kaolinite and Diarrhea

Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea. Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases. A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection. Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects. Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology. The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs. They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause. Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease. Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia. It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea. The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology. Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only. Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide. Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis. Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent. Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impr

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Loperamide; Narcotics; Organometallic Compounds; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salicylates; Salmonella Infections; Travel

Topics: Antidiarrheals; Cholera; Cholestyramine Resin; Colon; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Fluid Therapy; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Kaolin; Lactobacillus; Loperamide; Opium; Osmosis; Parasympatholytics; Peristalsis; Prostaglandin Antagonists; Salmonella Infections; Stomach

Treatment and control of acute neonatal diarrhea in calves are outlined and discussed. The difficulty in making a definitive etiological diagnosis makes effective treatment and control also difficult and largely empirical. Physiological events in calves with diarrhea are known, and fluid therapy is directed toward treating dehydration and acidosis. Whether affected calves should receive antibacterial agents orally is an open question. Principles of control of diarrhea in calves are outlined and discussed.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicarbonates; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Diet; Escherichia coli Infections; Glucose; Glycine; Housing, Animal; Infusions, Parenteral; Kaolin; Phosphates; Potassium Chloride; Reoviridae Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Acidosis; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Kaolin; Lactose; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salmonella Infections

Topics: Bile; Blind Loop Syndrome; Codeine; Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Kaolin; Lactose Intolerance; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Triglycerides

Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea. Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases. A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection. Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects. Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology. The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs. They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause. Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease. Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia. It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea. The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology. Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only. Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide. Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis. Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent. Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impr

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Loperamide; Narcotics; Organometallic Compounds; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salicylates; Salmonella Infections; Travel

Topics: Acute Disease; Charcoal; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Kaolin; Pectins

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Humans; Kaolin; Loperamide; Morphine; Piperidines

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Bacillary; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kaolin; Quinolines; Sulfonamides

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Family Practice; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Middle Aged; Neomycin

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Atropa belladonna; Child; Codeine; Diarrhea; Diet; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Kaolin; Male; Middle Aged; Phenobarbital; Physical Exertion; Phytotherapy; Placebos; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Psychotherapy; Pyrimidines; Radiography; Sex Factors; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Female; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Kaolin; Male; Middle Aged; Morphine; Neomycin

Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Child; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Drug Labeling; Humans; Kaolin; Lice Infestations; Pectins

Parasite levels were determined for 141 members of a naturally formed social group of rhesus macaques living under free-ranging conditions. Results indicate that group members harbor Trichuris trichiura, Balantidium coli, and large numbers of Strongyloides fuelleborni. Parasite counts decrease significantly with age in this population. Females have significantly fewer parasites than males and a significantly lower prevalence of multiple infections. There were no rank effects regarding parasitosis. While 89% of the animals examined are infected with one or more species of enteric parasite, the prevalence of diarrhea is negligible (2%). The low prevalence of diarrhea in the presence of high parasite loads may be due to the practice of geophagy, which is engaged in by 76% of group members. Soil eaten by these monkeys contains large amounts of kaolinitic clays. Kaolin-based pharmaceuticals (i.e. Kaopectate) are commonly used in human populations to treat diarrhea and intestinal upsets. The mechanical and pharmaceutical properties of the natural kaolinite-based clays may counteract the effects of parasitosis in this free-ranging population.

Topics: Animals; Balantidiasis; Balantidium; Diarrhea; Feeding Behavior; Female; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Kaolin; Macaca mulatta; Male; Monkey Diseases; Pica; Prevalence; Soil; Strongyloides; Strongyloidiasis; Trichuriasis; Trichuris

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Diarrhea; Kaolin

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Charcoal; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy, Combination; Intestines; Kaolin; Male; Pectins; Rats

Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Fats; Feces; Kaolin; Lactose Intolerance; Male; Pectins; Potassium; Rats; Sodium

Topics: Adolescent; Diarrhea; Drug Antagonism; Female; Humans; Kaolin; Lincomycin; Sinusitis

Topics: Acute Disease; Carbon; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Kaolin; Pectins

Topics: Adult; Colitis, Ulcerative; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Dysentery, Amebic; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Kaolin; Morphine; Sodium Chloride; Sulfasalazine; Travel; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Aluminum Hydroxide; Calcium Carbonate; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Humans; Kaolin; Malabsorption Syndromes; Osmotic Pressure; Pectins

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kaolin; Rectal Prolapse; Silage; Thiamine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Diarrhea; Female; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Kaolin; Male; Middle Aged; Pectins; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Furazolidone; Guanidines; Kaolin; Male; Neomycin; Pectins; Sulfaguanidine; Sulfonamides; Tropanes

Topics: Adsorption; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Codeine; Diarrhea; Drug Synergism; Gastrointestinal Agents; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Kaolin; Morphine; Parasympatholytics; Self Medication

Topics: Child; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant; Intestines; Kaolin; Neomycin; Opium; Pathology; Pectins; Toxicology

Topics: Cyclohexanes; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy; Humans; Kaolin; Opium; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Piperidines; Psyllium; Thiophenes; Toxicology

Topics: Child; Diarrhea; Humans; Infant; Kaolin