kaolinite and Escherichia-coli-Infections

Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea. Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases. A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection. Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects. Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology. The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs. They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause. Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease. Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia. It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea. The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology. Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only. Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide. Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis. Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent. Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impr

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Loperamide; Narcotics; Organometallic Compounds; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salicylates; Salmonella Infections; Travel

Treatment and control of acute neonatal diarrhea in calves are outlined and discussed. The difficulty in making a definitive etiological diagnosis makes effective treatment and control also difficult and largely empirical. Physiological events in calves with diarrhea are known, and fluid therapy is directed toward treating dehydration and acidosis. Whether affected calves should receive antibacterial agents orally is an open question. Principles of control of diarrhea in calves are outlined and discussed.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicarbonates; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Diet; Escherichia coli Infections; Glucose; Glycine; Housing, Animal; Infusions, Parenteral; Kaolin; Phosphates; Potassium Chloride; Reoviridae Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Acidosis; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Kaolin; Lactose; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salmonella Infections

Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea. Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases. A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection. Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects. Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology. The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs. They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause. Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease. Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia. It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea. The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology. Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only. Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide. Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis. Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent. Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impr

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Loperamide; Narcotics; Organometallic Compounds; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salicylates; Salmonella Infections; Travel

Four adsorbant drug preparations, Kaopectate, colloidal Attapulgite, noncolloidal Attapulgite and Pepto-bismol were investigated for their effects on fluid accumulation in ligated segments of pig intestine inoculated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Two anti-inflammatory drugs. aspirin and methylprednisolone, and two antibiotics, lincomycin and polymyxin B, were also tested. All the drugs except the two anti-inflammatory products were given by injection into the lumen of the intestine. Aspirin was given orally and methylprednisolone was given intramuscularly. The antibiotics were tested at levels at which they had no significant antibacterial effect in in vitro tests. The adsorbant drugs colloidal Attapulgite and Pepto-bismol were shown to be effective in reducing fluid accumulation in ligated segments of pig intestine infected with enteropathogenic E. coli. In the case of Peptobismol this effect was associated with an antibacterial effect as well as an antitoxic effect, probably due to its adsorbant properties. It is possible that an aspirin-like effect in the gut due to the active ingredient bismuth subsalicylate may have contributed to the effectiveness of Pepto-bismol. Colloidal Attapulgite was demonstrated to have an antitoxic effect but did not have an antibacterial effect. In high doses, the anti-inflammatory drugs acetylsalicylic acid and methylprednisolone were marginally effective in reduction of fluid accumulation in the same test system. Lincomycin was shown to reduce intestinal fluid secretion, whereas polymyxin B had no effect.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antidiarrheals; Aspirin; Bismuth; Enterotoxins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestinal Secretions; Jejunum; Kaolin; Ligation; Lincomycin; Methylprednisolone; Organometallic Compounds; Pectins; Polymyxin B; Salicylates; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Drug Combinations; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Nalidixic Acid; Neomycin; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Furazolidone; Guanidines; Kaolin; Male; Neomycin; Pectins; Sulfaguanidine; Sulfonamides; Tropanes

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cattle; Complement System Proteins; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Hemadsorption; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysis; Horses; Immune Sera; Kaolin; Methods; Rabbits; Salmonella Infections; Time Factors