ketamine has been researched along with Fibromyalgia in 17 studies
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.
Fibromyalgia: A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " Ketamine and its levogyre form, S-ketamine, have been used to treat chronic pain for many years without consensus about their therapeutic efficiency." | 9.41 | The place of S-ketamine in fibromyalgia treatment (ESKEFIB): study protocol for a prospective, single-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-escalation controlled trial. ( Dangoisse, M; Fils, JF; Gillain, A; Javorcikova, Z; Lechat, JP; Nikis, S; Van der Linden, P, 2021) |
| "To assess the analgesic efficacy of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist S(+)-ketamine on fibromyalgia pain, the authors performed a randomized double blind, active placebo-controlled trial." | 9.15 | Absence of long-term analgesic effect from a short-term S-ketamine infusion on fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, prospective, double blind, active placebo-controlled trial. ( Aarts, L; Bauer, M; Dahan, A; Geleijnse, N; Mooren, R; Niesters, M; Noppers, I; Sarton, E; Swartjes, M, 2011) |
| "The response to an IV ketamine infusion was found to predict the subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients, with an observed agreement of 83%." | 9.12 | The intravenous ketamine test predicts subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients. ( Chang, AS; Cohen, SP; Kurihara, C; Mao, J; Morlando, BJ; Verdolin, MH, 2006) |
| "The aim of this study was to determine whether the follow-up of pain processing recovery in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia (FM) could be objectively evaluated with brain perfusion ethyl cysteinate dimer single photon computerized tomography (ECD-SPECT) after administration of ketamine." | 9.12 | Follow-up of pain processing recovery after ketamine in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia patients using brain perfusion ECD-SPECT. ( Cammilleri, S; Colavolpe, C; de Laforte, C; Guedj, E; Mundler, O; Niboyet, J, 2007) |
| "Pain intensity, muscle strength, static muscle endurance, pressure pain threshold, and pain tolerance at tender points and control points were assessed in 31 patients with fibromyalgia (FM), before and after intravenous administration of morphine (9 patients), lidocaine (11 patients), and ketamine (11 patients)." | 9.08 | Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine. ( Bäckman, E; Bengtsson, A; Bengtsson, M; Henriksson, KG; Sörensen, J, 1995) |
| "Ketamine is often used in pain clinics for refractory chronic pain, but its long-term efficacy is poorly reported." | 8.12 | Ketamine for refractory chronic pain: a 1-year follow-up study. ( Corriger, A; Lambert, C; Pereira, B; Pickering, G; Voute, M, 2022) |
| "Ketamine has been used successfully in various proportions of fibromyalgia (FM) patients." | 7.74 | Predictive value of brain perfusion SPECT for ketamine response in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia. ( Cammilleri, S; Colavolpe, C; de Laforte, C; Guedj, E; Mundler, O; Niboyet, J; Taieb, D, 2007) |
| "We report the effect of a single daily dose of ketamine in a 54 year old woman with fibromyalgia and severe post-traumatic neuropathic pain." | 7.69 | [Analgesic effect of ketamine in a patient with neuropathic pain]. ( Fagerlund, TH; Oye, I; Rabben, T, 1996) |
| "Fibromyalgia is a common disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain that affects an estimated 2% of the general population." | 6.43 | A reconsideration of the relevance of systemic low-dose ketamine to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. ( Wood, PB, 2006) |
| " Ketamine and its levogyre form, S-ketamine, have been used to treat chronic pain for many years without consensus about their therapeutic efficiency." | 5.41 | The place of S-ketamine in fibromyalgia treatment (ESKEFIB): study protocol for a prospective, single-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-escalation controlled trial. ( Dangoisse, M; Fils, JF; Gillain, A; Javorcikova, Z; Lechat, JP; Nikis, S; Van der Linden, P, 2021) |
| "To assess the analgesic efficacy of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist S(+)-ketamine on fibromyalgia pain, the authors performed a randomized double blind, active placebo-controlled trial." | 5.15 | Absence of long-term analgesic effect from a short-term S-ketamine infusion on fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, prospective, double blind, active placebo-controlled trial. ( Aarts, L; Bauer, M; Dahan, A; Geleijnse, N; Mooren, R; Niesters, M; Noppers, I; Sarton, E; Swartjes, M, 2011) |
| "The response to an IV ketamine infusion was found to predict the subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients, with an observed agreement of 83%." | 5.12 | The intravenous ketamine test predicts subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients. ( Chang, AS; Cohen, SP; Kurihara, C; Mao, J; Morlando, BJ; Verdolin, MH, 2006) |
| "The aim of this study was to determine whether the follow-up of pain processing recovery in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia (FM) could be objectively evaluated with brain perfusion ethyl cysteinate dimer single photon computerized tomography (ECD-SPECT) after administration of ketamine." | 5.12 | Follow-up of pain processing recovery after ketamine in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia patients using brain perfusion ECD-SPECT. ( Cammilleri, S; Colavolpe, C; de Laforte, C; Guedj, E; Mundler, O; Niboyet, J, 2007) |
| "Pain intensity, muscle strength, static muscle endurance, pressure pain threshold, and pain tolerance at tender points and control points were assessed in 31 patients with fibromyalgia (FM), before and after intravenous administration of morphine (9 patients), lidocaine (11 patients), and ketamine (11 patients)." | 5.08 | Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine. ( Bäckman, E; Bengtsson, A; Bengtsson, M; Henriksson, KG; Sörensen, J, 1995) |
| "Although the pain of fibromyalgia usually is not preceded by an injury to the involved tissue, whereas that of the complex regional pain syndrome usually starts at a site of prior trauma or surgery, both disorders may share a common mechanism-pathologic sensitization of brain mechanisms that integrate nociceptive signals-and both apparently respond to treatment with ketamine, an anesthetic-analgesic agent whose actions include blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors." | 4.86 | Fibromyalgia and the complex regional pain syndrome: similarities in pathophysiology and treatment. ( Wurtman, RJ, 2010) |
| "Ketamine is often used in pain clinics for refractory chronic pain, but its long-term efficacy is poorly reported." | 4.12 | Ketamine for refractory chronic pain: a 1-year follow-up study. ( Corriger, A; Lambert, C; Pereira, B; Pickering, G; Voute, M, 2022) |
| "Ketamine has been used successfully in various proportions of fibromyalgia (FM) patients." | 3.74 | Predictive value of brain perfusion SPECT for ketamine response in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia. ( Cammilleri, S; Colavolpe, C; de Laforte, C; Guedj, E; Mundler, O; Niboyet, J; Taieb, D, 2007) |
| " A 58-year-old man with multiple arthritis of rheumatic arthritis and fibromyalgia had headache, nausea, and vomiting all day after ketamine test." | 3.73 | [Postponed or canceled drug challenge tests and side effects of the test drug--a report of four cases]. ( Ann, Y; Arita, H; Asahara, M; Hanaoka, K; Kawamura, G; Mizuno, J; Sekiyama, H, 2006) |
| "We report the effect of a single daily dose of ketamine in a 54 year old woman with fibromyalgia and severe post-traumatic neuropathic pain." | 3.69 | [Analgesic effect of ketamine in a patient with neuropathic pain]. ( Fagerlund, TH; Oye, I; Rabben, T, 1996) |
| "Pain was analyzed in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) in a randomized, double blind, crossover study using intravenous (i." | 2.68 | Fibromyalgia--are there different mechanisms in the processing of pain? A double blind crossover comparison of analgesic drugs. ( Ahlner, J; Bengtsson, A; Bengtsson, M; Ekselius, L; Henriksson, KG; Sörensen, J, 1997) |
| " At present, the best options for medication treatment are tricyclic antidepressants in lower dosage than usual in psychiatric disorders and a wide range of anticonvulsants." | 2.43 | Current trends in neuropathic pain treatments with special reference to fibromyalgia. ( Ackenheil, M; Offenbaecher, M, 2005) |
| "Fibromyalgia is a common disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain that affects an estimated 2% of the general population." | 2.43 | A reconsideration of the relevance of systemic low-dose ketamine to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. ( Wood, PB, 2006) |
| "Fibromyalgia is a condition characterized by long term body-wide pain and tender points in joints, muscles and soft tissues." | 1.36 | Using mirror visual feedback and virtual reality to treat fibromyalgia. ( Ramachandran, VS; Seckel, EL, 2010) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 4 (23.53) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 8 (47.06) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 3 (17.65) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 2 (11.76) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Javorcikova, Z | 1 |
| Dangoisse, M | 1 |
| Nikis, S | 1 |
| Lechat, JP | 1 |
| Gillain, A | 1 |
| Fils, JF | 1 |
| Van der Linden, P | 1 |
| Corriger, A | 1 |
| Voute, M | 1 |
| Lambert, C | 1 |
| Pereira, B | 1 |
| Pickering, G | 1 |
| Ramachandran, VS | 1 |
| Seckel, EL | 1 |
| Wurtman, RJ | 1 |
| Noppers, I | 1 |
| Niesters, M | 1 |
| Swartjes, M | 1 |
| Bauer, M | 1 |
| Aarts, L | 1 |
| Geleijnse, N | 1 |
| Mooren, R | 1 |
| Dahan, A | 1 |
| Sarton, E | 1 |
| Henriksson, KG | 4 |
| Sörensen, J | 5 |
| Offenbaecher, M | 1 |
| Ackenheil, M | 1 |
| Mizuno, J | 1 |
| Ann, Y | 1 |
| Kawamura, G | 1 |
| Asahara, M | 1 |
| Sekiyama, H | 1 |
| Arita, H | 1 |
| Hanaoka, K | 1 |
| Cohen, SP | 1 |
| Verdolin, MH | 1 |
| Chang, AS | 1 |
| Kurihara, C | 1 |
| Morlando, BJ | 1 |
| Mao, J | 1 |
| Wood, PB | 1 |
| Guedj, E | 2 |
| Cammilleri, S | 2 |
| Colavolpe, C | 2 |
| Taieb, D | 1 |
| de Laforte, C | 2 |
| Niboyet, J | 2 |
| Mundler, O | 2 |
| Bengtsson, A | 2 |
| Bäckman, E | 1 |
| Bengtsson, M | 3 |
| Oye, I | 1 |
| Rabben, T | 1 |
| Fagerlund, TH | 1 |
| Ahlner, J | 1 |
| Ekselius, L | 1 |
| Arnér, S | 1 |
| Gustafsson, L | 1 |
| Hansson, P | 1 |
| Kinnman, E | 1 |
| Sollevi, A | 1 |
| Graven-Nielsen, T | 1 |
| Kendall, SA | 1 |
| Johnson, A | 1 |
| Gerdle, B | 1 |
| Arendt-Nielsen, L | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intravenous Infusions of S-KETAMINE in Fibromyalgia Syndromes: an Exploratory Study.[NCT04436250] | 210 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-10-10 | Recruiting | |||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN[NCT03319238] | 1,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-07-07 | Recruiting | |||
| Low Dose Ketamine Infusion for Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Pain Patients[NCT04322968] | Phase 3 | 41 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-09 | Completed | ||
| Nitrous Oxide as Treatment for Fibromyalgia[NCT05357066] | Phase 2 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-11-12 | Recruiting | ||
| Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Therapeutic Education Program in Standardized Thermal Cure for Fibromyalgia Patients[NCT02406313] | 152 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Efficacy of Memantine in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: a Double-blind Randomized Trial[NCT01653457] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-09-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
"Severity of PTSD symptoms; items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The IES-R yields a total score (ranging from 0 to 88); higher scores mean worse symptoms" (NCT04322968)
Timeframe: 1 week post-infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 28.22 |
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 33.66666667 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 11.44 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 13.41 |
"Severity of PTSD symptoms; items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The IES-R yields a total score (ranging from 0 to 88); higher scores mean worse symptoms" (NCT04322968)
Timeframe: 24 hrs post-infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 36.33333333 |
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 37 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 10.44444444 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 15.64705882 |
"Severity of chronic pain symptoms; using a ruler, the score is determined by measuring the distance (mm) on the 10-cm line between the no pain anchor and the patient's mark, providing a range of scores from 0-100; a higher score indicates greater pain intensity." (NCT04322968)
Timeframe: 1 week post-infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 48.22 |
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 52.88 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 43.33 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 48.23 |
"Severity of chronic pain symptoms; using a ruler, the score is determined by measuring the distance (mm) on the 10-cm line between the no pain anchor and the patient's mark, providing a range of scores from 0-100; a higher score indicates greater pain intensity." (NCT04322968)
Timeframe: 24 hrs post-infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 37.22222222 |
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 49.66666667 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 29.88888889 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 38.70588235 |
"Severity of pain, impact of pain on daily function, location of pain, pain medications and amount of pain relief in the past 24 hours or the past week; No scoring algorithm, but worst pain or the arithmetic mean of the four severity items can be used as measures of pain severity (a range of 0-10, with 10 being worse scores); the arithmetic mean of the seven interference items can be used as a measure of pain interference (a range of 0-10, with 10 being worse scores). The total score is reported for severity items and interference items, which range from 0-40 and 0-70, respectively. Higher values represent worse outcome." (NCT04322968)
Timeframe: 1 week post-infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Pain interference Scale | Pain severity Scale | |
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 38.62 | 20.75 |
| Chronic Pain With PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 25.66 | 14.66 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketamine Infusion | 9.62 | 12.75 |
| Chronic Pain Without PTSD+IV Ketorolac Infusion | 28.33 | 22.66 |
5 reviews available for ketamine and Fibromyalgia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Fibromyalgia and the complex regional pain syndrome: similarities in pathophysiology and treatment.
Topics: Complex Regional Pain Syndromes; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine | 2010 |
The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia.
Topics: Dextromethorphan; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Receptors, N-Me | 2002 |
Current trends in neuropathic pain treatments with special reference to fibromyalgia.
Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anticonvulsants; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; N-Methylaspartate; | 2005 |
A reconsideration of the relevance of systemic low-dose ketamine to the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia.
Topics: Dopamine; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Limbic System; Nocicept | 2006 |
[Pharmacological pain analysis as diagnostic and therapeutic help].
Topics: Adenosine; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Lidocain | 1998 |
7 trials available for ketamine and Fibromyalgia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
The place of S-ketamine in fibromyalgia treatment (ESKEFIB): study protocol for a prospective, single-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-escalation controlled trial.
Topics: Chronic Pain; Double-Blind Method; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Prospective Studies; Randomized C | 2021 |
Absence of long-term analgesic effect from a short-term S-ketamine infusion on fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, prospective, double blind, active placebo-controlled trial.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Double-Blind Method; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Fibromyalgia; | 2011 |
Absence of long-term analgesic effect from a short-term S-ketamine infusion on fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, prospective, double blind, active placebo-controlled trial.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Double-Blind Method; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Fibromyalgia; | 2011 |
Absence of long-term analgesic effect from a short-term S-ketamine infusion on fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, prospective, double blind, active placebo-controlled trial.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Double-Blind Method; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Fibromyalgia; | 2011 |
Absence of long-term analgesic effect from a short-term S-ketamine infusion on fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, prospective, double blind, active placebo-controlled trial.
Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics; Double-Blind Method; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Fibromyalgia; | 2011 |
The intravenous ketamine test predicts subsequent response to an oral dextromethorphan treatment regimen in fibromyalgia patients.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Dextromethorphan; | 2006 |
Follow-up of pain processing recovery after ketamine in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia patients using brain perfusion ECD-SPECT.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Brain; Cysteine; Female; Fibromyalgia; Follow-Up Studies; Hu | 2007 |
Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Double-Blind Method; Femal | 1995 |
Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Double-Blind Method; Femal | 1995 |
Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Double-Blind Method; Femal | 1995 |
Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine.
Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Double-Blind Method; Femal | 1995 |
Fibromyalgia--are there different mechanisms in the processing of pain? A double blind crossover comparison of analgesic drugs.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Area Under Curve; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Drug Th | 1997 |
Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Double-Blind Method; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid A | 2000 |
Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Double-Blind Method; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid A | 2000 |
Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Double-Blind Method; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid A | 2000 |
Ketamine reduces muscle pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients.
Topics: Adult; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Double-Blind Method; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid A | 2000 |
5 other studies available for ketamine and Fibromyalgia
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Ketamine for refractory chronic pain: a 1-year follow-up study.
Topics: Chronic Pain; Fibromyalgia; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Ketamine; Neuralgia; Prospective Studies; Qua | 2022 |
Using mirror visual feedback and virtual reality to treat fibromyalgia.
Topics: Dissociative Disorders; Feedback, Sensory; Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Lower Extremity; | 2010 |
[Postponed or canceled drug challenge tests and side effects of the test drug--a report of four cases].
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Chronic Disease; Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Intervertebral Di | 2006 |
Predictive value of brain perfusion SPECT for ketamine response in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain; Cohort Studies; Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Middle Aged; Organotechn | 2007 |
[Analgesic effect of ketamine in a patient with neuropathic pain].
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Ketamine; Middle Aged | 1996 |