ketamine and Allodynia studies

Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Adding epidural or IV racemic ketamine to TEA after thoracotomy did not lead to any reduction in PPP or allodynia."	9.19	Perioperative epidural or intravenous ketamine does not improve the effectiveness of thoracic epidural analgesia for acute and chronic pain after thoracotomy. ( Gomar, C; Rios, J; Tena, B, 2014)
"Ketamine and magnesium association reduces the post-operative morphine consumption after scoliosis surgery."	9.19	Ketamine and magnesium association reduces morphine consumption after scoliosis surgery: prospective randomised double-blind study. ( Abou Zeid, HA; Ghanem, IB; Jabbour, HJ; Jabbour, KB; Jawish, RJ; Naccache, NM; Rabbaa-Khabbaz, LG; Yazbeck, PH, 2014)
" A number of clinical trials provide evidence that the perioperative use of subanesthetic doses of ketamine reduces pain and opioid requirements in some surgical procedures, but the effect of prolonged perioperative low-dose ketamine infusion in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for pediatric scoliosis surgery is unknown."	9.19	Prolonged perioperative infusion of low-dose ketamine does not alter opioid use after pediatric scoliosis surgery. ( Cheng, Y; Finkel, JC; Junqueira, MM; Lovejoy, JF; Pestieau, SR; Quezado, Z; Wang, J, 2014)
"The aim of this study was to determine whether the follow-up of pain processing recovery in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia (FM) could be objectively evaluated with brain perfusion ethyl cysteinate dimer single photon computerized tomography (ECD-SPECT) after administration of ketamine."	9.12	Follow-up of pain processing recovery after ketamine in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia patients using brain perfusion ECD-SPECT. ( Cammilleri, S; Colavolpe, C; de Laforte, C; Guedj, E; Mundler, O; Niboyet, J, 2007)
" This study characterizes the effects of intravenously infused alfentanil (a mu-receptor agonist) and ketamine (an NMDA-receptor antagonist) on human neuropathic pain states, characterized by allodynia and hyperalgesia."	9.09	Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous alfentanil and ketamine on peripheral neurosensory thresholds, allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic pain. ( Leung, A; Ridgeway, B; Wallace, MS; Yaksh, T, 2001)
"Ten patients (4 female, 6 male) aged 34-67 years suffering from peripheral neuropathic pain participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study where ketamine or magnesium chloride were administered by a 10 min bolus infusion (ketamine: 0."	9.08	NMDA receptor blockade in chronic neuropathic pain: a comparison of ketamine and magnesium chloride. ( Arendt-Nielsen, L; Felsby, S; Jensen, TS; Nielsen, J, 1996)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of perioperative intravenous ketamine in adult patients when used for the treatment or prevention of acute pain following general anaesthesia."	8.98	Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. ( Bell, RF; Brinck, EC; Heesen, M; Kontinen, V; Moore, RA; Straube, S; Tiippana, E, 2018)
"This review discusses the place of the old anesthetic ketamine in pediatric anesthesia."	8.84	Something new about ketamine for pediatric anesthesia? ( De Kock, M; Lois, F, 2008)
"Following recognition of opioid induced hyperalgesia, the patient was managed with opioid rotation and ketamine, which resulted in prompt alleviation of pain."	8.12	Role of Ketamine and Opioid Rotation in the Management of Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia in a Patient With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. ( Akhtari, M; Cao, H; Hino, C; Ran-Castillo, D; Silvestre, J, 2022)
"Managing severe acute nociceptive pain in buprenorphine-maintained individuals for opioid use disorder management is challenging owing to the high affinity and very slow dissociation of buprenorphine from μ-opioid receptors that hinders the use of full agonist opioid analgesics."	7.96	Efficacy of multimodal analgesic treatment of severe traumatic acute pain in mice pretreated with chronic high dose of buprenorphine inducing mechanical allodynia. ( Bounes, V; Coutens, B; Derreumaux, C; Frances, B; Guiard, BP; Labaste, F; Minville, V; Moulédous, L; Roussin, A, 2020)
"In CFA-treated mice that exhibited pain behavior and depression-like behavior, ketamine reversed depression-like behavior."	7.96	Subanesthetic Dose of Ketamine Improved CFA-induced Inflammatory Pain and Depression-like Behaviors Via Caveolin-1 in Mice. ( Han, R; Han, S; Li, J; Peng, Y; Sun, W; Wang, J; Zhao, Q; Zhou, Y, 2020)
"Before updating the French guidelines on postoperative pain treatment in 2015, the Pain Committee of the French Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR) conducted a survey on the medical use of ketamine in France."	7.81	Ketamine for pain management in France, an observational survey. ( Beloeil, H; Derivaux, B; Martinez, V, 2015)
"The authors examined whether the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain induces depressive behavior in rats, using sucrose preference test and forced swim test, and tested whether a subanesthetic dose of ketamine treats spared nerve injury-induced depression."	7.77	A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine relieves depression-like behaviors induced by neuropathic pain in rats. ( Blanck, TJ; Eberle, SE; Goffer, Y; Shamir, DB; Tukey, DS; Wang, J; Xu, D; Ziff, EB; Zou, AH, 2011)
"Low-dose ketamine behaves as an analgesic in the treatment of acute and chronic pain."	7.75	S(+)-ketamine effect on experimental pain and cardiac output: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling study in healthy volunteers. ( Bauer, M; Dahan, A; Kest, B; Mooren, R; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Sigtermans, M, 2009)
"Case report of 68 year old female with central post-stroke pain successfully treated with oral ketamine."	7.71	Treatment of central post-stroke pain with oral ketamine. ( Lamer, TJ; Vick, PG, 2001)
"These results demonstrated that ketamine produced antinociceptive effects through an activation of the monoaminergic descending inhibitory system, whereas, in a unilateral peripheral inflammation-induced hyperalgesic state, the monoaminergic system did not contribute to the antihyperalgesic effects of ketamine."	7.70	Analgesic mechanisms of ketamine in the presence and absence of peripheral inflammation. ( Kawamata, M; Kawamata, T; Namiki, A; Omote, K; Sonoda, H, 2000)
" To reduce the risk for potential psychodysleptic side effects, however, ketamine dosing tends to be limited to low-dose regimens."	6.82	The effects of minimal-dose versus low-dose S-ketamine on opioid consumption, hyperalgesia, and postoperative delirium: a triple-blinded, randomized, active- and placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Bornemann-Cimenti, H; Edler, A; Michaeli, K; Sandner-Kiesling, A; Wejbora, M, 2016)
"Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia are frequent clinical findings in patients with neuropathic pain."	6.71	Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine--a double-blind, cross-over comparison with alfentanil and placebo. ( Jørum, E; Stubhaug, A; Warncke, T, 2003)
"The reduction in allodynia evoked by light stroking was statistically significant only for alfentanil."	6.68	Effects of intravenous ketamine, alfentanil, or placebo on pain, pinprick hyperalgesia, and allodynia produced by intradermal capsaicin in human subjects. ( Bennett, GJ; Gracely, RH; Max, MB; Park, KM; Robinovitz, E, 1995)
"Ketamine is an NMDA-blocking agent widely used in human medicine."	6.67	Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: a preliminary study. ( Arndt, G; Backonja, M; Check, B; Gombar, KA; Zimmermann, M, 1994)
"Moreover, fentany-linduced-hyperalgesia and changes in the expression of the aforementioned proteins can be attenuated by TAK-242, an inhibitor of TLR4, as well as ketamine."	5.91	A single dose of ketamine relieves fentanyl-induced-hyperalgesia by reducing inflammation initiated by the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rat spinal cord neurons. ( Chang, L; Chen, J; Li, Q; Liu, P; Luo, Q; Shu, H; Wang, L; Wu, G; Xiong, Y; Zhou, X, 2023)
"Depression is present in a large proportion of patients suffering from chronic pain, and yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated."	5.48	Ketamine differentially restores diverse alterations of neuroligins in brain regions in a rat model of neuropathic pain-induced depression. ( Ji, MH; Li, HH; Li, KY; Pan, W; Yang, JJ; Zhang, GF; Zhou, ZQ, 2018)
"Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a paradoxical adverse effect of opioid therapy with unclear strategies for its treatment and management."	5.48	The Enigma of Low-Dose Ketamine for Treatment of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Setting of Psychosocial Suffering and Cancer-Associated Pain. ( Atayee, RS; Mesarwi, P; Willeford, A; Winters, KD, 2018)
"heat allodynia) followed by a persistent area of secondary tactile allodynia."	5.36	Human experimental pain models 3: heat/capsaicin sensitization and intradermal capsaicin models. ( Modir, JG; Wallace, MS, 2010)
"It had less effect on tactile allodynia (CCI)."	5.35	Effects of norketamine enantiomers in rodent models of persistent pain. ( Crooks, PA; Hojomat, M; Holtman, JR; Johnson-Hardy, JK; Kleven, M; Wala, EP, 2008)
"Thus, transgenic mice exhibited mechanical allodynia."	5.30	Transgenic mice over-expressing substance P exhibit allodynia and hyperalgesia which are reversed by substance P and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. ( Cuello, AC; Henry, JL; Julien, JP; McLeod, AL; Ribeiro-Da-Silva, A; Ritchie, J, 1999)
"Primary outcomes were postoperative acute pain at rest/during movement after 24 h and number of patients with ketamine-related adverse events."	5.22	Perioperative ketamine for postoperative pain management in patients with preoperative opioid intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Kranke, P; Lipke, E; Meyer-Frießem, CH; Pogatzki-Zahn, EM; Reichl, S; Schnabel, A; Weibel, S; Zahn, PK, 2022)
"The measurements were postoperative pain intensity during 24 hours; morphine consumption; time to first morphine supplementation; hyperalgesia (using monofilaments and an algometer) and allodynia (using a soft brush) in the thenar eminence of the nondominant hand and in the periumbilical region 24 hours after surgery; extent of hyperalgesia using a 300-g monofilament near the periumbilical region 24 hours after surgery; and serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10."	5.20	Evaluation of the effect of ketamine on remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia: a double-blind, randomized study. ( Brunialti, MK; Leal, PC; Sakata, RK; Salomão, R, 2015)
"Adding epidural or IV racemic ketamine to TEA after thoracotomy did not lead to any reduction in PPP or allodynia."	5.19	Perioperative epidural or intravenous ketamine does not improve the effectiveness of thoracic epidural analgesia for acute and chronic pain after thoracotomy. ( Gomar, C; Rios, J; Tena, B, 2014)
"Ketamine and magnesium association reduces the post-operative morphine consumption after scoliosis surgery."	5.19	Ketamine and magnesium association reduces morphine consumption after scoliosis surgery: prospective randomised double-blind study. ( Abou Zeid, HA; Ghanem, IB; Jabbour, HJ; Jabbour, KB; Jawish, RJ; Naccache, NM; Rabbaa-Khabbaz, LG; Yazbeck, PH, 2014)
" A number of clinical trials provide evidence that the perioperative use of subanesthetic doses of ketamine reduces pain and opioid requirements in some surgical procedures, but the effect of prolonged perioperative low-dose ketamine infusion in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for pediatric scoliosis surgery is unknown."	5.19	Prolonged perioperative infusion of low-dose ketamine does not alter opioid use after pediatric scoliosis surgery. ( Cheng, Y; Finkel, JC; Junqueira, MM; Lovejoy, JF; Pestieau, SR; Quezado, Z; Wang, J, 2014)
"The aim of this study was to determine whether the follow-up of pain processing recovery in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia (FM) could be objectively evaluated with brain perfusion ethyl cysteinate dimer single photon computerized tomography (ECD-SPECT) after administration of ketamine."	5.12	Follow-up of pain processing recovery after ketamine in hyperalgesic fibromyalgia patients using brain perfusion ECD-SPECT. ( Cammilleri, S; Colavolpe, C; de Laforte, C; Guedj, E; Mundler, O; Niboyet, J, 2007)
"The results of the present study demonstrate that pre-emptive epidural ketamine is effective in reducing intra- and postoperative analgesic requirements, hyperalgesia and touch allodynia."	5.11	Effect of pre-emptive ketamine on sensory changes and postoperative pain after thoracotomy: comparison of epidural and intramuscular routes. ( Andersen, OK; Arendt-Nielsen, L; Camlica, H; Dereli, N; Ozyalcin, NS; Yucel, A, 2004)
" This study tested the hypotheses that increased pain sensitivity assessed by periincisional allodynia and hyperalgesia can occur after relatively large-dose intraoperative remifentanil and that small-dose ketamine prevents this hyperalgesia."	5.11	Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and its prevention with small-dose ketamine. ( Chauvin, M; Fletcher, D; Guignard, B; Joly, V; Maurette, P; Richebe, P; Sessler, DI, 2005)
" This study characterizes the effects of intravenously infused alfentanil (a mu-receptor agonist) and ketamine (an NMDA-receptor antagonist) on human neuropathic pain states, characterized by allodynia and hyperalgesia."	5.09	Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous alfentanil and ketamine on peripheral neurosensory thresholds, allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic pain. ( Leung, A; Ridgeway, B; Wallace, MS; Yaksh, T, 2001)
" Alfentanil effectively inhibited electrically evoked pain and reduced pin prick hyperalgesia and allodynia during its infusion."	5.09	A new model of electrically evoked pain and hyperalgesia in human skin: the effects of intravenous alfentanil, S(+)-ketamine, and lidocaine. ( Albrecht, S; Dern, SK; Koppert, W; Schmelz, M; Schüttler, J; Sittl, R, 2001)
"Ten patients (4 female, 6 male) aged 34-67 years suffering from peripheral neuropathic pain participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study where ketamine or magnesium chloride were administered by a 10 min bolus infusion (ketamine: 0."	5.08	NMDA receptor blockade in chronic neuropathic pain: a comparison of ketamine and magnesium chloride. ( Arendt-Nielsen, L; Felsby, S; Jensen, TS; Nielsen, J, 1996)
"In a double-blind, controlled trial, we administered doses of an opioid analgesic (alfentanil), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine), or their combination to normal volunteers and found no advantage of the combination over a larger dose of either drug alone in relieving pain caused by painful chemical stimulation."	5.08	Analgesic and cognitive effects of intravenous ketamine-alfentanil combinations versus either drug alone after intradermal capsaicin in normal subjects. ( Bennett, GJ; Gracely, R; Liu, M; Max, MB; Sethna, NF, 1998)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of perioperative intravenous ketamine in adult patients when used for the treatment or prevention of acute pain following general anaesthesia."	4.98	Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. ( Bell, RF; Brinck, EC; Heesen, M; Kontinen, V; Moore, RA; Straube, S; Tiippana, E, 2018)
"This review discusses the place of the old anesthetic ketamine in pediatric anesthesia."	4.84	Something new about ketamine for pediatric anesthesia? ( De Kock, M; Lois, F, 2008)
"Following recognition of opioid induced hyperalgesia, the patient was managed with opioid rotation and ketamine, which resulted in prompt alleviation of pain."	4.12	Role of Ketamine and Opioid Rotation in the Management of Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia in a Patient With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. ( Akhtari, M; Cao, H; Hino, C; Ran-Castillo, D; Silvestre, J, 2022)
" His pain and agitation were difficult to manage but improved after he received ketamine."	4.12	Suspected opioid-induced hyperalgesia in an infant following surgery: A case report. ( Efune, PN; Rebstock, SE, 2022)
" Osteoarthritis was induced in male adult control Wistar rats without any interventions and in Wisket rats after juvenile social isolation and ketamine treatment."	3.96	Distinct changes in chronic pain sensitivity and oxytocin receptor expression in a new rat model (Wisket) of schizophrenia. ( Banki, L; Büki, A; Horvath, G; Jancsó, G; Kekesi, G; Kis, G; Somogyvári, F; Tuboly, G; Varga, E; Vécsei, L, 2020)
"Managing severe acute nociceptive pain in buprenorphine-maintained individuals for opioid use disorder management is challenging owing to the high affinity and very slow dissociation of buprenorphine from μ-opioid receptors that hinders the use of full agonist opioid analgesics."	3.96	Efficacy of multimodal analgesic treatment of severe traumatic acute pain in mice pretreated with chronic high dose of buprenorphine inducing mechanical allodynia. ( Bounes, V; Coutens, B; Derreumaux, C; Frances, B; Guiard, BP; Labaste, F; Minville, V; Moulédous, L; Roussin, A, 2020)
"In CFA-treated mice that exhibited pain behavior and depression-like behavior, ketamine reversed depression-like behavior."	3.96	Subanesthetic Dose of Ketamine Improved CFA-induced Inflammatory Pain and Depression-like Behaviors Via Caveolin-1 in Mice. ( Han, R; Han, S; Li, J; Peng, Y; Sun, W; Wang, J; Zhao, Q; Zhou, Y, 2020)
"Before updating the French guidelines on postoperative pain treatment in 2015, the Pain Committee of the French Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR) conducted a survey on the medical use of ketamine in France."	3.81	Ketamine for pain management in France, an observational survey. ( Beloeil, H; Derivaux, B; Martinez, V, 2015)
"We report the successful use of low-dose ketamine infusion for treating a severe episode of painful myoclonus in the lower extremities, associated with opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), in a patient who was receiving long-term, high dose intrathecal hydromorphone therapy."	3.78	Successful reversal of hyperalgesia/myoclonus complex with low-dose ketamine infusion. ( Chan, PS; Forero, M; Restrepo-Garces, CE, 2012)
" The effects of ketamine on SNL-induced mechanical allodynia were confirmed by behavioral testing."	3.77	Inhibition of spinal astrocytic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation correlates with the analgesic effects of ketamine in neuropathic pain. ( Li, YQ; Mei, XP; Wang, W; Wei, YY; Xu, LX; Zhai, MZ; Zhang, H, 2011)
"Ketamine, its active metabolite norketamine, and the NR2B-selective antagonist traxoprodil (CP-101,606) were tested in rat models of acute antinociception (paw-withdrawal response to heat) and chronic neuropathic pain (spared nerve injury)."	3.77	Nonselective and NR2B-selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists produce antinociception and long-term relief of allodynia in acute and neuropathic pain. ( Aarts, L; Dahan, A; Morariu, A; Niesters, M; Swartjes, M, 2011)
"The authors examined whether the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain induces depressive behavior in rats, using sucrose preference test and forced swim test, and tested whether a subanesthetic dose of ketamine treats spared nerve injury-induced depression."	3.77	A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine relieves depression-like behaviors induced by neuropathic pain in rats. ( Blanck, TJ; Eberle, SE; Goffer, Y; Shamir, DB; Tukey, DS; Wang, J; Xu, D; Ziff, EB; Zou, AH, 2011)
"Intrathecal ketamine (10, 100, 1000 μg/kg) or LAA (10, 50, 100 nmol) alleviated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner respectively."	3.76	Combining ketamine with astrocytic inhibitor as a potential analgesic strategy for neuropathic pain ketamine, astrocytic inhibitor and pain. ( Chen, L; Li, YQ; Mei, XP; Wang, W; Wu, SX; Xu, LX; Zhang, T; Zhu, C, 2010)
"Low-dose ketamine behaves as an analgesic in the treatment of acute and chronic pain."	3.75	S(+)-ketamine effect on experimental pain and cardiac output: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling study in healthy volunteers. ( Bauer, M; Dahan, A; Kest, B; Mooren, R; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Sigtermans, M, 2009)
"04 mg/kg, subcutaneous) significantly enhanced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by the plantar incision during the postoperative period (each lasting between 2 h and 48 h), which was attenuated by pretreatment with ketamine (10 mg/kg, subcutaneous)."	3.75	Tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor 2B subunit in spinal cord contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia: the preventive effect of ketamine. ( Cui, S; Gu, X; Liu, Y; Ma, Z; Wu, X, 2009)
"Case report of 68 year old female with central post-stroke pain successfully treated with oral ketamine."	3.71	Treatment of central post-stroke pain with oral ketamine. ( Lamer, TJ; Vick, PG, 2001)
"These results demonstrated that ketamine produced antinociceptive effects through an activation of the monoaminergic descending inhibitory system, whereas, in a unilateral peripheral inflammation-induced hyperalgesic state, the monoaminergic system did not contribute to the antihyperalgesic effects of ketamine."	3.70	Analgesic mechanisms of ketamine in the presence and absence of peripheral inflammation. ( Kawamata, M; Kawamata, T; Namiki, A; Omote, K; Sonoda, H, 2000)
"Ketamine is known to modulate hyperalgesia induced by central sensitization."	2.87	Preventative effect of ketamine on post-surgical hyperalgesia induced at a body part remote from the surgical site. ( Jeon, YJ; Kim, MH; Lee, HM; Moon, YE; Yoon, HM, 2018)
"Ketamine (Ket) was developed in 1962 as a less hallucinogenic and shorter acting agent than phencyclidine."	2.82	Ketamine; history and role in anesthetic pharmacology. ( Hirota, K; Lambert, DG, 2022)
" To reduce the risk for potential psychodysleptic side effects, however, ketamine dosing tends to be limited to low-dose regimens."	2.82	The effects of minimal-dose versus low-dose S-ketamine on opioid consumption, hyperalgesia, and postoperative delirium: a triple-blinded, randomized, active- and placebo-controlled clinical trial. ( Bornemann-Cimenti, H; Edler, A; Michaeli, K; Sandner-Kiesling, A; Wejbora, M, 2016)
"ketamine was ineffective."	2.73	Effects of the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine on perceptual correlates of long-term potentiation within the nociceptive system. ( Hopf, HC; Klein, T; Magerl, W; Nickel, U; Sandkühler, J; Treede, RD, 2007)
" The first analysis included 19 comparisons on a single ketamine dose and measurement of effect within 3 hours of dosing and showed an appreciable effect (standardized mean difference 1."	2.72	Efficacy of ketamine in relieving neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. ( Dahan, A; Dahan, JDC; Hooijmans, CR; Mogil, JS; van Dorp, ELA; Velzen, MV, 2021)
"Both the intensity and unpleasantness of mechanical hyperalgesia was statistically significantly reduced by ketamine gel applied both on the left and right side."	2.72	Topically administered ketamine reduces capsaicin-evoked mechanical hyperalgesia. ( Pöyhiä, R; Vainio, A, 2006)
"Parecoxib (40 mg) was administered intravenously either with onset of electrical stimulation (preventive) or in parallel to the remifentanil infusion."	2.72	Modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia and postinfusion hyperalgesia by parecoxib in humans. ( Koppert, W; Schmelz, M; Schüttler, J; Singler, B; Sittl, R; Tröster, A, 2006)
"Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia are frequent clinical findings in patients with neuropathic pain."	2.71	Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine--a double-blind, cross-over comparison with alfentanil and placebo. ( Jørum, E; Stubhaug, A; Warncke, T, 2003)
"The ketamine infusion was started after baseline testing at a constant target concentration."	2.71	Modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia, hyperalgesia, and tolerance by small-dose ketamine in humans. ( Arendt-Nielsen, L; Curatolo, M; Gerber, A; Luginbühl, M; Petersen-Felix, S; Schnider, TW, 2003)
"The magnitude of pain and area of hyperalgesia were assessed before, during, and after drug infusion (remifentanil at 0."	2.71	Differential modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia and postinfusion hyperalgesia by S-ketamine and clonidine in humans. ( Alsheimer, M; Koppert, W; Scheuber, K; Schmelz, M; Schüttler, J; Sittl, R, 2003)
"Hyperalgesia has been documented during withdrawal and on occasion while animals were still exposed to opioids."	2.71	Short-term infusion of the mu-opioid agonist remifentanil in humans causes hyperalgesia during withdrawal. ( Angst, MS; Clark, DJ; Koppert, W; Pahl, I; Schmelz, M, 2003)
"Although postoperative pain measurements did not differ, postoperative epidural treatment (intravenous-epidural) was less effective to prevent residual pain at 1 yr (11%; P = 0."	2.71	Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery. ( De Kock, M; Lavand'homme, P; Waterloos, H, 2005)
"Wound mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated and residual pain was assessed by asking the patients at 2 weeks, and 1, 6, and 12 months."	2.70	'Balanced analgesia' in the perioperative period: is there a place for ketamine? ( De Kock, M; Lavand'homme, P; Waterloos, H, 2001)
"Ketamine is an NMDA-receptor antagonist and has proven effective in alleviating secondary hyperalgesia in humans."	2.69	The effect of naloxone on ketamine-induced effects on hyperalgesia and ketamine-induced side effects in humans. ( Borgbjerg, FM; Brennum, J; Dahl, JB; Ilkjaer, S; Mikkelsen, S, 1999)
"Ketamine failed to inhibit both secondary hyperalgesia and axon reflex flare as long as nonlocal anesthetic concentrations were applied."	2.69	The effects of intradermal fentanyl and ketamine on capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia and flare reaction. ( Blunk, JA; Koppert, W; Likar, R; Schmelz, M; Sittl, R; Zeck, S, 1999)
"The area of secondary hyperalgesia was quantitated using punctate (von Frey filaments) and brush stimuli (electric brush)."	2.69	Preinjury treatment with morphine or ketamine inhibits the development of experimentally induced secondary hyperalgesia in man. ( Jørum, E; Stubhaug, A; Warncke, T, 2000)
"Pain scores and areas of hyperalgesia were not affected when the contralateral site was infiltrated with ketamine or lidocaine."	2.69	Peripheral lidocaine but not ketamine inhibits capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in humans. ( Arendt-Nielsen, L; Bach, FW; Gottrup, H; Jensen, TS, 2000)
"The reduction in allodynia evoked by light stroking was statistically significant only for alfentanil."	2.68	Effects of intravenous ketamine, alfentanil, or placebo on pain, pinprick hyperalgesia, and allodynia produced by intradermal capsaicin in human subjects. ( Bennett, GJ; Gracely, RH; Max, MB; Park, KM; Robinovitz, E, 1995)
"Ketamine caused an increase in the summation threshold compared to the placebo treatment."	2.68	The effect of Ketamine on stimulation of primary and secondary hyperalgesic areas induced by capsaicin--a double-blind, placebo-controlled, human experimental study. ( Andersen, OK; Arendt-Nielsen, L; Bjerring, P; Felsby, S; Jensen, TS; Nicolaisen, L, 1996)
"Primary hyperalgesia was determined by measuring heat pain detection threshold (HPDT) within the site of injury."	2.68	Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. ( Jørum, E; Stubhaug, A; Warncke, T, 1997)
"Using punctuate mechanical hyperalgesia as a measure of central sensitization, we examined whether induction and maintenance of central sensitization after surgery could be prevented by a low-dose infusion of the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine."	2.68	Mapping of punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates that ketamine is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery. ( Breivik, H; Eide, PK; Foss, A; Kreunen, M; Stubhaug, A, 1997)
"Ketamine is an NMDA-blocking agent widely used in human medicine."	2.67	Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: a preliminary study. ( Arndt, G; Backonja, M; Check, B; Gombar, KA; Zimmermann, M, 1994)
"The surgical wound hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring pain threshold to pressure on the wound by using an algometer, and also by measuring the intensity of pain to suprathreshold pressure on the wound with the visual analog self-rating method."	2.67	Preemptive effect of fentanyl and ketamine on postoperative pain and wound hyperalgesia. ( Bradley, EL; Finger, J; Isakson, A; Kissin, I; Oz, Y; Tverskoy, M, 1994)
"Three types of hyperalgesia can occur during the postoperative period: primary hyperalgesia, which disappears with wound healing, secondary or central hyperalgesia, which can lead to chronic pain, and opiate-induced hyperalgesia."	2.48	[Prevention of postoperative hyperalgesia]. ( Mamie, C, 2012)
"Recent advances in the understanding of postoperative pain have demonstrated its association with sensitization of the central nervous system (CNS) which clinically elicits pain hypersensitivity."	2.44	The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. ( De Kock, MF; Lavand'homme, PM, 2007)
"The prevalences of complex regional pain syndrome, phantom limb pain, chronic donor-site pain, and persistent pain following total joint arthroplasty are alarmingly high."	2.44	Preventing the development of chronic pain after orthopaedic surgery with preventive multimodal analgesic techniques. ( Buvanendran, A; Reuben, SS, 2007)
"Moreover, fentany-linduced-hyperalgesia and changes in the expression of the aforementioned proteins can be attenuated by TAK-242, an inhibitor of TLR4, as well as ketamine."	1.91	A single dose of ketamine relieves fentanyl-induced-hyperalgesia by reducing inflammation initiated by the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rat spinal cord neurons. ( Chang, L; Chen, J; Li, Q; Liu, P; Luo, Q; Shu, H; Wang, L; Wu, G; Xiong, Y; Zhou, X, 2023)
"Ketamine was injected intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks, discontinued for 2 weeks, and then readministered for 1 week."	1.72	Response After Repeated Ketamine Injections in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. ( Choi, JB; Chung, HT; Kim, BG; Kim, NA; Kim, YS; Kwon, HR; Lee, J; Song, JH, 2022)
"capsaicin-induced thermal allodynia) are unknown."	1.48	Additive and subadditive antiallodynic interactions between μ-opioid agonists and N-methyl D-aspartate antagonists in male rhesus monkeys. ( Banks, ML; Cornelissen, JC; Nicholson, KL; Rice, KC; Steele, FF, 2018)
"Depression is present in a large proportion of patients suffering from chronic pain, and yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated."	1.48	Ketamine differentially restores diverse alterations of neuroligins in brain regions in a rat model of neuropathic pain-induced depression. ( Ji, MH; Li, HH; Li, KY; Pan, W; Yang, JJ; Zhang, GF; Zhou, ZQ, 2018)
"Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a paradoxical adverse effect of opioid therapy with unclear strategies for its treatment and management."	1.48	The Enigma of Low-Dose Ketamine for Treatment of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Setting of Psychosocial Suffering and Cancer-Associated Pain. ( Atayee, RS; Mesarwi, P; Willeford, A; Winters, KD, 2018)
"Allodynia/hyperalgesia area did not differ between groups and was infrequent and slight."	1.46	Incidence of persistent postoperative pain after hepatectomies with 2 regimes of perioperative analgesia containing ketamine. ( Coca, M; Gomar, C; Masgoret, P; Ríos, J; Taurá, P; Tena, B, 2017)
"We studied sensitivity of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by a single intrathecal (i."	1.46	Role of the spinal TrkB-NMDA receptor link in the BDNF-induced long-lasting mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat: A behavioural study. ( Constandil, L; Galleguillos, D; Hernández, A; Marcos, JL; Pelissier, T; Velásquez, L; Villanueva, L, 2017)
"Ketamine had less mechanical hyperalgesia in 6 h (p = 0."	1.43	A comparison of intrathecal magnesium and ketamine in attenuating remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats. ( Ansong, E; Dong, J; Feng, X; Lin, H; Sun, J; Xu, X, 2016)
"Opioid-induced hyperalgesia was associated with an increase in the MAC in normal rats who had not undergone surgery."	1.42	Hyperalgesia and increased sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration induced by opioids in the rat: a randomised experimental study. ( Abreu, M; Aguado, D; Benito, J; García-Fernández, J; Segura, IA, 2015)
"In morphine-only infusion rats, hyperalgesia and opioid insensitivity were both increased."	1.42	Long-Term Antihyperalgesic and Opioid-Sparing Effects of 5-Day Ketamine and Morphine Infusion ("Burst Ketamine") in Diabetic Neuropathic Rats. ( Broadbear, JH; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A; Mak, P, 2015)
"Ketamine treated rats showed a significantly lower temperature in the ischaemic hindpaw compared to saline (P < 0."	1.42	Preventive Treatment with Ketamine Attenuates the Ischaemia-Reperfusion Response in a Chronic Postischaemia Pain Model. ( Cheung, CW; Choi, SW; Irwin, M; Liman, S; Ng, KF; Qiu, Q; Tai, W; Wong, KL, 2015)
"Tramadol-induced hyperalgesia in the rat lasted for several weeks and was associated with an increase in the MAC of sevoflurane."	1.42	Tramadol-induced hyperalgesia and its prevention by ketamine in rats: A randomised experimental study. ( Abreu, M; Aguado, D; Benito, J; García-Fernández, J; Gómez de Segura, IA, 2015)
"Ketamine was then tested as a potential therapeutic drug."	1.39	Bilateral central pain sensitization in rats following a unilateral thalamic lesion may be treated with high doses of ketamine. ( Beaudry, F; Castel, A; Hélie, P; Vachon, P, 2013)
"co-treatment with ketamine and pregabalin at sub-effect low doses may be a useful therapeutic method for the treatment of neuropathic pain patients."	1.39	Intrathecal ketamine and pregabalin at sub-effective doses synergistically reduces neuropathic pain without motor dysfunction in mice. ( Choi, JG; Jeon, BH; Kim, HW; Kim, JM; Ko, YK; Lee, JH; Lim, HS; Park, JB; Shin, YS, 2013)
"The patient also developed hyperalgesia, allodynia, and photophobia and became extremely irritable upon handling."	1.38	Suspected opioid-induced hyperalgesia in an infant. ( Chalkiadis, GA; Hallett, BR, 2012)
"Buprenorphine has a better analgesia/toxicity profile (a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, less potential for abuse) compared to typical mu-opioids."	1.37	Buprenorphine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. ( Holtman, JR; Wala, EP, 2011)
"Diazepam effects were blocked by flumazenil."	1.37	Stress-induced hyperalgesia is associated with a reduced and delayed GABA inhibitory control that enhances post-synaptic NMDA receptor activation in the spinal cord. ( Cardenas, R; Quintero, L; Suarez-Roca, H, 2011)
"Long-lasting hyperalgesia was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats with subcutaneous fentanyl (4 injections, 60 μg/kg per injection at 15-minute intervals) resulting in a total dose of 240 μg/kg."	1.37	The median effective dose of ketamine and gabapentin in opioid-induced hyperalgesia in rats: an isobolographic analysis of their interaction. ( Benhamou, D; Mazoit, JX; Sitbon, P; Van Elstraete, AC, 2011)
"In prestressed rats, fULD-induced hyperalgesia and the exaggerated inflammatory hyperalgesia were prevented NMDA receptor antagonists."	1.37	Endogenous opioids released during non-nociceptive environmental stress induce latent pain sensitization Via a NMDA-dependent process. ( Chateauraynaud, J; Gavello-Baudy, S; Laboureyras, E; Laulin, JP; Le Roy, C; Simonnet, G, 2011)
"Ketamine is an important analgesia clinically used for both acute and chronic pain."	1.37	Microglial Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels are possible molecular targets for the analgesic effects of S-ketamine on neuropathic pain. ( Hayashi, Y; Inoue, K; Kawaji, K; Kohsaka, S; Koyano, K; Nakanishi, H; Sun, L; Yokoyama, T; Zhang, X, 2011)
"Morphine was more effective in ketamine-treated (1 and 50 mg kg(-1)) mice."	1.36	Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in a mice model of orthopaedic pain: preventive effect of ketamine. ( Fourcade, O; Girolami, JP; Minville, V; Tack, I, 2010)
"heat allodynia) followed by a persistent area of secondary tactile allodynia."	1.36	Human experimental pain models 3: heat/capsaicin sensitization and intradermal capsaicin models. ( Modir, JG; Wallace, MS, 2010)
"Ketamine is a NMDA receptor antagonist and acts at phencyclidine site in NR1 subunit while ifenprodil is a selective NR2B subunit antagonist of NMDA receptor."	1.36	The improvement of the anti-hyperalgesic effect of ketamine and of its isomers by the administration of ifenprodil. ( Parada, CA; Rondon, ES; Valadão, CA; Vieira, AS, 2010)
"It had less effect on tactile allodynia (CCI)."	1.35	Effects of norketamine enantiomers in rodent models of persistent pain. ( Crooks, PA; Hojomat, M; Holtman, JR; Johnson-Hardy, JK; Kleven, M; Wala, EP, 2008)
"The induction of chest wall somatic allodynia was accompanied by a reduction in the latency of the P1 (36 +/- 3 ms to 30 +/- 4 ms p = 0."	1.34	Exploring the neurophysiological basis of chest wall allodynia induced by experimental oesophageal acidification - evidence of central sensitization. ( Aziz, Q; Delaney, C; Hobson, AR; Kelly, K; Sharma, A; Willert, RP, 2007)
"In children with advanced stages of cancer, pain control remains inadequate in many patients and a solution to this problem is sorely lacking."	1.34	Ketamine as an adjuvant for treatment of cancer pain in children and adolescents. ( Finkel, JC; Pestieau, SR; Quezado, ZM, 2007)
"Inflammation was induced with a unilateral subcutaneous injection of Car in a plantar hindpaw in rats fed without (control group) or with (deficiency group) a polyamine-deficient diet."	1.33	An evaluation of a polyamine-deficient diet for the treatment of inflammatory pain. ( Ecoffey, C; Estebe, JP; Gentili, M; Leduc, C; Legay, F; Moulinoux, JP; Wodey, E, 2006)
"Opioid-induced hyperalgesia has been demonstrated in awake animals."	1.32	Questioning the cardiocirculatory excitatory effects of opioids under volatile anaesthesia. ( Boulanger, V; Collet, V; De Kock, M; Docquier, MA; Lavand'homme, P, 2004)
"The initial hyperalgesia induced by 0."	1.31	Large-amplitude 5-HT1A receptor activation: a new mechanism of profound, central analgesia. ( Assié, MB; Bardin, L; Carilla-Durand, E; Colpaert, FC; Cosi, C; Koek, W; Pauwels, PJ; Tarayre, JP; Vacher, B; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z; Xu, XJ, 2002)
"Ketamine pretreatment, which had no analgesic effect on its own, enhanced the earlier response (analgesia) and prevented the development of long-lasting hyperalgesia."	1.31	Long-lasting hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl in rats: preventive effect of ketamine. ( Célèrier, E; Jun, Y; Larcher, A; Laulin, JP; Reynier, P; Rivat, C; Simonnet, G, 2000)
"ketamine was effective only when given as a pretreatment."	1.31	Systemic, but not intrathecal, ketamine produces preemptive analgesia in the rat formalin model. ( Lee, IH; Lee, IO, 2001)
"Ketamine pretreatment (10 mg/kg) increased the fentanyl analgesic effect (4 x 60 microg/kg), suppressed the immediate hyperalgesic phase, and restored the full effect of a subsequent morphine injection."	1.31	The role of ketamine in preventing fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia and subsequent acute morphine tolerance. ( Chauvin, M; Corcuff, JB; Laulin, JP; Maurette, P; Rivat, C; Simonnet, G, 2002)
" The results demonstrate that the behavioral hyperalgesia associated with carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation in rats is attenuated by the intrathecal administration of racemic and S(+)-ketamine, but not R(-)-ketamine, which only displayed an insignificant trend toward a dose-response relationship."	1.30	Antinociceptive effect of the S(+)-enantiomer of ketamine on carrageenan hyperalgesia after intrathecal administration in rats. ( Benedek, G; Dobos, I; Horváth, G; Klimscha, W; Szikszay, M, 1998)
"The onset of resultant hyperalgesia was evaluated using von Frey monofilaments."	1.30	Preemptive intrathecal ketamine delays mechanical hyperalgesia in the neuropathic rat. ( Hartrick, CT; Patterson, JS; Wise, JJ, 1998)
"The CCI rats showed hyperalgesia to thermal and mechanical pressure stimuli on the injured side of their hind paws."	1.30	[Suppressive effects of ketamine on neuropathic pain]. ( Omote, K; Sonoda, H, 1998)
"Thus, transgenic mice exhibited mechanical allodynia."	1.30	Transgenic mice over-expressing substance P exhibit allodynia and hyperalgesia which are reversed by substance P and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. ( Cuello, AC; Henry, JL; Julien, JP; McLeod, AL; Ribeiro-Da-Silva, A; Ritchie, J, 1999)
"Moreover, the absence of mechanical hyperalgesia raises the possibility that central changes in noxious information processing may not be detected using mechanical stimuli in the same time course as thermal stimuli."	1.29	The effect of abdominal surgery on thresholds to thermal and mechanical stimulation in sheep. ( Nolan, AM; Welsh, EM, 1995)

Research

Studies (151)

Authors

Clinical Trials (49)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Morphine Equivalent Consumption (mg/kg)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	24 (15.89)	18.2507
2000's	58 (38.41)	29.6817
2010's	56 (37.09)	24.3611
2020's	13 (8.61)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Meyer-Frießem, CH	1
Lipke, E	1
Weibel, S	1
Kranke, P	1
Reichl, S	1
Pogatzki-Zahn, EM	1
Zahn, PK	1
Schnabel, A	1
Hino, C	1
Ran-Castillo, D	1
Akhtari, M	1
Cao, H	1
Silvestre, J	1
Kim, NA	1
Kim, BG	1
Lee, J	1
Chung, HT	1
Kwon, HR	1
Kim, YS	1
Choi, JB	1
Song, JH	1
Hirota, K	1
Lambert, DG	1
Efune, PN	1
Rebstock, SE	1
McDonald, WM	1
Wilkinson, MM	1
Jain, A	1
Cohen, SP	1
Zhou, X	1
Li, Q	1
Luo, Q	1
Wang, L	2
Chen, J	1
Xiong, Y	1
Wu, G	1
Chang, L	1
Liu, P	1
Shu, H	1
Qi, F	1
Liu, T	1
Zhang, X	2
Gao, X	1
Li, Z	1
Chen, L	2
Lin, C	1
Wang, ZJ	1
Tang, H	1
Chen, Z	1
Banki, L	1
Büki, A	1
Horvath, G	3
Kekesi, G	1
Kis, G	1
Somogyvári, F	1
Jancsó, G	1
Vécsei, L	1
Varga, E	1
Tuboly, G	2
Coutens, B	1
Derreumaux, C	1
Labaste, F	1
Minville, V	2
Guiard, BP	1
Moulédous, L	1
Bounes, V	1
Roussin, A	1
Frances, B	1
Viisanen, H	1
Lilius, TO	1
Sagalajev, B	1
Rauhala, P	1
Kalso, E	1
Pertovaara, A	1
Velzen, MV	1
Dahan, JDC	1
van Dorp, ELA	1
Mogil, JS	1
Hooijmans, CR	1
Dahan, A	4
Kopsky, DJ	1
Keppel Hesselink, JM	1
Masgoret, P	1
Gomar, C	2
Tena, B	2
Taurá, P	1
Ríos, J	2
Coca, M	1
Marcos, JL	1
Galleguillos, D	1
Pelissier, T	2
Hernández, A	2
Velásquez, L	1
Villanueva, L	1
Constandil, L	1
Moon, YE	1
Kim, MH	1
Lee, HM	1
Yoon, HM	1
Jeon, YJ	1
Cornelissen, JC	1
Steele, FF	1
Rice, KC	1
Nicholson, KL	1
Banks, ML	1
Porter, SB	1
Schwenk, ES	1
Pan, W	2
Zhang, GF	2
Li, HH	1
Ji, MH	1
Zhou, ZQ	1
Li, KY	1
Yang, JJ	2
Breivik, H	2
Brinck, EC	1
Tiippana, E	1
Heesen, M	1
Bell, RF	1
Straube, S	1
Moore, RA	1
Kontinen, V	1
Hayhurst, CJ	1
Farrin, E	1
Hughes, CG	1
Barelli, R	1
Morelli Sbarra, G	1
Sbaraglia, F	1
Zappia, L	1
Rossi, M	1
Thompson, T	1
Whiter, F	1
Gallop, K	1
Veronese, N	1
Solmi, M	1
Newton, P	1
Stubbs, B	1
Wang, J	4
Zhao, Q	1
Zhou, Y	2
Sun, W	1
Han, S	1
Peng, Y	1
Li, J	1
Han, R	1
Willeford, A	1
Atayee, RS	1
Winters, KD	1
Mesarwi, P	1
Castel, A	1
Hélie, P	1
Beaudry, F	1
Vachon, P	1
Ohnesorge, H	1
Feng, Z	1
Zitta, K	1
Steinfath, M	1
Albrecht, M	1
Bein, B	1
Jabbour, HJ	1
Naccache, NM	1
Jawish, RJ	1
Abou Zeid, HA	1
Jabbour, KB	1
Rabbaa-Khabbaz, LG	1
Ghanem, IB	1
Yazbeck, PH	1
Pestieau, SR	2
Finkel, JC	2
Junqueira, MM	1
Cheng, Y	1
Lovejoy, JF	1
Quezado, Z	1
M'Dahoma, S	1
Bourgoin, S	1
Kayser, V	1
Barthélémy, S	1
Chevarin, C	1
Chali, F	1
Orsal, D	1
Hamon, M	1
Birklein, F	1
O'Neill, D	1
Schlereth, T	1
Abreu, M	2
Aguado, D	2
Benito, J	2
García-Fernández, J	2
Segura, IA	1
Juel, J	1
Olesen, SS	1
Olesen, AE	1
Poulsen, JL	1
Wilder-Smith, O	1
Madzak, A	1
Frøkjær, JB	1
Drewes, AM	1
Mak, P	1
Broadbear, JH	1
Kolosov, A	1
Goodchild, CS	1
Zhang, C	1
Li, SS	1
Zhao, N	1
Yu, C	2
Leal, PC	1
Salomão, R	1
Brunialti, MK	1
Sakata, RK	1
Liman, S	1
Cheung, CW	1
Wong, KL	1
Tai, W	1
Qiu, Q	1
Ng, KF	1
Choi, SW	1
Irwin, M	1
Nickel, FT	1
Ott, S	1
Möhringer, S	1
Münster, T	1
Rieß, S	1
Filitz, J	1
Koppert, W	6
Maihöfner, C	1
Gómez de Segura, IA	1
Martinez, V	1
Derivaux, B	1
Beloeil, H	1
Bornemann-Cimenti, H	1
Wejbora, M	1
Michaeli, K	1
Edler, A	1
Sandner-Kiesling, A	1
Han, JF	1
Guo, J	1
Xie, ZM	1
Sun, KJ	1
Sun, J	1
Lin, H	1
Feng, X	1
Dong, J	1
Ansong, E	1
Xu, X	1
Holtman, JR	3
Crooks, PA	1
Johnson-Hardy, JK	1
Hojomat, M	1
Kleven, M	1
Wala, EP	3
Benedek, G	2
Mion, G	1
Libert, N	1
Cirodde, A	1
Tourtier, JP	1
Rousseau, JM	1
Ben-David, B	1
Chelly, JE	1
Garrido-Suárez, BB	1
Garrido, G	1
Márquez, L	1
Martínez, I	1
Hernández, I	1
Merino, N	1
Luque, Y	1
Delgado, R	1
Bosch, F	1
Kitamura, T	1
Imai, Y	1
Ohno, N	1
Muroya, M	1
Ogawa, M	1
Yamada, Y	1
Sigtermans, M	1
Mooren, R	1
Bauer, M	1
Kest, B	1
Sarton, E	1
Olofsen, E	1
Boettger, MK	1
Weber, K	1
Gajda, M	1
Bräuer, R	1
Schaible, HG	1
Fourcade, O	1
Girolami, JP	1
Tack, I	1
Gu, X	1
Wu, X	1
Liu, Y	1
Cui, S	1
Ma, Z	1
Marchant, N	1
Joris, J	1
Modir, JG	1
Wallace, MS	3
Griffiths, R	1
Mei, XP	3
Wang, W	6
Zhu, C	1
Zhang, T	1
Xu, LX	3
Wu, SX	1
Li, YQ	3
Rondon, ES	1
Vieira, AS	1
Valadão, CA	1
Parada, CA	1
Zhang, H	2
Wei, YY	1
Zhai, MZ	1
Tang, J	1
Hang, LH	1
Shao, DH	1
Gu, YP	1
Swartjes, M	1
Morariu, A	1
Niesters, M	1
Aarts, L	1
Quintero, L	1
Cardenas, R	1
Suarez-Roca, H	1
Van Elstraete, AC	2
Sitbon, P	2
Benhamou, D	2
Mazoit, JX	2
Forero, M	1
Chan, PS	1
Restrepo-Garces, CE	1
Le Roy, C	1
Laboureyras, E	1
Gavello-Baudy, S	1
Chateauraynaud, J	1
Laulin, JP	3
Simonnet, G	3
Romero, TR	1
Galdino, GS	1
Silva, GC	1
Resende, LC	1
Perez, AC	1
Côrtes, SF	1
Duarte, ID	1
Goffer, Y	1
Xu, D	1
Tukey, DS	1
Shamir, DB	1
Eberle, SE	1
Zou, AH	1
Blanck, TJ	1
Ziff, EB	1
Hallett, BR	1
Chalkiadis, GA	1
Hayashi, Y	1
Kawaji, K	1
Sun, L	1
Koyano, K	1
Yokoyama, T	1
Kohsaka, S	1
Inoue, K	1
Nakanishi, H	1
Mamie, C	1
Yalcin, N	1
Uzun, ST	1
Reisli, R	1
Borazan, H	1
Otelcioglu, S	1
Slater, H	1
Graven-Nielsen, T	2
Wright, A	1
Schug, SA	1
Lim, HS	1
Kim, JM	1
Choi, JG	1
Ko, YK	1
Shin, YS	1
Jeon, BH	1
Park, JB	1
Lee, JH	1
Kim, HW	1
Colpaert, FC	1
Tarayre, JP	1
Koek, W	1
Pauwels, PJ	1
Bardin, L	1
Xu, XJ	1
Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z	1
Cosi, C	1
Carilla-Durand, E	1
Assié, MB	1
Vacher, B	1
Jørum, E	4
Warncke, T	4
Stubhaug, A	6
Luginbühl, M	1
Gerber, A	1
Schnider, TW	1
Petersen-Felix, S	1
Arendt-Nielsen, L	7
Curatolo, M	1
Oatway, M	1
Reid, A	1
Sawynok, J	1
Sittl, R	4
Scheuber, K	1
Alsheimer, M	1
Schmelz, M	5
Schüttler, J	3
Alvarez, P	1
Angst, MS	1
Pahl, I	1
Clark, DJ	1
Willert, RP	2
Woolf, CJ	1
Hobson, AR	2
Delaney, C	2
Thompson, DG	1
Aziz, Q	2
Gottrup, H	3
Bach, FW	2
Jensen, TS	6
Raeder, J	1
Chaaben, K	1
Marret, E	1
Lamonerie, L	1
Lembert, N	1
Bonnet, F	1
Docquier, MA	1
Lavand'homme, P	3
Boulanger, V	1
Collet, V	1
De Kock, M	4
Ozyalcin, NS	1
Yucel, A	1
Camlica, H	1
Dereli, N	1
Andersen, OK	2
Joly, V	1
Richebe, P	1
Guignard, B	1
Fletcher, D	1
Maurette, P	2
Sessler, DI	1
Chauvin, M	2
Brennan, TJ	1
Kehlet, H	1
Waterloos, H	2
Luo, YL	1
Xiao, SS	1
Li, Y	1
Zhang, Q	1
Trabold, F	1
Pöyhiä, R	1
Vainio, A	1
Petrenko, AB	1
Yamakura, T	1
Askalany, AR	1
Kohno, T	1
Sakimura, K	1
Baba, H	1
Estebe, JP	1
Legay, F	1
Gentili, M	1
Wodey, E	1
Leduc, C	1
Ecoffey, C	1
Moulinoux, JP	1
Guntz, E	1
Talla, G	1
Roman, A	1
Dumont, H	1
Segers, B	1
Sosnowski, M	1
Tröster, A	1
Singler, B	1
Klein, T	1
Magerl, W	1
Nickel, U	1
Hopf, HC	1
Sandkühler, J	1
Treede, RD	1
Baad-Hansen, L	1
Juhl, GI	1
Brandsborg, B	1
Svensson, P	1
Kelly, K	1
Sharma, A	1
Quezado, ZM	1
De Kock, MF	1
Lavand'homme, PM	1
Reuben, SS	1
Buvanendran, A	1
Kern, D	1
Pelle-Lancien, E	1
Luce, V	1
Bouhassira, D	1
Guedj, E	1
Cammilleri, S	1
Colavolpe, C	1
de Laforte, C	1
Niboyet, J	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
(2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine a Novel Therapeutic Analgesic for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Double Blind Cross-Over Trial.[NCT05864053]	Phase 1/Phase 2	25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Low-dose of S-ketamine Combined With Sufentanil for Postoperative Patient-controlled Intravenous Analgesia in Patients Following Cesarean Section[NCT05299866]	Phase 4	216 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-12	Recruiting
Analgesic Effects of Low-dose S-ketamine in Patients Undergoing Major Spine Fusion Surgery: A Double-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04964219]	Phase 4	164 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-08	Recruiting
Low-dose S-ketamine and Dexmedetomidine in Combination With Opioids for Patient-controlled Analgesia After Scoliosis Correction Surgery: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT04791059]	Phase 4	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-09	Completed
Observational Study of the Efficacy of Ketamine for Rescue Analgesia in the Post Anesthesia Recovery Room[NCT04701008]		143 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-09-01	Completed
The Effect and Contribution of a Perioperative Ketamine Infusion in an Established Enhanced Recovery Pathway[NCT04625283]	Phase 4	1,544 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-12	Enrolling by invitation
Is The Pre-Emptive Administration Of Ketamine A Significant Adjunction To Intravenous Morphine Analgesia For Controlling Post-Operative Pain? A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial.[NCT03415191]		75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-05	Completed
The Comparison of Analgesia Methods Used for Spinal Surgery[NCT04603638]		82 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-03-04	Recruiting
The Effect of a Regimen of Opioid Sparing Anesthesia on Postoperative Recovery[NCT05594407]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-01	Recruiting
Modulation of μ Opioid Receptor Mediated Analgesia, Tolerance and Hyperalgesia in Children and Adolescents[NCT01325493]	Phase 4	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Pilot Study on the Assessment of Motor Imaging Skills in Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)[NCT04703348]		129 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-12	Completed
Comparison of Gut Microbial Composition and Function in CRPS Patients vs. Healthy Individuals[NCT05473338]		250 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-04-14	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Study Comparing Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil vs. Propofol and Dexmedetomidine in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion and Instrumentation[NCT06096181]	Phase 2	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Impact of Night-time Dexmedetomidine-esketamine Infusion on Sleep Quality of Patients With Mechanical Ventilation in ICU: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05718024]	Phase 4	174 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Mini-dose Dexmedetomidine-Esketamine Infusion on Sleep Quality in Older Patients Undergoing Knee or Hip Replacement Surgery: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05950646]	Phase 4	154 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-01	Recruiting
Dexmedetomidine-esketamine Combined With Oxycodone for Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients With Liver Cancer: a Randomized Controlled Study[NCT06003218]		88 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-16	Recruiting
Efficacy of Different Dose Esketamine and Dexmedetomidine Combination for Supplemental Analgesia After Scoliosis Correction Surgery: A Randomized, Double-blind Trial[NCT06062550]	Phase 4	312 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Impact of Different Dose Esketamine and Dexmedetomidine Combination for Supplemental Analgesia on Long-term Outcomes After Scoliosis Correction Surgery: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial[NCT06087510]	Phase 4	312 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Low-dose Dexmedetomidine-esketamine Combined Nasal Administration at Night on Perioperative Sleep Quality in Breast Cancer Patients: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT05732064]	Phase 4	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-22	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Ketamine as an Adjunct for Pain Management in Patients With Sickle Cell Crisis[NCT03502421]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Never IRB approved, no intention to proceed with the study)
STTEPP: Safety, Tolerability and Dose Limiting Toxicity of Lacosamide in Patients With Painful Chronic Pancreatitis[NCT05603702]	Phase 1	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-17	Recruiting
Effect of Ultra-low Dose Naloxone on Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia[NCT03066739]	Phase 2	105 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-25	Recruiting
Ketamine as an Adjuvant Therapy for Acute Vaso Occlusive Crisis in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease, a Pilot Study[NCT02801292]	Phase 3	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of the Effect of Ketamine on Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia Using Filaments, an Algometer, and Interleukins: a Double-blind, Randomized Study[NCT01301079]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
Can Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia be Prevented by Gradual Dose Reduction vs. Abrupt Withdrawal of Remifentanil?[NCT01702389]	Phase 4	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
Personalizing Perioperative Morphine Analgesia for Adolescents Undergoing Major Spine Surgeries[NCT01839461]		137 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-07-31	Completed
Assessment of the Analgesic Efficacy and Tolerability of the Perioperative Association of the Ketamine With Opiates After Posterior Vertebral Fusion Surgery in Children With Idiopathic Scoliosis[NCT02571491]	Phase 2	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
Administration of Acetazolamide to Prevent Remifentanil Induced Hyperalgesia: Randomize Double Blind Clinical Trial[NCT02992938]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Completed
Influence of Intraoperative Analgesia (Sufentanil Administered According to the Usual Criteria or Remifentanil Administered by a Closed-loop System Using Bispectral Index as the Controller) on the Postoperative Morphine Consumption[NCT00772616]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Efficacy of S(+)-Ketamine Administered as a Continuous Infusion for the Control of Postoperative Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02421913]	Phase 4	42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Effect of Remifentanil on the Recovery Profile After Prolonged Head and Neck Surgery[NCT02416752]		222 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-08-31	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Administration of Dexketoprofen Trometamol in Third Molar Surgery, Compared to Postoperative Administration[NCT02380001]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section[NCT01015807]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Pre-Emptive Analgesia in Ano-Rectal Surgery[NCT02402543]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
Plasma Concentrations of Ketamine and Norketamine in Patients Using Topical Application of 10% Ketamine for Neuropathic Pain.[NCT01385904]		15 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2011-06-30	Recruiting
Effect of Beta Blockade on Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in Humans[NCT01222091]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Ketamine Treatment for Pediatric-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)[NCT02422290]	Phase 1/Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
Phase 4 Study of Prevention of Persistent Postsurgical Pain After Thoracotomy Using Ketamine[NCT01243801]	Phase 4	104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Magnesium Oral Supplementation to Reduce Pain in Patients With Severe Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: The MAG-PAPER Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT02455726]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Ketamine Tolerance in Children After Repeated Administrations During Radiotherapy Sessions[NCT02512055]	Phase 4	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Study of the Efficiency of the Ketamine With Low Analgesic Doses, in Association With High Opioids, in the Treatment of the Rebels Pains, in Palliative Phase of the Cancerous Disease[NCT01326325]	Phase 3	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Effects of Perioperative Systemic Ketamine on Development of Long-term Neuropathic Pain After Thoracotomy.[NCT00313378]	Phase 3	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
The Use of Ketamine as Rescue Analgesia in the Recovery Room Following Opioid Administration. A Double-blind Randomised Trial in Postoperative Patients.[NCT00163969]	Phase 4	40 participants	Interventional	2002-04-30	Completed
Nitrous Oxide as Treatment for Fibromyalgia[NCT05357066]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-12	Recruiting
Efficacy of Memantine in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: a Double-blind Randomized Trial[NCT01653457]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Not yet recruiting
The Effects of Subanesthetic Ketamine on Respiratory Stimulation and Transpulmonary Pressures in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients[NCT01969227]		15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Effects of Low Doses of Ketamine on Postoperative Quality of Recovery After Total Intravenous Anesthesia[NCT02571153]	Phase 4	135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Low Dose Ketamine as an Adjunct to Opiates for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department[NCT02489630]	Phase 4	116 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
Effects of Lidocaine Patch on Intradermal Capsaicin Induced Pain and Hyperalgesia[NCT00373893]	Phase 1	12 participants	Interventional	2005-12-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Morphine consumption (mg/kg) was measured over time in the Ketamine group and compared to the Control (saline) group. Values are for each 24 hour time period and displayed as hours post surgery. (NCT01325493)
Timeframe: at 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post operatively

Pain Score at Rest

Intervention	mg/kg (Mean)
	24 hrs after surgery	48 hrs after surgery	72 hrs after surgery	96 hrs after surgery
Ketamine	1.3	1.28	.89	.57
Saline	1.36	1.275	.93	.38

Patient volunteered response at rest, 1-10 scale (where a higher score indicates more pain and a lower score indicates less pain). Values are for each 24 hour time period and displayed as hours post surgery. (NCT01325493)
Timeframe: 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post operatively

Pain Score During Cough.

Intervention	pain score at rest (Mean)
	24 hrs after surgery	48 hrs after surgery	72 hrs after surgery	96 hrs after surgery
Ketamine	3.9	4.53	3.6	4.48
Saline	4.55	5.2	3.48	3.8

Patient volunteered response during a cough, 1-10 scale (where a higher score indicates more pain and a lower score indicates less pain). Values are for each 24 hour time period and displayed as hours post surgery. (NCT01325493)
Timeframe: 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post operatively

Sedation Score

Intervention	pain score at cough (Mean)
	24 hrs after surgery	48 hrs after surgery	72 hrs after surgery	96 hrs after surgery
Ketamine	4.5	5.4	4.4	5.15
Saline	5.1	5.45	3.7	4.2

"Sedation scores 0 = completely awake~= sleepy but responds appropriately~= somnolent but arouses to light stimuli~= asleep but responsive to deeper physical stimuli~= asleep and not responsive to any stimuli Values are for each 24 hour time period and displayed as hours post surgery." (NCT01325493)
Timeframe: 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post operatively

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Periumbilical Region 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	Sedation Score (Mean)
	24 hrs after surgery	48 hrs after surgery	72 hrs after surgery	96 hrs after surgery
Ketamine	.73	.62	.38	.24
Saline	.75	.54	.3	.21

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed 2-3 cm from the incision in the periumbilical region (where the large trocar was placed) 24 h after the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Periumbilical Region Before the Procedure

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	0

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed 2-3 cm from the incision in the periumbilical region (where the large trocar was placed) before the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Thenar Eminence 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	0

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed in the thenar eminence of the non dominant hand 24 h after the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Thenar Eminence Before the Procedure

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	3

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed in the thenar eminence of the nondominant hand before the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Extension of Hyperalgesia

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	0

The 300-g filament was used 24 hours after the operation to induce a stimulus and delineate the extent of hyperalgesia from the periumbilical region. The stimulus was started outside the periumbilical region, where no pain sensation was reported, and continued every 0.5 cm until the 4 points of the periumbilical scar were reached (top, right side, left side, and bottom). The first point where the patient complained of pain was marked. If no pain sensation was reported, the stimulus was terminated 0.5 cm from the incision. The distance of each point from the surgical incision was measured, and the sum of the distances of the points was determined. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 hours after the procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	centimeter (Mean)
Ketamine	10.61
Saline	11.82

The mechanical pain threshold was evaluated using an algometer. The pressure was increased by 0.1 kgf/second until the patient complained of pain. The mean of three determinations was calculated. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	3.5
Saline	3.7

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	0.56
Saline	0.51

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in the periumbilical region in the postoperative period (24h after the procedure). The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24h after the procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	248
Saline	205

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in thenar eminence in the postoperative period (24 hours after procedure). The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 hours after procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	290
Saline	247

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	3.6
Saline	3.9

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	2.51
Saline	2.19

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in the periumbilical region in the preoperative period. The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	279
Saline	269

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in thenar eminence in the preoperative period. The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Morphine Consumption Within 24 h

Pain 12 Hours

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	300
Saline	300

Intervention	milligram (Mean)
Ketamine	27.40
Saline	27.70

The scale measure pain after 12 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 12 hours

Pain 120 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.6
Saline	1.4

The scale measure pain after 120 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

Pain 150 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	2.2
Saline	2.0

The scale measure pain after 150 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 150 minutes

Pain 18 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.4
Saline	1.4

The scale measure pain after 18 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 18 hours

Pain 180 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.5
Saline	1.3

The scale measure pain after 180 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 180 minutes

Pain 210 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.1
Saline	1.3

The scale measure pain after 210 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 210 minutes

Pain 24 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	0.9
Saline	1.2

The scale measure pain after 24 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain 240 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.4
Saline	0.8

The scale measure pain after 240 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 240 minutes

Pain 30 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.0
Saline	1.1

The scale measure pain after 30 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Pain 6 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	5.5
Saline	6.2

The scale measure pain after 6 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Pain 60 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	0.9
Saline	0.7

The scale measure pain after 60 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Pain 90 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	4.6
Saline	5.1

The scale measure pain after 90 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 90 minutes

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-10 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	3.4
Saline	3.4

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 24 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-6 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-10 5h After the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	8.6
Saline	5.0

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 5 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-10 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 5h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-10 Before the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	9.1
Saline	5.5

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes before the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-6 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Baseline (Before the procedure)

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-6 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	7.8
Saline	1.9

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-6 5 h After the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	24.1
Saline	24.8

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 5 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-6 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 5 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-6 Before the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	29.3
Saline	34.8

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-8 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	3.3
Saline	2.1

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 24 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-8 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-8 5 h After the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	6.0
Saline	4.5

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 5 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-8 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 5 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-8 Before the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	8.0
Saline	11.3

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes before the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-8 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Baseline (Before the procedure)

Time to First Morphine Supplementation

Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	3.3
Saline	2.2

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Ketamine	18
Saline	15

Determine which of three different TAP formulations (Placebo, TAP, Clo-TAP) has the most beneficial effect on the postoperative area of hyperalgesia 48hrs after the start of the cesarean section. The smaller the area of WHA, assessed in cm2, the better the outcome. Area sizes may range from 0 to any size. (NCT01015807)
Timeframe: 48hrs after CS

Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OOWS)

Intervention	cm^2 (Mean)
Placebo	1.07
TAP (Bupi)	1.27
Clo-TAP (Bupi + Clon)	0.74

OOWS: Is a 13-item instrument of documenting physically observable signs of withdrawal, which are rated as present (1) or absent (0) during the observation period. Maximum score = 13, minimum score = 0. Lower scores correspond to fewer symptoms. (NCT01222091)
Timeframe: Pretreatment [90 min prior to 60-min REM infusion]; 30 min prior to 60-min REM infusion; 15 and 40 min after start of 60-min REM infusion; 5, 15, and 75 minutes after finish of 60-min REM infusion)

Percent Change From Baseline in Size (Area) of Secondary Hyperalgesia After Cessation of Remifentanil Infusion, a Measure of Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia (OIH).

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Pretreatment	30 min prior to REM infusion	15 min after start of REM infusion	40 min after start of REM infusion	5 minutes after finish of REM infusion	15 minutes after finish of REM infusion	75 minutes after finish of REM infusion
Placebo	1.1	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.8	2.1	1.6
Propranolol	1.2	1.1	0.1	0.8	3	2.8	1.7

A slightly modified version of a previously described model of secondary hyperalgesia was used. Two copper wires contained in a microdialysis catheter were inserted in parallel over a length of 5 mm into the dermis of the right volar forearm. The wires were connected to a constant current stimulator controlled by a pulse generator to deliver rectangular and monophasic pulses with a duration of 0.5 mg at 2 Hz. Over a period of 15 min, the current was increased by targeting a pain rating of 5 on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain and 10 = maximum tolerable pain) until the hyperalgesic area surrounding the stimulation site was fully established. Once the area was established, the current was held constant. Percent change from baseline in size (area) of secondary hyperalgesia after cessation of remifentanil infusion was calculated per group. (NCT01222091)
Timeframe: Baseline; 15 min post remifentanil (REM) infusion; 60 min post REM infusion

Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)

Intervention	percentage of change (Number)
	15 min post remifentanil infusion	60 min post remifentanil infusion
Placebo	-34	141.5
Propranolol	-28	-19

The CY-BOCS is a semi-structured measure of OCD severity with excellent inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. It is validated in those starting at age 7 and used in studies up to age 20. The CYBOCS differs from the adult YBOCS only in its use of simpler language. The CY-BOCS consists of 10 items which are summed up to derive the total CY-BOCS score. The total score ranges from 0-40 with higher scores indicating greater severity of OCD symptoms. (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 7, Day 17, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity Scale (CGI-S)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	CY-BOCS Baseline	CY-BOCS Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	29.00	26.20

The CGI-S is a clinician rated 7-point rating scale for the severity of a participant's illness relative to the clinician's experience of working with this particular population. The score ranges from 1-7 with higher scores indicating greater illness severity. (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 7, Day 17, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

OCD Visual Analogue Scale (OCD-VAS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	CGI-S Baseline	CGI-S Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	5.80	5.00

"The OCD-VAS is a one-item unipolar scale to assess OCD symptoms over a rapid time frame (No obsessions to Constant obsessions). The scale ranges from 0-10 with higher scores indicating higher presence of obsessions." (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 1-14, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Challenge Scale (Y-BOCCS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	OCD-VAS Baseline	OCD-VAS Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	5.00	5.00

"The Y-BOCCS is self-report scale which assesses OCD symptoms on a 5-point likert scale (None to Extreme). It consists of 10 items which are summed up to derive the total Y-BOCCS score. The total score ranges from 0-40 with higher scores indicating higher prevalence of OCD symptoms." (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 1-14, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

Length of PACU Stay

Length of stay at postanesthesia recovery room (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: During the stay at postanesthesia recovery room (about 90 to 120 minutes)

Morphine Consumption (mg) at PACU

Morphine consumption (mg) at PACU (about 90 to 120 minutes) (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: During the stay at postanesthesia recovery room (about 90 to 120 minutes)

Occurrence of Pain at PACU Using a 0-10 Numeric Pain Rating Scale

Occurrence of pain at the PACU. Average Pain will be calculated. The pain score will be evaluated using a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale, where zero mean no pain and 10 the worst imaginable pain. (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: 90 minutes postanesthesia at recovery room

Occurrence of Postoperative, Nausea and Vomiting

Percentage of participants with postoperative nausea and vomiting at the PACU and during the hospital ward stay (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Percentage of Participants With Tramadol Consumption

Percentage of Participants with Tramadol during the ward stay (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Quality of Postoperative Recovery Assessed by QoR-40 Questionnaire 24 Hours After Surgery

Quality of postoperative functional recovery assessed by the questionnaire QoR40 The quality of postoperative functional recovery was assessed by the QoR-40 questionnaire, which assesses five dimensions of recovery (physical comfort - 12 items; emotional state - 7 items; physical independence - 5 items; physiological support - 7 items; and pain - 7 items). Each item was rated on a five-point Likert scale: none of the time, some of the time, usually, most of the time, and all the time. The total score on the QoR-40 ranges from 40 (poorest quality of recovery) to 200 (best quality of recovery). The QoR-40 was administered by a blind investigator 24 hours after surgery. (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: 24 hours

The Severity of Postoperative Pain

"The severity of postoperative pain was rated the higher score of pain (NRS) during the hospital ward stay.~Pain was evaluated using a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale (NRS), where zero meant no pain and 10 the worst imaginable pain." (NCT02571153)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Change in Level of Pain Control as Reported on the NRS-11

"Patient-reported pain scores on numerical rating scale (NRS) -11 pain scale (where 0 indicates no pain at all, 10 indicates the most severe pain). Initial group were patients enrolled and randomized in to the study, assessments were taken at the time of enrollment/randomization in to the study (up to 20 min prior to T=0). T = 0 min assessments were conducted at the time of medication administration (study allowed for an up to 20-minute delay in receiving study drug in order to retrieve study drug from secure storage, nursing documentation and patient verification prior to administration)." (NCT02489630)
Timeframe: 20 min pre-medication administration, 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min post medication administration

Change in Patient Satisfaction With Pain Control on a 1-4 Likert Scale

Patient-reported score regarding satisfaction with pain control, reported on a 4-point Likert scale (1-4, where 1 is the lowest satisfaction score possible and 4 is the highest satisfaction score possible). No data is reported for T = 0 min, as that assessment was conducted concurrently with initial medication dosing (since patients were at that point receiving their first pain control efforts, they could not yet assess their satisfaction with those efforts). (NCT02489630)
Timeframe: 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min post medication administration

Difference in Opiate Dosage Between Study Arms in Morphine Equivalents

"Average difference in opiate dosage between study arms, calculated in morphine equivalents. Initial indicates at first dose of opioid administration, up to 20 mins prior to study drug administration, and from 0 min to 120 min after study drug administration." (NCT02489630)
Timeframe: 20 mins pre-medication administration, 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min post medication administration

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Y-BOCCS Baseline	Y-BOCCS Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	18.25	16.50

Intervention	Units on a scale (1-10) (Mean)
	Initial	T = 0 min	T = 30 min	T = 60 min	T = 90 min	T = 120 min
Ketamine	9.38	7.51	5.25	5.31	4.51	4.24
Placebo	9.44	8.10	2.27	6.18	6.21	5.68

Intervention	Milligrams of Morphine Equivalent (Mean)
	Initial Narcotic Dosage	Total Narcotic Dosage
Ketamine	5.41	9.95
Placebo	5.83	12.81

Article	Year
Perioperative ketamine for postoperative pain management in patients with preoperative opioid intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2022, Volume: 78 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Pain, Postoperative	2022
Ketamine; history and role in anesthetic pharmacology. Neuropharmacology, 2022, 09-15, Volume: 216 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Phencyclidine; Remifentanil	2022
Efficacy of ketamine in relieving neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Pain, 2021, 09-01, Volume: 162, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Mice; Neuralgia; Rats	2021
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 12-20, Volume: 12 Topics: Acute Pain; Adult; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hyperalg	2018
NMDA receptor antagonists and pain relief: A meta-analysis of experimental trials. Neurology, 2019, 04-02, Volume: 92, Issue:14 Topics: Acute Pain; Dextromethorphan; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Mod	2019
Complex regional pain syndrome: An optimistic perspective. Neurology, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Complex Regional Pa	2015
Complex regional pain syndrome: An optimistic perspective. Neurology, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Complex Regional Pa	2015
Complex regional pain syndrome: An optimistic perspective. Neurology, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Complex Regional Pa	2015
Complex regional pain syndrome: An optimistic perspective. Neurology, 2015, Jan-06, Volume: 84, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Complex Regional Pa	2015
[Ketamine revisited]. Revue medicale de Liege, 2010, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Pain, Postoperative	2010
[Prevention of postoperative hyperalgesia]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2012, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Amantadine; Amines; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Excit	2012
Ketamine, revival of a versatile intravenous anaesthetic. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2003, Volume: 523 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; H	2003
The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Drug Tolerance; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Pain, Postoperati	2007
The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Drug Tolerance; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Pain, Postoperati	2007
The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Drug Tolerance; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Pain, Postoperati	2007
The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology, 2007, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Drug Tolerance; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ketamine; Pain, Postoperati	2007
Preventing the development of chronic pain after orthopaedic surgery with preventive multimodal analgesic techniques. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 2007, Volume: 89, Issue:6 Topics: Acetaminophen; Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Local; Anima	2007
Something new about ketamine for pediatric anesthesia? Current opinion in anaesthesiology, 2008, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Animals; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Ketam	2008

ketamine and Allodynia