kaolinite and Hemolysis

The effects of hemolysis and lipemia on thromboelastography (TEG) analysis have been scarcely evaluated in human samples, and neglected in clinical practice. We aimed to investigate the effects of in vitro mechanical hemolysis and lipemia on TEG analysis and conventional coagulation tests. Twenty-four healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Besides the controls, three groups with slight, moderate and severe mechanical hemolysis were constituted according to free hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations of 0.5-1.0, 2.0-6.0 and 7.0-13.0 g/L, respectively; and three groups with mild, moderate and high lipemia were established according to triglyceride concentrations of ∼6.0, ∼12.0, and ∼18.0 mmol/L, respectively. Four TEG parameters, reaction time (R), coagulation time (K), angle (α), and maximum amplitude (MA), were measured alongside conventional plasma tests including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB) by mechanical method, and platelet count by optical method. Results showed that the median R and MA values at moderate and severe hemolysis and K at severe hemolysis exceeded respective reference intervals, and were considered unacceptable. Median values of TEG parameters in lipemic samples were all within reference intervals. Bias values of conventional plasma tests PT, APTT and FIB in hemolyzed or lipemic samples were all lower than the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) allowable limits. Bias values of platelet count at moderate to severe hemolysis and lipemia exceeded the CLIA allowable limits. In conclusion, the detection of TEG was in general more affected by mechanical hemolysis than plasma coagulation tests. Pre-analytical variables should be taken into account when unexpected TEG results are obtained.

Topics: Adult; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Tests; Cells, Cultured; Emulsions; Erythrocytes; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Hemoglobins; Hemolysis; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Kaolin; Male; Models, Biological; Phospholipids; Platelet Count; Soybean Oil; Thrombelastography; Triglycerides

The impact of hemolysis on thromboelastography (TEG) and platelet activation indices has not been evaluated.. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hemolysis induced mechanically (HM) and hemolysis induced by freezing (HF) on TEG, platelet counts (PLT), and platelet activation indicators.. Blood from 17 dogs was divided into the following samples: controls, HM, and HF. HM was induced by 20 repetitions of expulsion of blood through a 23 g needle. Freezing was at -80 degrees C, followed by warming to 37 degrees and dilution with equal parts room temperature blood at 22 degrees C. TEG variables that were examined included reaction time (R), coagulation time (K), angle (alpha), maximum amplitude (MA), and clot rigidity (G). Platelet indices were measured with the ADVIA 2120 hematology analyzer.. Hematocrit (HCT) (mean+/-SD) for controls, HM, and HF were 0.41+/-0.02, 0.39+/-0.03, and 0.25+/-0.02 L/L, respectively, consistent with decreases in HCT of 4.8% (HM) and 39.0% (HF). HM resulted in decreased R (2.5+/-0.9 minutes compared with 5.2+/-1.9 minutes for controls; P<0.001), and HF resulted in increased K (15.2+/-8.6 minutes compared with 5.3+/-4.0 minutes in controls; P<0.01) and decreased alpha (20+/-11 degrees compared with 46+/-17 degrees in controls; P<0.001). MA was decreased more in HF samples (26+/-2 mm) than in HM (38+/-8 mm) or control samples (49+/-9 mm; P<0.0001). The same applied to G values. PLT decreased after HM but not after HF. Hemolysis of both types resulted in decreased mean platelet component (MPC) concentration: control, 19.3+/-2.0, HM 15.5+/-3.4, and HF 14.3+/-0.7 g/dL (P<0.0001).. In hemolyzed samples decreased MPC and R suggested activated primary and secondary hemostasis, respectively, but decreased MA and G indicated reduced clot firmness, possibly due to hyporeactive platelets. TEG and platelet activation indices should be interpreted cautiously after hemolysis.

Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Dogs; Female; Freezing; Hematocrit; Hemolysis; Kaolin; Male; Platelet Activation; Platelet Count; Platelet Function Tests; Thrombelastography

Modification of the quartz surface by aluminium salts and metallic iron have been shown to reduce the biological activity of quartz. This study aimed to investigate the ability of water soluble extracts of coal mine dust (CMD), low aluminium clays (hectorite and montmorillonite) and high aluminium clays (attapulgite and kaolin) to inhibit the reactivity of the quartz surface. DQ12 induced significant haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes in vitro and inflammation in vivo as indicated by increases in the total cell numbers, neutrophil cell numbers, MIP-2 protein and albumin content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Treatment of DQ12 with CMD extract prevented both haemolysis and inflammation. Extracts of the high aluminium clays (kaolin and attapulgite) prevented inhibition of DQ12 induced haemolysis, and the kaolin extract inhibited quartz driven inflammation. DQ12 induced haemolysis by coal mine dust and kaolin extract could be prevented by pre-treatment of the extracts with a cation chellator. Extracts of the low aluminium clays (montmorillonite and hectorite) did not prevent DQ12 induced haemolysis, although the hectorite extract did prevent inflammation. These results suggest that CMD, and clays both low and rich in aluminium, all contain soluble components (possibly cations) capable of masking the reactivity of the quartz surface.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Aluminum Silicates; Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Clay; Coal; Dust; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Kaolin; Magnesium Compounds; Quartz; Rats; Sheep; Silicon Compounds; Solubility; Surface Properties

We studied one sample of commercial sepiolite and two samples of commercial vermiculite--clay minerals proposed as replacements for asbestos--and tested in vitro their abilities to activate complement, to lyse erythrocytes, and to elicit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) or bovine alveolar macrophages (AM); their behavior was compared with that of asbestos fibers obtained from the Union International Contra Cancer (UICC) as reference standards, as well as with kaolinite and illite, main members of the clay mineral family. Since in short-term in vitro tests the biological activity of mineral particles seems especially related to the active sites on their surface, we first measured the specific surface area of each mineral. Sepiolite was unreactive in two of the three tests we used (complement activation and ROS production) and able to lyse a minimal percentage of red blood cells. Vermiculite was shown to be incapable of activating complement, to have a moderate hemolytic activity and a high ability to elicite ROS production, although lower than that of chrysotile. Sepiolite, therefore, might be of more interest than vermiculite, given the low level of biological effects detected during the tests used to compare both clay minerals with asbestos fibres. The ROS production does not seem to require phagocytosis. A high ROS production was observed with kaolinite: this result casts doubt on the ability of pathogenic mineral dusts in vitro to induce a greater release of ROS than nonpathogenic mineral dusts.

Topics: Acridines; Aluminum Silicates; Animals; Antacids; Antidiarrheals; Asbestos; Asbestos, Crocidolite; Asbestos, Serpentine; Carcinogens; Cattle; Clay; Complement Activation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Humans; Kaolin; Linear Models; Luminescent Measurements; Luminol; Macrophages, Alveolar; Magnesium Silicates; Minerals; Neutrophils; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Zymosan

Respirable-sized quartz, a well-established fibrogenic mineral dust, is compared with kaolin in erythrocyte hemolysis assays after treatment with saline dispersion of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, a primary phospholipid component of pulmonary surfactant. Both dusts are rendered inactive after treatment, but the membranolytic activity is partly to fully restored after treatment with phospholipase A2, an enzyme normally associated with cellular plasma membranes and lysosomes. Phospholipid-coated dusts were incubated for periods of 2-72 h at a series of applied enzyme concentrations, and the adsorbed lipid species and hemolytic activity were quantitated at each time for both dusts. Surfactant was lost more readily from quartz than from kaolin, with consequent more rapid restoration of mineral surface hemolytic activity for quartz. Interactions of surfactant and mineral surface functional groups responsible for the mineral-specific rate differences, and implications for determining the mineral surface bioavailability of silica and silicate dusts, are discussed.

Topics: 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; Adsorption; Animals; Biological Availability; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dust; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Kaolin; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Phospholipases A; Phospholipases A2; Quartz; Sheep

1. An extract prepared from the tentacle of the jellyfish (CE), Catostylus mosaicus exhibited haemolytic, oedema and haemorrhage-inducing activities. 2. Acetone treatment of the tentacle extract produced an acetone soluble extract (AE) which showed an increase in specific haemolytic and haemorrhagic activities by 25- and 120-fold respectively; the minimum oedema dose was reduced by 30-fold. 3. The AE caused a rapid onset of oedema in the mouse foot pad. The effect was long-lasting, reaching a maximum in about 30 min after injection and sustained up to 4 hr. 4. Fractionation of the AE on Q-Sepharose gave 4 bound fractions which induced oedema and haemorrhage; however only 3 of the fractions exhibited haemolytic activity.

Topics: Acetone; Animals; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Cnidarian Venoms; Edema; Hemolysis; Hemorrhage; Kaolin; Kinetics; Mice; Povidone; Rabbits; Solubility

An in vitro study of the biologic responses of surface-modified and native silica and kaolin was made to provide comparative information on the suppression of cytotoxicity by pulmonary surfactant. The release of alveolar macrophage cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lysosomal enzymes beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-NAG) and beta-glucuronidase (beta-GLUC) and sheep blood-cell hemolysis were monitored as indicators of cell membrane damage and cytotoxicity. Surface modification of silica and kaolin with dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) resulted in complete abrogation of cytotoxicity of both minerals. These findings indicate that surface modification of minerals with different adsorption properties by pulmonary surfactant generally lessens their prompt adverse effects.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucuronidase; Hemolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Kaolin; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Macrophages; Male; Phosphatidylcholines; Pulmonary Surfactants; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Silicon Dioxide

Topics: Complement System Proteins; Fibrinolysis; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Hemolysis; Humans; Kaolin; Male; Middle Aged

A series of respirable dusts from British collieries was collected and analysed for mineral content and physical characteristics. Where possible 2 samples of dust were collected from the same site at 8-month intervals. All dusts were tested for their cytotoxic potential using a permanent line of macrophage-like cells (P388D1). In addition, for some dusts, a haemolytic technique was used. With both techniques a positive overall correlation was found between cytotoxicity and the total ash content of the dusts. When the results from collieries producing high- and low-rank coals were considered separately, however, it was found that the ash content of high-rank dusts (r=0.75) showed a much closer correlation with cytotoxicity than low-rank dusts (r=0.40). With the cell test system the ash components, kaolin and mica (r=0.58) and to a lesser extent quartz (r=0.48) showed significant positive correlations with cytotoxicity for high-rank coal dusts but not for low. Using the haemolytic system, however, only the quartz content of the high-rank dusts showed a significant relationship (r=0.69) to levels of haemoglobin release. Both the results of mineralogical analysis of dust samples and cytotoxicity tests showed that the mineral content and cytotoxic potential of dusts collected from the same colliery, and even from the same underground site, at different times, varied considerably. A poor correlation was found between cytotoxicity and various measurements of pneumoconiosis risk but this may well be partly due to this great variation of dust composition with time. In general, the overall results of this study were in good agreement with those of previous work on coal dust toxicity in that both the rank and composition of colliery dusts were found to be of importance, whereas the role of quartz remained enigmatic.

Topics: Cell Line; Cell Survival; Coal; Dust; Hemolysis; Kaolin; Quartz

Effect of tolmetin sodium(Tol) on acute and subacute exudative inflammation was tested in experimental animals. Tol had a potent inhibitory activity (ED50 = 0.75 mg/kg, p.o.) on the increased vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice, and the potency was about 0.4 times that of indomethacin (Ind), and 6-93 times that of ibuprofen (Ibu), phenylbutazone(Phe) and aspirin(Asp). The inhibitory activity of Tol(ED50 = 18.2 mg/kg, p.o.) on UV-induced erythema in guinea pigs was about 0.3 times that of Ind. A recovery of the hind paw edema of rats, produced by a mixture of kaolin and carrageenin, was promoted by oral administration of Tol(2.5 approximately 20 mg/kg x 5/2 days). Tol(80 mg/kg/day, p.o.) showed a significant activity in inhibiting the exudation caused by croton oil in rats, and the activity was about 0.025 times that of Ind and greater than that of Ibu, Phe and Asp. Tol(100-800 microgram/ml) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the phytohemagglutinin-induced blast transformation of cultured lymphocytes from rat thymus, as did salicylic acid. In vitro, Tol showed a potent activity similar to that of Ibu and Phe in preventing the denaturation of bovine serum albumin and the lysis of rat erythrocytes. From these results, it is suggested that Tol has a particularly potent inhibitory activity on acute exudative inflammation, and the mode of action may be attributed to a mechanism similar to that seen with other acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Capillary Permeability; Carrageenan; Cell Differentiation; Edema; Erythrocyte Membrane; Exudates and Transudates; Guinea Pigs; Hemolysis; Hot Temperature; In Vitro Techniques; Inflammation; Kaolin; Lymphocytes; Male; Mice; Protein Denaturation; Pyrroles; Rats; Sunburn; Tolmetin

Hemolysis induced by native kaolin dust was found to run parallel to the amount of silicic acid dissolved from it. Native mica and talc dusts were hemolytic only to a small extent and the silicic acid dissolution from these dusts was also smaller in comparison to that of native kaolin. The proportionality between hemolysis and the amount of dissolved silicic acid was not consistently observed in the case of acid, alkali and water treated kaolin, mica and talc dusts.

Topics: Animals; Dust; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Kaolin; Occupational Medicine; Sheep; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Talc

Topics: Animals; Carbodiimides; Hemolysis; Kaolin; Muramidase; Quartz; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sheep; Silicon Dioxide

Correlations between in vitro hemolytic activity and the in vivo fibrogenic activity of a number of particulate materials are demonstrated. Fibrogenic particles are capable of inducing hemolysis, while non-fibrogenic particles are not. It is suggested that particulates inducing a rate of hemolysis greater than 1 X 10(-4) min-1 may be fibrogenic.

Topics: Animals; Asbestos; Biphenyl Compounds; Calcium; Ceramics; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Kaolin; Magnesium; Particle Size; Phosphates; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Rats; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Talc; Titanium

Topics: Animals; Egg White; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Kaolin; Muramidase; Quartz; Sheep; Silicon Dioxide

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cattle; Complement System Proteins; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Hemadsorption; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysis; Horses; Immune Sera; Kaolin; Methods; Rabbits; Salmonella Infections; Time Factors

Topics: Adsorption; Aluminum Silicates; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Hemolysis; Hot Temperature; Kaolin; Methylene Blue; Surface Properties; X-Ray Diffraction