ketorolac and Acute Kidney Injury studies

Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.
5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.

Acute Kidney Injury: Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"It is unclear whether ketorolac-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients susceptible to AKI."	8.31	Comparison between ketorolac- and fentanyl-based patient-controlled analgesia for acute kidney injury after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis. ( Bae, YK; Jeon, YT; Kim, DH; Kim, HG; Koo, CH; Oh, AY; Ryu, JH, 2023)
"Ketorolac is an effective analgesic but the potential for acute kidney injury (AKI) is concerning, particularly in geriatric "G-60 trauma" patients."	8.12	Identification of Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury from Intravenous Ketorolac in Geriatric Trauma Patients. ( Barletta, JF; Hall, ST; Mangram, AJ, 2022)
"Ketorolac is useful in acute pain management to avoid opiate-related complications; however, some surgeons fear associated acute kidney injury (AKI) and bleeding despite a paucity of literature on ketorolac use in trauma patients."	8.02	Ketorolac Use for Pain Management in Trauma Patients With Rib Fractures Does not Increase of Acute Kidney Injury or Incidence of Bleeding. ( Chao, E; DeHaan, S; Jureller, M; Kaban, JM; Laikhram, D; Lewis, E; Reddy, SH; Simon, R; Stone, ME; Torabi, J, 2021)
"This study aims to assess the association between ketorolac and anastomotic leak."	7.88	Ketorolac Use and Anastomotic Leak in Elective Colorectal Surgery: A Detailed Analysis. ( Ford, MM; Geiger, TM; Hawkins, AT; Hopkins, MB; King, AB; Martin, BJ; McEvoy, MD; Muldoon, RL; Wanderer, JP, 2018)
" We evaluated rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) in primary and revision TJA using a multimodal pain control regimen including scheduled celecoxib and PRN ketorolac."	7.83	Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty and Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Multimodal Approach to Perioperative Pain Control Including Ketorolac and Celecoxib. ( Callaghan, JJ; Hogue, MH; Klaassen, AL; Liu, SS; Noiseux, NO; Warth, LC, 2016)
"It is unclear whether ketorolac-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients susceptible to AKI."	4.31	Comparison between ketorolac- and fentanyl-based patient-controlled analgesia for acute kidney injury after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis. ( Bae, YK; Jeon, YT; Kim, DH; Kim, HG; Koo, CH; Oh, AY; Ryu, JH, 2023)
"Ketorolac is an effective analgesic but the potential for acute kidney injury (AKI) is concerning, particularly in geriatric "G-60 trauma" patients."	4.12	Identification of Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury from Intravenous Ketorolac in Geriatric Trauma Patients. ( Barletta, JF; Hall, ST; Mangram, AJ, 2022)
"Ketorolac is useful in acute pain management to avoid opiate-related complications; however, some surgeons fear associated acute kidney injury (AKI) and bleeding despite a paucity of literature on ketorolac use in trauma patients."	4.02	Ketorolac Use for Pain Management in Trauma Patients With Rib Fractures Does not Increase of Acute Kidney Injury or Incidence of Bleeding. ( Chao, E; DeHaan, S; Jureller, M; Kaban, JM; Laikhram, D; Lewis, E; Reddy, SH; Simon, R; Stone, ME; Torabi, J, 2021)
"This study aims to assess the association between ketorolac and anastomotic leak."	3.88	Ketorolac Use and Anastomotic Leak in Elective Colorectal Surgery: A Detailed Analysis. ( Ford, MM; Geiger, TM; Hawkins, AT; Hopkins, MB; King, AB; Martin, BJ; McEvoy, MD; Muldoon, RL; Wanderer, JP, 2018)
" We evaluated rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) in primary and revision TJA using a multimodal pain control regimen including scheduled celecoxib and PRN ketorolac."	3.83	Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty and Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Multimodal Approach to Perioperative Pain Control Including Ketorolac and Celecoxib. ( Callaghan, JJ; Hogue, MH; Klaassen, AL; Liu, SS; Noiseux, NO; Warth, LC, 2016)
"We aimed to identify the risk factors for acute kidney injury in infants who have received ketorolac after a cardiac surgical procedure by identifying patients with a > or = 50% increase in serum creatinine from baseline and matching them by age with three controls that had < 50% increase in serum creatinine."	3.79	Ketorolac-associated renal morbidity: risk factors in cardiac surgical infants. ( Cabrera, A; Moffett, BS, 2013)
"Ketorolac is approved for the relief of postoperative pain but concerns have been raised over a possible risk of serious adverse effects and death."	2.70	Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. ( Abdalla, M; Bianchi, PG; Bonnet, F; Camu, F; Ebrahim, S; Escolar, G; Forrest, JB; Greer, IA; Heitlinger, E; Jage, J; Kehlet, H; Langman, MJ; Pocock, S; Samama, MM; Velo, G, 2002)
"To compare the risk for acute renal failure associated with ketorolac with that associated with opioids."	1.30	Parenteral ketorolac: the risk for acute renal failure. ( Berlin, JA; Carson, JL; Farrar, J; Feldman, HI; Hennessy, S; Kimmel, SE; Kinman, JL; Strom, BL, 1997)
" Finally, since ketorolac is excreted almost entirely by the kidney, either elderly patients or patients with underlying renal insufficiency must have an adjustment of the dosing interval, or this medication should be avoided in such patients altogether."	1.29	NSAID nephrotoxicity revisited: acute renal failure due to parenteral ketorolac. ( Buller, GK; Perazella, MA, 1993)

Research

Studies (28)

Authors

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Feasibility as Measured by the Number of Patients That Accept Enrollment, Remain Adherent to Losartan, and Remain Adherent to Study Procedures.

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	17 (60.71)	18.2507
2000's	2 (7.14)	29.6817
2010's	5 (17.86)	24.3611
2020's	4 (14.29)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Hall, ST	1
Mangram, AJ	1
Barletta, JF	1
Kim, DH	1
Jeon, YT	1
Kim, HG	1
Oh, AY	1
Ryu, JH	1
Bae, YK	1
Koo, CH	1
Kunstman, JW	1
Brandt, WS	1
Azar, SA	1
Jean, RA	1
Salem, RR	1
Torabi, J	1
Kaban, JM	1
Lewis, E	1
Laikhram, D	1
Simon, R	1
DeHaan, S	1
Jureller, M	1
Chao, E	1
Reddy, SH	1
Stone, ME	1
Uber, AM	1
Montez-Rath, ME	1
Kwiatkowski, DM	1
Krawczeski, CD	1
Sutherland, SM	1
Hawkins, AT	1
McEvoy, MD	1
Wanderer, JP	1
Ford, MM	1
Hopkins, MB	1
Muldoon, RL	1
Martin, BJ	1
King, AB	1
Geiger, TM	1
Warth, LC	1
Noiseux, NO	1
Hogue, MH	1
Klaassen, AL	1
Liu, SS	1
Callaghan, JJ	1
Baddam, S	1
Aban, I	1
Hilliard, L	1
Howard, T	1
Askenazi, D	1
Lebensburger, JD	1
Moffett, BS	1
Cabrera, A	1
McDougal, WS	1
Jones, SF	1
Ulyatt, D	1
Epelde Gonzalo, FD	1
Llibre Bombardó, J	1
Tomás Vecina, S	1
Phillips, G	1
Perazella, MA	2
Buller, GK	2
Smith, K	1
Halliwell, RM	1
Lawrence, S	1
Klineberg, PL	1
O'Connell, P	1
Fong, J	1
Gora, ML	1
Kelley, M	1
Bastani, B	1
Buck, ML	1
Norwood, VF	1
Revell, S	1
Mofenson, HC	2
Caraccio, TR	2
Feldman, HI	1
Kinman, JL	1
Berlin, JA	1
Hennessy, S	1
Kimmel, SE	1
Farrar, J	1
Carson, JL	1
Strom, BL	1
Murrell, GC	1
Leake, T	1
Hughes, PJ	1
Myles, PS	1
Power, I	1
Licker, A	1
Höhn, L	1
Schweizer, A	1
Forrest, JB	1
Camu, F	1
Greer, IA	1
Kehlet, H	1
Abdalla, M	1
Bonnet, F	1
Ebrahim, S	1
Escolar, G	1
Jage, J	1
Pocock, S	1
Velo, G	1
Langman, MJ	1
Bianchi, PG	1
Samama, MM	1
Heitlinger, E	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Chronobiology and Chronopharmacology to Prevent Sickle Cell Kidney Disease[NCT02373241]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Terminated (stopped due to Estimated GFR was determined not to be a reliable endpoint for this study. We identified significant variabilty in annual eGFR that it became inappropriate to randomize to a medication but use EGFR as the primary endpoint.)
Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease[NCT03105271]		60 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-01-01	Completed
Evaluation of Perioperative Usage of Ketorolac on Postoperative Pain Reduction in Pediatric Patients With Adenotonsillectom[NCT05074056]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-08	Recruiting
Opioid-Free Versus Transitional Anesthetic With Opioids From Tonsillectomy[NCT04528173]	Phase 4	550 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-22	Recruiting
Acute Kidney Injury and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Patients Undergoing High-risk Abdominal or Thoracic Surgery[NCT02553174]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-06-01	Terminated (stopped due to unable to recruit sufficient patients to satisfy study protocols)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"Outcome 1a. Document the rate of acceptance (quantitative) and reasons for acceptance/rejection (qualitative) in a randomized trial of trial of losartan for SCD patients with abnormal nocturnal blood pressures.~Outcome 1b. Identify the adherence rate to losartan during a randomized three year trial of losartan for SCD patients (n=40) with abnormal nocturnal blood pressure.~Outcome 1c. Determine the adherence rate to study procedures among participants enrolled in a three year trial of losartan for SCD patients (n=40) with abnormal nocturnal blood pressure." (NCT02373241)
Timeframe: 5 yrs

Feasibility as Measured by the Number of Patients With Improvement in Nocturnal Blood Pressure While Receiving Losartan.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard Blood Pressure Management	0
Experimental Blood Pressure Management	1

As a feasibility trial, the effect of losartan on lowering nocturnal hypertension will be monitored to identify the difference in nocturnal BP improvement between the two treatment arms, and within group standard deviation of BP (NCT02373241)
Timeframe: 5 years

Number of Patients With Incident Hypertension

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Experimental Blood Pressure Management	1

We will prospectively evaluate the incidence of hypertension (Clinic BP in pts >5yrs and ABPM in pts >10 yrs) and role of blood and urine biomarkers (pts >5ys) among participants with HbSS or SB0 thalassemia (expected cohort n=200) over 5 yrs. We identified 20 participants (34%) with incident hypertension but randomized one to the study. The study was terminated as the eGFR was determined not to be a reliable endpoint in pediatric sickle cell. (NCT02373241)
Timeframe: 5 yrs

Article	Year
A comparison of the efficacy of ketorolac and indomethacin for postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic surgery in day patients. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1996, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Administration, Rectal; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anal	1996
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002
Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 2002, Volume: 88, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antico	2002

Article	Year
Identification of Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury from Intravenous Ketorolac in Geriatric Trauma Patients. World journal of surgery, 2022, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Humans; Incidence; Ketorolac; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Risk Fa	2022
Comparison between ketorolac- and fentanyl-based patient-controlled analgesia for acute kidney injury after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis. World journal of urology, 2023, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Fentanyl; Humans; Ketorolac; Male; Propensity Sc	2023
Comprehensive Analysis of the Effect of Ketorolac Administration after Pancreaticoduodenectomy. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2020, Volume: 230, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blood	2020
Ketorolac Use for Pain Management in Trauma Patients With Rib Fractures Does not Increase of Acute Kidney Injury or Incidence of Bleeding. The American surgeon, 2021, Volume: 87, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Stero	2021
Nephrotoxin exposure and acute kidney injury in critically ill children undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2018, Volume: 33, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Aspirin; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Child, Preschool; Crit	2018
Ketorolac Use and Anastomotic Leak in Elective Colorectal Surgery: A Detailed Analysis. Diseases of the colon and rectum, 2018, Volume: 61, Issue:12 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Anastomotic Leak; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Electiv	2018
Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty and Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Multimodal Approach to Perioperative Pain Control Including Ketorolac and Celecoxib. The Journal of arthroplasty, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Arthro	2016
Acute kidney injury during a pediatric sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain crisis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2017, Volume: 32, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Ster	2017
Acute kidney injury during a pediatric sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain crisis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2017, Volume: 32, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Ster	2017
Acute kidney injury during a pediatric sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain crisis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2017, Volume: 32, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Ster	2017
Acute kidney injury during a pediatric sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain crisis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2017, Volume: 32, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Adolescent; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Ster	2017
Ketorolac-associated renal morbidity: risk factors in cardiac surgical infants. Cardiology in the young, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiac Surgical Procedures;	2013
Reversible acute renal failure after unilateral extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. The Journal of urology, 2005, Volume: 174, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Ketorolac; Kidney; Kidney Calc	2005
Ketorolac and renal impairment. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1994, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Injections, Intram	1994
Intramuscular ketorolac. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1994, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Injections,	1994
NSAID nephrotoxicity revisited: acute renal failure due to parenteral ketorolac. Southern medical journal, 1993, Volume: 86, Issue:12 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Female; Humans; Injection	1993
Acute renal failure associated with intramuscular ketorolac. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1993, Volume: 21, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Analgesics; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Ketorolac; Male;	1993
Ketorolac and renal failure. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. The Medical journal of Australia, 1993, Oct-04, Volume: 159, Issue:7 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Contraindications; H	1993
Reversible renal insufficiency following ketorolac therapy. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1993, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Ketorolac; Male; Risk Fa	1993
Ketorolac-induced acute renal failure and hyperkalemia. Clinical nephrology, 1995, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Ketorolac; Male;	1995
Ketorolac-induced acute renal failure in a previously healthy adolescent. Pediatrics, 1996, Volume: 98, Issue:2 Pt 1 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory A	1996
Ketorolac-induced renal failure. Wisconsin medical journal, 1996, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Humans; Ketorolac; Tolmetin	1996
Analgesia in renal colic. Annals of emergency medicine, 1997, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Colic; Humans; Ketorolac; Kidney Calculi; Tolmetin	1997
Parenteral ketorolac: the risk for acute renal failure. Annals of internal medicine, 1997, Feb-01, Volume: 126, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Creatinine; Drug Administration Schedule; Fema	1997
Safety of intravenous ketorolac therapy. The Journal of pediatrics, 1997, Volume: 130, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Dose-Response Relationship	1997
Acute renal failure and ketorolac. Annals of internal medicine, 1997, Sep-15, Volume: 127, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Ketorolac; Tolmetin	1997
Does ketorolac cause postoperative renal failure: how do we assess the evidence? British journal of anaesthesia, 1998, Volume: 80, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Evidence-Bas	1998
Ketorolac does not increase the risk of renal dysfunction after lung surgery. British journal of anaesthesia, 1998, Volume: 81, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Humans; Ketorolac; Middle Aged;	1998

ketorolac and Acute Kidney Injury