Page last updated: 2024-10-29

ketorolac and Allodynia

ketorolac has been researched along with Allodynia in 30 studies

Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.
5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Consistent with the effects upon allodynia, both gabapentin and ketorolac produced a preference for the drug-paired compartment in the early phase of the K/BxN model, while gabapentin, but not ketorolac, resulted in a place preference during late phase."7.83The effect of gabapentin and ketorolac on allodynia and conditioned place preference in antibody-induced inflammation. ( Corr, M; McQueen, J; Park, HJ; Sandor, K; Svensson, CI; Woller, SA; Yaksh, TL, 2016)
"We previously reported that partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) dramatically up-regulates cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in injured sciatic nerve, and local injection of the COX inhibitor, ketorolac, reverses tactile allodynia and suppresses increased phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP responsive element binding protein [Eur J Neurosci 15 (2002) 1037]."7.72Intraplantar injection of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac reduces immunoreactivities of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dynorphin in the dorsal horn of rats with nerve injury or inflammation. ( Eisenach, JC; Ma, W, 2003)
"Pretreatment with parecoxib or ketorolac reduced the postinfusion area of pinprick hyperalgesia (P < 0."6.76Effects of COX inhibition on experimental pain and hyperalgesia during and after remifentanil infusion in humans. ( Draegni, T; Heyerdahl, F; Lenz, H; Raeder, J; Schmelz, M; Stubhaug, A, 2011)
"Treatment with morphine (1mg/kg, s."5.38Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac. ( Fujita, I; Kita, Y; Okumura, T; Sakakibara, A, 2012)
" The aim was to explore the existence of a positive interaction between paracetamol 1 g and ketorolac 20 mg administered intravenously on experimental pain models in human beings."5.15A randomized, controlled trial validates a peripheral supra-additive antihyperalgesic effect of a paracetamol-ketorolac combination. ( Besson, M; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Ing Lorenzini, K; Salomon, D, 2011)
" Because some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are structural analogs of prostaglandins and NSAIDs attenuate heat nociception and mechanical allodynia in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, we investigated whether three widely used NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketorolac, and xefocam) affect thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia following the activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels."3.88Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs attenuate agonist-evoked activation of transient receptor potential channels. ( Gurtskaia, G; Nozadze, I; Tsagareli, MG; Tsiklauri, N, 2018)
"Consistent with the effects upon allodynia, both gabapentin and ketorolac produced a preference for the drug-paired compartment in the early phase of the K/BxN model, while gabapentin, but not ketorolac, resulted in a place preference during late phase."3.83The effect of gabapentin and ketorolac on allodynia and conditioned place preference in antibody-induced inflammation. ( Corr, M; McQueen, J; Park, HJ; Sandor, K; Svensson, CI; Woller, SA; Yaksh, TL, 2016)
"We previously reported that partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) dramatically up-regulates cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in injured sciatic nerve, and local injection of the COX inhibitor, ketorolac, reverses tactile allodynia and suppresses increased phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP responsive element binding protein [Eur J Neurosci 15 (2002) 1037]."3.72Intraplantar injection of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac reduces immunoreactivities of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dynorphin in the dorsal horn of rats with nerve injury or inflammation. ( Eisenach, JC; Ma, W, 2003)
"We previously reported the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in injured sciatic nerve of rats with partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) and the reversal of PSNL-elicited tactile allodynia by local injection of the COX inhibitor ketorolac [Eur J Neurosci 15 (2002) 1037]."3.72Cyclooxygenase 2 in infiltrating inflammatory cells in injured nerve is universally up-regulated following various types of peripheral nerve injury. ( Eisenach, JC; Ma, W, 2003)
") had no effect in two acute pain models, namely, the acetic acid-induced writhing (visceral pain) and the formalin test (tonic pain)."3.72Pharmacological profile of parecoxib: a novel, potent injectable selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. ( Jain, NK; Kulkarni, SK; Padi, SS; Singh, S, 2004)
" Local injection of ketorolac, a nonselective COX inhibitor, into the ipsilateral plantar side or into the injury site of the sciatic nerve, effectively reversed the tactile allodynia induced by PSNL for > 5 days."3.71Morphological and pharmacological evidence for the role of peripheral prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. ( Eisenach, JC; Ma, W, 2002)
" In the present study, 4 weeks following partial sciatic nerve ligation, a single intrathecal injection of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 preferring inhibitor ketorolac (50 microg) significantly attenuated tactile allodynia for 6 days."3.71Role for both spinal cord COX-1 and COX-2 in maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury. ( Du, W; Eisenach, JC; Ma, W, 2002)
"Adult migraineurs were randomized to ketorolac NS 31."2.82A Randomized Trial of Ketorolac vs. Sumatripan vs. Placebo Nasal Spray (KSPN) for Acute Migraine. ( Dash, PD; Gelaye, B; Kurth, T; Nitchie, H; Peterlin, BL; Rao, AS, 2016)
"Pretreatment with parecoxib or ketorolac reduced the postinfusion area of pinprick hyperalgesia (P < 0."2.76Effects of COX inhibition on experimental pain and hyperalgesia during and after remifentanil infusion in humans. ( Draegni, T; Heyerdahl, F; Lenz, H; Raeder, J; Schmelz, M; Stubhaug, A, 2011)
"Primary and secondary hyperalgesia were produced by a first-degree burn injury on abdominal skin 45 min before injection of the test medicines."2.73Methylprednisolone and ketorolac rapidly reduce hyperalgesia around a skin burn injury and increase pressure pain thresholds. ( Breivik, H; Kaasa, T; Romundstad, L; Stubhaug, A, 2007)
"Cutaneous allodynia and dysesthesia were then mapped and thermal and mechanical thresholds were measured."2.72The effect of intravenous ketorolac on capsaicin-induced deep tissue hyperalgesia. ( Kumar, K; Polston, GR; Wallace, MS, 2006)
"Forepaw mechanical allodynia was measured for 7 days, and spinal cord tissue was immunolabeled for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and PAR1 expression in the dorsal horn on day 7."1.39Ketorolac reduces spinal astrocytic activation and PAR1 expression associated with attenuation of pain after facet joint injury. ( Dong, L; Smith, JR; Winkelstein, BA, 2013)
"Treatment with morphine (1mg/kg, s."1.38Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac. ( Fujita, I; Kita, Y; Okumura, T; Sakakibara, A, 2012)
"The opiate tolerance was complicated by tactile hyperalgesia at the site of the surgical wound."1.35[Acute opiate tolerance and postoperative hyperalgesia after a brief infusion of remifentanil managed with multimodal analgesia]. ( Cortiñas Sáenz, M; Cortiñas Sáenz, ML; Gerónimo Pardo, M; Hernández Vallecillo, MT; Ibarra Martí, ML; Mateo Cerdán, CM, 2008)
"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hyperalgesia and the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in acute and chronic nociceptive assays have been well established."1.33Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperalgesia in formalin test. ( Kulkarni, SK; Padi, SS, 2005)
" Footpad PG levels returned to base line or below within 5 min of dosing with ketorolac, which suggests rapid turnover of PG in the inflamed tissue."1.30Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 rapidly reverses inflammatory hyperalgesia and prostaglandin E2 production. ( Isakson, PC; Portanova, J; Seibert, K; Shaffer, A; Zhang, Y, 1997)
"Neuropathic pain was induced by tight ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves."1.30Synergistic antiallodynic effects of spinal morphine with ketorolac and selective COX1- and COX2-inhibitors in nerve-injured rats. ( Hunter, JC; Lashbrook, JM; Ossipov, MH; Porreca, F; Raffa, RB; Tallarida, RJ, 1999)
"Pretreatment with ketorolac had a selective effect on the postburn injury hyperalgesia, reducing the increase in pain intensity (P<0."1.29Reduction of postburn hyperalgesia after local injection of ketorolac in healthy volunteers. ( Brull, SJ; Collins, JG; Kitahata, LM; LaMotte, R; Lundell, JC; O'Connor, TZ; Silverman, DG, 1996)

Research

Studies (30)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's5 (16.67)18.2507
2000's14 (46.67)29.6817
2010's11 (36.67)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Tsagareli, MG1
Nozadze, I1
Tsiklauri, N1
Gurtskaia, G1
Eisenach, JC6
Tong, C1
Curry, RS1
Park, HJ1
Sandor, K1
McQueen, J1
Woller, SA1
Svensson, CI1
Corr, M1
Yaksh, TL2
Rao, AS1
Gelaye, B1
Kurth, T1
Dash, PD1
Nitchie, H1
Peterlin, BL1
Ko, JS1
Eddinger, KA1
Angert, M1
Chernov, AV1
Dolkas, J1
Strongin, AY1
Shubayev, VI1
Guzmán-Priego, CG1
Méndez-Mena, R1
Baños-González, MA1
Araiza-Saldaña, CI1
Castañeda-Corral, G1
Torres-López, JE1
Lenz, H1
Raeder, J1
Draegni, T1
Heyerdahl, F1
Schmelz, M1
Stubhaug, A2
Ing Lorenzini, K2
Besson, M2
Daali, Y2
Salomon, D2
Dayer, P2
Desmeules, J2
Fujita, I1
Okumura, T1
Sakakibara, A1
Kita, Y1
Dong, L1
Smith, JR1
Winkelstein, BA1
Kang, YJ1
Vincler, M1
Li, X1
Conklin, D1
Ma, W4
Padi, SS2
Jain, NK1
Singh, S1
Kulkarni, SK2
Hsueh, SF1
Lu, CY1
Chao, CS1
Tan, PH1
Huang, YW1
Hsieh, SW1
Hsiao, HT1
Chung, NC1
Lin, SH1
Huang, PL1
Lyu, PC1
Yang, LC1
Dunbar, SA1
Karamian, I1
Zhang, J1
Kumar, K1
Polston, GR1
Wallace, MS1
Romundstad, L1
Kaasa, T1
Breivik, H1
Lee, IO1
Seo, Y1
Cortiñas Sáenz, M1
Gerónimo Pardo, M1
Cortiñas Sáenz, ML1
Hernández Vallecillo, MT1
Ibarra Martí, ML1
Mateo Cerdán, CM1
Møiniche, S1
Pedersen, JL1
Kehlet, H1
Lundell, JC1
Silverman, DG1
Brull, SJ1
O'Connor, TZ1
Kitahata, LM1
Collins, JG1
LaMotte, R1
Zhang, Y1
Shaffer, A1
Portanova, J1
Seibert, K1
Isakson, PC1
Southall, DM1
Michael, LR1
Vasko, RM1
Lashbrook, JM1
Ossipov, MH1
Hunter, JC1
Raffa, RB1
Tallarida, RJ1
Porreca, F1
Brandt, MR1
Furness, MS1
Mello, NK1
Rice, KC1
Negus, SS1
Du, W1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Comparison of Ketorolac Nasal Spray to Sumatriptan Nasal Spray and Placebo for Acute Treatment of Migraine (The KSPN Migraine Study)[NCT01807234]Phase 472 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Can Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia be Prevented by Gradual Dose Reduction vs. Abrupt Withdrawal of Remifentanil?[NCT01702389]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

2- Hour Pain Relief

The primary outcome was 2-hour headache relief; headache relief was defined as headache pain from moderate or severe pain to none or mild pain. Pain was assessed using a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe) (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo72.5
Sumatriptan/ Placebo69.4
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo38.8

Absence of Allodynia

5) Absence of allodynia The presence of allodynia was assessed based on a series of 8 questions inquiring as to the presence of allodynia. Participants answering 2 or more questions positively were considered to have allodynia. (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2-hours

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo70.5
Sumatriptan/ Placebo75.5
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo69.0

Absence of Nausea

4) Defined as reduction of nausea to none. Symptom was assessed using a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe) (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2-hours

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo82.7
Sumatriptan/ Placebo74.0
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo66.0

Absence of Phonophobia

3) Defined as reduction of phonophobia to none. Symptom was assessed using a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe) (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2-hours

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo75.0
Sumatriptan/Placebo66.0
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo56.0

Absence of Photophobia

2) Defined as reduction of photophobia to none. Symptom was assessed using a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe) (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2-hours

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo65.4
Sumatriptan/ Placebo64.0
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo46.0

Pain Freedom

1) Pain Freedom: Pain Freedom at 2 hours is defined as being free of pain. Pain was assessed using a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe). (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2-hours

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo43.1
Sumatriptan/Placebo36.7
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo18.4

Self-assessment of Disability: Percentage of Participants With Moderate or Severe Disability

Participants' self-assessment of disability was assessed using 4-point scales (none, mild, moderate, and severe). A binary outcome variable was created grouping none and mild vs moderate to severe. . (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 2-hours

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Ketorolac/ Placebo1.9
Sumatriptan/ Placebo8.1
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo10.2

Sustained Pain Freedom (SPF)

8) 24 and 48 hours sustained pain freedom (SPF); Defined as the reduction of pain to none. Pain was assessed using a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe). (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 24 and 48 hours

,,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
24 hour sustained pain freedom48 hour sustained pain freedom
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo12.212.2
Ketorolac/ Placebo35.333.3
Sumatriptan/ Placebo22.418.4

Sustained Pain Relief (SPR)

7) 24 and 48 hours sustained pain relief (SPR) Defined as the reduction of pain to none or mild from moderate or severe, on a 4-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe). (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: 24 and 48 hours

,,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
24 hour sustained pain relief48 hour sustained pain relief
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo20.420.4
Ketorolac/ Placebo49.049.0
Sumatriptan/ Placebo40.830.6

Time to Pain Relief

9) The time, in minutes, will be measured from the time study drug is taken to the time when significant pain relief is first observed and maintained through 2 hours with no rescue medication use at or prior to this point. (NCT01807234)
Timeframe: following each treated migraine attack

,,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
10 minutes15 minutes20 minutes30 minutes1 hour
Ketorolac Placebo/ Sumatriptan Placebo12.214.322.426.532.6
Ketorolac/ Placebo15.735.343.154.958.8
Sumatriptan/ Placebo14.336.044.953.157.1

Trials

8 trials available for ketorolac and Allodynia

ArticleYear
Failure of intrathecal ketorolac to reduce remifentanil-induced postinfusion hyperalgesia in humans.
    Pain, 2015, Volume: 156, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Double-Blind Method; Female; Hot Temperature;

2015
A Randomized Trial of Ketorolac vs. Sumatripan vs. Placebo Nasal Spray (KSPN) for Acute Migraine.
    Headache, 2016, Volume: 56, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cross-Over Studies; Disability Evaluation; Double-Bl

2016
Effects of COX inhibition on experimental pain and hyperalgesia during and after remifentanil infusion in humans.
    Pain, 2011, Volume: 152, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Blood Pressure; Cross-Over Studies; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Double-Bli

2011
A randomized, controlled trial validates a peripheral supra-additive antihyperalgesic effect of a paracetamol-ketorolac combination.
    Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2011, Volume: 109, Issue:5

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antipyretics; Cross-Over

2011
Validation of the simplified UVB model to assess the pharmacodynamics of analgesics in healthy human volunteers.
    Chimia, 2012, Volume: 66, Issue:5

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal;

2012
The effect of intravenous ketorolac on capsaicin-induced deep tissue hyperalgesia.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2006, Volume: 103, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Capsaicin; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method;

2006
Methylprednisolone and ketorolac rapidly reduce hyperalgesia around a skin burn injury and increase pressure pain thresholds.
    Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2007, Volume: 51, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Analgesia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Burns; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind M

2007
Topical ketorolac has no antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory effect in thermal injury.
    Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 1994, Volume: 20, Issue:6

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; B

1994

Other Studies

22 other studies available for ketorolac and Allodynia

ArticleYear
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs attenuate agonist-evoked activation of transient receptor potential channels.
    Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2018, Volume: 97

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Capsaicin; Diclofenac; Disease Models,

2018
The effect of gabapentin and ketorolac on allodynia and conditioned place preference in antibody-induced inflammation.
    European journal of pain (London, England), 2016, Volume: 20, Issue:6

    Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Animals; Arthritis; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Gabapen

2016
Spinal activity of interleukin 6 mediates myelin basic protein-induced allodynia.
    Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2016, Volume: 56

    Topics: Amines; Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D

2016
Antihyperalgesic Effects of Indomethacin, Ketorolac, and Metamizole in Rats: Effects of Metformin.
    Drug development research, 2017, Volume: 78, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carrageenan; Dipyrone; Dose-Response Relationship,

2017
Involvement of inflammation in severe post-operative pain demonstrated by pre-surgical and post-surgical treatment with piroxicam and ketorolac.
    The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2012, Volume: 64, Issue:5

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Hyperalgesia;

2012
Ketorolac reduces spinal astrocytic activation and PAR1 expression associated with attenuation of pain after facet joint injury.
    Journal of neurotrauma, 2013, May-15, Volume: 30, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Astrocytes; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Hyper

2013
Intrathecal ketorolac reverses hypersensitivity following acute fentanyl exposure.
    Anesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 97, Issue:6

    Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Drug Hypersensitivity; Fentanyl; Hyper

2002
Intraplantar injection of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor ketorolac reduces immunoreactivities of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dynorphin in the dorsal horn of rats with nerve injury or inflammation.
    Neuroscience, 2003, Volume: 121, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Carrageenan; Cell Count; Cyclooxygenase

2003
Cyclooxygenase 2 in infiltrating inflammatory cells in injured nerve is universally up-regulated following various types of peripheral nerve injury.
    Neuroscience, 2003, Volume: 121, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors;

2003
Pharmacological profile of parecoxib: a novel, potent injectable selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor.
    European journal of pharmacology, 2004, Apr-26, Volume: 491, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Carrageenan; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inh

2004
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase expression of inducible COX-2 isoform of cyclooxygenase in spinal cord of rats with adjuvant induced inflammation.
    Brain research. Molecular brain research, 2004, Jun-18, Volume: 125, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhi

2004
Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperalgesia in formalin test.
    Indian journal of experimental biology, 2005, Volume: 43, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dexamethasone; Di

2005
Ketorolac prevents recurrent withdrawal induced hyperalgesia but does not inhibit tolerance to spinal morphine in the rat.
    European journal of pain (London, England), 2007, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-R

2007
The effects of intrathecal cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, or nonselective inhibitors on pain behavior and spinal Fos-like immunoreactivity.
    Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 106, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitor

2008
[Acute opiate tolerance and postoperative hyperalgesia after a brief infusion of remifentanil managed with multimodal analgesia].
    Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2008, Volume: 55, Issue:1

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Adnexal Diseases; Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics,

2008
Reduction of postburn hyperalgesia after local injection of ketorolac in healthy volunteers.
    Anesthesiology, 1996, Volume: 84, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bradykinin; Burns; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Intrad

1996
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 rapidly reverses inflammatory hyperalgesia and prostaglandin E2 production.
    The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1997, Volume: 283, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprostone; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Ketorolac; Male; Rats;

1997
Intrathecal NSAIDS attenuate inflammation-induced neuropeptide release from rat spinal cord slices.
    Pain, 1998, Volume: 78, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Capsaicin; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Freund's Adj

1998
Synergistic antiallodynic effects of spinal morphine with ketorolac and selective COX1- and COX2-inhibitors in nerve-injured rats.
    Pain, 1999, Volume: 82, Issue:1

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Drug Synergism; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Sp

1999
Antinociceptive effects of delta-opioid agonists in Rhesus monkeys: effects on chemically induced thermal hypersensitivity.
    The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2001, Volume: 296, Issue:3

    Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Benzamides; Capsai

2001
Morphological and pharmacological evidence for the role of peripheral prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.
    The European journal of neuroscience, 2002, Volume: 15, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxyge

2002
Role for both spinal cord COX-1 and COX-2 in maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury.
    Brain research, 2002, May-24, Volume: 937, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibi

2002