ketamine has been researched along with Abnormality, Heart in 45 studies
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Our data revealed that ketamine exposure during pregnancy could cause cardiac enlargement, myocardial sarcomere disorganization, and decreased cardiac contractile function in mouse offspring." | 8.31 | Effects of ketamine-induced H3K9 hypoacetylation during pregnancy on cardiogenesis of mouse offspring. ( Quan, J; Su, Y; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhao, W; Zou, M, 2023) |
| "Ketamine is a drug often used for procedural sedation or as adjunct agent for general sedation in children with congenital heart disease." | 6.58 | Hemodynamic effects of ketamine in children with congenital heart disease and/or pulmonary hypertension. ( Flores, S; Gray, SB; Loomba, RS, 2018) |
| "Our data revealed that ketamine exposure during pregnancy could cause cardiac enlargement, myocardial sarcomere disorganization, and decreased cardiac contractile function in mouse offspring." | 4.31 | Effects of ketamine-induced H3K9 hypoacetylation during pregnancy on cardiogenesis of mouse offspring. ( Quan, J; Su, Y; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhao, W; Zou, M, 2023) |
| "Safety and efficacy were assessed of different S(+)-ketamine doses combined with propofol administered as anesthesia to common pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) patients undergoing cardiac interventional surgery to provide reference data as guidance for use in clinical settings." | 4.12 | Anaesthesia administered as S(+)-ketamine for cardiac intervention in children with common congenital heart disease. ( Guo, L; Li, H; Liu, W; Ma, J; Xu, F; Zhao, L, 2022) |
| " However, the proper dosage for intranasal use in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has not been determined." | 3.30 | Median effective dose of esketamine for intranasal premedication in children with congenital heart disease. ( Bai, J; Gu, H; Huang, J; Liu, D, 2023) |
| "Additionally, trisomy 21 (P = 0." | 2.76 | Factors affecting the decision to defer endotracheal extubation after surgery for congenital heart disease: a prospective observational study. ( Bodian, C; Chakravarti, S; Hollinger, I; Hossain, S; Kin, N; Krol, M; Mittnacht, AJ; Nguyen, K; Srivastava, S; Weismann, C, 2011) |
| "Ketamine has been preferred in pediatric cardiovascular anesthesia." | 2.73 | Comparison of sevoflurane and ketamine for anesthetic induction in children with congenital heart disease. ( Camci, E; Kartal, U; Orhan Sungur, M; Sungur Ulke, Z; Tugrul, M, 2008) |
| " In those aged from 3 to 6 years of age, dosage of midazolam was 2." | 2.73 | Can analysis of the bispectral index prove helpful when monitoring titration of doses of midazolam and ketamine for sedation during paediatric cardiac catheterization. ( Baysal, A; Celebi, A; Polat, TB; Yalcin, Y, 2008) |
| "Ketamine did not produce these changes." | 2.71 | Which anesthetic agent alters the hemodynamic status during pediatric catheterization? Comparison of propofol versus ketamine. ( Bayindir, O; Bulutcu, FS; Cakali, E; Oklü, E; Ozbek, U; Yalçin, Y, 2003) |
| "Corrective surgery for congenital heart defects in children frequently requires cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)." | 2.71 | Effects of ketamine on serum and tracheobronchial aspirate interleukin-6 levels in infants undergoing cardiac surgery. ( Bilezikci, B; Donmez, A; Mercan, S; Zeyneloglu, P, 2005) |
| "Ketamine is a drug often used for procedural sedation or as adjunct agent for general sedation in children with congenital heart disease." | 2.58 | Hemodynamic effects of ketamine in children with congenital heart disease and/or pulmonary hypertension. ( Flores, S; Gray, SB; Loomba, RS, 2018) |
| "Ketamine has been associated with increased PVR in studies of adults; in these studies adults were spontaneously breathing through unprotected airways, despite ketamine's known effects of ventilatory depression and partial loss of airway." | 1.27 | Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to ketamine in infants with normal and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. ( Cramolini, GM; Hansen, DD; Hickey, PR; Lang, P; Vincent, RN, 1985) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 16 (35.56) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 6 (13.33) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 10 (22.22) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 7 (15.56) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 6 (13.33) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Liu, W | 1 |
| Xu, F | 1 |
| Guo, L | 1 |
| Li, H | 1 |
| Zhao, L | 1 |
| Ma, J | 1 |
| Yu, Y | 1 |
| Quan, J | 1 |
| Zou, M | 1 |
| Zhao, W | 1 |
| Su, Y | 1 |
| Xu, Y | 1 |
| Huang, J | 1 |
| Liu, D | 1 |
| Bai, J | 1 |
| Gu, H | 1 |
| Simpao, AF | 1 |
| Randazzo, IR | 1 |
| Chittams, JL | 1 |
| Burnham, N | 1 |
| Gerdes, M | 1 |
| Bernbaum, JC | 1 |
| Walker, T | 1 |
| Imsdahl, S | 1 |
| DeWitt, AG | 1 |
| Zackai, EH | 1 |
| Gaynor, JW | 1 |
| Loepke, AW | 1 |
| Sun, M | 1 |
| Liu, H | 1 |
| Yu, Q | 1 |
| Liu, Y | 1 |
| Zhang, J | 1 |
| Lei, Y | 1 |
| Zhao, QY | 1 |
| Li, SY | 1 |
| Tu, SF | 1 |
| Wei, GH | 1 |
| Staudt, GE | 1 |
| Eagle, SS | 1 |
| Loomba, RS | 1 |
| Gray, SB | 1 |
| Flores, S | 1 |
| Hasan, MS | 1 |
| Chan, L | 1 |
| Kerai, S | 1 |
| Saxena, KN | 1 |
| Sehrawat, L | 1 |
| Taneja, B | 1 |
| Sungur Ulke, Z | 1 |
| Kartal, U | 1 |
| Orhan Sungur, M | 1 |
| Camci, E | 1 |
| Tugrul, M | 1 |
| Chatzidaki, R | 1 |
| Koraki, E | 1 |
| Vasiliadis, K | 1 |
| Aslanidis, T | 1 |
| Vasilakos, D | 1 |
| Malik, M | 1 |
| Malik, V | 1 |
| Chauhan, S | 2 |
| Dhawan, N | 1 |
| Kiran, U | 2 |
| Kin, N | 1 |
| Weismann, C | 1 |
| Srivastava, S | 1 |
| Chakravarti, S | 1 |
| Bodian, C | 1 |
| Hossain, S | 1 |
| Krol, M | 1 |
| Hollinger, I | 1 |
| Nguyen, K | 1 |
| Mittnacht, AJ | 1 |
| Tobias, JD | 2 |
| Gupta, P | 1 |
| Naguib, A | 1 |
| Yates, AR | 1 |
| Lü, ZP | 1 |
| Chen, YP | 1 |
| Zou, DQ | 1 |
| Oklü, E | 1 |
| Bulutcu, FS | 1 |
| Yalçin, Y | 3 |
| Ozbek, U | 1 |
| Cakali, E | 1 |
| Bayindir, O | 1 |
| Ingole, P | 1 |
| Kale, S | 1 |
| Zeyneloglu, P | 2 |
| Donmez, A | 1 |
| Bilezikci, B | 1 |
| Mercan, S | 1 |
| Pirat, A | 1 |
| Karaaslan, P | 1 |
| Candan, S | 1 |
| Varan, B | 1 |
| Tokel, K | 1 |
| Torgay, A | 1 |
| Arslan, G | 1 |
| Baysal, A | 2 |
| Polat, TB | 2 |
| Celebi, A | 2 |
| Easley, RB | 1 |
| Kruszyński, Z | 1 |
| Brodzińska, K | 1 |
| Morray, JP | 1 |
| Lynn, AM | 1 |
| Stamm, SJ | 1 |
| Herndon, PS | 1 |
| Kawabori, I | 1 |
| Stevenson, JG | 1 |
| Maffei, F | 1 |
| Moschetti, R | 1 |
| Del Carlo, A | 1 |
| Scebba, L | 1 |
| Santoli, F | 1 |
| Rowbottom, SJ | 1 |
| Gin, T | 1 |
| Cheung, LP | 1 |
| Chhangani, SV | 1 |
| Shenoy, K | 1 |
| Freeman, JE | 1 |
| Hofstra, J | 1 |
| Deleon, SY | 1 |
| Suan, C | 1 |
| Ojeda, R | 1 |
| García-Perla, JL | 1 |
| Cerro, J | 1 |
| Romero, D | 1 |
| Gilabert, J | 1 |
| González, A | 1 |
| Casas, G | 1 |
| Sánchez-Felipe, L | 1 |
| Peñasco, F | 1 |
| Repullo, J | 1 |
| Singh, A | 1 |
| Girotra, S | 1 |
| Mehta, Y | 1 |
| Radhakrishnan, S | 1 |
| Shrivastava, S | 1 |
| Tufano, R | 1 |
| Martino, GD | 1 |
| Amantea, B | 1 |
| Ricucci, G | 2 |
| Zanardi, R | 2 |
| Lazzari, A | 2 |
| Messa, A | 1 |
| Galliani, C | 2 |
| Hatano, S | 1 |
| Keane, DM | 1 |
| Boggs, RE | 1 |
| El-Naggar, MA | 1 |
| Sadove, MS | 1 |
| Alfieri, R | 1 |
| Jobes, DR | 1 |
| Lebovic, S | 1 |
| Reich, DL | 1 |
| Steinberg, LG | 1 |
| Vela, FP | 1 |
| Silvay, G | 1 |
| Nguyen, NK | 1 |
| Magnier, S | 1 |
| Georget, G | 1 |
| Softa, F | 1 |
| Rocchiccioli, C | 1 |
| Nivoche, Y | 1 |
| Desmonts, JM | 1 |
| Wolfe, RR | 1 |
| Loehr, JP | 1 |
| Schaffer, MS | 1 |
| Wiggins, JW | 1 |
| Greeley, WJ | 1 |
| Bushman, GA | 1 |
| Davis, DP | 1 |
| Reves, JG | 1 |
| Hickey, PR | 1 |
| Hansen, DD | 1 |
| Cramolini, GM | 1 |
| Vincent, RN | 1 |
| Lang, P | 1 |
| Tormo Garciá, F | 1 |
| Vaughan, RW | 1 |
| Stephen, CR | 1 |
| Malatinský, J | 1 |
| Kovácik, V | 1 |
| Maliariková, O | 1 |
| Coppel, DL | 1 |
| Dundee, JW | 1 |
| Saco, E | 1 |
| Bustos, R | 1 |
| Szappanyos, GG | 1 |
| Bopp, P | 1 |
| Fournet, PC | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect of Ketamine Versus Sevoflurane On The Right Ventricular Pressure During Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis Balloon Dilatation[NCT05582213] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-10-01 | Completed | |||
| Evaluation of a Peri-Operative Continuous Bilateral Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) Continuous Catheter After Open Cardiac Surgery in Adults[NCT03901612] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-05 | Withdrawn (stopped due to covid and surgeon left) | ||
| Bilateral Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) Catheters Versus Single Shot ESP Block for Open Heart Surgery in Infants[NCT03593642] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-10-01 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled Trial Using Single Dose Dexmedetomidine In The Treatment Of Pain In Patients Undergoing Cleft Palate Repair[NCT02915042] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-12-31 | Withdrawn (stopped due to Recruitment concerns) | ||
| Efficacy of Topical Lidocaine/Prilocaine in Pain Management in Pleurocentesis[NCT05984264] | Phase 4 | 118 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-01-01 | Recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
2 reviews available for ketamine and Abnormality, Heart
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Hemodynamic effects of ketamine in children with congenital heart disease and/or pulmonary hypertension.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Heart Defects, Congenital | 2018 |
Dexmedetomidine: applications for the pediatric patient with congenital heart disease.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Consc | 2011 |
12 trials available for ketamine and Abnormality, Heart
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Median effective dose of esketamine for intranasal premedication in children with congenital heart disease.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Heart Defects, Congenital; Hu | 2023 |
A Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Combination Sedation for Transthoracic Echocardiography in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Heart Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Topics: Child; Dexmedetomidine; Echocardiography; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives | 2020 |
Comparison of sevoflurane and ketamine for anesthetic induction in children with congenital heart disease.
Topics: Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Clinical Proto | 2008 |
Factors affecting the decision to defer endotracheal extubation after surgery for congenital heart disease: a prospective observational study.
Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetic | 2011 |
Factors affecting the decision to defer endotracheal extubation after surgery for congenital heart disease: a prospective observational study.
Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetic | 2011 |
Factors affecting the decision to defer endotracheal extubation after surgery for congenital heart disease: a prospective observational study.
Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetic | 2011 |
Factors affecting the decision to defer endotracheal extubation after surgery for congenital heart disease: a prospective observational study.
Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetic | 2011 |
[Effect of propofol and propofol combined with ketamine on cardiovascular system].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood | 2000 |
Which anesthetic agent alters the hemodynamic status during pediatric catheterization? Comparison of propofol versus ketamine.
Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Cathet | 2003 |
Effects of ketamine on serum and tracheobronchial aspirate interleukin-6 levels in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Body Fluids; Bronchi; Cardiopulmonary | 2005 |
Topical EMLA cream versus prilocaine infiltration for pediatric cardiac catheterization.
Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Local; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Ch | 2005 |
Can analysis of the bispectral index prove helpful when monitoring titration of doses of midazolam and ketamine for sedation during paediatric cardiac catheterization.
Topics: Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Age Factors; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Blood Pressure; Body Weig | 2008 |
The use of basic parameters for monitoring the haemodynamic effects of midazolam and ketamine as opposed to propofol during cardiac catheterization.
Topics: Adolescent; Arterial Pressure; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Heart Defec | 2014 |
Comparison of propofol versus ketamine for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Cardiac Catheterization; Child, Preschool; Heart Defects, Co | 1992 |
Hemodynamic effects of ketamine, hypoxia and hyperoxia in children with surgically treated congenital heart disease residing greater than or equal to 1,200 meters above sea level.
Topics: Altitude; Child, Preschool; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Hypoxia; Ketamine; Male; Oxyg | 1991 |
31 other studies available for ketamine and Abnormality, Heart
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Anaesthesia administered as S(+)-ketamine for cardiac intervention in children with common congenital heart disease.
Topics: Anesthesia; Child; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Ketamine; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; P | 2022 |
Effects of ketamine-induced H3K9 hypoacetylation during pregnancy on cardiogenesis of mouse offspring.
Topics: Animals; Female; Heart; Heart Defects, Congenital; Histones; Ketamine; Mice; Myocardium; Pregnancy | 2023 |
Anesthesia and Sedation Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Undergoing Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Hypnotics a | 2023 |
DEX Marks the Spot: Finding the Optimal Sedation Regimen for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Sedated Transthoracic Echocardiography.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Child; Dexmedetomidine; Echocardiography; Heart Defects, Congenital; Hum | 2020 |
Dexmedetomidine and ketamine sedation for dental extraction in children with cyanotic heart disease.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Airway Management; Anesthesia, Dental; Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Cons | 2014 |
Anesthesia for noncardiac intervention in a patient with total anomalous systemic venous return.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child, Preschool; Cystoscopy; Fenta | 2016 |
Appendectomy for an adult with cyanotic congenital heart disease.
Topics: Androstanols; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Appendectomy; Appendicitis; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Contraindic | 2009 |
Ketamine-etomidate for children undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Topics: Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; E | 2011 |
Correlation of BIS with Tet spells.
Topics: Analgesics; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Child; Cyanosis; Electroencephalography; Heart Defects, Congenital; | 2004 |
Pro: dexmedetomidine should be used for infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery.
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Combined; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Catheteriz | 2008 |
[Effect of flunitrazepam and ketalar on systolic time interval in children with congenital heart defects].
Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, General; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Depression, Chemical; | 1980 |
Hemodynamic effects of ketamine in children with congenital heart disease.
Topics: Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Heart Defects, | 1984 |
[Ketamine and enflurane anesthesia for cardiac catheterization in congenital cardiopathy. Experience with 190 cases].
Topics: Anesthesia; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Enflurane; Heart Defects, Congenital; | 1983 |
General anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with uncorrected complex cyanotic heart disease.
Topics: Adult; Alfentanil; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthesia, | 1994 |
Monitored anesthesia care for closure of adjustable atrial fenestrations following the Fontan procedure.
Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Fentanyl; Heart At | 1994 |
Anaesthetic management of the surgical separation of a pair of thoracopagus-cardiopagus twins.
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; F | 1998 |
Total intravenous anesthesia with ketamine for pediatric interventional cardiac procedures.
Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Catheterization; Child; Child, Presc | 2000 |
[Favorable aspects of ketamine anesthesia in the hemodynamic study of the child].
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Child, Preschool; Heart Defects, Congenital; Hemodynamics; Humans; Infant; Infa | 1977 |
[Clinical study of cardiocirculatory changes induced by ketamine during intracavitary examinations in congenital heart defects in infancy and childhood].
Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Eval | 1977 |
Diazepam-ketamine anaesthesia for open heart surgery a "micro-mini" drip administration technique.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Surgic | 1976 |
[Ketamine in cardiac catheterization. 250 cases of congenital cardiopathies in in infants and young children subjected to intracavitary examinations].
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Cardiac Catheterization; Cardiovascular System; Child; Child, Preschool; Heart | 1976 |
Anesthesia for cardiac surgery.
Topics: Anesthesia; Aortic Valve; Blood Pressure Determination; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Central Venous | 1975 |
[Anesthesia for heart catheterization in children. Comparison of 3 techniques].
Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Etomidate; Heart Defects, | 1991 |
Comparative effects of halothane and ketamine on systemic arterial oxygen saturation in children with cyanotic heart disease.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Child, Preschool; Halothane; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant; Ketamine; Ox | 1986 |
Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to ketamine in infants with normal and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.
Topics: Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Pressure; Body Surface Area; Cardiac Output; Child, Preschool; Heart Defec | 1985 |
[Study in children of the action of CI-581, on the electrophonomechanocardiogram].
Topics: Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrocardiography; Heart; Heart Defects, Congenital; | 1973 |
Ketamine for corrective cardiac surgery in children.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Heart Defects, Congeni | 1973 |
[Ketamine anesthesia in the heart catheterization of children].
Topics: Age Factors; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Heart Defects, Congenital; Hum | 1974 |
Ketamine anaesthesia for cardiac catheterisation.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics; Apnea; Atropine; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dio | 1972 |
[Our experience with ketamine hydrochlorate in heart catheterization].
Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Cardiac Catheterization; Child; Child, Pre | 1971 |
The use and advantage of "Ketalar" (CI-581) as anaesthetic agent in pediatric cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography.
Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Angiocardiography; Aortic Coarctation; | 1969 |