 2.~Cry or voice, 0=no compliant/cry, 1=Consolable, 2=Inconsolable~Facial Expression, 0=Normal, 1=Short grimace <50% of time, 2=Long grimace >50% of time~Posture, 0=Normal, 1=Touching/rub" (NCT02132312)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Intraoperative Pupil Diameter

Intervention	score*hours (Mean)
OMS302	0.44
Phenylephrine HCl	0.65

Mean Area-under-the-Curve (AUC) Analysis of Change From Baseline in Pupil Diameter (mm/min) During Surgery Excluding Subjects with In-evaluable Videos. (NCT02132312)
Timeframe: From surgery baseline (pre-incision) through surgery end (time of cortical clean-up/wound closure), the mean time of surgery duration is 35.46 minutes with a standard deviation of 19.98.

Safety as Measured by Treatment-emergent Adverse Events, the Number of Affected Patients/at Risk (%) and the Number of Events.

Intervention	millimeters*minutes (Mean)
OMS302	0.14
Phenylephrine HCl	0.20

Safety as assessed by the incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events up until the last visit at Day 90. (NCT02132312)
Timeframe: 90 days

12-hour Blood Pressure

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
OMS302	15
Phenylephrine HCl	18

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 12-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

12-hour Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	106.7
Experimental	112.0

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 12-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

12-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	97.8
Experimental	97.0

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 12-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

16-hour Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control	3.9
Experimental	3.4

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 16-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

16-hour Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	112.3
Experimental	104.2

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 16-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

16-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	98.8
Experimental	96.9

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 16-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

20-hour Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control	5.6
Experimental	5.4

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 20-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

20-hour Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	106.5
Experimental	114.7

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 20-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

20-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	99.0
Experimental	98.3

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 20-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

24-hour Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control	5.8
Experimental	4.9

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 24-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

24-hour Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	108.7
Experimental	118.3

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 24-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

24-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	99.3
Experimental	97.3

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 24-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

4-hour Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control	5.2
Experimental	8

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 4-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

4-hour Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	118.0
Experimental	119.6

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 4-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

4-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	97.8
Experimental	96.9

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 4-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

8-hour Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control	5.5
Experimental	4.6

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 8-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

8-hour Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	113.8
Experimental	117.9

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 8-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

8-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	98.7
Experimental	96.5

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded at 8-hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

Initial Blood Pressure

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Control	4.4
Experimental	3.5

Systolic blood pressure (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded immediately upon arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

Initial Oxygen Saturation

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Control	124.2
Experimental	123.8

SpO2 as measured by pulse oximetry (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded immediately upon arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

Initial Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Intervention	percentage of blood oxygen saturation (Mean)
Control	99.4
Experimental	98.6

Patient-reported pain scores on a scale of 1-10 (1 is low or no pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain) (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Recorded immediately upon arrival to the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU)

Narcotic Consumption

Mean narcotics used by each patient while in the hospital during the 24-hour hospitalization (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours postoperatively

Number of Patients Administered Anti-emetics at 4-hour Intervals

Frequency of anti-emetics administered for complaints of nausea or vomiting at 4-hour intervals (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: Initial, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours

Short-form 36-item (Sf-36) Quality of Life Questionnaire

Aggregate results of the sf-36 quality of life assessment. This was provided one time to each patient, as early as at the first postoperative visit or at any time thereafter up to 2 months postoperatively. This assessment has been validated to measure 8 categories related to quality of life: physical functioning, limitations due to physical health, limitations due to emotional health, perceived level of energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain, and overall general health. The responses to the 36 questions are tabulated and each category is given a score from 1-100 for each individual patient. Higher scores indicate a better quality of life for that category. The rows/data below report the mean and standard deviations of the collected scores in each category. (NCT04919317)
Timeframe: 1 week to 2 months postoperatively

Cumulative Postoperative Opiate Consumption

Cumulative opiate consumption (IV morphine equivalents) (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Time Discharge

Time patient meets discharge criteria will be recorded (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative

Time to First Opiate Rescue

Time to first opiate pain medicine requested by patient (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 48 hours

VAS (Visual Analog Scale)

"Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain assessment with ambulation. The visual analog scale (VAS) is a validated, subjective measure for acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between no pain and worst pain. For pain intensity, the scale is most commonly anchored by no pain (score of 0) and pain as bad as it could be or worst imaginable pain (score of 100 [100-mm scale]) ." (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 24 hours

30 Day Mortality

Primary outcomes include 30 day mortality post-operatively. (NCT03669081)
Timeframe: 30 days

Bleeding Risk

Hematocrit levels were evaluated post-operatively for up to a day post-operatively for signs of blood loss. (NCT03669081)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Cumulative Narcotic Use

Cumulative narcotic use was defined by cumulative morphine equivalents over the course of a patient's hospital course. The Washington State Agency Medical Director's Group Opioid dose calculator was used to provide a total morphine dose equivalent (MDE) for each patient while in the hospital. (NCT03669081)
Timeframe: 82.25 hours

Length of Hospital Stay

Primary outcomes include length of hospital stay (LOS). (NCT03669081)
Timeframe: 82.25 hours

Number of Patients With Urinary Retention

Patients were evaluated post-operatively during hospital stay for instances of urinary retention. (NCT03669081)
Timeframe: 82.25 hours

Serum Creatinine Levels at One Year Post-operatively

Renal function was evaluated by following serum creatinine levels for up to one year post-operatively. (NCT03669081)
Timeframe: 1 year

Apgar Score at 5 Minutes

This is the Apgar score of the newborn collected at 5 minutes. Range is from 0-10, with the higher scores meaning a better outcome. (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after birth

Hospital Length of Stay

Time to discharge from hospital, measured in hours (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: From time of hospital admission to time of discharge home up to 168 hours.

Need for Respiratory Support

neonate receipt of oxygen by nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: after birth and before hospital discharge

NICU Admission

Rate of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: after birth and before hospital discharge

Number of Opioid Pain Tablets Remaining on Post-operative Day #7 From the Discharge Prescription.

Number of opioid pain tablets remaining on post-operative day #7 from hospital discharge as reported by patients (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 7 days post delivery

Pain Score at 24 Hours Post-operatively

Pain Score at 24 Hours Post Operatively, expressed on a pain scale from 0-10 with the higher score meaning worse pain (outcome). (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operatively

Pain Score at 48 Hours Post-operatively

Pain Score at 48 Hours Post-operatively, expressed on a pain scale from 0-10 with the higher score meaning worse pain (outcome). (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 48 hours post-operatively

Pain Score at 6-12 Hours Post Operatively

Pain score at 6-12 hours post-operatively, expressed on a pain scale from 0-10 with the higher score meaning worse pain (outcome). (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 6-12 hours post-operatively

Time to First Administration of Opioid Pain Medication Post Operatively

Time, in hours, to first administration of opioid pain medication post operatively (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 48 hours post cesarean delivery

Total Opioid Intake in Morphine Milligram Equivalents in the First 48 Hours After Cesarean Delivery (CD)

Every opioid intake by the patient in the first 48 hours after CD will be recorded and quantified in morphine milligram equivalents (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 48 hours post cesarean delivery

Length of Stay

Length of time from the end of surgery to discharge home from the hospital, assessed up to 1 week. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Time from end of surgery to discharge home from hospital, assessed up to 1 week.

Number of Participants With Urinary Retention.

Number of participants with urinary retention (discharge home with foley) (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Number of participants with urinary retention (discharge home with foley) measured on day patient is discharged home/study completion up to 1 week.

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting at 7AM After Surgery

Number of patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting at 7AM after surgery (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Postoperative nausea and vomiting from the time to end of surgery until 7AM after surgery

Quality of Recovery Scores on Post op Day 1

Quality of Recovery scores on post op day 1. The QoR-40 is a 40-item quality of recovery score measuring 5 dimensions: physical comfort (12 items), emotional state (9 items), physical independence (5 items), psychological support (7 items), and pain (7 items). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The QoR-40 has a possible score of 40 (extremely poor quality of recovery) to 200 (excellent quality of recovery). It was specifically designed to measure a patient's health status after surgery and anesthesia, and it has been proposed as a measure of outcome in clinical trials. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Quality of Recovery scores on post op day 1

Satisfaction Scores 96 Hours After Surgery

Satisfaction scores 96 hours after surgery. The satisfaction score is a numerical score from 0-10 with a score of 0 indicating very dissatisfied on the left of the scale and 10 indicating very satisfied on the right of the scale. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Satisfaction scores 96 hours after surgery

Satisfaction Scores in the Morning After Surgery (7AM)

Satisfaction scores in the morning after surgery (7AM). The satisfaction score is a numerical score from 0-10 with a score of 0 indicating very dissatisfied on the left of the scale and 10 indicating very satisfied on the right of the scale. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Satisfaction scores in the morning after surgery (7AM)

Total Dose of Opioids Administered During Hospitalization

Total dose of opioids administered during hospitalization in morphine equivalents upon hospital discharge. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Total dose of opioids administered during hospitalization in morphine equivalents from the end of surgery to discharge up to 1 week

VAS Scores 96 Hours After Surgery

VAS Scores 96 hours after surgery. The VAS is a 100mm scale with a score of no pain on the left of the scale, indicating a score of 0, and a score of worst pain on the right, indicating a score of 10. Patient is instructed to score the scale where they feel is appropriate. Each demarcation in between marks is 10mm and after the patient marks their score it is measured using mm from 0mm-100mm. A score of 0 is 0mm and a score of 10 is 100mm. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: VAS Scores 96 hours after surgery

VAS Scores at 4 Hours Post Surgery

VAS Scores at 4 hours post surgery. The VAS is a 100mm scale with a score of no pain on the left of the scale, indicating a score of 0, and a score of worst pain on the right, indicating a score of 10. Patient is instructed to score the scale where they feel is appropriate. Each demarcation in between marks is 10mm and after the patient marks their score it is measured using mm from 0mm-100mm. A score of 0 is 0mm and a score of 10 is 100mm. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: VAS Scores at 4 hours post surgery

Visual Analog Scores (VAS)

Visual Analog Scores (VAS) Scores in the morning of post op day 1. The VAS is a 100mm scale with a score of no pain on the left of the scale, indicating a score of 0, and a score of worst pain on the right, indicating a score of 10. Patient is instructed to score the scale where they feel is appropriate. Each demarcation in between marks is 10mm and after the patient marks their score it is measured using mm from 0mm-100mm. A score of 0 is 0mm and a score of 10 is 100mm. (NCT03052816)
Timeframe: Visual Analog Scores (VAS) Score in the morning of post op day 1 at 7am.

Area of Hypersensitivity to Mechanical Stimuli Surrounding the Wound 48 Hours After Surgery

Hyperalgesia (using a von Frey filament) and allodynia (using a cotton swab) were evaluated around the surgical site 48 hours after surgery. (NCT00621530)
Timeframe: 48 hours

McGill Affective Pain

Pain was assessed 2 days, and 2 and 6 months after surgery using a validated questionnaire wherein subjects rate the degree to which adjectives describe the emotional component of their pain experience. This is termed the McGill Pain Affective Score and is scored from 0 to 12 with 12 being the highest pain emotional impact. (NCT00621530)
Timeframe: 6 months

McGill Pain Intensity

Pain was assessed 2 days and 2 and 6 months after surgery using a validated questionnaire wherein subjects rate the degree to which adjectives describe the intensity of their pain experience. This is termed the McGill Pain Intensity Score and is scored from 0 to 33 with 33 being the highest pain intensity. (NCT00621530)
Timeframe: 6 months

Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory

Pain was assessed 2 days, and 2 and 6 months after surgery using a validated questionnaire to assess the degree of neuropathic characteristics of pain. This is termed the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory which is scored 0-100 with 100 being the worst possible pain. (NCT00621530)
Timeframe: 6 months

Present Pain Intensity

Pain was assessed preoperatively, 2 days, and 2 and 6 months after surgery using a 0-10 (10 being worse) verbal Present Pain Intensity (PPI) scale (NCT00621530)
Timeframe: 6 months

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 2 Hours With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 20 Minutes With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period.

Pain intensity scores will be recorded by patient employing a standard 100 mm visual analog scale (NCT01490931)
Timeframe: 20 minutes post dose

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 3 Hours With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 4 Hours With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 40 Minutes With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period.

VAS pain intensity score at 40 minutes post-dose (NCT01490931)
Timeframe: 40 minutes post dose

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 5 Hours With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 6 Hours With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 60 Minutes With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

VAS pain intensity score 60 minutes after dosing. (NCT01490931)
Timeframe: 60 minutes post dose

Comparison of Pain Intensity Scores at 90 Minutes With the Baseline Pain Intensity Score During the Initial 6-hour Evaluation Period

Median Onset of Meaningful Pain Relief

Measure obtained using recognized double-stop watch technique. Patient is asked to depress the second stop watch when pain relief is meaningful to them. Each patient decides what meaningful relief is for them. (NCT01490931)
Timeframe: At time of depressing meaningful relief stopwatch up to 6 hours.

Most Frequent Number of Days of Analgesic Dosing in Dental Implant Surgery Patients When Employing Intranasal Ketorolac as Their Pain Medication.

Percentage of Subjects Who Reach a Level of at Least Moderate Pain by Achieving a Score of at Least 40 mm on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale Within 5 Hours After the Completion of Surgery.

The Median Onset of First Perceptible Pain Relief of Intranasal Ketorolac in Dental Implant Surgery Patients

Data will be obtained employing the well-described double stop watch technique (NCT01490931)
Timeframe: Censored at 6 hours

Anti-emetic Doses

Total doses of medications to treat pruritus (opioid side-effect) including ondansetron and promethazine. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum

Corrected Change in Hct on POD1.

Corrected change in Hct on POD1. Performed by subtracting POD1 Hct from POD0 Hct. Correction for transfusion by further subtracting 3 per unit of pRBC transfused to account for the typical change seen per unit transfused. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: POD1

Estimated Blood Loss (EBL)

Estimation of blood loss during surgery (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: Immediately post-op

Post-Partum Hemorrhage

Rate of Post-Partum Hemorrhage between groups during the first 24 hours pst-partum. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum

Pruritus Doses

Total doses of medications to treat pruritus (opioid side-effect) including diphenhydramine, nalbuphine and naloxone. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum

Total Hydromorphone Dose

Total hydromorphone doses in mg in the first 24 hours post-partum. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum.

Units of Packed Reb Blood Cell Transfused

Total number of Units of Packed Reb Blood Cell Transfused in intra-op until 24 hours post-partum. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: Intra-op until 24 hours post-partum.

Uterotonic Doses

Total number of uterotonic doses including methylergonovine, carboprost and misoprostol. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum

Change in Pain Score Post-Cesarean Delivery

Pain score post-Cesarean Delivery using 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS): 0-10 where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours post-cesarean delivery

Percentile Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) at 6,12, and 24 Hours

Percentile change in diastolic Blood Pressure at 6,12, and 24 hours for each patient's baseline defined by immediate post-op PACU vitals. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum

Percentile Change in Systolic Blood Pressure at 6,12, and 24 Hours

Percentile change in Systolic Blood Pressure at 6,12, and 24 hours for each patient's baseline defined by immediate post-op PACU vitals. (NCT02509312)
Timeframe: 0 - 24 hours post-partum

Opioid Consumption (Number of Pills Taken)

"Daily opioid consumption assessed as number of pills taken that day, each day for 7 days post-operatively~Outcome measure reported below is mean number of opioid pills consumed per day." (NCT02313675)
Timeframe: 7 days

Postoperative Pain (Pain Scores From 0-10 Scale)

This is an ordinal pain scale. The patient picks a number from 0-10 scale every 4 hours for 7 days post-operatively. 0 is no pain, 10 is the worst pain imaginable. Lower scores would be preferable to higher scores. (NCT02313675)
Timeframe: 7 days

Analgesic Efficacy

"percentage of patients with NRS≥4. (NRS=numeric rating scale; o quantify pain from0=no pain to 10=worst pain possible).~NRS≥4 is cosidered as suboptimal pain control worth to be treated with adjunctive analgesics. We therefore condidered the difference in percentage of patients experiencing not optimal pain control in the two groups to understand, if any, the difference in analgesic efficacy between the two drugs." (NCT01345162)
Timeframe: 4 days postherniotomy

Estimated Blood Loss

Length of Stay in Hours

Number of Patients With Return to the Clinic, Emergency Department Due to Post Operative Pain Within a 2 Week Period

Number of patients with return to the clinic, emergency department due to post operative pain within a 2 week period (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-14 days

Operative Time

Pain Scores

Subjective, Score 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being severe pain (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-3 hours after surgery

Pain Scores

Subjective, Score 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being severe pain (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 3-24 hours after surgery

Total Opioid Pain Medications Required 0-3h Post op in Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME)

Total opioid pain medications required 0-3h post op in morphine milligram equivalents (MME) (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-3 hours after surgery

Total Opioid Pain Medications Required Through 3-24h Post op in MME

Total opioid pain medications required through 3-24h post op in MME (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 3-24 hours after surgery

Average Inpatient Hydromorphone Use

Average inpatient hydromorphone use measured in milligrams (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: 48 hrs following surgery

Average Inpatient Ondansetron Use

Average inpatient ondansetron use measured in milligrams (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: 48 hrs following surgery

Average Inpatient Postoperative Pain Score

Pain measured using the Visual Analog Scale, no pain (0-0.4 cm), mild pain(0.5-4.4 cm), moderate pain (4.5-7.4 cm), and severe pain (7.5-10.0 cm). Subscale scoring was not used in analysis but provided as reference for patient and nursing staff. (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: 48 hrs following surgery

Days of Oral Narcotic Use After Discharge

Measured using postoperative questionnaire (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after discharge

Number of Oral Narcotic Pills Used After Discharge

Number of oral narcotic pills used after discharge until 2 week postoperative visit. (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after discharge

Number of Participants With Perioperative Complications

Perioperative Complications measured intraoperatively and postoperatively by type (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: During and after surgery

Return to Activities of Daily Living

Average number of days required for complete return to independent activities of daily living (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after discharge

Total Hospital Stay

Total hospital stay from time fo admission to time of discharge measured in hours (NCT03331315)
Timeframe: Following surgery

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale after first injection. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Baseline - immediately after the injection

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale prior to first injection. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Baseline - pre-injection

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Day 2

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Week 1

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Week 12

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Week 2

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Week 4

Visual Analog Scale

Pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale. The visual analog scale is a 0-10 scale, 0 being no pain, 10 being unbearable pain. (NCT04115644)
Timeframe: Week 6

Incidence of Postoperative Side Effects

To find the incidence of immediate (until discharge) and 24hrs post operative side effects in the target population. (NCT01736358)
Timeframe: 24 hours after procedure

Post Operative Pain Scale

To evaluate the post operative pain score using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 2 hours after surgery. The scale for VAS is 0 is no pain to 10 being the worst pain. (NCT01736358)
Timeframe: 2 hours after surgery

Post Operative Pain Score

To evaluate the post operative pain score using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 1 hour after surgery. The scale for VAS is 0 is no pain to 10 being the worst pain. (NCT01736358)
Timeframe: 1 hour after surgery

Post Operative Pain Score

To evaluate the post operative pain score using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 30 minutes after surgery. The scale for VAS is 0 is no pain to 10 being the worst pain. (NCT01736358)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after surgery

Post-operative Opioid Requirements

this study will assess the effect of perioperative usage of single-dose of intranasal ketorolac on post operative opioid requirements within 3 hours after surgery. (NCT01736358)
Timeframe: 3 hours after surgery

Mean Dose of Pentazocine Used

Mean dose of Pentazocine used in each arm of the study (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 24 Hours Post-operative

Post-operative pain scores following caesarean section at 24 hours post-operative using the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. The Numerical Rating Scale for pain has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a worse outcome (0= No pain at all, 5= Moderate pain and 10= Worst pain imaginable) (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 4 Hours Post-operative

Post-operative pain scores following caesarean section at 4 hours post-operative using the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. The Numerical Rating Scale for pain has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a worse outcome (0= No pain at all, 5= Moderate pain and 10= Worst pain imaginable) (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-operative

Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 8 Hours Post-operative

Post-operative pain scores following caesarean section at 8 hours post-operative using the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. The Numerical Rating Scale for pain has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a worse outcome (0= No pain at all, 5= Moderate pain and 10= Worst pain imaginable) (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 8 hours post-operative

Frequency and Nature of Pentazocine Use

Frequency of Pentazocine use per participant in each arm of the study and whether it was used as indicated in the protocol and/or for rescue analgesia (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

Pentazocine Use as Rescue Analgesia

Whether or not pentazocine was used as rescue analgesia (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

Post-operative Pentazocine Use

Whether or not Pentazocine was used post-operatively (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

Apgar Scores of the Neonates

Apgar scores of the neonates delivered by the women who had caesarean section under the study, taken at first and fifth minutes after birth. Apgar score has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a better outcome (0-3= low Apgar score, 4-6= moderately abnormal Apgar score and 7-10= reassuring Apgar score (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: At first and fifth minutes after birth

Number of Participants With Peri-operative Adverse Events

Number of participants with peri-operative adverse events including hypersensitivity reaction, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, lightheadedness, presyncope, and any other adverse event recorded from the time of first administration of peri-operative analgesia to 2 hours postoperative (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: Time of first administration of peri-operative analgesia to 2 hours postoperative

Number of Participants With Medication-related Side Effects

Patients will be monitored every 15 minutes in the recovery room and every 4 hours for the first two post-operative days by nursing personnel for medication side effects related to ropivacaine toxicity including blurred vision, hearing problems, transient peripheral paralysis, dizziness, convulsion, uncontrolled muscle contraction, hypotension, bradycardia, and new onset arrhythmia. (NCT02793947)
Timeframe: 48 hours following surgery

Total Narcotic Consumption

Parenteral and oral narcotic agents will be utilized by patients for post-operative pain control per the standard of care. No alterations in narcotic prescription behavior will be observed for this study. (NCT02793947)
Timeframe: Narcotic consumption will be recorded every 8 hours for the first two post-operative days.

Visual Analog Scale Pain Assessment

"Patients will describe their current level of comfort on a 10 point scale while at rest. Zero corresponds to no pain and ten corresponds to the most extreme possible pain. Visual analog scores will be collected by nursing staff who are blinded to the treatment allocation." (NCT02793947)
Timeframe: Pain assessment will be collected immediately prior to surgery (pre-op), immediately following surgery in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and every 4 hours following surgery for the first two post-operative days (48 hours total; 4H-48H)

Overall Survival

2 years for the primary analysis + 3 additional years for secondary analysis (From date of randomization until the date of death from any cause assessed up to 5 years) (NCT01806259)
Timeframe: 5 years

Recurrence-free Survival

2 years for the primary analysis + 3 additional years for secondary analysis (From date of randomization until the date of first documented progression or date of death from any cause, whichever came first, assessed up to 5 years) (NCT01806259)
Timeframe: 5 years

Opioid Use

Morphine used by patient controlled analgesia. Amount of used morphine during the first 48 hours after surgery were documented in the CRF by the pain nurses. (NCT00562627)
Timeframe: 48 hours postoperative

Pain at Rest (VAS)

VAS (pain at rest) 0-100 mm. VAS 0 mm means no pain and VAS 100 mm means maximal pain. (NCT00562627)
Timeframe: 48 hours postoperative

Time to Readiness for Discharge

Each postoperative day, discharge readiness was assessed by an orthopaedic surgeon, a pain nurse, a ward nurse, and a physiotherapist according to the following criteria: no evidence for surgical complications, VAS pain at rest ≤30 mm which is controlled by oral analgesics, ability to eat and drink, ability to walk with elbow crutches, and ability to climb ≥8 stairs. (NCT00562627)
Timeframe: up to 10 days postoperative

Postoperative Opioid Consumption

Postoperative opioid consumption over 24 hours. Converted into oral mg of morpine equivalents. (NCT01852955)
Timeframe: 24 hour

Postoperative Pain in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit

Postoperative pain within the post anesthesia care unit after surgery. Area under the numeric rating scale for pain versus time curve in the post anesthesia care unit (score * min).Numeric rating scale for pain on a scale of 0-10 (0 is no pain and 10 is high pain) versus time curve in the post anesthesia care unit ( score * min). Area under a curve units of the horizontal axis multiplied by the units of the vertical axis. A higher value indicates more pain and time in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit.The range is 0 pain to x time in minutes x 1 hour to 5 hour ( 60-300 minutes) . The pain scores were collected at 15 minute intervals from the time of admission to the PACU. The area under the NRS pain scale versus time curve was calculated using the trapezoidal method as an indicator of pain burden during early recovery (Graph Pad Prism ver 5.03, Graph Pad Software INC. (NCT01852955)
Timeframe: Time in the post anesthesia care unit after surgery (average of 5 hours)

Quality of Recovery at 24 Hours(QoR-40 Instrument)

Quality of recovery score 24 hours after the surgical procedure. Total score range of 40 (poor recovery) and a score of 200 (good recovery). (NCT01852955)
Timeframe: 24 hours after the surgical procedure

VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) Measurement of Pain

The patient marked their pain on a 0 to 10cm visual analogue scale, where 0 cm is no pain and 10 cm is the worst pain ever. (NCT01664559)
Timeframe: Pain with IUD placement, measured immediately after placement

Nulliparous Patients - Subgroup Analysis

"The patient marked their pain on a 0 to 10cm visual analogue scale, where 0 cm is no pain and 10 cm is the worst pain ever.~Prior to injection of study drug, anticipated pain~Pain from study drug injection, measured immediately after injection~Pain from speculum insertion, measured immediately after insertion~Pain with tenaculum placement, measured immediately after placement~Pain with uterine sounding, measured immediately after removal of the sound~Pain at 5 minutes after placement of the intrauterine device~Pain at 15 minutes after placement of the intrauterine device" (NCT01664559)
Timeframe: immediately after each step (see description)

Pain Scores at Other Time Points During and After IUD Placement

Post-insertion Patient Questionnaire

"Questions assessed in multiple choice format:~Side effects~injection site pain~overall satisfaction with IUD insertion experience~would they still recommend IUD placement to a friend?~significant pain for which they desired acetaminophen prior to leaving the office?" (NCT01664559)
Timeframe: assessed at 15 minutes after IUD insertion

Post-insertion Provider Questionnaire

"The provider will be asked to fill out a multiple choice format questionnaire:~what level training are you?~which IUD was inserted?~what was the purpose of IUD placement?~what was the position of the uterus?~did the IUD placement process require cervical dilation?~were you able to complete the IUD insertion?~was there bleeding from the cervix that required more than 5 min to control?~were there any major complications with the IUD insertion?~did the patient take tylenol prior to leaving the office?" (NCT01664559)
Timeframe: Immediately after IUD placement, on average within 1 hour

Pain With Intrauterine Device (IUD) Placement

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm visual analog scale (reflecting magnitude of pain) recorded at time of IUD Placement. Scale range is from 0mm (no pain) to 100mm (worst pain possible). A lower score (less pain) is considered a better outcome. (NCT02219308)
Timeframe: Moment of IUD insertion

Median Pain Scores for All Time Points

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100-mm visual analog scale of pain at various time points. Scale range is 0mm (no pain) to 100mm (worst pain possible). Lower scores are considered better outcomes. (NCT02219308)
Timeframe: Anticipation of procedure through 5 minutes after IUD placement

Morphine Consumption

Morphine consumption over the first 24 hours (NCT01153503)
Timeframe: 24 hours post surgery

Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Itching

Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Nausea

Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Vomiting

Post-operative Verbal Pain Score at Rest

Assessed on an 11 point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

Post-operative Verbal Pain Score at Rest

Assessed on an 11-point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

Post-operative Verbal Pain Score With Activity

Assessed on an 11 point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24hrs Post Nerve Block

Post-operative Verbal Pain Score With Movement

Assessed on an 11-point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome. (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

Time to First Oral Analgesic

When does the patient require their first post operative analgesic dose? (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24hrs Post Nerve Block

Total Opioid Consumption

Total opioids consumed during the first 24hrs post operatively. Measured as 24hr Oxycodone Equivalent (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

Postoperative Day 1 Physical Therapy Outcome - Ambulation Distance

Ambulation distance walked by participants 24-hours post-operatively (NCT00620828)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-op

Numeric Pain Score

Participants were asked to rate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10 at all time intervals up to 24 hours post-injection. Scores were organized into the following categories: 3 or less (mild pain), 4 to 6 (moderate pain), 7 or higher (severe pain). (NCT00620828)
Timeframe: Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours post-injection

Postoperative Day 1 Physical Therapy Outcome - Straight Leg Raise

Straight Leg Raise (SLR): number of people that can perform a SLR at designated intervals (NCT00620828)
Timeframe: 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours post-op

Postoperative Day 1 Physical Therapy Outcome- Knee Extension and Flexion

Knee extension and knee flexion measured at 24-hours post-operatively for patient cohort (NCT00620828)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-op

Total Fentanyl Patient-Controlled Anesthesia (PCA) Narcotic Consumption

The PCA total dose at the 4-hour, 8-hour, 12-hour and 24-hour post-operative time points. (NCT00620828)
Timeframe: 4 hours to 24 hours post-op

24 Hour Hydromorphone

Total IV hydromorphone administered during surgery to 24 hours post surgery (NCT00913003)
Timeframe: 24 hour

Number of Participants Experiencing Post Operative Ileus

Number of Participants Experiencing Post Operative Nausea

Nausea at any time during the post operative period for 48 hours (NCT00913003)
Timeframe: Immediate post operative to 48 hours

Opioid Consumption (Morphine Equivalents)

opioid consumption (morphine equivalents)post operatively (NCT01250002)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Quality of Recovery 40 Score

Quality of recovery 40 score on the day after surgery. Scale ranges from a low of 40 (poor recovery) to a high of 200 (good recovery). (NCT01250002)
Timeframe: 24 hours post surgery

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Initial	4-hours postoperatively	8-hours postoperatively	12-hours postoperatively	16-hours postoperatively	20-hours postoperatively	24-hours postoperatively
Control	4	7	2	4	0	0	0
Experimental	5	2	1	0	0	0	0

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Physical Functioning	Limitations Due to Physical Health	Limitations Due to Emotional Health	Energy/Fatigue	Emotional Well-being	Social Functioning	Pain	Overall General Health
Control	88.93	82.14	88.10	54.64	65.71	92.50	59.64	51.43
Experimental	90.42	79.17	80.56	52.92	59.00	88.75	64.42	56.25

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	2.9
Acetaminophen Oral	3.8
No Acetaminophen	5.7

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	48.4
Acetaminophen Oral	48.6
No Acetaminophen	50.5

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	25.3
Acetaminophen Oral	24.0
No Acetaminophen	21.3

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	37.8
Acetaminophen Oral	44.3
No Acetaminophen	50.8

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Postoperative: 2 days	Postoperative: 2 months	Postoperative: 6 months
Ketorolac	2.3	0.4	0.1
Placebo	2.3	0.5	0.4

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Preoperative	Postoperative: 2 days	Postoperative: 2 months	Postoperative: 6 months
Ketorolac	1.7	2.1	0.6	0.4
Placebo	1.6	2.5	0.2	0.1

Intervention	units on NRS (Median)
	Baseline	15 mins	1 hour	6 hours	12 hours	24 hours
Ketorolac	0	0	0	1	2	4.5
Placebo	0	0	0	3	3.5	5.5

Intervention	pills consumed (Mean)
IV Tylenol	0.2
IV Toradol	0.7
IV Tylenol/Toradol Combination	1.0
Saline	0.7

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	3.197
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	3.577
Group 3 (Kenalog)	3.677

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	5.77
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	4.57
Group 3 (Kenalog)	4.67

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	2.347
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	2.837
Group 3 (Kenalog)	2.67

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	3.397
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	3.7
Group 3 (Kenalog)	3.257

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	3.447
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	1.417
Group 3 (Kenalog)	2.027

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	3.547
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	2.67
Group 3 (Kenalog)	2.57

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Group 1 (Control)	3.357
Group 2 (Ketorolac)	2.757
Group 3 (Kenalog)	2.687

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	More than 4 times (per protocol + as rescue analgesia)	Four times (per protocol)	Four times (as rescue analgesia)	Three times (as rescue analgesia)	Two times (as rescue analgesia)	Once (as rescue analgesia)	Not used at all
Magnesium Sulphate	0	0	0	0	11	35	4
Pentazocine	0	50	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Pentazocine used as rescue analgesia	Pentazocine NOT used as rescue analgesia
Magnesium Sulphate	46	4
Pentazocine	0	50

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Pentazocine used	Pentazocine NOT used
Magnesium Sulphate	46	4
Pentazocine	50	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Apgar score at the 1st minute72410061			Apgar score at the 1st minute72410060	Apgar score at the 5th minute72410061	Apgar score at the 5th minute72410060
	4-6	Less than 4	7-10
Pentazocine	0
Magnesium Sulphate	2
Pentazocine	6
Magnesium Sulphate	48
Pentazocine	44
Magnesium Sulphate	0
Pentazocine	1
Magnesium Sulphate	50
Pentazocine	49

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Bradycardia72410060		Bradycardia72410061	Systolic hypotension72410060	Systolic hypotension72410061	Severe (Symptomatic) systolic hypotension72410060	Severe (Symptomatic) systolic hypotension72410061	Diastolic hypotension72410060	Diastolic hypotension72410061	Severe (Symptomatic) diastolic hypotension72410060	Severe (Symptomatic) diastolic hypotension72410061	Vomiting72410060	Vomiting72410061	Lightheadedness72410060	Lightheadedness72410061	Presyncope72410060	Presyncope72410061
	Absent	Present
Magnesium Sulphate	0
Pentazocine	2
Magnesium Sulphate	50
Pentazocine	48
Magnesium Sulphate	14
Pentazocine	5
Magnesium Sulphate	36
Pentazocine	45
Magnesium Sulphate	13
Magnesium Sulphate	24
Pentazocine	18
Magnesium Sulphate	26
Pentazocine	32
Magnesium Sulphate	23
Magnesium Sulphate	1
Magnesium Sulphate	49
Pentazocine	50
Pentazocine	0

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	Pre-op	PACU	4H	8H	12H	16H	20H	24H	28H	32H	36H	40H	44H	48H
Control (no Injection)	5.0	3.2	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.5	5.0	4.0	3.5	4.0	3.0
Peri-incisional Injection	5.0	1.6	1.0	2.0	3.5	3.5	4.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	4.0	3.0	3.0	3.0

Intervention	mg (Mean)
LIA IV (Local Infiltration Analgesia, Intravenous)	77
LIA IA, (Local Infiltration Analgesia, Intra-articular)	49
Epidural	54

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Placebo With 1cc Normal Saline IM	5.2
Toradol, 30mg in 1cc IM	3.6

Intervention	cm (Median)
	1) Anticipated pain	2) Pain with injection	3) Speculum insertion	4) Tenaculum placement	5) Uterine sounding	6) Pain with IUD placement	7) 5 min after placement	8) 15 min after placement
Placebo With 1cc Normal Saline IM	2.8	1.8	2.3	6.3	8.4	8.1	3.7	4.8
Toradol, 30mg in 1cc IM	3.6	1.2	1.5	4.3	6.0	5.4	2.7	1.8

Intervention	cm (Median)
	Anticipated pain	Pain with injection	Speculum insertion	Tenaculum placement	Uterine sounding	5 min after procedure	15 min after procedure
Placebo With 1cc Normal Saline IM	4.4	1.0	2.6	3.9	5.0	2.2	1.6
Toradol, 30mg in 1cc IM	3.5	0.6	1.5	2.5	4.3	0.3	0.1

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Reported side effects	Injection site pain - just as bad/worse than IUD	Satisfied or very satisfied with overall IUD proc	Recommend IUD to a friend	Desires additional pain medication
Placebo With 1cc Normal Saline IM	12	8	30	28	16
Toradol, 30mg in 1cc IM	8	6	31	30	6

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Level of training - PGY1	Level of training - PGY2	Level of training - PGY3	Level of training - PGY4	Level of training - Attending	IUD type - levonogestrel	IUD type - copper	Purpose of IUD - contraception	Purpose of IUD - AUB	Position of uterus - anteverted	Position of uterus - retroverted	Position of uterus - midpositioned	Cervical dilation needed	Able to complete the IUD placement	Significant bleeding	Major complications	Took acetaminophen prior to leaving the office
Placebo With 1cc Normal Saline IM	2	2	3	5	1	22	12	33	1	19	6	9	2	34	0	0	17
Toradol, 30mg in 1cc IM	5	13	6	6	3	28	2	32	1	20	5	8	2	33	2	0	7

Intervention	mm (Median)
No Paracervical Block (Sham PCB)	54
Paracervical Block (PCB)	33