ketamine and Seizures studies

Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.

Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Adults meeting criteria for treatment-resistant depression undergoing index course ECT received either methohexital (1 to 2 mg/kg) or ketamine (1 to 2 mg/kg) anesthesia in this dual-arm double-blinded randomized clinical trial (NCT02752724)."	9.27	Ketamine Anesthesia Does Not Improve Depression Scores in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Borisovskaya, A; Buchholz, J; Carspecken, CW; Heller, K; Lan, ST; Rozet, I; Ruskin, D, 2018)
"In this study, we identify factors associated with ketamine success in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (SE)."	8.31	Factors Associated with Refractory Status Epilepticus Termination Following Ketamine Initiation: A Multivariable Analysis Model. ( Basha, MM; Marawar, R; Millis, S; Parker, D; Srinivas, M; Zutshi, D, 2023)
"This cross-sectional study evaluates trends in the number and weight of illicit ketamine seizures in the US from 2017 to 2022."	8.31	Trends in Illicit Ketamine Seizures in the US From 2017 to 2022. ( Carr, TH; Cottler, LB; Palamar, JJ; Rutherford, C; Wilkinson, ST, 2023)
"We gained insights into NfL levels during the various phases of the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy-namely, the status epilepticus (SE) and the chronic phase with spontaneous seizures."	8.31	Neurofilament light chain: A possible fluid biomarker in the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model for chronic epilepsy? ( Barbé, K; Bjerke, M; Custers, ML; Kaltenböck, L; Smolders, I; Van Eeckhaut, A; Vande Vyver, M, 2023)
"We report the initial six pediatric patients treated with ketamine for benzodiazepine-resistant status epilepticus in an urban, ground-based emergency medical services (EMS) system."	8.31	Prehospital Treatment of Benzodiazepine-Resistant Pediatric Status Epilepticus with Parenteral Ketamine: A Case Series. ( De La Rosa, X; Kothari, K; Patrick, C; Perlmutter, M; Price, M; Rafique, Z; Rogers Keene, K; Weinstein, E, 2023)
"Ketamine administration was associated with few adverse events, and seizures often terminated or improved after ketamine administration."	8.12	Ketamine for Management of Neonatal and Pediatric Refractory Status Epilepticus. ( Abend, NS; Francoeur, C; Gonzalez, AK; Helbig, I; Jacobwitz, M; Kaufman, MC; MacDonald, JM; Mulvihill, C; Resendiz, K; Topjian, AA, 2022)
" Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that diazepam monotherapy or diazepam-ketamine dual therapy could terminate seizures and reduce mortality in the SE model at different time points during ongoing SE."	8.02	Diazepam Monotherapy or Diazepam-Ketamine Dual Therapy at Different Time Points Terminates Seizures and Reduces Mortality in a Status Epilepticus Animal Model. ( Cao, X; Li, Z; Wang, Y; Yu, J; Zhou, R, 2021)
"A female rhesus macaque developed two episodes of generalized convulsions during transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) and urodynamic studies under ketamine anesthesia."	7.85	Generalized convulsive seizures are associated with ketamine anesthesia in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) undergoing urodynamic studies and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. ( Christe, KL; Edgerton, VR; Gad, PN; Garzel, LM; Havton, LA; Salyards, GW, 2017)
"This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats."	7.74	Study pharmacologic of the GABAergic and glutamatergic drugs on seizures and status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine in adult Wistar rats. ( Assis, MA; Fonteles, MM; Freitas, RL; Freitas, RM; Pereira, MB; Silva, RF; Takahashi, RN, 2007)
" A tracheostomy was established to relieve airway obstruction, and ketamine was added to the medication when breakthrough seizures were refractory to diazepam."	7.74	Ketamine in the management of generalised cephalic tetanus. ( Amadasun, JE; Obanor, O; Osazuwa, HO, 2008)
"This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats."	7.73	Effect of gabaergic, glutamatergic, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus. ( Fonteles, MM; Freitas, RM; Sousa, FC; Viana, GS, 2006)
"The effects of drugs affecting GABA and glutamic acid receptors on theophylline-induced seizures were investigated in mice."	7.70	Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid receptors may mediate theophylline-induced seizures in mice. ( Amabeoku, GJ, 1999)
"An anticonvulsant action of ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist (5-40 mg/kg IP), on the bicuculline-induced (3-8 mg/kg IP) or picrotoxin-induced seizures (3-6 mg/kg IP) was assessed in male Wistar rats aged 7, 12, 18, 25 and 90 days."	7.68	Ketamine suppresses both bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures during ontogenesis. ( Mares, P; Rokyta, R; Velísek, L; Velísková, J, 1990)
"An anticonvulsant action of ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist (1-40 mg/kg IP), on the metrazol-induced seizures was assessed in male Wistar rats aged 7, 12, 18, 25 and 90 days."	7.67	Effects of ketamine on metrazol-induced seizures during ontogenesis in rats. ( Blanková-Vanková, S; Mares, P; Mikolásová, R; Velísek, L, 1989)
"Sevoflurane was initiated in both groups at 8% for anesthesia induction until loss of consciousness was achieved, at which point it was discontinued."	6.80	Effect of the Addition of Ketamine to Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Seizure Duration in Electroconvulsive Therapy. ( Çolak, C; Cumurcu, B; Durmus, M; Erdil, F; Ozgul, U, 2015)
"Ketamine is an anesthetic gaining attention for its rapid antidepressant effect."	6.66	Effects of Ketamine Anesthesia on Efficacy, Tolerability, Seizure Response, and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Ainsworth, NJ; Sepehry, AA; Vila-Rodriguez, F, 2020)
"Status Epilepticus is the most common non-traumatic neurologic emergency in childhood."	5.72	Resolution of status epilepticus after ketamine administration. ( Hakmeh, W; Howing, CE; Razi, F, 2022)
"We induced seizure using intravenous administration of PTZ."	5.72	The Role of the NMDA Receptor in the Anticonvulsant Effect of Ellagic Acid in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Male Mice. ( Amini-Khoei, H; Boroujeni, SN; Lorigooini, Z; Rahimi-Madiseh, M; Taji, M, 2022)
"We present the rationale for testing ketamine as an add-on therapy for treating benzodiazepine refractory (established) status epilepticus."	5.41	Why ketamine. ( Bleck, TP; Chamberlain, J; Cloyd, J; Coles, L; Elm, J; Kapur, J; Rosenthal, ES; Shinnar, S; Silbergleit, R; Zehtabchi, S, 2023)
"Effective and quick management of these seizures is critical."	5.33	Efficacy of the ketamine-atropine combination in the delayed treatment of soman-induced status epilepticus. ( Baubichon, D; Bernabé, D; Burckhart, MF; Carpentier, P; Dorandeu, F; Four, E; Lallement, G, 2005)
"Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions were seen in 8 mice and deep sedation was seen in 7 mice in Group 2 (p < ."	5.33	Ketamine reduces lidocaine-induced seizures in mice. ( Akin, A; Boyaci, A; Erdogan, F; Golgeli, A; Guler, G, 2005)
"alprazolam and ketamine, was tested in two types of seizure activity."	5.30	Effect of alprazolam and ketamine on seizures induced by two different convulsants. ( Herink, J, 1997)
"Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) seizures provide an animal analog of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)."	5.30	Ketamine and phenobarbital do not reduce the evoked-potential enhancement induced by electroconvulsive shock seizures in the rat. ( Burnham, WM; Cottrell, GA; Gombos, Z; Mendonça, A, 1999)
"Adults meeting criteria for treatment-resistant depression undergoing index course ECT received either methohexital (1 to 2 mg/kg) or ketamine (1 to 2 mg/kg) anesthesia in this dual-arm double-blinded randomized clinical trial (NCT02752724)."	5.27	Ketamine Anesthesia Does Not Improve Depression Scores in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Borisovskaya, A; Buchholz, J; Carspecken, CW; Heller, K; Lan, ST; Rozet, I; Ruskin, D, 2018)
"This article will review the different therapeutic options for status, from early treatment at home to the different first-line (benzodiazepines), second-line (phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, levetiracetam and lacosamide) or third-line treatments, which include both pharmacological (anaesthetics, propofol, ketamine, lidocaine, topiramate, brivaracetam or perampanel) and non-pharmacological (ketogenic diet, immunomodulatory treatments or epilepsy surgery) therapies."	5.22	[Paediatric status epilepticus]. ( García-Peñas, JJ; González-Alguacil, E; Soto-Insuga, V, 2022)
"Recently, ketamine has attracted attention for induction of anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)."	5.19	Comparing effects of ketamine and thiopental administration during electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind study. ( Akhondzadeh, S; Alimadadi, A; Ghaeli, P; Kargar, M; Rafei, A; Sadeghi, M; Sepehri, AS; Yoosefi, A, 2014)
"Propofol and ketamine have become progressively popular in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) anesthesia, although propofol shortened seizure duration and ketamine might cause cardiotoxicity, psychotic episodes, and delayed recovery."	5.16	Ketofol in electroconvulsive therapy anesthesia: two stones for one bird. ( Aydoğan, H; Bilgiç, T; Karababa, F; Kucuk, A; Selek, S; Yalcin, S; Yuce, HH, 2012)
"Subjects with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder referred for ECT treatment of a major depressive episode were randomized to receive thiopental alone or thiopental plus ketamine (0."	5.16	Rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in the electroconvulsive therapy setting. ( Abdallah, CG; Fasula, M; Kelmendi, B; Ostroff, R; Sanacora, G, 2012)
"In this study, we identify factors associated with ketamine success in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (SE)."	4.31	Factors Associated with Refractory Status Epilepticus Termination Following Ketamine Initiation: A Multivariable Analysis Model. ( Basha, MM; Marawar, R; Millis, S; Parker, D; Srinivas, M; Zutshi, D, 2023)
"This cross-sectional study evaluates trends in the number and weight of illicit ketamine seizures in the US from 2017 to 2022."	4.31	Trends in Illicit Ketamine Seizures in the US From 2017 to 2022. ( Carr, TH; Cottler, LB; Palamar, JJ; Rutherford, C; Wilkinson, ST, 2023)
"We gained insights into NfL levels during the various phases of the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy-namely, the status epilepticus (SE) and the chronic phase with spontaneous seizures."	4.31	Neurofilament light chain: A possible fluid biomarker in the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model for chronic epilepsy? ( Barbé, K; Bjerke, M; Custers, ML; Kaltenböck, L; Smolders, I; Van Eeckhaut, A; Vande Vyver, M, 2023)
"We report the initial six pediatric patients treated with ketamine for benzodiazepine-resistant status epilepticus in an urban, ground-based emergency medical services (EMS) system."	4.31	Prehospital Treatment of Benzodiazepine-Resistant Pediatric Status Epilepticus with Parenteral Ketamine: A Case Series. ( De La Rosa, X; Kothari, K; Patrick, C; Perlmutter, M; Price, M; Rafique, Z; Rogers Keene, K; Weinstein, E, 2023)
"Ketamine administration was associated with few adverse events, and seizures often terminated or improved after ketamine administration."	4.12	Ketamine for Management of Neonatal and Pediatric Refractory Status Epilepticus. ( Abend, NS; Francoeur, C; Gonzalez, AK; Helbig, I; Jacobwitz, M; Kaufman, MC; MacDonald, JM; Mulvihill, C; Resendiz, K; Topjian, AA, 2022)
" Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that diazepam monotherapy or diazepam-ketamine dual therapy could terminate seizures and reduce mortality in the SE model at different time points during ongoing SE."	4.02	Diazepam Monotherapy or Diazepam-Ketamine Dual Therapy at Different Time Points Terminates Seizures and Reduces Mortality in a Status Epilepticus Animal Model. ( Cao, X; Li, Z; Wang, Y; Yu, J; Zhou, R, 2021)
"A female rhesus macaque developed two episodes of generalized convulsions during transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) and urodynamic studies under ketamine anesthesia."	3.85	Generalized convulsive seizures are associated with ketamine anesthesia in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) undergoing urodynamic studies and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. ( Christe, KL; Edgerton, VR; Gad, PN; Garzel, LM; Havton, LA; Salyards, GW, 2017)
" In addition to anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, we previously showed that juvenile SIS increases susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice through enhancing the nitrergic system activity in the hippocampus."	3.83	NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate the proconvulsant effect of juvenile social isolation in male mice. ( Amini-khoei, H; Amiri, S; Azizi, R; Dehpour, AR; Ghazi-Khansari, M; Haj-Mirzaian, A; Mehr, SE; Momeny, M; Rahimi-Balaei, M; Shirzadian, A; Zarrinrad, G, 2016)
" Ketamine anesthesia does not possess pronounced anticonvulsive properties like propofol, etomidate, thiopental, or methohexital."	3.78	Rethinking restimulation: a case report. ( Hoyer, C; Janke, C; Kranaster, L; Lederbogen, F; Lewien, A; Sartorius, A, 2012)
"The number of animals with seizures was lower in the etomidate (60%), phenytoin (40%), and phenytoin/midazolam (40%) groups (P<0."	3.78	Effects of pretreatment with etomidate, ketamine, phenytoin, and phenytoin/midazolam on acute, lethal cocaine toxicity. ( Degirmenci, E; Erdur, B; Ergin, A; Kortunay, S; Seyit, M; Yuksel, A, 2012)
"This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats."	3.74	Study pharmacologic of the GABAergic and glutamatergic drugs on seizures and status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine in adult Wistar rats. ( Assis, MA; Fonteles, MM; Freitas, RL; Freitas, RM; Pereira, MB; Silva, RF; Takahashi, RN, 2007)
" A tracheostomy was established to relieve airway obstruction, and ketamine was added to the medication when breakthrough seizures were refractory to diazepam."	3.74	Ketamine in the management of generalised cephalic tetanus. ( Amadasun, JE; Obanor, O; Osazuwa, HO, 2008)
"This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats."	3.73	Effect of gabaergic, glutamatergic, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus. ( Fonteles, MM; Freitas, RM; Sousa, FC; Viana, GS, 2006)
"Ketamine, etomidate and propofol modified behavioral and electrographic correlates of kindled seizures in rats."	3.72	Effects of etomidate, ketamine or propofol, and their combinations with conventional antiepileptic drugs on amygdala-kindled convulsions in rats. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ, 2003)
" We examined the behavior of rats treated with one of two potentially neuroprotective agents, the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine and the atypical neuroleptic acepromazine, on seizures induced by lithium-pilocarpine."	3.72	The neuromatrix and the epileptic brain: behavioral and learning preservation in limbic epileptic rats treated with ketamine but not acepromazine. ( Fournier, NM; Persinger, MA, 2004)
" In the present study the accuracy of long-term and short-term spatial memory for rats that had been treated with 100 mg/kg of ketamine immediately after the induction of seizures by lithium and pilocarpine did not differ from normal rats despite the conspicuous multifocal neuronal loss."	3.71	Normalization of spatial learning despite brain damage in rats receiving ketamine after seizure-induction: evidence for the neuromatrix. ( Persinger, MA; Vaillancourt, LN, 2001)
"The effects of drugs affecting GABA and glutamic acid receptors on theophylline-induced seizures were investigated in mice."	3.70	Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid receptors may mediate theophylline-induced seizures in mice. ( Amabeoku, GJ, 1999)
"Rats treated with the NMDA-blocker, ketamine hydrochloride 30 minutes after the induction of seizures by lithium pilocarpine exhibited statistically smaller lateral ventricles in the left hemisphere compared to rats that had received acepromazine after the induction of these seizures."	3.70	Ventricular enlargement and the lithium/pilocarpine seizure model: possible explanation for agonistic behaviour. ( Cook, LL, 2000)
" The gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor agonist, muscimol, potentiated ketamine-induced anesthesia."	3.70	Evidence for GABA(A) receptor agonistic properties of ketamine: convulsive and anesthetic behavioral models in mice. ( Dohi, T; Irifune, M; Kamata, Y; Kawahara, M; Nishikawa, T; Sato, T, 2000)
" Induction doses of ketamine 1 hour after HD exposure resulted in periods of profound apnea, with continued respiratory distress for the next 2 hours."	3.70	Domestic swine model for the assessment of chemical warfare agent-anesthetic interactions: some effects of sulfur mustard. ( Conley, J; Hamilton, M; Hunter, K; Lundy, P; Sawyer, TW, 2000)
"The effects of two non-competitive NMDA antagonists--MK-801 and ketamine--were studied in a model of generalized seizures elicited by s."	3.69	Effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine) and ketamine on strychnine-induced convulsions in rats: comparison with benzodiazepines and standard anticonvulsants. ( Kubová, H; Mares, P, 1994)
" The co-administration of ketamine with the induction of electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) was evaluated as a possible method for reducing the impact of ECS on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats."	3.69	Ketamine prevents ECS-induced synaptic enhancement in rat hippocampus. ( Reid, IC; Stewart, CA, 1994)
"Intrahippocampal injection(ihci) of guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) to rats, induced typical generarized clonic seizures and epileptiform discharges in electrohippocampogram (EHG) and electrocorticogram (ECoG), degenerative changes of neuronal cells in the injected side hippocampus."	3.69	[Seizure activity and lesions of neuronal cells by intrahippocampal injection of guanidinosuccinic acid in rats]. ( An, L; Lai, L; Pan, JC; Pei, YQ, 1996)
"An anticonvulsant action of ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist (5-40 mg/kg IP), on the bicuculline-induced (3-8 mg/kg IP) or picrotoxin-induced seizures (3-6 mg/kg IP) was assessed in male Wistar rats aged 7, 12, 18, 25 and 90 days."	3.68	Ketamine suppresses both bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures during ontogenesis. ( Mares, P; Rokyta, R; Velísek, L; Velísková, J, 1990)
"An anticonvulsant action of ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist (1-40 mg/kg IP), on the metrazol-induced seizures was assessed in male Wistar rats aged 7, 12, 18, 25 and 90 days."	3.67	Effects of ketamine on metrazol-induced seizures during ontogenesis in rats. ( Blanková-Vanková, S; Mares, P; Mikolásová, R; Velísek, L, 1989)
"Using Sprague-Dawley rats, the anti-convulsant potencies of Althesin, ketamine and methohexitone were determined for bicuculline-and strychnine-induced seizures and compared with their effects on hyperbaric seizures."	3.67	Lack of correlation between the anaesthetic and anti-convulsant potencies of althesin, ketamine and methohexitone. ( Halsey, MJ; Little, HJ; Wardley-Smith, B, 1988)
"The activity of the dissociative anaesthetics ketamine and gamma-hydroxybutyrate against seizures induced by mercaptopropionate and pentylenetetrazol have been determined."	3.65	The anticonvulsant activity of ketamine agains siezures induced by pentylenetetrazol and mercaptopropionic acid. ( Taberner, PV, 1976)
" However, almost all known AMPA-R potentiators carry the risk of a narrow bell-shaped dose-response curve and a poor safety margin against seizures."	3.01	Role of the AMPA receptor in antidepressant effects of ketamine and potential of AMPA receptor potentiators as a novel antidepressant. ( Hara, H; Kimura, H; Suzuki, A, 2023)
"Despite new antiseizure medications, the development of cholinergic-induced refractory status epilepticus (RSE) continues to be a therapeutic challenge as pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines and other antiseizure medications quickly develops."	3.01	Treatment of cholinergic-induced status epilepticus with polytherapy targeting GABA and glutamate receptors. ( de Araujo Furtado, M; Lumley, L; Nguyen, D; Niquet, J, 2023)
"The use of Ketamine shows good seizure quality and may alleviate cognitive impairment."	3.01	Electroconvulsive therapy: recent advances and anesthetic considerations. ( Groene, P; Ninke, T, 2023)
"Sevoflurane was initiated in both groups at 8% for anesthesia induction until loss of consciousness was achieved, at which point it was discontinued."	2.80	Effect of the Addition of Ketamine to Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Seizure Duration in Electroconvulsive Therapy. ( Çolak, C; Cumurcu, B; Durmus, M; Erdil, F; Ozgul, U, 2015)
"Ketamine is an anesthetic gaining attention for its rapid antidepressant effect."	2.66	Effects of Ketamine Anesthesia on Efficacy, Tolerability, Seizure Response, and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. ( Ainsworth, NJ; Sepehry, AA; Vila-Rodriguez, F, 2020)
"Here we review WBE studies and seizure data to refine and validate the excretion factors for ketamine and norketamine."	2.66	A revised excretion factor for estimating ketamine consumption by wastewater-based epidemiology - Utilising wastewater and seizure data. ( Du, P; Li, X; Thai, PK; Thomas, KV; Zheng, Q, 2020)
"A meta-analysis found higher rates of seizure cessation with valproate 75."	2.53	Pharmacologic treatment of status epilepticus. ( Brigo, F; Höfler, J; Kalss, G; Leitinger, M; Rohracher, A; Trinka, E, 2016)
"Based on data from diverse seizure models, we hypothesized that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the mechanisms underlying ASD resistance of SE."	2.52	Single versus combinatorial therapies in status epilepticus: Novel data from preclinical models. ( Löscher, W, 2015)
"Problematic compounds may cause seizures either acutely or on withdrawal: Their use may reduce effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs, or may simply promote and enhance chaotic lifestyles."	2.48	Alcohol and drugs in epilepsy: pathophysiology, presentation, possibilities, and prevention. ( Borland, W; Leach, JP; Mohanraj, R, 2012)
"The true incidence of seizures caused by general anesthetic drugs is unknown."	2.44	The howling cortex: seizures and general anesthetic drugs. ( Barnard, JP; Kirsch, HE; Sleigh, JW; Voss, LJ, 2008)
"Status Epilepticus is the most common non-traumatic neurologic emergency in childhood."	1.72	Resolution of status epilepticus after ketamine administration. ( Hakmeh, W; Howing, CE; Razi, F, 2022)
"We induced seizure using intravenous administration of PTZ."	1.72	The Role of the NMDA Receptor in the Anticonvulsant Effect of Ellagic Acid in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Male Mice. ( Amini-Khoei, H; Boroujeni, SN; Lorigooini, Z; Rahimi-Madiseh, M; Taji, M, 2022)
"Patients with poor seizure quality may benefit from lower propofol doses, which are applicable by the addition of ketamine."	1.62	Empirical ratio of the combined use of S-ketamine and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy and its impact on seizure quality. ( Aksay, SS; Beuschlein, J; Bumb, JM; Janke, C; Karl, S; Kranaster, L; Pfeifer, AM; Remennik, D; Sartorius, A, 2021)
"Methadone is a synthetic opioid used to treat opiate withdrawal and addiction."	1.51	Methadone's effects on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice: NMDA/opioid receptors and nitric oxide signaling. ( Aghaei, I; Bahramnejad, E; Dehpour, AR; Kazemi Roodsari, S; Rahimi, N, 2019)
" Etomidate, mean dosage (SD) = 0."	1.46	S -ketamine compared to etomidate during electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. ( Ahrens, K; Dannlowski, U; Dietsche, P; Kircher, T; Kluge, I; Köhnlein, B; Konrad, C; Wohltmann, T; Zavorotnyy, M, 2017)
"Because both individuals' seizures had proven refractory to conventional antiepileptic medications, the sensitivity of mutant NMDARs to FDA-approved NMDAR antagonists was evaluated."	1.43	GRIN2D Recurrent De Novo Dominant Mutation Causes a Severe Epileptic Encephalopathy Treatable with NMDA Receptor Channel Blockers. ( Aizenman, E; Brueckner, F; Chen, W; Chiavacci, R; Elsen, G; Falk, MJ; Hakonarson, H; Hedrich, UB; Hörtnagel, K; Hu, C; Kosobucki, GJ; Kusumoto, H; Lemke, JR; Li, D; Marsh, ED; McCormick, EM; Naase, C; Ortiz-Gonzalez, XR; Schulien, AJ; Tankovic, A; Tian, L; Traynelis, SF; von Stülpnagel-Steinbeis, C; Yuan, H, 2016)
"Comparison between seizures and estimated consumptions reveals that seizures in most Chinese provinces are far less than consumptions."	1.42	Methamphetamine and ketamine use in major Chinese cities, a nationwide reconnaissance through sewage-based epidemiology. ( Du, P; Fu, X; Li, J; Li, K; Li, X; Xu, Z; Yang, J; Zhang, H, 2015)
"Ketamine was most favorable concerning central inhibitory potential that was indirectly quantified by concordance and postictal suppression."	1.40	Impact of the anesthetic agents ketamine, etomidate, thiopental, and propofol on seizure parameters and seizure quality in electroconvulsive therapy: a retrospective study. ( Hoyer, C; Janke, C; Kranaster, L; Sartorius, A, 2014)
"We report a case of a generalized seizure in an adult female rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) undergoing a urodynamic evaluation while she was anesthetized with continuous-infusion ketamine."	1.39	Generalized seizure activity in an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during ketamine anesthesia and urodynamic studies. ( Christe, KL; Havton, LA; Lee, UJ; Lemoy, MJ, 2013)
"Demyelination was assessed by luxol fast blue staining, and immunohistological staining of myelin-binding protein (MBP)."	1.39	Kindling-induced learning deficiency and possible cellular and molecular involved mechanisms. ( Ahmad-Molaei, L; Ghasemi, R; Hosseini, A; Motamedi, F; Naderi, N; Nejadhoseynian, M; Ronaghi, A; Sherafat, MA, 2013)
" Repeated benzodiazepine dosing or combined application of benzodiazepines and NMDA receptor antagonists is more likely to be effective in treating TMDT poisoning."	1.38	Differential antagonism of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine-induced seizures by agents acting at NMDA and GABA(A) receptors. ( Shakarjian, MP; Stanton, PK; Velíšek, L; Velíšková, J, 2012)
"Ketamine-treated seized rats were healthier than acepromazine-treated seized rats or normal rats."	1.35	Large differences in blood measures, tissue weights, and focal areas of damage 1 year after postseizure treatment with acepromazine or ketamine. ( Blomme, CG; Dupont, MJ; George, KR; Mazzuchin, A; Persinger, MA; Rico, T; St-Pierre, LS; Stewart, LS, 2009)
" In the present retrospective study we evaluated the impact of these vendor changes on ketamine dosing to establish anaesthesia, on pilocarpine-induced seizure susceptibility, and on basal extracellular hippocampal noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma-amino butyric acid, and glutamate levels of all pilocarpine-treated rats included in our studies."	1.35	Intrastrain differences in seizure susceptibility, pharmacological response and basal neurochemistry of Wistar rats. ( Aourz, N; Clinckers, R; De Bundel, D; Meurs, A; Michotte, Y; Portelli, J; Smolders, I, 2009)
" Our experience prompted us to suggest that ketamine in a patient immunosuppressed with cyclosporine may not be safe and that alternative anesthetics may need to be considered for such procedures."	1.33	Is ketamine a safe anesthetic for percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient immunosuppressed with cyclosporine? ( Agarwal, A; Dhiraaj, S; Pandey, R; Raza, M; Saxena, R; Singh, PK, 2005)
"Effective and quick management of these seizures is critical."	1.33	Efficacy of the ketamine-atropine combination in the delayed treatment of soman-induced status epilepticus. ( Baubichon, D; Bernabé, D; Burckhart, MF; Carpentier, P; Dorandeu, F; Four, E; Lallement, G, 2005)
"Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions were seen in 8 mice and deep sedation was seen in 7 mice in Group 2 (p < ."	1.33	Ketamine reduces lidocaine-induced seizures in mice. ( Akin, A; Boyaci, A; Erdogan, F; Golgeli, A; Guler, G, 2005)
"Ketamine-treated pilocarpine-seized rats and normal rats were exposed continuously either to a complex sequence magnetic field or to control conditions during the acquisition of a radial arm maze task for 8 consecutive days."	1.33	Weak, physiologically patterned magnetic fields do not affect maze performance in normal rats, but disrupt seized rats normalized with ketamine: possible support for a neuromatrix concept? ( McKay, BE; Persinger, MA, 2006)
"Hypertension was present in all groups during anaesthesia with mean (+/- SD) systolic pressure of 30."	1.33	Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine or midazolam in combination with ketamine or tiletamine/zolazepam for the immobilisation of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). ( Jago, M; Stegmann, GF, 2006)
"Convulsive seizures triggered by maximal electroshock (MES) induce profound abnormalities in neural regulation of cardiac rhythm that are manifested by a period of marked cardiac arrhythmia in the immediate postictal state."	1.32	Effects of seizure severity and seizure repetition on postictal cardiac arrhythmia following maximal electroshock. ( Casebeer, D; Darbin, O; Naritoku, DK, 2003)
"Spontaneous seizures have been observed in several baboon species housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), including Papio hamadryas anubis and cynocephalus/anubis, hamadryas/anubis, and papio/anubis hybrids."	1.32	Scalp EEG for the diagnosis of epilepsy and photosensitivity in the baboon. ( Haines, R; Leland, MM; Mahaney, MA; Restrepo, S; Szabó, CA; Sztonák, L; Williams, JT, 2004)
"Insulin produces seizures in healthy and diabetic animals."	1.32	Investigation of central mechanism of insulin induced hypoglycemic convulsions in mice. ( Anuradha, K; Hota, D; Pandhi, P, 2004)
"Our data suggest that the convulsions elicited by the crude extract are not due to the presence of cytolysin and are not related to an increase in glutamate release, but seem to be dependent on the interaction between a peptide component of the extract and NMDA receptors."	1.31	The crude extract from the sea anemone, Bunodosoma caissarum elicits convulsions in mice: possible involvement of the glutamatergic system. ( Eckeli, AL; Gabilan, NH; Gondran, M; Migues, PV; Rodrigues, AL, 2002)
"Ketamine-treated rats, however, displayed markedly more damage within the entorhinal cortices and amygdalohippocampal area."	1.31	Normal spatial memory following postseizure treatment with ketamine: selective damage attenuates memory deficits in brain-damaged rodents. ( Cook, LL; O'Connor, RP; Persinger, MA; Santi, SA, 2001)
"MES seizures were induced in mice via transauricular electrodes (60 mA, 0."	1.31	Possible mechanism of anticonvulsant effect of ketamine in mice. ( Manocha, A; Mediratta, PK; Sharma, KK, 2001)
"alprazolam and ketamine, was tested in two types of seizure activity."	1.30	Effect of alprazolam and ketamine on seizures induced by two different convulsants. ( Herink, J, 1997)
"Hyperbaric O2 exposure causes seizures by an unknown mechanism."	1.30	Role of cerebral blood flow in seizures from hyperbaric oxygen exposure. ( Braisted, JC; Chavko, M; Harabin, AL; Outsa, NJ, 1998)
"Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) seizures provide an animal analog of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)."	1.30	Ketamine and phenobarbital do not reduce the evoked-potential enhancement induced by electroconvulsive shock seizures in the rat. ( Burnham, WM; Cottrell, GA; Gombos, Z; Mendonça, A, 1999)
"GSA potentiated NMDA-induced convulsions significantly, but not L-glutamate- or kainate-induced convulsions."	1.29	N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to guanidinosuccinate-induced convulsions in mice. ( D'Hooge, R; De Deyn, PP; Pei, YQ, 1993)
"Since repeated seizures and a number of pharmacological agents are known to alter the onset and duration of seizure activity, a relationship between the changes in excitability and the onset of the seizure activity was tested using MK-801, ketamine, bicuculline, diazepam, phenobarbital, baclofen and repeated seizures."	1.29	Alterations in both excitation and inhibition occur before the onset of seizure activity in the hippocampus. ( Stringer, JL, 1993)
"induced seizure-like activity (limbic seizure)."	1.29	High-dose ketamine does not induce c-Fos protein expression in rat hippocampus. ( Arai, T; Kimura, H; Mori, K; Nakao, S; Tooyama, I; Yasuhara, O, 1993)
"Experimental seizures are more readily produced in infant than adult rats, possibly related to a developmental predominance of NMDA receptor-mediated effects."	1.28	NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit kindling epileptogenesis and seizure expression in developing rats. ( Pasternak, JF; Trommer, BL, 1990)
"at pressure only prevented tremor and myoclonus at 'anaesthetizing' concentrations."	1.28	The effects of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on rats exposed to hyperbaric pressure. ( Wann, KT; Wardley-Smith, B, 1989)
"N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced convulsions in mice were antagonized by PCP, ketamine and MK-801, but not by BTCP or cocaine."	1.28	The phencyclidine (PCP) analog N-[1-(2-benzo(B)thiophenyl) cyclohexyl]piperidine shares cocaine-like but not other characteristic behavioral effects with PCP, ketamine and MK-801. ( Colpaert, FC; Kamenka, JM; Koek, W; Woods, JH, 1989)
"In the NMDA-induced convulsion test in mice, ketamine and dexoxadrol blocked convulsant activity only at doses that also induced nonspecific effects of PCP-like behaviors, thereby confounding the interpretation of results."	1.27	A comparison of PCP-like compounds for NMDA antagonism in two in vivo models. ( Amrick, CL; Bennett, DA; Bernard, PS, 1988)
"Ketamine HCl was injected intravenously in doses of 2."	1.26	Ketamine activation of experimental corticoreticular epilepsy. ( Black, JA; Fariello, RG; Golden, GT, 1980)
"Ketamine has been evaluated for convulsant properties in animals and humans with contradictory results."	1.26	Ketamine suppression of chemically induced convulsions in the two-day-old white leghorn cockerel. ( Reder, BS; Trapp, LD; Troutman, KC, 1980)
"Ketamine was administered to 18 baboons (Papio papio) to disrupt epileptic discharges elicited through intracarotid air injection."	1.26	[Action of ketamine of paroxysmal discharges provoked by air emboli in the baboon Papio papio]. ( Arfel, G; De Lavarde, M; De Pommery, H; De Pommery, J, 1976)

Research

Studies (151)

Authors

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Patients That Reach a Score Equal or Lower Than 2 Ten Minutes After the Infusion of Dexmedetomidine (Assessed With the PSSS Pediatric Sedation State Scale)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	44 (29.14)	18.7374
1990's	21 (13.91)	18.2507
2000's	27 (17.88)	29.6817
2010's	32 (21.19)	24.3611
2020's	27 (17.88)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Palamar, JJ	2
Rutherford, C	2
Keyes, KM	1
Howing, CE	1
Razi, F	1
Hakmeh, W	1
Zhou, R	1
Wang, Y	1
Cao, X	1
Li, Z	1
Yu, J	1
Ioku, T	1
Inoue, T	1
Kuki, I	1
Imai, K	1
Yamamoto, A	1
Cho, M	1
Varì, MR	1
Ricci, G	1
Cavallo, M	1
Pichini, S	1
Sirignano, A	1
Graziano, S	1
Rahimi-Madiseh, M	1
Lorigooini, Z	1
Boroujeni, SN	1
Taji, M	1
Amini-Khoei, H	2
Jacobwitz, M	1
Mulvihill, C	1
Kaufman, MC	1
Gonzalez, AK	1
Resendiz, K	1
MacDonald, JM	1
Francoeur, C	1
Helbig, I	1
Topjian, AA	1
Abend, NS	1
Leung, LS	1
Ma, J	1
Srinivas, M	1
Parker, D	1
Millis, S	1
Marawar, R	1
Zutshi, D	1
Basha, MM	1
Soto-Insuga, V	1
González-Alguacil, E	1
García-Peñas, JJ	1
Suzuki, A	1
Hara, H	1
Kimura, H	2
Huels, ER	1
Kafashan, M	1
Hickman, LB	1
Ching, S	1
Lin, N	1
Lenze, EJ	1
Farber, NB	1
Avidan, MS	1
Hogan, RE	1
Palanca, BJA	1
Coles, L	1
Rosenthal, ES	1
Bleck, TP	1
Elm, J	1
Zehtabchi, S	1
Chamberlain, J	1
Cloyd, J	1
Shinnar, S	1
Silbergleit, R	1
Kapur, J	2
Niquet, J	1
Nguyen, D	1
de Araujo Furtado, M	3
Lumley, L	1
Wilkinson, ST	1
Carr, TH	1
Cottler, LB	1
Custers, ML	1
Vande Vyver, M	1
Kaltenböck, L	1
Barbé, K	1
Bjerke, M	1
Van Eeckhaut, A	1
Smolders, I	2
Perlmutter, M	1
Price, M	1
Kothari, K	1
Rafique, Z	1
Rogers Keene, K	1
De La Rosa, X	1
Weinstein, E	1
Patrick, C	1
Ninke, T	1
Groene, P	1
Ainsworth, NJ	1
Sepehry, AA	1
Vila-Rodriguez, F	1
Borsato, GS	1
Siegel, JL	1
Rose, MQ	1
Ojard, M	1
Feyissa, AM	1
Quinones-Hinojosa, A	1
Jackson, DA	1
Rogers, ER	1
Freeman, WD	1
Samanta, D	1
Huntsman, RJ	1
Du, P	2
Zheng, Q	1
Thomas, KV	1
Li, X	2
Thai, PK	1
Marrero-Rosado, BM	2
Kundrick, ER	1
Walker, KA	1
Stone, MF	2
Schultz, CR	2
Nguyen, DA	1
Lumley, LA	2
Sartorius, A	3
Beuschlein, J	1
Remennik, D	1
Pfeifer, AM	1
Karl, S	1
Bumb, JM	1
Aksay, SS	1
Kranaster, L	3
Janke, C	3
Cadieux, CL	1
Kohtala, S	1
Rantamäki, T	1
Zavorotnyy, M	1
Kluge, I	1
Ahrens, K	1
Wohltmann, T	1
Köhnlein, B	1
Dietsche, P	1
Dannlowski, U	1
Kircher, T	1
Konrad, C	1
Gad, PN	1
Salyards, GW	1
Garzel, LM	1
Christe, KL	2
Edgerton, VR	1
Havton, LA	2
Tzabazis, A	1
Wiernik, ME	1
Wielopolski, J	1
Sperling, W	1
Ihmsen, H	1
Schmitt, HJ	1
Münster, T	1
Caputo, D	1
Iorio, R	1
Vigevano, F	1
Fusco, L	1
Carspecken, CW	1
Borisovskaya, A	1
Lan, ST	1
Heller, K	1
Buchholz, J	1
Ruskin, D	1
Rozet, I	1
Tang, MHY	1
Chong, YK	1
Chan, CY	1
Ching, CK	1
Lai, CK	1
Li, YK	1
Mak, TWL	1
Kazemi Roodsari, S	1
Bahramnejad, E	1
Rahimi, N	1
Aghaei, I	1
Dehpour, AR	2
Hoyer, C	2
Dzirkale, Z	1
Rumaks, J	1
Svirskis, S	1
Mazina, O	1
Allikalt, A	1
Rinken, A	1
Jekabsons, K	1
Muceniece, R	1
Klusa, V	1
Adami, C	1
Spadavecchia, C	1
Casoni, D	1
Yoosefi, A	1
Sepehri, AS	1
Kargar, M	1
Akhondzadeh, S	1
Sadeghi, M	1
Rafei, A	1
Alimadadi, A	1
Ghaeli, P	1
Lee, UJ	1
Lemoy, MJ	1
Williams, GW	1
Cheng, YC	1
Sharma, A	1
Erdil, F	2
Begeç, Z	1
Kayhan, GE	1
Yoloğlu, S	1
Ersoy, MÖ	1
Durmuş, M	2
Keidan, I	1
Ben-Menachem, E	1
Tzadok, M	1
Ben-Zeev, B	1
Berkenstadt, H	1
Ozgul, U	1
Çolak, C	1
Cumurcu, B	1
Löscher, W	1
Li, K	1
Li, J	1
Xu, Z	1
Fu, X	1
Yang, J	1
Zhang, H	1
Clark-Price, SC	1
Lascola, KM	1
Schaeffer, DJ	1
Trinka, E	1
Höfler, J	1
Leitinger, M	1
Rohracher, A	1
Kalss, G	1
Brigo, F	1
Fond, G	1
Bennabi, D	1
Haffen, E	1
Brunel, L	1
Micoulaud-Franchi, JA	1
Loundou, A	1
Lançon, C	1
Llorca, PM	1
Auquier, P	1
Boyer, L	1
Amiri, S	1
Haj-Mirzaian, A	1
Momeny, M	1
Shirzadian, A	1
Rahimi-Balaei, M	1
Zarrinrad, G	1
Ghazi-Khansari, M	1
Azizi, R	1
Mehr, SE	1
Zhong, X	1
He, H	1
Zhang, C	1
Wang, Z	1
Jiang, M	1
Li, Q	1
Zhang, M	1
Huang, X	1
Li, D	1
Yuan, H	1
Ortiz-Gonzalez, XR	1
Marsh, ED	1
Tian, L	1
McCormick, EM	1
Kosobucki, GJ	1
Chen, W	1
Schulien, AJ	1
Chiavacci, R	1
Tankovic, A	1
Naase, C	1
Brueckner, F	1
von Stülpnagel-Steinbeis, C	1
Hu, C	1
Kusumoto, H	1
Hedrich, UB	1
Elsen, G	1
Hörtnagel, K	1
Aizenman, E	1
Lemke, JR	1
Hakonarson, H	1
Traynelis, SF	1
Falk, MJ	1
Voss, LJ	1
Sleigh, JW	1
Barnard, JP	1
Kirsch, HE	1
Mach, QH	1
Persinger, MA	7
George, KR	1
Rico, T	1
St-Pierre, LS	2
Dupont, MJ	2
Blomme, CG	1
Mazzuchin, A	1
Stewart, LS	1
Portelli, J	1
Aourz, N	1
De Bundel, D	1
Meurs, A	1
Michotte, Y	1
Clinckers, R	1
Lewien, A	1
Lederbogen, F	1
Yalcin, S	1
Aydoğan, H	1
Selek, S	1
Kucuk, A	1
Yuce, HH	1
Karababa, F	1
Bilgiç, T	1
Sherafat, MA	1
Ronaghi, A	1
Ahmad-Molaei, L	1
Nejadhoseynian, M	1
Ghasemi, R	1
Hosseini, A	1
Naderi, N	1
Motamedi, F	1
Abdallah, CG	1
Fasula, M	1
Kelmendi, B	1
Sanacora, G	1
Ostroff, R	1
Leach, JP	1
Mohanraj, R	1
Borland, W	1
Erdur, B	1
Degirmenci, E	1
Kortunay, S	1
Yuksel, A	1
Seyit, M	1
Ergin, A	1
Shakarjian, MP	1
Velíšková, J	2
Stanton, PK	1
Velíšek, L	3
Schneider, PG	1
Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz, G	1
Gondran, M	1
Eckeli, AL	1
Migues, PV	1
Gabilan, NH	1
Rodrigues, AL	1
Darbin, O	1
Casebeer, D	1
Naritoku, DK	1
Borowicz, KK	1
Czuczwar, SJ	1
Fournier, NM	1
Szabó, CA	1
Leland, MM	1
Sztonák, L	1
Restrepo, S	1
Haines, R	1
Mahaney, MA	1
Williams, JT	1
Anuradha, K	1
Hota, D	1
Pandhi, P	1
Agarwal, A	1
Raza, M	1
Dhiraaj, S	1
Saxena, R	1
Singh, PK	1
Pandey, R	1
Dorandeu, F	1
Carpentier, P	1
Baubichon, D	1
Four, E	1
Bernabé, D	1
Burckhart, MF	1
Lallement, G	1
Guler, G	1
Erdogan, F	1
Golgeli, A	1
Akin, A	1
Boyaci, A	1
McKay, BE	1
Hayase, T	1
Yamamoto, Y	1
Yamamoto, K	1
Freitas, RM	2
Sousa, FC	1
Viana, GS	1
Fonteles, MM	2
Stegmann, GF	1
Jago, M	1
Pereira, MB	1
Freitas, RL	1
Assis, MA	1
Silva, RF	1
Takahashi, RN	1
Obanor, O	1
Osazuwa, HO	1
Amadasun, JE	1
Bowyer, JF	2
Albertson, TE	1
Winters, WD	3
Baselt, RC	1
Bourn, WM	1
Yang, DJ	1
Davisson, JN	1
Berry, AP	1
Arbuckle, JB	1
Nicol, J	1
Gourie-Devi, M	1
Cherian, L	1
Shankar, SK	1
Hirshman, CA	1
Krieger, W	1
Littlejohn, G	1
Lee, R	1
Julien, R	1
Black, JA	1
Golden, GT	1
Fariello, RG	1
Reder, BS	1
Trapp, LD	1
Troutman, KC	1
Nelson, SR	1
Howard, RB	1
Cross, RS	1
Samson, F	1
Callaghan, DA	1
Schwark, WS	1
Fohlmeister, C	1
Gerstner, W	1
Ritz, R	1
van Hemmen, JL	1
Kubová, H	1
Mares, P	3
Stewart, CA	1
Reid, IC	1
Pfenninger, E	1
D'Hooge, R	1
Pei, YQ	2
De Deyn, PP	1
Ferreras, P	1
Aldama, JJ	1
Beltrán, JF	1
Delibes, M	1
Stringer, JL	1
Burmeister-Rother, R	1
Streatfeild, KA	1
Yoo, MC	1
Nakao, S	1
Arai, T	1
Mori, K	2
Yasuhara, O	1
Tooyama, I	1
Herink, J	1
Chavko, M	1
Braisted, JC	1
Outsa, NJ	1
Harabin, AL	1
Pan, JC	1
An, L	1
Lai, L	1
Amabeoku, GJ	1
Cook, LL	2
Gombos, Z	1
Mendonça, A	1
Cottrell, GA	1
Burnham, WM	1
Irifune, M	1
Sato, T	1
Kamata, Y	1
Nishikawa, T	1
Dohi, T	1
Kawahara, M	1
Conley, J	1
Hunter, K	1
Lundy, P	1
Hamilton, M	1
Sawyer, TW	1
Lisanby, SH	1
Luber, B	1
Finck, AD	1
Schroeder, C	1
Sackeim, HA	1
Vaillancourt, LN	1
Santi, SA	1
O'Connor, RP	1
Manocha, A	1
Sharma, KK	1
Mediratta, PK	1
Arfel, G	1
De Lavarde, M	1
De Pommery, J	1
De Pommery, H	1
Hablitz, JJ	1
Wray, DV	1
Steen, PA	1
Michenfelder, JD	1
Houghton, A	1
Darimont, PC	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of S-ketamine on Depressed Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy-a Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Clinical Study[NCT04399070]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-01	Not yet recruiting
The Use of Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation During EEG in Children Affected by Behavioural Disorders[NCT03799783]	Phase 2	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Completed
Turgut Ozal Medical Center Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation[NCT02267980]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

the PSSS is a validated scale for assessing the level of procedural sedation. It is a 6 items scale , from 0 to 5, where 5 is an alert patient and 0 is a deep sedation with abnormal vital signs. We evaluate patients 10 minutes after the infusion of dexmedetomidine. (NCT03799783)
Timeframe: 10 minutes

Number of Patients With Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Dexmedetomidine	13

any adverse event potentially related with DEX-administration (NCT03799783)
Timeframe: during and immediately after DEX infusion, up to 150 minutes after DEX infusion (time to first awakening)

Article	Year
Medial Septum Modulates Consciousness and Psychosis-Related Behaviors Through Hippocampal Gamma Activity. Frontiers in neural circuits, 2022, Volume: 16 Topics: Animals; Consciousness; Electroencephalography; Gamma Rays; Hippocampus; Humans; Ketamine; Psychotic	2022
[Paediatric status epilepticus]. Revista de neurologia, 2022, 10-16, Volume: 75, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Ketamine; Lacosamide;	2022
Role of the AMPA receptor in antidepressant effects of ketamine and potential of AMPA receptor potentiators as a novel antidepressant. Neuropharmacology, 2023, 01-01, Volume: 222 Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Antidepressive Agents; Humans; Ketamine; R	2023
Why ketamine. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2023, Volume: 141 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Ketamine; Neuroprotective Agents; Seizures; Status Epilept	2023
Treatment of cholinergic-induced status epilepticus with polytherapy targeting GABA and glutamate receptors. Epilepsia open, 2023, Volume: 8 Suppl 1 Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Cholinergic Agents; gamma-Aminobuty	2023
Electroconvulsive therapy: recent advances and anesthetic considerations. Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2023, Aug-01, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Etomidate; Humans; Hypnoti	2023
Effects of Ketamine Anesthesia on Efficacy, Tolerability, Seizure Response, and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. The journal of ECT, 2020, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Cognition; Double-Blind Method; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Hu	2020
Ketamine in seizure management and future pharmacogenomic considerations. The pharmacogenomics journal, 2020, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Disease Management; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Excitatory	2020
A revised excretion factor for estimating ketamine consumption by wastewater-based epidemiology - Utilising wastewater and seizure data. Environment international, 2020, Volume: 138 Topics: China; Humans; Ketamine; Seizures; Wastewater; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring; Water Po	2020
Rapid-acting antidepressants and the regulation of TrkB neurotrophic signalling-Insights from ketamine, nitrous oxide, seizures and anaesthesia. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2021, Volume: 129, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cerebral Cortex; Depr	2021
Single versus combinatorial therapies in status epilepticus: Novel data from preclinical models. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2015, Volume: 49 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug T	2015
Pharmacologic treatment of status epilepticus. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2016, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Ketamine; Levetiracetam; Piracetam; Randomized Controlled	2016
A Bayesian framework systematic review and meta-analysis of anesthetic agents effectiveness/tolerability profile in electroconvulsive therapy for major depression. Scientific reports, 2016, Jan-25, Volume: 6 Topics: Anesthetics; Bayes Theorem; Depressive Disorder, Major; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Electroencephalog	2016
The howling cortex: seizures and general anesthetic drugs. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, General; Animals; Dystonia; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Ketam	2008
Alcohol and drugs in epilepsy: pathophysiology, presentation, possibilities, and prevention. Epilepsia, 2012, Volume: 53 Suppl 4 Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures; Alcoholism; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Benzodiaze	2012
Neurotoxicity of anesthetics. Anesthesiology, 1979, Volume: 50, Issue:5 Topics: Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bar	1979

Article	Year
Ketamine Anesthesia Does Not Improve Depression Scores in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2018, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic F	2018
Comparing effects of ketamine and thiopental administration during electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind study. The journal of ECT, 2014, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Cognition; Depressive Disorder,	2014
Effects of sevoflurane or ketamine on the QTc interval during electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of anesthesia, 2015, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Arterial Pressure; Depressive Disorder, Major; Double-Blind Method	2015
Effect of the Addition of Ketamine to Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Seizure Duration in Electroconvulsive Therapy. The journal of ECT, 2015, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; A	2015
Mood and neuropsychological effects of different doses of ketamine in electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Journal of affective disorders, 2016, Sep-01, Volume: 201 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cognition Disorders; Combined Modality Th	2016
Ketofol in electroconvulsive therapy anesthesia: two stones for one bird. Journal of anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous;	2012
Rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in the electroconvulsive therapy setting. The journal of ECT, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disor	2012

Article	Year
Trends in Ketamine Use, Exposures, and Seizures in the United States up to 2019. American journal of public health, 2021, Volume: 111, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics; Child; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Seizures; Substance-Related Di	2021
Resolution of status epilepticus after ketamine administration. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2022, Volume: 54 Topics: Aftercare; Anticonvulsants; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Infant; Ketamine; Levetiracetam; Lorazepam; Pa	2022
Diazepam Monotherapy or Diazepam-Ketamine Dual Therapy at Different Time Points Terminates Seizures and Reduces Mortality in a Status Epilepticus Animal Model. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2021, Dec-06, Volume: 27 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Administration Schedule	2021
[A case of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome requiring prolonged intensive care management: a trial of intravenous ketamine and intrathecal dexamethasone therapy]. Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2022, Feb-19, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Critical Care; Dexamethasone; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Encephalitis; Epileptic Syndromes	2022
Ketamine: From Prescription Anaesthetic to a New Psychoactive Substance. Current pharmaceutical design, 2022, Volume: 28, Issue:15 Topics: Anesthetics; Central Nervous System Agents; Humans; Ketamine; Prescriptions; Seizures; Substance-Rel	2022
The Role of the NMDA Receptor in the Anticonvulsant Effect of Ellagic Acid in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Male Mice. Behavioural neurology, 2022, Volume: 2022 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ellagic Acid; Ketamine; Male; Mice; N-Me	2022
Ketamine for Management of Neonatal and Pediatric Refractory Status Epilepticus. Neurology, 2022, 09-20, Volume: 99, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthetics; Anticonvulsants; Child; Cohort Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Ketamine; Retr	2022
Factors Associated with Refractory Status Epilepticus Termination Following Ketamine Initiation: A Multivariable Analysis Model. Neurocritical care, 2023, Volume: 38, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Humans; Ketamine; Retrospective Studies; Seizures; Status Epilepticus	2023
Central-positive complexes in ECT-induced seizures: Possible evidence for thalamocortical mechanisms. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2023, Volume: 146 Topics: Electroconvulsive Therapy; Electroencephalography; Humans; Ketamine; Reproducibility of Results; Sei	2023
Trends in Illicit Ketamine Seizures in the US From 2017 to 2022. JAMA psychiatry, 2023, 07-01, Volume: 80, Issue:7 Topics: Humans; Illicit Drugs; Ketamine; Seizures; Substance-Related Disorders	2023
Neurofilament light chain: A possible fluid biomarker in the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model for chronic epilepsy? Epilepsia, 2023, Volume: 64, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Intermediate Filaments; Kainic Acid; Ketamine; Mice; Neurof	2023
Prehospital Treatment of Benzodiazepine-Resistant Pediatric Status Epilepticus with Parenteral Ketamine: A Case Series. Prehospital emergency care, 2023, Volume: 27, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Emergency Medical Services; Humans; Ketamine; Seizur	2023
Ketamine in Refractory Neonatal Seizures. Pediatric neurology, 2020, Volume: 106 Topics: Epilepsy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Ketamine; Seizures; Status Epilepticus	2020
Response to Samanta "Are Ketamine Infusions a Viable Therapeutic Option for Refractory Neonatal Seizures?" Pediatric neurology, 2020, Volume: 106 Topics: Analgesics; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ketamine; Seizures	2020
Ketamine as adjunct to midazolam treatment following soman-induced status epilepticus reduces seizure severity, epileptogenesis, and brain pathology in plasma carboxylesterase knockout mice. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2020, Volume: 111 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carboxylesterase; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroencephalography	2020
Empirical ratio of the combined use of S-ketamine and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy and its impact on seizure quality. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2021, Volume: 271, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Depressive Disorde	2021
Novel Genetically Modified Mouse Model to Assess Soman-Induced Toxicity and Medical Countermeasure Efficacy: Human Acetylcholinesterase Knock-in Serum Carboxylesterase Knockout Mice. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Feb-14, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Anesthetics; Animals; Brain; Carboxylesterase; Chemical Warfare Agents; Diseas	2021
S -ketamine compared to etomidate during electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2017, Volume: 267, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Depressive Disorder, Major; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant	2017
Generalized convulsive seizures are associated with ketamine anesthesia in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) undergoing urodynamic studies and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. Journal of medical primatology, 2017, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Female; Ketamine; Macaca mulatta; Monkey Diseases; R	2017
Intravenous theophylline is the most effective intervention to prolong EEG seizure duration in patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. BMC anesthesiology, 2017, Aug-29, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroconvul	2017
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) with super-refractory status epilepticus revealing autoimmune encephalitis due to GABA European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 2018, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Autoantibodies; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Encephalitis; Epileptic Syndro	2018
Cluster of acute poisonings associated with an emerging ketamine analogue, 2-oxo-PCE. Forensic science international, 2018, Volume: 290 Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Liquid; Confusion; Consciousness Disorders; Female; Forensic Toxicology; Gas	2018
Methadone's effects on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice: NMDA/opioid receptors and nitric oxide signaling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2019, Volume: 1449, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dizocilpine Maleate; Guanidines; Indazoles; Ketamine; Male; Methadone; Mic	2019
Impact of the anesthetic agents ketamine, etomidate, thiopental, and propofol on seizure parameters and seizure quality in electroconvulsive therapy: a retrospective study. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2014, Volume: 264, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthetics; Autonomic Nervous System; Brain Waves; Ele	2014
Lunasin-induced behavioural effects in mice: focus on the dopaminergic system. Behavioural brain research, 2013, Nov-01, Volume: 256 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Apomorphine; Bicuculline; Brain; Catalepsy; Central Nervous System Agents; Cyc	2013
Seizure activity occurring in two dogs after S-ketamine-induction. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2013, Volume: 155, Issue:10 Topics: Acepromazine; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Anticonvu	2013
Generalized seizure activity in an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during ketamine anesthesia and urodynamic studies. Comparative medicine, 2013, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Female; Ketamine; Macaca mulatta; Monkey Diseases; Seizures; Urodynamics	2013
Use of ketamine for control of refractory seizures during the intraoperative period. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology, 2014, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Ketamine; Male; Seizures	2014
Electroencephalography for children with autistic spectrum disorder: a sedation protocol. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloral Hydrate; Dexmedet	2015
Methamphetamine and ketamine use in major Chinese cities, a nationwide reconnaissance through sewage-based epidemiology. Water research, 2015, Nov-01, Volume: 84 Topics: China; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Ketamine; Methamphetamine; Seizures; Sewage	2015
Physiological and biochemical variables in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) immobilised with dexmedetomidine and ketamine or dexmedetomidine, midazolam and ketamine. The Veterinary record, 2015, Dec-05, Volume: 177, Issue:22 Topics: Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Biochemical Phenomena; Blood Pressure; Dexmedetomidine	2015
NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate the proconvulsant effect of juvenile social isolation in male mice. Brain research bulletin, 2016, Volume: 121 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response R	2016
GRIN2D Recurrent De Novo Dominant Mutation Causes a Severe Epileptic Encephalopathy Treatable with NMDA Receptor Channel Blockers. American journal of human genetics, 2016, Oct-06, Volume: 99, Issue:4 Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Cell Death; Child; Dendrites; DNA Mutational Analysis; Electroen	2016
Behavioral changes with brief exposures to weak magnetic fields patterned to stimulate long-term potentiation. Brain research, 2009, Mar-19, Volume: 1261 Topics: Acepromazine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning, Operant; Electroshock;	2009
Large differences in blood measures, tissue weights, and focal areas of damage 1 year after postseizure treatment with acepromazine or ketamine. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2009, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Acepromazine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine	2009
Intrastrain differences in seizure susceptibility, pharmacological response and basal neurochemistry of Wistar rats. Epilepsy research, 2009, Volume: 87, Issue:2-3 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Body Weight; Brain; B	2009
Rethinking restimulation: a case report. The journal of ECT, 2012, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Depressive Disorder, Major; Electroconvuls	2012
Kindling-induced learning deficiency and possible cellular and molecular involved mechanisms. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2013, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Avoidance Learning; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Electron Tra	2013
Effects of pretreatment with etomidate, ketamine, phenytoin, and phenytoin/midazolam on acute, lethal cocaine toxicity. Neurological research, 2012, Volume: 34, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Cocaine; Disease Models, Animal; Etomidate; Ketamine; Mice; Midazolam; Phenytoin; Random Al	2012
Differential antagonism of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine-induced seizures by agents acting at NMDA and GABA(A) receptors. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2012, Nov-15, Volume: 265, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Convulsants; Diazepam; Dizocilpine Maleate; Electroencephalography; Excita	2012
Ketamine prevents seizures and reverses changes in muscarinic receptor induced by bicuculline in rats. Neurochemistry international, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Bicuculline; Convulsants; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Ketamine; Male; Rats; Rats, Wi	2013
The crude extract from the sea anemone, Bunodosoma caissarum elicits convulsions in mice: possible involvement of the glutamatergic system. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2002, Volume: 40, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cnidarian Venoms; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; E	2002
The brain matrix and multifocal brain damage following a single injection of ketamine in young adult rats: conspicuous changes in old age. Perceptual and motor skills, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Pt 1 Topics: Acepromazine; Age Factors; Animals; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Disease Models, Animal; Ketamine;	2002
Effects of seizure severity and seizure repetition on postictal cardiac arrhythmia following maximal electroshock. Experimental neurology, 2003, Volume: 181, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Disease Progression; Electrocardiography; Electrodes, Implanted; Elec	2003
Effects of etomidate, ketamine or propofol, and their combinations with conventional antiepileptic drugs on amygdala-kindled convulsions in rats. Neuropharmacology, 2003, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Etomidate; Ketamine; Kindling, Neurol	2003
The neuromatrix and the epileptic brain: behavioral and learning preservation in limbic epileptic rats treated with ketamine but not acepromazine. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2004, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Acepromazine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Chi-Squa	2004
Scalp EEG for the diagnosis of epilepsy and photosensitivity in the baboon. American journal of primatology, 2004, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Ketamine; Monkey Diseases; Papio; Photic Stimulation; Pho	2004
Investigation of central mechanism of insulin induced hypoglycemic convulsions in mice. Indian journal of experimental biology, 2004, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Glucose; Dopamine; Dop	2004
Is ketamine a safe anesthetic for percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient immunosuppressed with cyclosporine? Anesthesia and analgesia, 2005, Volume: 100, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics, Dissociative; Biopsy; Child; Cyclosporine; Electroencephalography; Humans; Immunosuppre	2005
Efficacy of the ketamine-atropine combination in the delayed treatment of soman-induced status epilepticus. Brain research, 2005, Jul-27, Volume: 1051, Issue:1-2 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Atropine; Chemical Warfare Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug	2005
Ketamine reduces lidocaine-induced seizures in mice. The International journal of neuroscience, 2005, Volume: 115, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Ketamin	2005
Weak, physiologically patterned magnetic fields do not affect maze performance in normal rats, but disrupt seized rats normalized with ketamine: possible support for a neuromatrix concept? Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2006, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Electromagnetic Fields; Ketami	2006
Behavioral effects of ketamine and toxic interactions with psychostimulants. BMC neuroscience, 2006, Mar-16, Volume: 7 Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cocaine; Depression; Dose-Res	2006
Effect of gabaergic, glutamatergic, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus. Neuroscience letters, 2006, Nov-13, Volume: 408, Issue:2 Topics: Amines; Amitriptyline; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; Antidepressive Agents, Tri	2006
Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine or midazolam in combination with ketamine or tiletamine/zolazepam for the immobilisation of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2006, Volume: 77, Issue:4 Topics: Acinonyx; Anesthetics, Combined; Animals; Blood Gas Analysis; Heart Rate; Hypertension; Immobilizati	2006
Study pharmacologic of the GABAergic and glutamatergic drugs on seizures and status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine in adult Wistar rats. Neuroscience letters, 2007, Jun-04, Volume: 419, Issue:3 Topics: Amines; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Ga	2007
Ketamine in the management of generalised cephalic tetanus. The Journal of laryngology and otology, 2008, Volume: 122, Issue:12 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Otitis Externa; Otitis Med	2008
Ketamine-induced changes in kindled amygdaloid seizures. Neuropharmacology, 1983, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Chemistry; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Ket	1983
Effect of ketamine enantiomers on sound-induced convulsions in epilepsy prone rats. Pharmacological research communications, 1983, Volume: 15, Issue:9 Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Epilepsy; Ketamine; Male; Rats; Seizures; Stereoisomerism	1983
Cyclonite poisoning in a dog. The Veterinary record, 1983, Nov-05, Volume: 113, Issue:19 Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ketamine; Male; Pentobarbital;	1983
Seizures in cats induced by ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia--a preliminary report. The Indian journal of medical research, 1983, Volume: 77 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cats; Female; Ketamine; Male; Seizures	1983
Ketamine-aminophylline-induced decrease in seizure threshold. Anesthesiology, 1982, Volume: 56, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aminophylline; Anesthesia; Animals; Drug Interactions; Electroshock; Female; Humans; Ketamine	1982
Ketamine activation of experimental corticoreticular epilepsy. Neurology, 1980, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Cats; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Female; Ketamine; Male; Penicillin G; Seiz	1980
Ketamine suppression of chemically induced convulsions in the two-day-old white leghorn cockerel. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1980, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Chickens; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ketamine; Models, Neuro	1980
The effects of various anesthetics on amygdaloid kindled seizures. Neuropharmacology, 1981, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Amygdala; Anesthetics; Animals; Central Nervous System; Electroencephalography; Hyd	1981
Ketamine-induced changes in regional glucose utilization in the rat brain. Anesthesiology, 1980, Volume: 52, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Brain; Geniculate Bodies; Glucose; Hippocampus; Inferior Colliculi; Inject	1980
Pharmacological modification of amygdaloid-kindled seizures. Neuropharmacology, 1980, Volume: 19, Issue:11 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Diazepam; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted; Ketamine; Male; Phenobarbi	1980
Spontaneous excitations in the visual cortex: stripes, spirals, rings, and collective bursts. Neural computation, 1995, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Brain Mapping; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Ketamine; Lysergic	1995
Effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine) and ketamine on strychnine-induced convulsions in rats: comparison with benzodiazepines and standard anticonvulsants. Physiological research, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Ketamine; Male; Rats; Rats, W	1994
Ketamine prevents ECS-induced synaptic enhancement in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience letters, 1994, Aug-29, Volume: 178, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Electric Stimulation; Electroshock; Evoked Potentials; Hippocampus; Humans; Ketamine; Long-	1994
[The cerebral effects of ketamine--a new view?]. Der Anaesthesist, 1994, Volume: 43 Suppl 2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Brain; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy, Absence; Humans; Ketamine; Seizures	1994
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to guanidinosuccinate-induced convulsions in mice. Neuroscience letters, 1993, Jul-23, Volume: 157, Issue:2 Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Drug Interactions; Female; Glutamates; Glutam	1993
Immobilization of the endangered Iberian lynx with xylazine- and ketamine-hydrochloride. Journal of wildlife diseases, 1994, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Body Temperature; Carnivora; Drug Combinations; Female; Heart Rate; Immobili	1994
Alterations in both excitation and inhibition occur before the onset of seizure activity in the hippocampus. Epilepsy research, 1993, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Baclofen; Bicuculline; Diazepam; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Hippocampus; Keta	1993
Convulsions following ketamine and atropine. Anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Seizures	1993
High-dose ketamine does not induce c-Fos protein expression in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience letters, 1993, Mar-05, Volume: 151, Issue:1 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cerebral Cortex; Hippocampus; Immunohistochemistry; In Vitro Te	1993
Effect of alprazolam and ketamine on seizures induced by two different convulsants. Acta medica (Hradec Kralove), 1997, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Alprazolam; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Aziridines; Convulsants; Ketamine; Male; Pentylenetetrazole; R	1997
Role of cerebral blood flow in seizures from hyperbaric oxygen exposure. Brain research, 1998, Apr-27, Volume: 791, Issue:1-2 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Dizocilpine Maleate; Enzyme Inhibitors;	1998
[Seizure activity and lesions of neuronal cells by intrahippocampal injection of guanidinosuccinic acid in rats]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 1996, Volume: 31, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Guanidines; Hippocampus; Keta	1996
Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid receptors may mediate theophylline-induced seizures in mice. General pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Aminobutyrates; Aminooxyacetic Acid; Animals; Baclofen; Bicuculline; Cl	1999
Ventricular enlargement and the lithium/pilocarpine seizure model: possible explanation for agonistic behaviour. The International journal of neuroscience, 2000, Volume: 100, Issue:1-4 Topics: Acepromazine; Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Ketamine; Lateral Ventricles; Lithium; M	2000
Ketamine and phenobarbital do not reduce the evoked-potential enhancement induced by electroconvulsive shock seizures in the rat. Neuroscience letters, 1999, Nov-05, Volume: 275, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Electroshock; Evoked Potentials; Ketamine; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Phenobarbital; Rat	1999
Evidence for GABA(A) receptor agonistic properties of ketamine: convulsive and anesthetic behavioral models in mice. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2000, Volume: 91, Issue:1 Topics: Allylglycine; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bicuculline; Dose-Re	2000
Domestic swine model for the assessment of chemical warfare agent-anesthetic interactions: some effects of sulfur mustard. Military medicine, 2000, Volume: 165, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Animals; Apnea; Chemical Warfare; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Eva	2000
Deliberate seizure induction with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in nonhuman primates. Archives of general psychiatry, 2001, Volume: 58, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Electroencephalography; Electromagnetic	2001
Normalization of spatial learning despite brain damage in rats receiving ketamine after seizure-induction: evidence for the neuromatrix. Psychological reports, 2001, Volume: 88, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Atrophy; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Electromagnetic Phenomena; Ketamine; Male; Ma	2001
Normal spatial memory following postseizure treatment with ketamine: selective damage attenuates memory deficits in brain-damaged rodents. The International journal of neuroscience, 2001, Volume: 107, Issue:1-2 Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Discrimination Learning; Dopamine Antagonists; Excit	2001
Possible mechanism of anticonvulsant effect of ketamine in mice. Indian journal of experimental biology, 2001, Volume: 39, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dopamine Antagonists; Electroshock; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fem	2001
[Action of ketamine of paroxysmal discharges provoked by air emboli in the baboon Papio papio]. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1976, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Embolism, Air; Haplorhini; Intracranial E	1976
Focal penicillin epilepsy in an isolated cerebral hemisphere. Experimental neurology, 1978, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial	1978
Antagonism of ketamine by physostigmine. British journal of anaesthesia, 1978, Volume: 50, Issue:1 Topics: Humans; Ketamine; Physostigmine; Seizures	1978
The influence of intravenous anaesthetics on enflurane-induced central nervous system seizure activity. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1977, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Animals; Brain; Cats; Diazepam; Drug S	1977
Adverse reactions to drugs in a veterinary hospital. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1977, Aug-15, Volume: 171, Issue:4 Topics: Amphotericin B; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloral Hydrate;	1977
Ketamine anaesthesia for medical procedures in children. Archives of disease in childhood, 1976, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Female; H	1976
The anticonvulsant activity of ketamine agains siezures induced by pentylenetetrazol and mercaptopropionic acid. European journal of pharmacology, 1976, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Glutamate Decarboxylase;	1976
Ketamine--use in severe febrile convulsions. The Medical journal of Australia, 1976, Sep-18, Volume: 2, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Ketamine; Male	1976
[Case of convulsions with late onset after ketalar anesthesia]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1976, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Pregnancy; Seizures	1976
[Convulsive mechanism of ketamine anesthesia]. Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova, 1975, Volume: 115, Issue:8 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Ketamine; Parasympatholytics; Rabbits; Se	1975
Ketamine hydrochloride and its effect on a chronic cobalt epileptic cortical focus. Epilepsia, 1976, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cobalt; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ketamine; Male; Rats; Seizures; Time Factors	1976
Intracerebroventricular administration of kappa-agonists induces convulsions in mice. Brain research bulletin, 1991, Volume: 27, Issue:1 Topics: 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; Analgesics	1991
Dizocilpine, ketamine and ethanol reverse NMDA-induced EEG changes and convulsions in rats and mice. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1991, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Dizocilpine Maleate; Electroencephalography; Ethanol; Ketamine; Male; Mice	1991
Changes in seizure activity of the neocortex during the early postnatal development of the rat: an electrophysiological study on slices in Mg(2+)-free medium. Epilepsy research, 1991, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Aging; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Culture Media; Electrodes; Electrophysiology; In Vitro Techniques;	1991
Ketamine suppresses both bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures during ontogenesis. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1990, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Aging; Animals; Ataxia; Bicuculline; Ketamine; Male; Pentylenetetrazole; Picrotoxin; Rats; Rats, Inb	1990
NMDA receptor activation mediates the loss of GABAergic inhibition induced by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy research, 1990, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hippocampus; Ketamine;	1990
NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit kindling epileptogenesis and seizure expression in developing rats. Brain research. Developmental brain research, 1990, May-01, Volume: 53, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Ketamine; Kindling, Neurologic; Rats; Reaction T	1990
An EEG and behavioural study on the interactions of clonidine with phencyclidine and ketamine in rats. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 1990, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Brain; Clonidine; Drug Interactions; Electroencephalography; Ketamine; Male; Muscle Tonus;	1990
Effects of ketamine on metrazol-induced seizures during ontogenesis in rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1989, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Aging; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Ketamine; Male; Pentylenetetrazole; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Re	1989
The effects of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on rats exposed to hyperbaric pressure. European journal of pharmacology, 1989, Jun-08, Volume: 165, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Binding, Competitive; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Ke	1989
The behavioural effects of MK-801: a comparison with antagonists acting non-competitively and competitively at the NMDA receptor. European journal of pharmacology, 1989, Aug-11, Volume: 167, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Aspartic Acid; Behavior, Animal; Binding, Competitive; Dibenzocycloheptene	1989
Ketamine and MK-801 prevent degeneration of thalamic neurons induced by focal cortical seizures. Experimental neurology, 1989, Volume: 105, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bicuculline; Cerebral Cortex; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Dizocilpine Maleate; E	1989
The phencyclidine (PCP) analog N-[1-(2-benzo(B)thiophenyl) cyclohexyl]piperidine shares cocaine-like but not other characteristic behavioral effects with PCP, ketamine and MK-801. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1989, Volume: 250, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cocaine; Columbidae; Dextroamphetamine; Dibenzocycloheptenes; Dizocilpine	1989
A comparison of PCP-like compounds for NMDA antagonism in two in vivo models. Life sciences, 1988, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Behavior, Animal; Dioxolanes; Dioxoles; Ketamine; Male; Mice; Motor Activity	1988
An investigation on the mechanism of anticonvulsant action of ketamine and phencyclidine on convulsions due to cortical application of penicillin in rabbits. Pharmacological research communications, 1985, Volume: 17, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Ketamine; Male; Penicillins; Pentobarbit	1985
Inciting excitotoxic cytocide among central neurons. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1986, Volume: 203 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Cell Survival; Chick Embryo; Cholinergic Fibers; Disease Models,	1986
Anticonvulsant properties of phencyclidine and ketamine. NIDA research monograph, 1986, Volume: 64 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Hippocampus; Ketamine; Kindling, Neurologic; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Penty	1986
Lack of correlation between the anaesthetic and anti-convulsant potencies of althesin, ketamine and methohexitone. British journal of anaesthesia, 1988, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anesthetics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bicuculline; Female; Ketamine;	1988
[Spasm and asphyxia occurring after ketamine or gamma-sodium hydroxybutyrate anesthesia. Report of 2 cases]. Zhonghua hu li za zhi = Chinese journal of nursing, 1987, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Asphyxia; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hydroxy	1987
Effects of ketamine on EEG activity in cats and monkeys. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1974, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood Pressure; Brain; Cats; Central Nervous Syst	1974
A neurophysiologic study of ketamine anesthesia in the cat. Anesthesiology, 1971, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Stem; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Cyclohexanes; Depression,	1971
Use of ketamine hydrochloride in non-domesticated cats. The Veterinary record, 1974, Aug-31, Volume: 95, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Carnivora; Ketamine; Seizures	1974
Intramuscular ketamine in a developing country. Experience in the British Solomon Islands. Anaesthesia, 1972, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Female; Human	1972
Ketamine-induced convulsions. Anesthesiology, 1972, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Seizures	1972
Ketamine-induced electroconvulsive phenomena in the human limbic and thalamic regions. Anesthesiology, 1973, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Electroencephalography; Female;	1973
Ketamine anesthesia in brain-damaged epileptics. Electroencephalographic and clinical observations. Neurology, 1973, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Brain Damage, Chronic; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschoo	1973
Ketamine anesthesia in a hydranencephalic infant. Anesthesiology, 1974, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Anencephaly; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Hydranencephaly; Infant,	1974
[Ketamine and epilepsy. Case report]. Minerva anestesiologica, 1974, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Myotonia; Seizures	1974
An experimental study of the mechanism of action of ketamine on the central nervous system. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1974, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Amygdala; Analgesia; Anesthesia; Animals; Brain; Brain Stem; Catatonia; Cats; Caudate Nucleus; Cereb	1974
Epilepsy or anesthesia with ketamine. Anesthesiology, 1972, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Cataplexy; Cats; Central Nervous System; Cyclohexanes; Depression;	1972

ketamine and Seizures