ketamine and Pregnancy studies

Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the effect of different doses of esketamine compared with the effect of fentanyl on incidence of perioperative hypotension in patients undergoing painless abortion surgery and to explore the optimal esketamine dose for this population."	9.51	Effect of different doses of esketamine compared with fentanyl combined with propofol on hypotension in patients undergoing painless abortion surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. ( Chen, J; Hu, B; Shen, M; Wang, F; Yang, Y; Zhou, Q; Zou, X, 2022)
"Twenty-three women scheduled for cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia were randomized to one of three groups: subcutaneous ketamine (SC Group, n = 8), intravenous ketamine (IV Group, n = 8) or placebo (n = 7)."	9.51	A randomized feasibility pilot-study of intravenous and subcutaneous administration of ketamine to prevent postpartum depression after planned cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia. ( Carter, E; Jaffer, D; Lenze, S; Monks, DT; Palanisamy, A; Singh, PM, 2022)
"Blood loss during suction termination of pregnancy was estimated in patients anaesthetised with intravenous ketamine (n = 25) and compared with those anaesthetised with intravenous methohexitone (n = 25)."	9.06	Evaluation of blood loss during suction termination of pregnancy: ketamine compared with methohexitone. ( Coad, NR; Mills, PJ; Ramasubramanian, R; Verma, R, 1986)
"Our data revealed that ketamine exposure during pregnancy could cause cardiac enlargement, myocardial sarcomere disorganization, and decreased cardiac contractile function in mouse offspring."	8.31	Effects of ketamine-induced H3K9 hypoacetylation during pregnancy on cardiogenesis of mouse offspring. ( Quan, J; Su, Y; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhao, W; Zou, M, 2023)
" The authors set out to investigate the neurotoxicity of S-ketamine, which possesses anesthetic and antidepressant effects and may cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- and depression-like behaviors in offspring mice."	8.12	S-ketamine administration in pregnant mice induces ADHD- and depression-like behaviors in offspring mice. ( Bai, Y; Bi, XY; Cao, L; Liu, NN; Xin, Y; Xing, BH; Zhang, DX; Zhang, LM; Zhang, W; Zheng, WC, 2022)
"The present study aims to investigate the effects of maternal folic acid supplementation at different doses on nuclear methyltransferase activity of adult rat offspring subjected to an animal model schizophrenia induced by ketamine."	8.02	Effects of maternal folic acid supplementation on nuclear methyltransferase activity of adult rats subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia. ( Canever, L; Damázio, LS; Mastella, GA; Quevedo, JL; Valvassori, SS; Varela, R; Zugno, AI, 2021)
"Here we show that mice prenatally exposed to ketamine displayed anxiety-like behaviors during adulthood, but not during puberty."	7.96	Prenatal Exposure to Ketamine Leads to Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Dysfunction in Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis. ( Chen, Y; Feng, X; Guo, H; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Lin, J; Lin, L; Liu, T; Lu, Z; Sun, J; Xu, S, 2020)
"This study aimed to evaluate the impact of subarachnoid anesthesia with ketamine during transcervical artificial insemination (TCAI) on the welfare of ewes and on subsequent pregnancy rates."	7.91	Welfare and pregnancy rate of ewes undergoing transcervical artificial insemination with ketamine subarachnoid anesthesia. ( Carneiro, RPB; Costa-E-Silva, EV; DeRossi, R; Macedo, GG; Souza, MIL, 2019)
" Thus, the aim of this study was (1) to evaluate the cognitive effects and biochemical markers produced by the AIN-93 diet (control), the AIN-93 diet supplemented with different doses of FA (5, 10, and 50 mg/kg), and a FA-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation in female mother rats (dams) and (2) to evaluate the effect of maternal diets on inflammatory parameters in the adult offspring which were subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia (SZ) induced by ketamine (Ket)."	7.88	The Evaluation of Folic Acid-Deficient or Folic Acid-Supplemented Diet in the Gestational Phase of Female Rats and in Their Adult Offspring Subjected to an Animal Model of Schizophrenia. ( Alves, CSV; Barcellos, AS; Budni, J; Canever, L; Citadin, S; Damázio, L; De Luca, LA; Garcez, ML; Mastella, G; Polla, JV; Quevedo, J; Zugno, AI, 2018)
"Early life exposure to ketamine caused neurohistopathologic changes and persistent cognitive dysfunction."	7.85	Long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in offspring via NGF/ ERK/CREB signaling pathway caused by ketamine exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy in rats. ( Chen, Y; Gao, L; Guo, C; Li, L; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2017)
"Studies have suggested that ketamine, a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, could be a new drug in the treatment of major depression, but the way ketamine presents such effects remains to be elucidated."	7.81	Ketamine treatment partly reverses alterations in brain derived- neurotrophic factor, oxidative stress and energy metabolism parameters induced by an animal model of depression. ( Abelaira, HM; Carlessi, AS; da Luz, JR; dos Santos, MA; Jeremias, GC; Matias, BI; Morais, MO; Nacif, MP; Quevedo, J; Réus, GZ; Scaini, G; Steckert, AV; Streck, EL; Tomaz, DB, 2015)
"In 4 mares suffering from dystocia, general anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1."	7.69	A case report on the use of guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for equine dystocia. ( Harrison, IW; Lin, HC; Robbins, RL; Thurmon, JC; Wallace, SS, 1994)
"Using a chronic sheep preparation, with induced foetal acidosis, the effects of low and high dose thiopentone and ketamine on maternal and foetal cardiovascular dynamics were studied."	7.66	Cerebral vascular responses to ketamine and thiopentone during foetal acidosis. ( Coté, J; Palahniuk, RJ; Pash, MG; Pickering, BG; Wade, JG, 1982)
" Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the effect of different doses of esketamine compared with the effect of fentanyl on incidence of perioperative hypotension in patients undergoing painless abortion surgery and to explore the optimal esketamine dose for this population."	5.51	Effect of different doses of esketamine compared with fentanyl combined with propofol on hypotension in patients undergoing painless abortion surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. ( Chen, J; Hu, B; Shen, M; Wang, F; Yang, Y; Zhou, Q; Zou, X, 2022)
"Twenty-three women scheduled for cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia were randomized to one of three groups: subcutaneous ketamine (SC Group, n = 8), intravenous ketamine (IV Group, n = 8) or placebo (n = 7)."	5.51	A randomized feasibility pilot-study of intravenous and subcutaneous administration of ketamine to prevent postpartum depression after planned cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia. ( Carter, E; Jaffer, D; Lenze, S; Monks, DT; Palanisamy, A; Singh, PM, 2022)
"Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, anhedonia, flat affect and cognitive impairments."	5.48	Prenatal exposure to ketamine in rats: Implications on animal models of schizophrenia. ( Coronel-Oliveros, CM; Pacheco-Calderón, R, 2018)
"15 mg/kg bolus dose of S-ketamine may significantly reduce the risk of hypotension and induce sedation before delivery."	5.41	Optimum dose of spinal ropivacaine with or without single intravenous bolus of S-ketamine during elective cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, sequential dose-finding study. ( An, XH; Bian, Y; Chao, YC; Wang, J; Xu, T; Xu, Z; Zhang, X, 2021)
"Premature infants experience untreated repetitive pain that may alter their brain development."	5.34	Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain. ( Anand, KJ; Bhutta, AT; Garg, S; Hall, RW; Narsinghani, U; Rovnaghi, CR, 2007)
" A minimal effective dosage of 90 mg/kg for ketamine and 10 mg/kg for xylazine provided satisfactory anesthesia in 92% of the subjects, without adverse effects on gestation or the fetuses."	5.26	Ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in the pregnant rat. ( Stickrod, G, 1979)
"Blood loss during suction termination of pregnancy was estimated in patients anaesthetised with intravenous ketamine (n = 25) and compared with those anaesthetised with intravenous methohexitone (n = 25)."	5.06	Evaluation of blood loss during suction termination of pregnancy: ketamine compared with methohexitone. ( Coad, NR; Mills, PJ; Ramasubramanian, R; Verma, R, 1986)
"A new anesthetic method (fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil) was compared with a previously administered anesthetic regimen (pethidine-diazepam-ketamine) in two groups of 25 women, each of whom underwent termination of pregnancy."	5.06	Fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil anesthesia for induced abortion. ( Garamvölgyi, G; Hamar, O; Kálmán, A, 1989)
" We present this case of a 34-year-old female patient who suffered an 18% total body surface area burn during the third trimester of pregnancy to demonstrate that ketamine can be considered as an adjunct for procedural and background analgesia during the third trimester, as part of a multimodal strategy in a short-term, monitored setting after a thorough and complete analysis of risks and benefits and careful patient selection."	5.05	Meeting the Challenge of Analgesia in a Pregnant Woman With Burn Injury Using Subanesthetic Ketamine: A Case Report and Literature Review. ( Elkhashab, Y; Hughes, LP; Hughes, MK; Hughes, WB; Roy, AB; Schwenk, ES; Viscusi, ER; West, LA, 2020)
"Our data revealed that ketamine exposure during pregnancy could cause cardiac enlargement, myocardial sarcomere disorganization, and decreased cardiac contractile function in mouse offspring."	4.31	Effects of ketamine-induced H3K9 hypoacetylation during pregnancy on cardiogenesis of mouse offspring. ( Quan, J; Su, Y; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhao, W; Zou, M, 2023)
" The authors set out to investigate the neurotoxicity of S-ketamine, which possesses anesthetic and antidepressant effects and may cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- and depression-like behaviors in offspring mice."	4.12	S-ketamine administration in pregnant mice induces ADHD- and depression-like behaviors in offspring mice. ( Bai, Y; Bi, XY; Cao, L; Liu, NN; Xin, Y; Xing, BH; Zhang, DX; Zhang, LM; Zhang, W; Zheng, WC, 2022)
"To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a ketamine-based anesthesia package to support emergency cesarean section when no anesthetist is available."	4.12	A ketamine package for use in emergency cesarean delivery when no anesthetist is available: An analysis of 401 consecutive operations. ( Burke, TF; Mantena, S; Opondo, K; Orero, S; Rogo, K, 2022)
"The present study aims to investigate the effects of maternal folic acid supplementation at different doses on nuclear methyltransferase activity of adult rat offspring subjected to an animal model schizophrenia induced by ketamine."	4.02	Effects of maternal folic acid supplementation on nuclear methyltransferase activity of adult rats subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia. ( Canever, L; Damázio, LS; Mastella, GA; Quevedo, JL; Valvassori, SS; Varela, R; Zugno, AI, 2021)
"Here we show that mice prenatally exposed to ketamine displayed anxiety-like behaviors during adulthood, but not during puberty."	3.96	Prenatal Exposure to Ketamine Leads to Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Dysfunction in Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis. ( Chen, Y; Feng, X; Guo, H; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Lin, J; Lin, L; Liu, T; Lu, Z; Sun, J; Xu, S, 2020)
" Thus, the aim of this study was (1) to evaluate the cognitive effects and biochemical markers produced by the AIN-93 diet (control), the AIN-93 diet supplemented with different doses of FA (5, 10, and 50 mg/kg), and a FA-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation in female mother rats (dams) and (2) to evaluate the effect of maternal diets on inflammatory parameters in the adult offspring which were subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia (SZ) induced by ketamine (Ket)."	3.88	The Evaluation of Folic Acid-Deficient or Folic Acid-Supplemented Diet in the Gestational Phase of Female Rats and in Their Adult Offspring Subjected to an Animal Model of Schizophrenia. ( Alves, CSV; Barcellos, AS; Budni, J; Canever, L; Citadin, S; Damázio, L; De Luca, LA; Garcez, ML; Mastella, G; Polla, JV; Quevedo, J; Zugno, AI, 2018)
"A deficiency of maternal folic acid (FA) can compromise the function and development of the brain, and may produce a susceptibility to diseases such as schizophrenia (SZ) in the later life of offspring."	3.88	Changes in behavioural parameters, oxidative stress and neurotrophins in the brain of adult offspring induced to an animal model of schizophrenia: The effects of FA deficient or FA supplemented diet during the neurodevelopmental phase. ( Budni, J; Canever, L; Carvalho, G; Damázio, L; Fachim, I; Freire, TG; Gava, FF; Godói, AK; Gomes, S; Mastella, GA; Michels, C; Peterle, BR; Quevedo, J; Valvassori, SS; Zugno, AI, 2018)
" The use of anaesthesia during pregnancy such as ketamine is largely considered to negatively affect neuronal development by interfering with synaptic transmission."	3.88	In vivo two-photon imaging of the embryonic cortex reveals spontaneous ketamine-sensitive calcium activity. ( Andriichuk, L; Carabalona, A; Jokinen, V; Leiwe, M; Rivera, C; Yuryev, M, 2018)
"Early life exposure to ketamine caused neurohistopathologic changes and persistent cognitive dysfunction."	3.85	Long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in offspring via NGF/ ERK/CREB signaling pathway caused by ketamine exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy in rats. ( Chen, Y; Gao, L; Guo, C; Li, L; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2017)
" We have previously reported that ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, can modify the fetal hemodynamic and ACTH responses to ventilatory hypoxia and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion."	3.83	Ketamine modulates fetal hemodynamic and endocrine responses to umbilical cord occlusion. ( Antolic, A; Chang, EI; Wood, CE; Zarate, MA, 2016)
"Studies have suggested that ketamine, a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, could be a new drug in the treatment of major depression, but the way ketamine presents such effects remains to be elucidated."	3.81	Ketamine treatment partly reverses alterations in brain derived- neurotrophic factor, oxidative stress and energy metabolism parameters induced by an animal model of depression. ( Abelaira, HM; Carlessi, AS; da Luz, JR; dos Santos, MA; Jeremias, GC; Matias, BI; Morais, MO; Nacif, MP; Quevedo, J; Réus, GZ; Scaini, G; Steckert, AV; Streck, EL; Tomaz, DB, 2015)
" The pregnancy test used the principles of the lateral flow immunoassay, and the colors of the test and control line were caused by the gold nanoparticles."	3.80	Optimization of an optical inspection system based on the Taguchi method for quantitative analysis of point-of-care testing. ( Lin, YC; Shen, PL; Yeh, CH; Zhao, ZQ, 2014)
"The drug ketamine is frequently abused for recreational use in Asia, but few studies in humans have focused on the effects of ketamine exposure during pregnancy on the health of neonates."	3.76	Infant with in utero ketamine exposure: quantitative measurement of residual dosage in hair. ( Chang, YZ; Chen, JY; Su, PH, 2010)
"The present study tested the effect of ketamine on the fetal reflex responses of late-gestation sheep to brachiocephalic occlusion (BCO), a stimulus that mimics the reduction in cerebral blood flow that results from severe fetal hypotension."	3.74	Ketamine inhibits fetal ACTH responses to cerebral hypoperfusion. ( Powers, MJ; Wood, CE, 2007)
" Anesthesia was induced with medetomidine and ketamine and maintained with isoflurane."	3.74	Caesarian section and neonatal care in the aardvark (Orycteropus afer). ( Mutlow, AG; Mutlow, H, 2008)
" Here we compared the effects of two anaesthetic reagents-a ketamine/xylazine combination, and tribromoethanol (Avertin)-on the rates of implantation and development to term of mouse zygotes transferred into the oviducts of CD-1 foster mothers, and evaluated whether hypothermia caused by anaesthetics after the ET operation could be overcome by postoperative incubation of the foster mothers."	3.72	Exposure to warmer postoperative temperatures reduces hypothermia caused by anaesthesia and significantly increases the implantation rate of transferred embryos in the mouse. ( Bagis, H; Dinnyes, A; Odaman Mercan, H, 2004)
"In 4 mares suffering from dystocia, general anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1."	3.69	A case report on the use of guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for equine dystocia. ( Harrison, IW; Lin, HC; Robbins, RL; Thurmon, JC; Wallace, SS, 1994)
"Dopamine (DA) neurons participate in tonic inhibition of prolactin (PRL), whereas beta-endorphin (beta-End) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons appear to be important stimulatory links for nocturnal PRL surges that occur throughout the first half of pregnancy in the rat."	3.68	Mechanisms for the stimulatory effects of opioidergic and serotonergic input signals on prolactin in pregnant rats. ( Sagrillo, CA; Voogt, JL, 1992)
"The effect of dormicum-ketalar and dormicum-ketalar-anexat in comparison with thiopental was studied on 45 parturients at 39-40 weeks' pregnancy, operated electively, divided into three groups as each group consisted of 15 women."	3.68	[A comparison between thiopental, midazolam-ketalar and midazolam-ketalar-aneksat for anesthesia during cesarean section]. ( Radev, R, 1991)
"Two hundred and twenty-five patients aged from neonate to 15 years presenting with chronic constipation and soiling had anorectal manometry without sedation, and 142 patients in the same age range and with a similar range of presenting complaints had anorectal manometry using ketamine as an anesthetic."	3.67	The effect of ketamine anesthesia on anorectal manometry. ( Clayden, GS; Lawson, JO; Paskins, JR, 1984)
" This acute event was probably due to the hemodynamic effects of three oxytocic drugs, oxytocin, methylergometrine maleate and prostaglandin F2 alpha used to control severe third-stage bleeding in interaction with the hemodynamic effects of pregnancy at term and surgical and anesthetic stress."	3.67	Pulmonary edema during cesarean section related to the use of oxytocic drugs. ( Camu, F; Heytens, L, 1984)
"Using a chronic sheep preparation, with induced foetal acidosis, the effects of low and high dose thiopentone and ketamine on maternal and foetal cardiovascular dynamics were studied."	3.66	Cerebral vascular responses to ketamine and thiopentone during foetal acidosis. ( Coté, J; Palahniuk, RJ; Pash, MG; Pickering, BG; Wade, JG, 1982)
"Propanidid, etomidate, and ketamine were compared for their effects on maternal acid-base balance and circulation as well as on postnatal general condition and acid-base balance of the newborn, on the basis of 44 women in advanced pregnancy to whom caesarean section was applied in general anaesthesia."	3.66	[Comparison between ketamine, propanidid, and etomidate in general anaesthesia for caesarean section (author's transl)]. ( Klausch, B; Plesse, R; Schwebke, R; Stark, KH, 1981)
"The optimal dosage and method of esketamine for postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) are unclear."	3.30	Effects of different doses of esketamine intervention on postpartum depressive symptoms in cesarean section women: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study. ( Bai, ZH; Chen, L; Duan, KM; Gao, K; Li, QW; Mao, XY; Ping, AQ; Wang, SY; Xu, SY; Yang, SQ; Yang, ST; Zhou, YY, 2023)
"Esketamine was administered intravenously at a dose of 0."	3.30	Effect of pre-administration of esketamine intraoperatively on postpartum depression after cesarean section: A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial. ( Chen, Q; Ling, B; Lv, J; Wang, W; Xu, H; Yu, W, 2023)
"Fentanyl is an opioid receptor agonist and a commonly used sedative."	3.11	Efficacy of Analgesic Propofol/Esketamine and Propofol/Fentanyl for Painless Induced Abortion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Jin, S; Xin, N; Yan, W, 2022)
"Secondary outcome measures were postoperative pain scores, time to the first perception of pain, maternal adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, hypotension, shivering, diplopia, nystagmus, hallucination) and neonatal Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, neonatal respiratory depression and neonatal intensive-care referral."	3.01	Analgesic effects of intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean delivery: a randomised controlled trial. ( Adhikari, P; Pokharel, K; Sah, BP; Subedi, A, 2021)
"Postpartum depression is a common complication of childbirth."	2.84	Single bolus low-dose of ketamine does not prevent postpartum depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial. ( Chen, D; Huang, X; Li, Y; Ma, D; She, B; Xu, Y, 2017)
" A safe and effective dosage of xylazine-ketamine for Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) is reported, based on 37 wild Indian fox immobilizations between April 2006 and May 2007."	2.78	Use of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride for immobilization of Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) in field situations. ( Belsare, AV; Vanak, AT, 2013)
"Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale and the time of first postoperative analgesic administration was noted."	2.77	Low-dose intravenous ketamine improves postoperative analgesia after caesarean delivery with spinal bupivacaine in African parturients. ( Desalu, I; Kushimo, OT; Menkiti, ID, 2012)
"Ketamine is an analgesic suitable for the induction of anesthesia during Caesarean delivery."	2.77	Effect of three different doses of ketamine prior to general anaesthesia on postoperative pain following Caesarean delivery: a prospective randomized study. ( Aykaç, B; Bilgen, S; Fiçicioğlu, C; Köner, O; Menda, F; Türe, H, 2012)
" However, during cesarean section with neuraxial block, S-Ketamine might have adverse effects on the interaction between mothers and infants, including breastfeeding."	2.77	A study of low-dose S-ketamine infusion as "preventive" pain treatment for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: benefits and side effects. ( Catarci, S; Draisci, G; Suppa, E; Valente, A; Zanfini, BA, 2012)
"Rocuronium 0."	2.68	Thiopental-rocuronium versus ketamine-rocuronium for rapid-sequence intubation in parturients undergoing cesarean section. ( Assaf, BA; Baraka, AS; Sayyid, SS, 1997)
"Midazolam 0."	2.65	Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia. ( Cartwright, PD; Pingel, SM, 1984)
"Ketamine was found to cause uterine contraction (mean increase 16."	2.65	Effects of ketamine on the pregnant uterus. ( Oats, JN; Vasey, DP; Waldron, BA, 1979)
"Ketamine 1."	2.65	Effect of diazepam on emergence from ketamine anaesthesia. A double-blind study. ( Larni, HM; Mattila, MA; Nummi, SE; Pekkola, PO, 1979)
" On several counts, the combination of ketamine and flunitrazepam was proved to reduce the adverse reactions seen with ketamine alone."	2.64	Reduction of psychotomimetic side effects of Ketalar (ketamine) by Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). A randomized, double-blind trial. ( Freuchen, I; Kühl, JB; Mikkelsen, BO; Ostergaard, J, 1976)
"Meperidine was not given to 389 mothers, 50 mg was given to 358 mothers and 75 to 150 mg to 173 mothers within four hours of delivery."	2.64	Double-blind comparison of the neurobehaviour of neonates following the administration of different doses of meperidine to the mother. ( Bhatt, M; Hodgkinson, R; Wang, CN, 1978)
"Minor traumatic injuries are common in pregnancy, often subsequently requiring painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures."	2.49	Safety of procedural sedation in pregnancy. ( Koren, G; Neuman, G, 2013)
"In patients with preeclampsia hypertension during endotracheal intubation has to be avoided."	2.49	[Should opioids be routinely used for the induction of general anaesthesia for caesarean section?]. ( Hönig, A; Kranke, P; Rifai, M; Roewer, N; Wasem, S; Wirbelauer, J, 2013)
"Recent awareness that chronic pain may occur after childbirth has prompted clinicians and researchers to investigate this topic."	2.49	Chronic pain after childbirth. ( Bollag, L; Landau, R; Ortner, C, 2013)
"Ketamine is an intravenous drug with special properties that make it the only agent that presently serves as anesthetic, sedative, amnesiac and analgesic."	2.40	[Ketamine]. ( González Miranda, F; Reboso Morales, JA, 1999)
"Infections during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental etiologies, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)."	1.91	(R)-ketamine attenuates neurodevelopmental disease-related phenotypes in a mouse model of maternal immune activation. ( da Silva Júnior, JC; de Andrade Silva, SC; de Lima, DA; de Oliveira, EG; de Santana, JH; de Souza Barbosa, MV; Dos Santos Junior, OH; Duarte, FS; Gomes, DA; Lagranha, CJ; Lira, EC, 2023)
"Ketamine is a widely used anesthetic with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism."	1.91	Prenatal ketamine exposure impairs prepulse inhibition via arginine vasopressin receptor 1A-mediated GABAergic neuronal dysfunction in the striatum. ( Cha, HJ; Gu, SM; Hong, JT; Kim, A; Kim, DE; Lee, H; Yun, J, 2023)
"Esketamine is used to control postoperative pain and reduce postoperative depression in surgical patients."	1.72	Effect of low-dose esketamine on pain control and postpartum depression after cesarean section: a retrospective cohort study. ( Dai, X; Luo, H; Wang, Y; Xiao, G; Zhang, Q, 2022)
"Ketamine is an anesthetic and analgesic drug widely used in clinical anesthesia."	1.56	Ketamine exerts neurotoxic effects on the offspring of pregnant rats via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ( Chang, T; Gao, L; Liu, W; Wang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2020)
"Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist widely used in pediatric anesthetic and therapeutic practices and veterinary medicine."	1.51	Behavioral effects of postnatal ketamine exposure in rhesus macaque infants are dependent on MAOA-LPR genotype. ( Capitanio, JP; Del Rosso, L; Herrington, JA, 2019)
"Major depressive disorder is a common and debilitating condition with substantial economic impact."	1.51	The novel antidepressant ketamine enhances dentate gyrus proliferation with no effects on synaptic plasticity or hippocampal function in depressive-like rats. ( Andersson, M; Bergström, N; Culley, G; Ehn, J; Engström, A; Hanse, E; Karlsson, L; Kuhn, HG; Michaëlsson, H; Savvidi, P; Seth, H; Svensson, J, 2019)
"The mainstay of treatment for methemoglobinemia is i."	1.48	Local Anesthetic-Induced Methemoglobinemia During Pregnancy: A Case Report and Evaluation of Treatment Options. ( Baby, N; Faust, AC; Guy, E; Ortegon, A, 2018)
"Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, anhedonia, flat affect and cognitive impairments."	1.48	Prenatal exposure to ketamine in rats: Implications on animal models of schizophrenia. ( Coronel-Oliveros, CM; Pacheco-Calderón, R, 2018)
"Ketamine has been reported to impair the capacity for learning and memory."	1.46	Ketamine administered pregnant rats impair learning and memory in offspring via the CREB pathway. ( Chen, Y; Gao, L; Guo, C; Li, L; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2017)
" bolus injection, the prodrugs' unbound area under the concentration curve in brain was 0."	1.43	Systemic and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Perforin Inhibitor Prodrugs. ( Denny, WA; Gynther, M; Huttunen, KM; Pickering, DS; Spicer, JA, 2016)
"Ketamine is a commonly used clinical anesthetic and a popular recreational drug."	1.43	Early ketamine exposure results in cardiac enlargement and heart dysfunction in Xenopus embryos. ( Du, M; Guo, R; Jiang, P; Liu, G; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, X; Shi, Y; Xu, Y, 2016)
"Ketamine pretreatment reduced both of these responses."	1.43	Ketamine decreases inflammatory and immune pathways after transient hypoxia in late gestation fetal cerebral cortex. ( Arndt, TJ; Chang, EI; Keller-Wood, M; Rabaglino, MB; Richards, EM; Wood, CE; Zárate, MA, 2016)
"Acute fetal hypoxia is a form of fetal stress that stimulates renal vasoconstriction and ischaemia as a consequence of the physiological redistribution of combined ventricular output."	1.43	Ketamine suppresses hypoxia-induced inflammatory responses in the late-gestation ovine fetal kidney cortex. ( Chang, EI; Keller-Wood, M; Rabaglino, MB; Richards, EM; Wood, CE; Zárate, MA, 2016)
"Ketamine was administered by 10 nurse-midwives and six clinical officers."	1.43	Evaluation of a ketamine-based anesthesia package for use in emergency cesarean delivery or emergency laparotomy when no anesthetist is available. ( Altawil, Z; Burke, TF; Eckardt, MJ; Guha, M; Imbamba, J; Kandler, T; Lozo, S; Nelson, BD; Odenyo, S; Pinder, L; Rogo, K, 2016)
"Women who are carriers for hemophilia are usually considered as safe carriers."	1.39	[Peripartum period and hemophilia carriers]. ( Aubrun, F; Bonnet, A; Chevalier, Y; Huissoud, C; Wallon, G, 2013)
"Ketamine was administered by IV infusion for 5 h to postnatal day 6 rhesus neonates or to pregnant rhesus females at 120 days' gestation (full term = 165 days)."	1.38	Ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis in the fetal and neonatal rhesus macaque brain. ( Avidan, MS; Brambrink, AM; Creeley, CE; Dissen, GA; Evers, AS; Farber, NB; Martin, LD; Olney, JW; Smith, DJ, 2012)
"Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that is used in anesthetic, abuse, and therapeutic contexts."	1.38	Behavioral effects of prenatal ketamine exposure in rhesus macaques are dependent on MAOA genotype. ( Blozis, SA; Calonder, LA; Capitanio, JP; Del Rosso, LA; Penedo, MC, 2012)
"Neonatal asphyxia is a primary contributor to neonatal mortality and neuro-developmental disorders."	1.37	Glutamate antagonism fails to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction in late phase of experimental neonatal asphyxia in rats. ( Chourasia, TK; Joy, KP; Krishnamurthy, S; Kumar, A; Reddy, NR, 2011)
" By acting via the NMDA receptor, S(+)-ketamine exerts its toxic effect through the suppression of neuronal Ca2+ oscillations, down-regulation of the CaMKII, and consecutively reduced synaptic integrity."	1.37	The toxic effects of s(+)-ketamine on differentiating neurons in vitro as a consequence of suppressed neuronal Ca2+ oscillations. ( Friedrich, O; Graf, BM; Sinner, B; Zausig, Y; Zink, W, 2011)
"Premature infants experience untreated repetitive pain that may alter their brain development."	1.34	Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain. ( Anand, KJ; Bhutta, AT; Garg, S; Hall, RW; Narsinghani, U; Rovnaghi, CR, 2007)
"Ketamine-treated mice showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the Ethanol-High mice showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex."	1.32	Hyperactivity following postnatal NMDA antagonist treatment: reversal by D-amphetamine. ( Archer, T; Fredriksson, A, 2003)
"S(+)-ketamine was recently approved for clinical use, but its effects on UBF have not been evaluated."	1.32	The effects of S+-ketamine and racemic ketamine on uterine blood flow in chronically instrumented pregnant sheep. ( Durieux, ME; Gogarten, W; Hartleb, K; Marcus, MAE; Strümper, D; Van Aken, H, 2004)
"She also suffered from spina bifida cystica with no sensation from mid thigh."	1.31	Intramuscular ketamine in a parturient in whom pre-operative intravenous access was not possible. ( Hee, WC; Metias, VF, 2001)
"Watson's syndrome is an uncommon genetic disorder whose features include mental retardation and pulmonary valvular stenosis."	1.29	Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with Watson's syndrome. ( Conway, JB; Posner, M, 1994)
"Halothane is a poor anesthetic during fetal intervention."	1.29	Halothane as an anesthetic for fetal surgery. ( Assad, RS; Hanley, FL; Sabik, JF, 1993)
"Ketamine was used as the sole anaesthetic during the induction-to-delivery interval in 20 full-term patients undergoing elective Caesarean section."	1.28	Maternal awareness and neonatal outcome after ketamine induction of anaesthesia for Caesarean section. ( Baraka, A; Dalleh, R; Louis, F, 1990)
"Ketamine treatment had no significant effect on the number of animals per litter."	1.27	Teratologic effects of d,1-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride (ketamine hydrochloride) in rats. ( Aykac, I; Davidson, PP; Fraley, ED; Kochhar, MM, 1986)
"Ketamine was administered intravenously to the mother every 15 min during 1 h."	1.27	Cardiovascular status during ketamine anesthesia in the fetal lamb. ( Bard, H; Fouron, JC; Lafond, JS, 1987)
"Ketamine hydrochloride was infused intravenously in eight near-term fetal sheep, in doses ranging from 4."	1.27	Effect of ketamine on local cerebral glucose utilization in fetal sheep. ( Abrams, RM; Cooper, RJ, 1987)
"Hemorrhage was the most frequent complication (2%)."	1.26	Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization: a review of complications in 2,000 cases. ( Camerena, R; Díaz, M; Hernández, F; Uribe-Ramírez, LC, 1977)
" It is suggested that ketamine should be re-evaluated, using a lower dosage schedule, for Caesarean section."	1.26	Ketamine for anaesthetic induction at Caesarean section. ( Allen, PJ; Downing, JW; Jeal, DE; Mahomedy, MC, 1976)
" A minimal effective dosage of 90 mg/kg for ketamine and 10 mg/kg for xylazine provided satisfactory anesthesia in 92% of the subjects, without adverse effects on gestation or the fetuses."	1.26	Ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in the pregnant rat. ( Stickrod, G, 1979)
" The pharmacokinetic model of thiopental is a three compartment model."	1.26	[Pharmacokinetics of intravenous non-steroidal anesthetics]. ( Chardon, P; Kienlen, J, 1981)
"Ketamine and Xylazine were given in one injection after being taken in the named sequence and mixed in the syringe."	1.26	[Clinical use of ketamine-xylazine for anaesthesia in the cat (author's transl)]. ( Arnbjerg, J, 1979)
"Trichloroethylene analgesia was good without side-effects."	1.26	Effects of analgesics during labor. ( El-Damarawi, HA; El-Khatib, OE; Toppozada, MK; Youssef, AR, 1978)
"Ketamine was used as an immobilizing agent to obtain biological specimens from northern elephant seals in their natural habitat."	1.25	Ketamine immobilization of northern elephant seals. ( Briggs, GD; Henrickson, RV; Le Boeuf, BJ, 1975)

Research

Studies (373)

Authors

Clinical Trials (25)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Administered Additional Pain Medications

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	179 (47.99)	18.7374
1990's	35 (9.38)	18.2507
2000's	36 (9.65)	29.6817
2010's	84 (22.52)	24.3611
2020's	39 (10.46)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Burke, TF	4
Mantena, S	1
Opondo, K	1
Orero, S	1
Rogo, K	2
Zhang, X	11
Wang, J	10
An, XH	1
Chao, YC	1
Bian, Y	1
Xu, Z	2
Xu, T	1
Tan, Y	1
Fujita, Y	1
Pu, Y	1
Chang, L	1
Qu, Y	1
Wang, X	5
Hashimoto, K	3
Wang, Y	11
Zhang, Q	5
Dai, X	1
Xiao, G	1
Luo, H	1
Li, Q	2
Wang, S	2
Mei, X	1
Mielke, N	1
Johnson, S	1
Bahl, A	1
Fadladdin, YAJ	1
Xue, M	1
Chen, J	4
Liu, F	2
Xu, J	3
Xie, J	1
Yang, Y	5
Yu, W	2
Qiu, H	1
Xue, J	2
Jiang, J	3
Liu, Y	9
Shallom, SJ	1
Zelazny, AM	1
Giri, AR	1
Kaur, N	1
Yarrarapu, SNS	1
Rottman Pietrzak, KA	1
Santos, C	1
Lowman, PE	1
Niaz, S	1
Franco, PM	1
Sanghavi, DK	1
Zhu, D	1
Liang, R	1
Li, Z	4
Cheng, L	2
Ren, J	1
Guo, Y	2
Wang, M	1
Chai, H	1
Niu, Q	1
Yang, S	2
Bai, J	2
Yu, H	2
Zhang, H	6
Qin, X	1
Sahrakorpi, N	1
Engberg, E	1
Stach-Lempinen, B	1
Tammelin, TH	1
Kulmala, J	1
Roine, RP	1
Koivusalo, SB	1
Cheng, W	1
Pang, H	1
Campen, MJ	1
Zhang, J	5
Li, Y	12
Gao, J	1
Ren, D	1
Ji, X	1
Rothman, N	1
Lan, Q	1
Zheng, Y	2
Leng, S	1
Hu, Z	2
Tang, J	5
Dong, Q	2
Song, N	1
Qin, N	1
Chen, C	2
Sun, X	2
Easton, J	1
Mulder, H	1
Plyler, E	1
Neale, G	1
Walker, E	1
Ma, X	2
Chen, X	4
Huang, IC	1
Yasui, Y	1
Ness, KK	1
Hudson, MM	1
Robison, LL	1
Wang, Z	3
Subota, A	1
Spotswood, N	1
Roach, M	1
Goodarzi, Z	1
Holroyd-Leduc, J	1
Park, EA	1
Graves, SA	1
Menda, Y	1
Xin, N	1
Yan, W	3
Jin, S	1
Zhang, LM	1
Liu, NN	1
Cao, L	1
Xin, Y	1
Zhang, DX	1
Bai, Y	1
Zheng, WC	1
Bi, XY	1
Xing, BH	1
Zhang, W	2
Chin, J	1
McGrath, M	1
Lokken, E	1
Upegui, CD	1
Prager, S	1
Micks, E	1
Wang, Q	4
Xiao, M	1
Sun, H	1
Zhang, P	1
Slomski, A	1
Zou, X	1
Hu, B	2
Wang, F	2
Zhou, Q	2
Shen, M	1
Resch, SC	1
Suarez, S	3
Omotayo, MO	1
Griffin, J	1
Sessler, D	1
Burke, T	1
Monks, DT	1
Palanisamy, A	1
Jaffer, D	1
Singh, PM	1
Carter, E	1
Lenze, S	1
Jha, AK	1
Jha, N	1
Weyand, A	1
Flores, R	1
Kim, A	1
Gu, SM	1
Lee, H	1
Kim, DE	1
Hong, JT	1
Yun, J	1
Cha, HJ	1
Wang, W	5
Ling, B	1
Chen, Q	2
Xu, H	3
Lv, J	1
Firouzian, A	1
Faghani-Makrani, N	1
Nazari, Z	1
Ahangari, MF	1
Yu, Y	3
Quan, J	1
Zou, M	1
Zhao, W	3
Su, Y	1
Xu, Y	4
Kearns, RJ	1
Nelson, SM	1
Huang, R	1
Lin, B	1
Tian, H	1
Luo, Q	1
de Oliveira, EG	1
de Lima, DA	1
da Silva Júnior, JC	1
de Souza Barbosa, MV	1
de Andrade Silva, SC	1
de Santana, JH	1
Dos Santos Junior, OH	1
Lira, EC	1
Lagranha, CJ	1
Duarte, FS	1
Gomes, DA	1
Yang, SQ	1
Zhou, YY	1
Yang, ST	1
Mao, XY	1
Chen, L	3
Bai, ZH	1
Ping, AQ	1
Xu, SY	1
Li, QW	1
Gao, K	2
Wang, SY	2
Duan, KM	2
Liu, QR	1
Zong, QK	1
Ding, LL	1
Dai, HY	1
Sun, Y	5
Dong, YY	1
Ren, ZY	1
Yang, JJ	2
Aksoy, H	1
Gökahmetoğlu, G	1
Ak, M	1
Aksoy, Ü	1
Tola, EN	1
Zhao, J	1
Chang, T	3
Liu, W	4
Gao, L	3
Xiong, Y	1
Yao, Y	4
Zhang, FJ	1
Yu, LN	1
Yan, M	1
Sun, J	3
Lin, J	1
Feng, X	1
Lu, Z	1
Liu, T	3
Lin, L	4
Chen, Y	3
Hu, Y	2
Xu, S	1
Guo, H	1
Turner, EH	1
Moradkhani, M	1
Hejri, P	1
Nadri, S	1
Beiranvand, S	1
Feng, Z	1
Ma, R	1
Roy, AB	1
Hughes, LP	1
West, LA	1
Schwenk, ES	1
Elkhashab, Y	1
Hughes, MK	1
Hughes, WB	1
Viscusi, ER	1
Halim, AA	1
Alsayed, B	1
Embarak, S	1
Yaseen, T	1
Dabbous, S	1
Fontaine, O	1
Dueluzeau, R	1
Raibaud, P	1
Chabanet, C	1
Popoff, MR	1
Badoual, J	1
Gabilan, JC	1
Andremont, A	1
Gómez, L	1
Andrés, S	1
Sánchez, J	1
Alonso, JM	1
Rey, J	1
López, F	1
Jiménez, A	1
Yan, Z	1
Zhou, L	3
Zhao, Y	3
Huang, L	2
Hu, K	1
Liu, H	4
Wang, H	3
Guo, Z	1
Song, Y	1
Huang, H	4
Yang, R	1
Owen, TW	1
Al-Kaysi, RO	1
Bardeen, CJ	1
Cheng, Q	1
Wu, S	1
Cheng, T	1
Zhou, X	1
Wang, B	4
Wu, X	2
Ochiai, T	1
Ishiguro, H	2
Nakano, R	2
Kubota, Y	2
Hara, M	1
Sunada, K	1
Kajioka, J	1
Fujishima, A	1
Jiao, J	3
Gai, QY	3
Zang, YP	2
Niu, LL	2
Fu, YJ	3
Yao, LP	1
Qin, QP	1
Wang, ZY	1
Liu, J	5
Aleksic Sabo, V	1
Knezevic, P	1
Borges-Argáez, R	1
Chan-Balan, R	1
Cetina-Montejo, L	1
Ayora-Talavera, G	1
Sansores-Peraza, P	1
Gómez-Carballo, J	1
Cáceres-Farfán, M	1
Jang, J	1
Akin, D	1
Bashir, R	1
Yu, Z	1
Zhu, J	2
Jiang, H	1
He, C	2
Xiao, Z	1
Sun, Q	1
Han, D	1
Lei, H	1
Zhao, K	2
Zhu, L	1
Li, X	6
Fu, H	2
Wilson, BK	1
Step, DL	1
Maxwell, CL	1
Gifford, CA	1
Richards, CJ	1
Krehbiel, CR	1
Warner, JM	1
Doerr, AJ	1
Erickson, GE	1
Guretzky, JA	1
Rasby, RJ	1
Watson, AK	1
Klopfenstein, TJ	1
Liu, Z	3
Pham, TD	1
Lee, BK	1
Yang, FC	1
Wu, KH	1
Lin, WP	1
Hu, MK	1
Shao, J	1
Sun, M	1
Xu, G	1
Xu, N	1
Wang, R	1
Liu, S	1
He, H	1
Dong, X	2
Yang, M	2
Yang, Q	2
Duan, S	1
Han, J	2
Zhang, C	3
Yang, X	1
Li, W	3
Wang, T	2
Campbell, DA	1
Zager, RA	1
Johnson, ACM	1
Guillem, A	1
Keyser, J	1
Singh, B	1
Steubl, D	1
Schneider, MP	1
Meiselbach, H	1
Nadal, J	1
Schmid, MC	1
Saritas, T	1
Krane, V	1
Sommerer, C	1
Baid-Agrawal, S	1
Voelkl, J	1
Kotsis, F	1
Köttgen, A	1
Eckardt, KU	1
Scherberich, JE	1
Li, H	4
Yao, L	2
Sun, L	3
Zhu, Z	1
Naren, N	1
Zhang, XX	2
Gentile, GL	1
Rupert, AS	1
Carrasco, LI	1
Garcia, EM	1
Kumar, NG	1
Walsh, SW	1
Jefferson, KK	1
Guest, RL	1
Samé Guerra, D	1
Wissler, M	1
Grimm, J	1
Silhavy, TJ	1
Lee, JH	2
Yoo, JS	1
Kim, Y	1
Kim, JS	2
Lee, EJ	1
Roe, JH	1
Delorme, M	1
Bouchard, PA	1
Simon, M	1
Simard, S	1
Lellouche, F	1
D'Urzo, KA	1
Mok, F	1
D'Urzo, AD	1
Koneru, B	1
Lopez, G	1
Farooqi, A	1
Conkrite, KL	1
Nguyen, TH	1
Macha, SJ	1
Modi, A	1
Rokita, JL	1
Urias, E	1
Hindle, A	1
Davidson, H	1
Mccoy, K	1
Nance, J	1
Yazdani, V	1
Irwin, MS	1
Wheeler, DA	1
Maris, JM	1
Diskin, SJ	1
Reynolds, CP	1
Abhilash, L	1
Kalliyil, A	1
Sheeba, V	1
Hartley, AM	2
Meunier, B	2
Pinotsis, N	1
Maréchal, A	2
Xu, JY	1
Genko, N	1
Haraux, F	1
Rich, PR	1
Kamalanathan, M	1
Doyle, SM	1
Xu, C	1
Achberger, AM	1
Wade, TL	1
Schwehr, K	1
Santschi, PH	1
Sylvan, JB	1
Quigg, A	1
Leong, W	1
Xu, W	2
Gao, S	1
Zhai, X	1
Wang, C	3
Gilson, E	1
Ye, J	1
Lu, Y	1
Yan, R	1
Zhang, Y	9
You, Q	1
Cai, Q	1
Yang, D	1
Gu, S	1
Dai, H	1
Zhao, X	1
Gui, C	1
Gui, J	1
Wu, PK	1
Hong, SK	1
Starenki, D	1
Oshima, K	1
Shao, H	1
Gestwicki, JE	1
Tsai, S	1
Park, JI	1
Zhao, R	1
Gu, Z	1
Dong, C	4
Guo, G	1
Li, L	6
Barrett, HE	1
Meester, EJ	1
van Gaalen, K	1
van der Heiden, K	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Intravenous Low-dose Esketamine on Maternal Depression at 2 Years After Childbirth in Women With Prenatal Depression: 2-year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05698394]	Phase 4	364 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-19	Active, not recruiting
Ketamine Versus Fentanyl for Surgical Abortions: A Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial[NCT04871425]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-27	Completed
Postpartum Depression After Cesarean Delivery: Ketamine as a Preventative Intervention: A Feasibility Pilot-study[NCT04227704]	Phase 3	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-12	Completed
"Analgesic Efficacy of Combined Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and Posterior Rectus Sheath Block in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Appendectomy"[NCT06088082]	Phase 3	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-01	Active, not recruiting
Assessment of Kétamine and Propofol Sedation During Intra Tracheal Surfactant Administration by the LISA Method (Less Invasive Surfactant Administration)[NCT03705468]		71 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-19	Completed
Analgesia Effects of Intravenous Ketamine After Spinal Anesthesia for Non-elective Cesarean Section[NCT03450499]	Phase 4	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-01	Completed
Effects of Low-dose S-ketamine on the Incidence of Postpartum Depression in Women With Prenatal Depression: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT04414943]		364 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-19	Completed
[NCT01404442]	Phase 1/Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
The Prevention of Post Operative Cognitive Dysfunction by Ketamine: a Prospective Multicenter Randomized Blinded Placebo-controlled Trial in Elderly Patients Undergoing Elective Orthopaedic Surgery[NCT02892916]	Phase 3	307 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-20	Completed
Association Between Prenatal Anesthesia Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcome : an Ambi-directional Cohort Study[NCT06052878]		155 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2023-10-30	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Successful Spinal Needle Insertion Between Obese and Non-obese Pregnant Women in Crossed Leg Sitting Position Undergoing Caesarean Section[NCT03054233]		136 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Postpartum Perineal Pain After Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT03470675]	Phase 4	67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-27	Active, not recruiting
Effects of Different Concentrations of Esketamine on Postpartum Depression After Cesarean Section[NCT05229913]	Phase 4	500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-20	Not yet recruiting
The Effect and Contribution of a Perioperative Ketamine Infusion in an Established Enhanced Recovery Pathway[NCT04625283]	Phase 4	1,544 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-12	Enrolling by invitation
Pre-Emptive Analgesia in Ano-Rectal Surgery[NCT02402543]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
Efficacy of Continuous Infusion of Levobupivacaine to the Surgical Wound Following Cesarean[NCT01458431]	Phase 3	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
Does a Single Intravenous Dose of Ketamine Reduce the Need for Supplemental Opioids in Post-Cesarean Section Patients?[NCT00486902]		188 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Ketamine in Patients Undergoing Hysteroscopic Endometrial Thermal Ablation Surgery[NCT01106846]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to Resources not available to complete.)
Safety and Efficacy of Sedation for Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy: Comparison of Propofol/Alfentanil With Propofol/Ketamine[NCT02000206]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Not yet recruiting
A Double-blind Randomised, Placebo-controlled Study of Adjunctive Ketamine Anaesthesia in ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)[NCT00680433]	Phase 4	83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
Intravenous Ketamine for Pain Control During First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT03751423]	Phase 3	123 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-10	Suspended (stopped due to Study on-hold due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Will resume when possible.)
Comparison of Onset and Duration of Rocuronium Induced Neuromuscular Block Between 2nd Trimester Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women[NCT02797860]		90 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-06-30	Completed
The Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine in the Breast Milk of Lactating Women: Quantification of Ketamine and Metabolites[NCT04285684]	Early Phase 1	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-20	Completed
Conscious Dying/Conscious Living: Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) for Patients at End of Life-A Pilot Study for Palliative and Hospice Care[NCT05214417]	Phase 2	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-01	Not yet recruiting
Predictive Coding Abnormalities in Psychosis: EEG and fMRI[NCT03068806]		202 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-12-01	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

After the procedure, research personnel will ask anesthetist what medications, if any, they gave outside of the study protocol (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: Immediately postoperatively

Provider Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the VAS

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Ketamine	23
Fentanyl	30

After the procedure, research personnel will assess provider's satisfaction with patient's anesthesia on a 100mm visual analog scale. The minimum score is 0mm and the maximum score if 100mm, with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: Immediately postoperatively

Satisfaction With Anesthesia Assessed by the ISAS

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	90
Fentanyl	86.8

After the procedure, either at time of discharge (if less than 30 minutes) or at 30 minutes (if not yet discharged), research personnel will assess the participant's satisfaction with anesthesia using the Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale. This is a validated perioperative anesthesia satisfaction scale with a minimum score of -3 and a maximum score of +3 with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: At discharge or 30 minutes after the procedure

Postoperative Pain Assessed by the VAS

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	2.4
Fentanyl	2.2

Patients will complete 2 followup surveys asking about their postoperative pain after discharge. This will be assessed on a 100mm visual analog scale. The minimum score is 0mm and the maximum score if 100mm, with higher scores indicating higher pain levels. (NCT04871425)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperatively and 7 days postoperatively

Admission to NICU

Dose of Ketorolac Administered (mg)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Pain post-op day 1	Pain post-op day 7
Fentanyl	22	19.1
Ketamine	24.5	18.2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	3
Ketamine SC	1
Ketamine IVI	3

Intraoperative supplementary analgesia (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

Dose of Opiate Analgesics Administered

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Control	30
Ketamine SC	30
Ketamine IVI	30

Intraoperative supplementary analgesia in morphine milligram equivalents (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

Maximum Intraoperative Pain (NRS)

Intervention	Morphine Milligram Equivalents (Mean)
Control	88.6
Ketamine SC	68.4
Ketamine IVI	67.0

Reported maximal level of intraoperative pain on the numerical rating scale 0 - 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

Number of Patients in Study Arms Experiencing One or More Severe Side Effects

Intervention	Rating Score (Mean)
Control	3
Ketamine SC	5
Ketamine IVI	1.5

Ascertain that neither of the chosen routes of administration of ketamine are intolerable to patients, as defined as the incidence of one or more severe side effects experienced by >10% of participants in that study arm. (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Through study completion, approximately 9 months

Percentage of Eligible Patients Consenting to Participation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	0
Ketamine SC	0
Ketamine IVI	0

"Establish a recruitment rate of greater than 50% to confirm the feasibility of conducting an RCT in our population~Twenty-five (20.7%) out of 121 women who were approached consented to participation. 2 were withdrawn with 23 completing participation." (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Through study completion, approximately 9 months

Percentage of Patients With a Complete Dataset

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	7
Ketamine SC	8
Ketamine IVI	8

Ensure that the design of assessments and data collection make it possible to achieve a complete dataset in >90% of participants (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Through study completion, approximately 9 months

Prevalence of Intraoperative Bradycardia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	3
Ketamine SC	4
Ketamine IVI	7

Prevalence of intraoperative bradycardia, defined as number of participants with a heart rate of less than 40 bpm (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

Prevalence of Intraoperative Hypertension

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	0
Ketamine SC	0
Ketamine IVI	2

Prevalence of intraoperative hypertension as defined by number of participants with a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

Prevalence of Intraoperative Hypotension

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	1
Ketamine SC	0
Ketamine IVI	1

Prevalence of participants with intraoperative hypotension of a systolic BP of less than 90 (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

Prevalence of Intraoperative Tachycardia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	1
Ketamine SC	2
Ketamine IVI	1

Prevalence of intraoperative tachycardia as defined by the number of participants with a heart rate greater than 110 bpm (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative phase, approximately 2 hours

The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression in the Study Population, as Defined as EPDS Greater Than 10 Out of 30

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	0
Ketamine SC	1
Ketamine IVI	1

Establish a sufficient burden of disease (>10%) in our population to warrant a full RCT (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: 42 days postpartum

Total Opiate Consumption in Morphine Equivalents

Adverse Effects

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control	4
Ketamine SC	2
Ketamine IVI	5

Intervention	Morphine Milligram Equivalents (Mean)
Control	88.6
Ketamine SC	68.4
Ketamine IVI	67

Incidence and severity (mild, moderate or severe) of nausea, vomiting, pruritus, dizziness, sedation, shivering, anxiety, euphoria, hallucinations, amnesia, blurred vision, diplopia, nystagmus (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Intraoperative and 2 and 6 hours postoperatively

Apgar Scores

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Mild Nausea	Moderate Nausea	Severe Nausea	Mild vomiting	Moderate vomiting	Severe vomiting	Mild shivering	Moderate shivering	Severe Shivering	Mild sedation	Moderate sedation	Severe sedation	Mild blurred vision	Moderate blurred vision	Severe blurred vision	Mild diplopia	Moderate diplopia	Severe diplopia	Mild dizziness	Moderate dizziness	Severe dizziness	Mild anxiety	Moderate anxiety	Severe anxiety	Mild pruritus	Moderate pruritus	Severe pruritus	Euphoria	Amnesia	Hallucinations	Nystagmus
Control	0	2	0	0	1	0	6	0	0	1	2	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
Ketamine IVI	1	3	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	1	0	3	0	0	1	0	0	3	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0
Ketamine SC	2	0	0	2	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	0

Apgar score (0-10) comprised of an assessment of neonatal color, tone and crying. A higher score indicates healthier color, tone and crying. (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: At 1 and 5 minutes after delivery

Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Apgar 1min	Apgar 5 min
Control	8	9
Ketamine IVI	8	9
Ketamine SC	8	9

The EPDS is a validated measure of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. The scale is scored between 0 - 30, a higher score represents greater depressive symptomatology. We report the study mean of each participant's mean EPDS score for their postpartum assessments (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: On postpartum days 1, 2, 21 and 42

Postpartum Anxiety

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Day 1	Day 2	Day 21	Day 42
Control	7.5	8.43	6.4	9.75
Ketamine IVI	4.25	5.38	5.14	3.86
Ketamine SC	4.75	5.63	2.83	3.33

Mean Anxiety in the postpartum. General Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7), ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety. (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: On day of surgery, and postpartum days 1, 2, 21 and 42

Surgical Site Pain: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS 0-10)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Day 1	Day 2	Day 21	Day 42
Control	5.17	6	5.8	5.75
Ketamine IVI	3.5	4.5	4.57	2.71
Ketamine SC	5.63	4.75	2.333333333	3.5

Surgical site pain on a numerical rating scale of 0-10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: At 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours after delivery and on postpartum days 21 and 42

The Number of Participants Achieving Breastfeeding Success

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	2 hours postoperatively	6 hours postoperatively	24 hours postoperatively	48 hours postoperatively	21 days postoperatively	42 days postoperatively
Control	2.86	3	3	3.428571429	1	0.6666666667
Ketamine IVI	2.5	1.875	2	3.125	0.875	0.285714286
Ketamine SC	2.1428571428571	4.714285714	4.571428571	4.25	3.333333333	0.333333333

An indication of whether breastfeeding has been successfully established (Yes or No). (NCT04227704)
Timeframe: Postpartum days 1 and 2

Cumulative Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Supplemental Analgesia to Treat Breakthrough Pain

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Day 1	Day 2
Control	3	3
Ketamine IVI	5	5
Ketamine SC	6	6

Cumulative hydrocodone/acetaminophen for supplemental analgesia to treat breakthrough pain for 72 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Disturbing Dreams

Intervention	tablets (Median)
Ketamine	10
Placebo	9

Number of subject reporting disturbing dreams at 72 hours post cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Number of Subjects Requiring Supplemental Analgesia in the First 24 Hours Following Cesarean Delivery

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	0
Placebo	0

Request for oral hydrocodone/acetaminophen for pain not controlled by around the clock non-steroidal antiflammatory drugs in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain Score (0-10) at 2 Weeks Following Cesarean Delivery

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	64
Placebo	66

Numeric rating for pain score (0 to 10) reported at 2 weeks following cesarean delivery. Zero is no pain and 10 is worst pain imaginable. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Postoperative Nausea

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
Ketamine	2
Placebo	2.6

Number of subjects reporting nausea in first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postoperative Vomiting

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	27
Placebo	30

Number of subjects that vomited in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postperative Pruritus

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	13
Placebo	13

Number of subjects with pruritus in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Verbal Pain Scores (0 to 10) at First Analgesia Request

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	12
Placebo	19

Numeric rating of pain scores (NRS) scale (0 to 10) at time of supplemental analgesia request. Zero is no pain and 10 is worst pain imaginable. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Quality of Recovery Score Post Operative at 24 Hours

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
Ketamine	3
Placebo	4

Quality of recovery 40 score at 24 hours after the surgical procedure. 40 being a poor recovery and 200 being a good recovery. (NCT01106846)
Timeframe: 24 hours post operative

Dehydronorketamine Concentration in Breast Milk at 24 and 30 Hours After an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	units on scale (Mean)
Group A: Saline Group	191.2
Group B: 1% Ketamine Group	191.1

"Quantitative analysis of the concentration of ketamine and its metabolites in breast milk (collected by pumping breast milk into containers at 24 and 30 hours post ketamine IM administration) was performed at the Clinical Medicine and Toxicology Laboratory at UCSF School of Medicine. Sample aliquots were frozen in our conventional freezer at the clinic where the sessions took place, labelled with a HIPAA compliant code which blinded the lab to all patient data.~The limits of sensitivity for the quantification of each substance were:~Ketamine: 0.25 ng Norketamine: 0.25 ng Dehydronorketamine: 0.1 ng Hydroxynorketamine: 0.25 ng" (NCT04285684)
Timeframe: 24 and 30 hour collections

Dehydronorketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of .5mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	24 Hours	30 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	.3	.3

"Quantitative analysis of the concentration of ketamine and its metabolites in breast milk (collected by pumping breast milk into containers at 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours post ketamine IM administration) was performed at the Clinical Medicine and Toxicology Laboratory at UCSF School of Medicine. Sample aliquots were frozen in our conventional freezer at the clinic where the sessions took place, labelled with a HIPAA compliant code which blinded the lab to all patient data.~The limits of sensitivity for the quantification of each substance were:~Ketamine: 0.25 ng Norketamine: 0.25 ng Dehydronorketamine: 0.1 ng Hydroxynorketamine: 0.25 ng" (NCT04285684)
Timeframe: 3, 6, 9, and 12 hour collections

Dehydronorketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	3 Hours	6 Hours	9 Hours	12 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	.56	.55	.45	.21

Hydroxynorketamine Concentration in Breast Milk at 24 and 30 Hours After an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	3 Hours	6 Hours	9 Hours	12 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	2.0	1.9	1.4	1.1

Hydroxynorketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of .5mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	24 Hours	30 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	30.5	13.9

Hydroxynorketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	3 Hours	6 Hours	9 Hours	12 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	29.9	28.3	25.6	17.5

Ketamine Concentration in Breast Milk at 24 and 30 Hours After an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	3 Hours	6 Hours	9 Hours	12 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	64.1	66.9	54.6	41.6

Ketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of .5mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	24 Hours	30 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	4.9	6.4

Ketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	3 Hours	6 Hours	9 Hours	12 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	51.2	22.6	10.6	4.5

Norketamine Concentration in Breast Milk at 24 and 30 Hours After an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	3 Hours	6 Hours	9 Hours	12 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	125.0	48.2	21.6	18.5

Norketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of .5mg/kg Ketamine

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
	24 Hours	30 Hours
Ketamine During Lactation	10.3	9.9

Norketamine Concentration in Breast Milk, up to 12 Hours at 3 Hour Intervals, Following an IM Administration of 1mg/kg Ketamine

Article	Year
A single intravenous administration of a sub-anesthetic ketamine dose during the perioperative period of cesarean section for preventing postpartum depression: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry research, 2022, Volume: 310 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Cesarean Section; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans;	2022
Lancet regional health. Americas, 2022, Volume: 8 Topics: Adult; Aging; Aluminum; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Artemisia annua; Body Mas	2022
Impact of Ketamine on Pain Management in Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain physician, 2020, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Morphine; Pain Management; Pain,	2020
Meeting the Challenge of Analgesia in a Pregnant Woman With Burn Injury Using Subanesthetic Ketamine: A Case Report and Literature Review. Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association, 2020, Jul-03, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Burns; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Ketamine; Pain; Pregnancy; Pregnan	2020
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
Single dose perioperative intrathecal ketamine as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of adult human randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2021, Volume: 73 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Preg	2021
Hypnotic agents for induction of general anesthesia in cesarean section patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2018, Volume: 48 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Apgar Score; Blood Gas Analysis; Cesarean Section; Fe	2018
Safety of procedural sedation in pregnancy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2013, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Emergencies; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketamine; Midazolam; Piperi	2013
Chronic pain after childbirth. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2013, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Pain; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Cesarea	2013
Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine in pediatric clinical use. Toxicology letters, 2013, Jun-20, Volume: 220, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Apoptosis; Brain; Cell Differentiation; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Prematu	2013
[Should opioids be routinely used for the induction of general anaesthesia for caesarean section?]. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 2013, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anest	2013
Intravenous ketamine during spinal and general anaesthesia for caesarean section: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2015, Volume: 59, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Dissociative;	2015
Antischizophrenic activity independent of dopamine D2 blockade. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2002, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Brain Chemistry; Dopamine D2 Recept	2002
Sedation and analgesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America, 2006, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics, Opioid; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Conscious Sedation;	2006
Anesthetic considerations in the presence of intrapartum emergencies. Clinics in perinatology, 1981, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Abruptio Placentae; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesth	1981
Pharmacologic effects of ketamine and its use in veterinary medicine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1982, Jun-15, Volume: 180, Issue:12 Topics: Amphetamine; Anesthesia; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Brain; Cardiovascular System; Cats; Cattle;	1982
Microcirculatory actions and uses of naturally-occurring (magnesium) and novel synthetic calcium channel blockers. Microcirculation, endothelium, and lymphatics, 1984, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Arterioles; Blood Pressure; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cell Membrane Pe	1984
[Ketamine anesthesia]. Anesteziologiia i reanimatologiia, 1982, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia; Animals; Child; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Ketamine; Pregnancy; Rats; Respirat	1982
Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia. Clinics in obstetrics and gynaecology, 1982, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; An	1982
Advance in anesthesiology. Obstetrics and gynecology annual, 1981, Volume: 10 Topics: Abortion, Septic; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesio	1981
Systemic analgesia during labor. Clinics in perinatology, 1982, Volume: 9, Issue:1 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Analgesics; Animals; Child Behavior; Diazepam; Female; Fentanyl; Fetal Heart;	1982
[Ketamine]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1999, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesth	1999
The agouti (Dasyprocta sp) in biomedical research and captivity. Laboratory animal science, 1976, Volume: 26, Issue:5 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Blood Specimen Collection; Coccidiosis; Diet; Female; Hous	1976
Analgesia during labor: effect on the fetus and neonate. Clinical anesthesia, 1974, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acidosis; Alphaprodine; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics; Apgar Score; B	1974
Biotransformation and disposition of ketamine. International anesthesiology clinics, 1974,Summer, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain Chemistry; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromato	1974
Biotransformation and disposition of ketamine. International anesthesiology clinics, 1974,Summer, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain Chemistry; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromato	1974
Biotransformation and disposition of ketamine. International anesthesiology clinics, 1974,Summer, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain Chemistry; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromato	1974
Biotransformation and disposition of ketamine. International anesthesiology clinics, 1974,Summer, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain Chemistry; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromato	1974
Obstetric anesthesia as a neonatal risk factor in normal labor and delivery. Clinics in perinatology, 1974, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Alphaprodine; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Barbiturates; Belladonna Alk	1974

Article	Year
Optimum dose of spinal ropivacaine with or without single intravenous bolus of S-ketamine during elective cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, sequential dose-finding study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2021, Nov-04, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; D	2021
Efficacy of Analgesic Propofol/Esketamine and Propofol/Fentanyl for Painless Induced Abortion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. BioMed research international, 2022, Volume: 2022 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Analgesics; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketamine; Pregnanc	2022
Ketamine Compared With Fentanyl for Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2022, 09-01, Volume: 140, Issue:3 Topics: Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ketamine; Midazolam; Pain; Pregnancy	2022
A Study on the Preventive Effect of Esketamine on Postpartum Depression (PPD) after Cesarean Section. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2022, Volume: 2022 Topics: Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Ketamine; Post	2022
Effect of different doses of esketamine compared with fentanyl combined with propofol on hypotension in patients undergoing painless abortion surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. BMC anesthesiology, 2022, 09-28, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Hypotension; Ke	2022
A randomized feasibility pilot-study of intravenous and subcutaneous administration of ketamine to prevent postpartum depression after planned cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2022, Oct-21, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Depression, Postpartum; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Pilot Projects; P	2022
Ketamine Compared With Fentanyl for Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2023, 01-01, Volume: 141, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ketamine; Pregnancy	2023
Ketamine Compared with Fentanyl for Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2023, 01-01, Volume: 141, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Ketamine; Pregnancy	2023
Effect of pre-administration of esketamine intraoperatively on postpartum depression after cesarean section: A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial. Medicine, 2023, Mar-03, Volume: 102, Issue:9 Topics: Anesthesia, Epidural; Cesarean Section; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Infant; Ketamine; Pr	2023
Effect of Intranasal Ketamine on Pain Intensity after Cesarean Section: A Single-Center, Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2023, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Nau	2023
Effects of different doses of esketamine intervention on postpartum depressive symptoms in cesarean section women: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study. Journal of affective disorders, 2023, 10-15, Volume: 339 Topics: Cesarean Section; Depression; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Postpartum Period; Preg	2023
Effects of perioperative use of esketamine on postpartum depression risk in patients undergoing cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders, 2023, 10-15, Volume: 339 Topics: Biomarkers; Cesarean Section; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Pregnancy; Sufentani	2023
Subcutaneous wound infiltration of ketamine is superior to bupivacaine in terms of pain perception and opioid consumption after cesarean section: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2023, Volume: 27, Issue:18 Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Meth	2023
Continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil improves the experience of parturient undergoing repeated cesarean section under epidural anesthesia, a prospective, randomized study. BMC anesthesiology, 2019, 12-30, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Local; Cesare	2019
Effects of ADJUVANT Ketamine on Induction of Anesthesia for the Cesarean Section. Current reviews in clinical and experimental pharmacology, 2021, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Pregnancy; Thiopental	2021
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
The Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis, 2016, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor P	2016
Intraoperative ketamine for reduction in postpartum depressive symptoms after cesarean delivery: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Brain and behavior, 2020, Volume: 10, Issue:9 Topics: Cesarean Section; Depression; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ketamine; Postpa	2020
Analgesic effects of intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean delivery: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 2021, 06-30, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind	2021
Single bolus low-dose of ketamine does not prevent postpartum depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2017, Volume: 295, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Cesarean Section; Depression, Postpartum; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Pain	2017
Prophylactic use of ketamine reduces postpartum depression in Chinese women undergoing cesarean section Psychiatry research, 2019, Volume: 279 Topics: Adult; Asian People; Cesarean Section; Depression, Postpartum; Drug Administration Schedule; Excitat	2019
Prophylactic ketamine to prevent shivering in parturients undergoing Cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2013, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Cesarean Section; Dose-Response Relations	2013
Use of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride for immobilization of Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) in field situations. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2013, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Drug Combinations; Female; Foxes; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Ketam	2013
Evaluation of the analgesic effect of ketamine as an additive to intrathecal bupivacaine in patients undergoing cesarean section. Acta anaesthesiologica Taiwanica : official journal of the Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists, 2013, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female; H	2013
Perioperative low-dose ketamine improves postoperative analgesia following Cesarean delivery with general anesthesia. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2016, Volume: 29, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketam	2016
COMPARISON OF POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF INTRATHECAL KETAMINE AND FENTANYL ADDED TO BUPIVACAINE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CESAREAN SECTION: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY. Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 2016, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section; Double-Blind Method; Femal	2016
Does anesthetic induction for Cesarean section with a combination of ketamine and thiopentone confer any benefits over thiopentone or ketamine alone? A prospective randomized study. Minerva anestesiologica, 2009, Volume: 75, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Awareness;	2009
Low-dose ketamine with multimodal postcesarean delivery analgesia: a randomized controlled trial. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Obstetrical; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal	2011
Effect of three different doses of ketamine prior to general anaesthesia on postoperative pain following Caesarean delivery: a prospective randomized study. Minerva anestesiologica, 2012, Volume: 78, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetric	2012
A study of low-dose S-ketamine infusion as "preventive" pain treatment for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: benefits and side effects. Minerva anestesiologica, 2012, Volume: 78, Issue:7 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Ane	2012
A study of low-dose S-ketamine infusion as "preventive" pain treatment for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: benefits and side effects. Minerva anestesiologica, 2012, Volume: 78, Issue:7 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Ane	2012
A study of low-dose S-ketamine infusion as "preventive" pain treatment for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: benefits and side effects. Minerva anestesiologica, 2012, Volume: 78, Issue:7 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Ane	2012
A study of low-dose S-ketamine infusion as "preventive" pain treatment for cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: benefits and side effects. Minerva anestesiologica, 2012, Volume: 78, Issue:7 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Ane	2012
Low-dose intravenous ketamine improves postoperative analgesia after caesarean delivery with spinal bupivacaine in African parturients. International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 2012, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Ces	2012
Patient-controlled bupivacaine wound instillation following cesarean section: the lack of efficacy of adjuvant ketamine. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2002, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Cesarean Section;	2002
[Anaesthesia for caesarean section. Comparison of two general anaesthetic regimens and spinal anaesthesia]. Der Anaesthesist, 2003, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics; Anesthetics, D	2003
The persisting analgesic effect of low-dose intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2005, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Dissociative	2005
A double-blind comparison of intrathecal S(+) ketamine and fentanyl combined with bupivacaine 0.5% for Caesarean delivery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2006, Volume: 23, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Combined; Bupiv	2006
Total intravenous anaesthesia using low-dose ketamine infusion for caesarean section. A comparison with a standard inhalation anaesthetic technique. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1984, Feb-18, Volume: 65, Issue:7 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Blo	1984
Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 1984, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; Female; Humans; Ke	1984
Awareness detection during caesarean section under general anaesthesia using EEG spectrum analysis. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Auditory Perception; Awareness; Cesarean Sectio	1995
Thiopentone, thiopentone/ketamine, and ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in caesarean section. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1994, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Awarenes	1994
Patient evaluation of four different combinations of intravenous anaesthetics for short outpatient procedures. Anaesthesia, 1993, Volume: 48, Issue:11 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesi	1993
Thiopental-rocuronium versus ketamine-rocuronium for rapid-sequence intubation in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 84, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Androstanols; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics; Apgar Score; Cesarea	1997
Postoperative analgesic requirement after cesarean section: a comparison of anesthetic induction with ketamine or thiopental. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1997, Volume: 85, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics, Diss	1997
Combined xylazine and ketamine as an analgesic regimen in sheep. Australian veterinary journal, 2001, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hydrocortisone; Ketamine; Pain Measurement;	2001
[Correlation between the status of the newborn infant and maternal dissociative anesthesia]. Ginecologia y obstetricia de Mexico, 1975, Volume: 38, Issue:228 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diazepam	1975
[Clinical studies on the use of ketalar in obstetric anesthesia (author's transl)]. Der Anaesthesist, 1976, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Bicarbonates; Blood; Blood Gas Analysis; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans;	1976
Reduction of psychotomimetic side effects of Ketalar (ketamine) by Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). A randomized, double-blind trial. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1976, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Blood Pressure;	1976
Anaesthetic induction of caesarean section with thiopentone, methohexitone and ketamine. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1978, Nov-11, Volume: 54, Issue:20 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adult; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Blood Gas Analysis; Carbon Dioxide; Cesarean	1978
Ketamine and diazepam as anaesthesia for forceps delivery. A comparative study. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1977, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diazepam	1977
Double-blind comparison of the neurobehaviour of neonates following the administration of different doses of meperidine to the mother. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1978, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Ob	1978
A randomized evaluation of the reversal of ketamine by physostigmine. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1979, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Therapeutic; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Consciou	1979
Effects of ketamine on the pregnant uterus. British journal of anaesthesia, 1979, Volume: 51, Issue:12 Topics: Abortion, Therapeutic; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Sec	1979
Effect of diazepam on emergence from ketamine anaesthesia. A double-blind study. Der Anaesthesist, 1979, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia; Diazepam; Double-Blind Method; Dreams; Female;	1979
Awareness following different techniques of general anaesthesia for caesarean section. British journal of anaesthesia, 1989, Volume: 62, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Awareness; Carbon Dioxide; Cesarean Secti	1989
Fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil anesthesia for induced abortion. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1989, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Diazep	1989
[Clinical research on Kalipsol (ketamine hydrochloride) used in subanesthetic doses in minor operations in obstetrics and gynecology]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia, 1987, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Anesthetics; Clinical Trials as Topic; Fema	1987
[Recovery following anesthesia with diazepam-ketamine and fentanyl-methohexital]. Cahiers d'anesthesiologie, 1987, Volume: 35, Issue:8 Topics: Abortion, Legal; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, General; Diazepam; Female; Fentanyl; Humans	1987
[In clinical use conditions naloxone does not antagonize the effects of ketamine]. Minerva anestesiologica, 1987, Volume: 53, Issue:12 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Ketamine;	1987
Evaluation of blood loss during suction termination of pregnancy: ketamine compared with methohexitone. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1986, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Intraoperative C	1986
Haemodynamic effects of ketamine and thiopentone during anaesthetic induction for caesarean section. Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1985, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Blood Pressure; Cesarean Section; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diastole; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Ke	1985
Reduction of the psychotomimetic and circulatory side-effects of ketamine by droperidol. Anesthesiology, 1972, Volume: 37, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Benperidol; Blood Pressure; Central Nervous System; Clinical Trials as Top	1972
Induction agents for Caesarean section. A comparison of thiopentone and ketamine. Anaesthesia, 1973, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Apgar Score; Cesarean Section; Cognition; Dreams; Fema	1973
Ketamine and the obstetric patient. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1974, Apr-13, Volume: 48, Issue:17 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, Obstetrical; Cesarean Section; Cognition;	1974

Authors	Studies
Burke, TF	4
Mantena, S	1
Opondo, K	1
Orero, S	1
Rogo, K	2
Zhang, X	11
Wang, J	10
An, XH	1
Chao, YC	1
Bian, Y	1
Xu, Z	2
Xu, T	1
Tan, Y	1
Fujita, Y	1
Pu, Y	1
Chang, L	1
Qu, Y	1
Wang, X	5
Hashimoto, K	3
Wang, Y	11
Zhang, Q	5
Dai, X	1
Xiao, G	1
Luo, H	1
Li, Q	2
Wang, S	2
Mei, X	1
Mielke, N	1
Johnson, S	1
Bahl, A	1
Fadladdin, YAJ	1
Xue, M	1
Chen, J	4
Liu, F	2
Xu, J	3
Xie, J	1
Yang, Y	5
Yu, W	2
Qiu, H	1
Xue, J	2

ketamine and Pregnancy