kaolinite and Acute-Disease

Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea. Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases. A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection. Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects. Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology. The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs. They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause. Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease. Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia. It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea. The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology. Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only. Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide. Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis. Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent. Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impr

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Loperamide; Narcotics; Organometallic Compounds; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salicylates; Salmonella Infections; Travel

Various available forms of therapy can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with acute diarrhea. Oral fluids represent the cornerstone of therapy of all cases. A variety of agents acting nonspecifically can decrease diarrhea and improve other worrisome symptoms associated with enteric infection. Kaopectate makes the stool more formed but has little additional effects. Bismuth subsalicylate, an antisecretory agent, reduces the number of stools passed by about 50 percent and improves other associated symptomatology. The drugs that affect motility such as loperamide and diphenoxylate are the most active of the nonspecifically acting drugs. They must be avoided in patients with significant fever and dysentery. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is now considered the drug of choice for shigellosis due to the presence of ampicillin-resistant Shigella strains in most regions of the world. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is also an effective form of therapy for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and for traveler's diarrhea without definable cause. Erythromycin, although not proved to be effective against Campylobacter, probably shortens the disease. Furazolidone, although not dramatically effective, has a spectrum of activity that includes Shigella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Campylobacter, and Giardia lamblia. It may not be effective in severely ill (hospitalized) patients with diarrhea. The various forms of available therapy can be administered empirically, depending on symptomatology. Mildly ill patients (one to three unformed stools in 24 hours with minimal additional symptoms) probably are best treated with fluids only. Mild to moderately ill persons (three to six unformed stools in 24 hours) can be treated with a drug that acts nonspecifically, such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide. Those with severe diseases (six or more unformed stools with moderate to severe associated symptoms), particularly when associated with fever and the passage of bloody mucoid stools, may be given an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial drug given will be determined by ancillary laboratory tests (dark-field examination or examination of a wet-mount preparation for motile Campylobacter or stool culture for Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella) or may be administered on an empiric basis. Traveler's diarrhea can be eliminated in selected persons by the administration of a pharmacologic agent. Liquid bismuth subsalicylate is effective in large doses, which may be impr

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Loperamide; Narcotics; Organometallic Compounds; Parasympatholytics; Pectins; Salicylates; Salmonella Infections; Travel

Topics: Acute Disease; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Resistance; Electrolytes; Glucose; Humans; Infant; Kaolin

Topics: Acute Disease; Charcoal; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Kaolin; Pectins

To evaluate the efficacy of antidiarrheal agents in the treatment of diarrheal illnesses, a study was conducted with children in Guatemala who had an acute diarrheal illness. Eighty patients, aged 3 to 11 years, were hospitalized and treated for two days with one of five agents: kaolin-pectin suspension concentrate (Kao-Con), kaolin suspension, pectin suspension, diphenoxylate-atropine liquid (Lomotil), or placebo. Although the patients receiving kaolin-pectin produced stools that tended to be more formed than those of the placebo-treated group patients, the study did not demonstrate any effect by any of the agents tested in influencing the frequency of bowel movement, the water content of the stools, or the weight of stools. Kaolin-pectin suspension and diphenoxylate-atropine liquid do not appear to be useful in the relief of acute nonspecific diarrhea in children.

Topics: Acute Disease; Antidiarrheals; Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea, Infantile; Diphenoxylate; Drug Evaluation; Feces; Female; Humans; Kaolin; Male; Pectins; Placebos

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Family Practice; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Kaolin; Middle Aged; Neomycin

To demonstrate progression of acute and chronic endocrinopathies in a kaolin-induced hydrocephalus model using light microscopy.. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were divided into six groups. Hydrocephalus was induced by intracisternal injection of kaolin solution in the acute and chronic kaolin groups, whereas an identical volume of sterile saline was injected into the sham groups.. Somatotropic cell concentrations were lower in the kaolin groups compared with their controls, but there was no difference in somatotropic cell concentration between the acute and chronic kaolin groups. Corticotropic cell concentrations were higher in the acute kaolin and sham groups compared with acute controls. Thyrotropic cell numbers were higher in the acute sham and kaolin groups compared with their controls, and although thyrotropic cell concentations were higher in the acute kaolin group than the acute sham group. No differences were observed between the acute and chronic controls and sham and kaolin groups regarding mammotropicand gonadototropic cell concentations.. Somatotropic cells are most affected by hydrocephalus that causes pituitary dysfunction, and this effect was more prominent under acute and chronic phases.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Hydrocephalus; Kaolin; Male; Microscopy; Pituitary Diseases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

During the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there are frequent but intermittent flares in which the joint becomes acutely inflamed and painful. Although a number of drug therapies are currently used to treat RA, their effectiveness is variable and side effects are common. Endocannabinoids have the potential to ameliorate joint pain and inflammation, but these beneficial effects are limited by their rapid degradation. One enzyme responsible for endocannabinoid breakdown is fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The present study examined whether URB597, a potent and selective FAAH inhibitor, could alter inflammation and pain in a mouse model of acute synovitis.. Acute joint inflammation was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by intra-articular injection of 2% kaolin/2% carrageenan. After 24 hr, articular leukocyte kinetics and blood flow were used as measures of inflammation, while hindlimb weight bearing and von Frey hair algesiometry were used as measures of joint pain. The effects of local URB597 administration were then determined in the presence or absence of either the cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist AM251, or the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630.. URB597 decreased leukocyte rolling and adhesion, as well as inflammation-induced hyperaemia. However, these effects were only apparent at low doses and the effects of URB597 were absent at higher doses. In addition to the anti-inflammatory effects of URB597, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition improved both hindlimb weight bearing and von Frey hair withdrawal thresholds. The anti-inflammatory effects of URB597 on leukocyte rolling and vascular perfusion were blocked by both CB1 and CB2 antagonism, while the effect on leukocyte adherence was independent of cannabinoid receptor activation. The analgesic effects of URB597 were CB1 mediated.. These results suggest that the endocannabinoid system of the joint can be harnessed to decrease acute inflammatory reactions and the concomitant pain associated with these episodes.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amidohydrolases; Animals; Arthralgia; Benzamides; Carbamates; Carrageenan; Endocannabinoids; Hindlimb; Hyperalgesia; Indoles; Inflammation; Kaolin; Knee Joint; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Piperidines; Pyrazoles; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; Synovitis; Weight-Bearing

Cannabinoids classically act via CB₁ and CB₂ receptors to modulate nociception; however, recent findings suggest that some cannabinoids bind to atypical receptors. One such receptor is GPR55 which is activated by the abnormal cannabidiol analogue O-1602. This study investigated whether the synthetic GPR55 agonist O-1602 can alter joint nociception in a rat model of acute joint inflammation. Acute (24 h) inflammatory joint pain was induced in male Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of 2% kaolin and 2% carrageenan. Single unit extracellular recordings were made from arthritic joint afferents in response to mechanical rotation of the knee. Peripheral administration of O-1602 significantly reduced movement-evoked firing of nociceptive C fibres and this effect was blocked by the GPR55 receptor antagonist O-1918. Co-administration of the CB₁ and CB₂ antagonists (AM281 and AM630 respectively) had no effect on O-1602 responses. This study clearly shows that atypical cannabinoid receptors are involved in joint nociception and these novel targets may be advantageous for the treatment of inflammatory pain.

Topics: Action Potentials; Acute Disease; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Arthritis; Cannabidiol; Carrageenan; Hindlimb; Joints; Kaolin; Male; Movement; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated; Nociception; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator with the ability to modulate tissue inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an H(2)S donor (Na(2)S) on leukocyte-endothelium interactions, blood flow, and pain sensation in acutely inflamed knee joints. Acute arthritis was induced in urethane anesthetized C57bl/6 mice by intra-articular injection of kaolin/carrageenan (24-h recovery), and the effect of local administration of Na(2)S on leukocyte trafficking was measured by intravital microscopy. Synovial blood flow was measured in inflamed knees by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Finally, the effect of an intra-articular injection of Na(2)S on joint pain in control and inflamed rats was determined by hindlimb incapacitance and von Frey hair algesiometry. Local administration of an H(2)S donor to inflamed knees caused a dose-dependent reduction in leukocyte adherence and an increase in leukocyte velocity. These effects could be inhibited by coadministration of the ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blocker glibenclamide. Local administration of Na(2)S to inflamed joints caused a pronounced vasoconstrictor response; however, there was no observable effect of Na(2)S on joint pain. These findings establish H(2)S as a novel signaling molecule in rodent knee joints. H(2)S exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties, but with no detectable effect on joint pain.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arthritis; Behavior, Animal; Carrageenan; Cell Movement; Hydrogen Sulfide; Kaolin; Knee Joint; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Proprioception; Signal Transduction; Sulfides

We analyzed the relationship between nafamostat mesilate (NM) level and activated coagulation time (ACT) as measured using an Actalyke MINI system vs. an ACTester system in patients with fulminant hepatitis undergoing continuous hemodiafiltration. The hemofilter was made with a polyacrylonitrile membrane, and NM was used as the anticoagulant. Significant correlation was found between the NM dose and the prehemofilter ACT measured by the Actalyke MINI system (r = 0.561, P = 0.0352, n = 14). However, no significant correlation was found between the NM dose and the prehemofilter ACT measured by the ACTester. Neither was a significant correlation found between the prehemofilter NM level and the prehemofilter ACT measured by either system. No significant correlation was found between the NM dose and the posthemofilter ACT measured by either system. The ACTester uses a test tube containing celite and a small amount of kaolin as a coagulation activator. The results of the present study suggest that the ACTester can adsorb NM and that this feature can affect ACT measurement. Considering this influence and the need to minimize the dose of NM in patients with fulminant hepatitis to avoid hemorrhagic tendencies, it is advisable to use the Actalyke MINI system.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anticoagulants; Benzamidines; Diatomaceous Earth; Female; Guanidines; Hemodiafiltration; Hepatitis; Humans; Kaolin; Male; Reproducibility of Results; Whole Blood Coagulation Time

The goal of this investigation was to establish whether pressure gradients exist between the ventricles, brain tissue, and subarachnoid space when acute or chronic hydrocephalus develops. Such gradients are hypothesized by many models of hydrocephalus, but considerable controversy continues about their existence.. A stereotactic frame was used for surgery in dogs to implant pressure sensors within the right lateral ventricle, the frontal lobe, and forward in the subarachnoid space. The dogs were allowed to recover for 10 to 14 days postoperatively. Then, 800 mg of sterile kaolin in water was injected into the cisterna magna region by using a percutaneous approach. Both real-time and long-term intracranial pressures were measured. Of the six dogs, one experienced an intracranial hemorrhage, one dog displayed status epilepticus after a second injection of kaolin and was killed, one experienced acute hydrocephalus, and three experienced mild chronic hydrocephalus. No consistent pressure differences were found in any dog between the ventricle, brain, and subarachnoid space before kaolin administration or afterward when hydrocephalus developed. In addition, no pulse pressure gradients occurred between the brain and the ventricle or subarachnoid space.. Precise monitoring of pressure before and during the development of hydrocephalus did not detect pressure gradients between the ventricle, brain, and subarachnoid space. This was true for long-term measurements over weeks and for real-time measurements that allowed accurate assessment of pulse pressures. Theories predicting pressure gradients greater than the resolution of these sensors (0.5 mm Hg) across brain tissue have to be reevaluated in light of these findings.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cerebral Ventricles; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Hydrocephalus; Intracranial Pressure; Kaolin; Monitoring, Physiologic; Subarachnoid Space

We examined with electrophysiological techniques the effects of experimentally induced inflammation on the mechanosensitive afferent units in the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint of 21 rabbits. We identified 21 mechanosensitive units belonging to group III. 12 units had mechanical thresholds of > 7.0 g and 9 units had thresholds of < 7.0 g. After injection of inflammatory agents, kaolin and carrageenan, into the joint space, ongoing afferent discharge rates increased in all units. The average discharge rate increased significantly from 7 imp/s to 15 imp/s after injection. 5 units had a decreased mechanical threshold after the injection. Acute inflammation seems to have an excitatory and sensitizing effect on the high- and low-threshold units in the rotator cuff.

Topics: Acute Disease; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Electrophysiology; Humans; Inflammation; Kaolin; Male; Mechanoreceptors; Rabbits; Rotator Cuff; Sensory Thresholds; Shoulder Joint; Tendinopathy

In anaesthetized rats, the intraspinal release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 was measured using antibody microprobes. We addressed the question of whether the release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 is altered during development of acute inflammation in the knee evoked by intra-articular injections of kaolin and carrageenan. We also examined cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 protein levels in the spinal cord during the development of inflammation using the same model of arthritis. Densitometric analysis of microprobes showed that basal release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 in the period 175-310 min after kaolin was slightly higher than in the absence of inflammation. A pronounced enhancement of basal release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 was observed 430-530 min after kaolin. Enhanced levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 were observed throughout the dorsal and ventral horns. Release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 was not altered further by the application of innocuous and noxious pressure onto the inflamed knee. Western blot analysis revealed that cyclo-oxygenase-2 but not cyclo-oxygenase-1 protein levels were elevated in the spinal cords of animals with inflammation compared to normal animals. This effect was evident as early as 3 h after the induction of arthritis. The maximum elevation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 protein levels (six-fold) was observed 12 h after the induction of arthritis. The results show that there is a tonic release of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 from the spinal cord following the induction of arthritis, which is accompanied by enhanced expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 protein in the spinal cord. We suggest that intraspinal prostaglandins may play a role in inflammation-evoked central sensitization of spinal cord neurons.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Blotting, Western; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Immunohistochemistry; Injections, Intra-Articular; Isoenzymes; Kaolin; Male; Membrane Proteins; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Spinal Cord; Up-Regulation

The severity and progression of ventricular enlargement, the occurrence of cerebral edema, and the localization of ischemic metabolic changes were investigated in a rat model of hydrocephalus, using in vivo 1H MR spectroscopic imaging (SI) and diffusion weighted MRI (DW MRI). Hydrocephalic rats were studied 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Parametric images of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) revealed a varying degree of ventriculomegaly in all rats, with different time courses of ventricular expansion. Extracellular white matter edema was observed during the early stages of hydrocephalus, most extensively in cases of progressive ventriculomegaly. In gray matter regions, ADC values were not changed, compared with controls. In case of fatal hydrocephalus, high lactate levels were observed throughout the whole brain. In all other rats, at all time points after kaolin injection, lactate was detected only in voxels containing cerebrospinal fluid. This suggests accumulation of lactate in the ventricles, and/or an ongoing periventricular production of lactate as a consequence of cerebral ischemia in experimental hydrocephalus.

Topics: Acute Disease; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Brain Ischemia; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Models, Animal; Hydrocephalus; Kaolin; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors

The purpose of this investigation was to test whether morphine (morphinum hydrochloricum) applied to the receptive field of the thoracic visceral afferent fibres modifies their activity. Experiments were performed on chloralose-anaesthetised cats, paralysed and artificially ventilated, in a state of pericarditis that was induced by intrapericardial injection of lambda-carrageenan and kaolin. Resulting acute inflammation was proven histopathologically and documented electrocardiographically. Single afferent fibres with receptive fields in thoracic viscera were dissected from thoracic sympathetic chain (19 fibres), as well as the vagus nerve (9 fibres). All tested fibres transmitted sensory information from the low-threshold mechanoreceptors. As a final result, it was found that morphine (0.001-1.0 mg/ml) when applied locally activates, depending on the dose, afferent fibres as follows: 12 sympathetic afferents (out of 12 tested), and 7 vagal afferents (out of 9 tested). In examining the specificity of morphine action, the preliminary local application of naloxone (1.0 mg/ml) just before morphine, blocked all excitatory responses. The excitatory response was present whether the receptive field was located in the inflammatory area, or outside it, in group III or IV fibres.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Carrageenan; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Electrocardiography; Kaolin; Mechanoreceptors; Morphine; Naloxone; Neurons, Afferent; Pericarditis; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vagus Nerve

To investigate the role of primary afferents, sympathetic postganglionic efferents and descending systems on the central control of peripheral inflammation.. Acute inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of kaolin and carrageenan into the knee joint cavity of the rat. Before the induction of the arthritis, a unilateral dorsal rhizotomy, a chemical (phentolamine) and/or surgical sympathectomy, or a spinal transection was performed. Joint inflammation (joint circumference and thermographic readings) and behavioural signs were assessed.. Only arthritic animals with a dorsal rhizotomy showed a significant reduction of the inflammatory response compared with control arthritic animals. No significant differences in the inflammatory response occurred following sympathectomy or spinal transection. The animals who received sympathectomy showed similar behavioural manifestations to the arthritic animals.. The central terminals of primary afferents are important in the development of acute joint inflammation since dorsal rhizotomy attenuated the inflammatory response in the knee joint. The sympathetic nervous system is not involved in the acute inflammatory phase of this arthritis model. The central processes controlling acute inflammation involve a local spinal circuit since spinal cord transection at T9 has no effect on the inflammation.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arthritis; Behavior, Animal; Carrageenan; Kaolin; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Neurons, Efferent; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord; Thermography

Antibody microprobes were used to study the release of immunoreactive neurokinin A into the spinal cord of anaesthetised cats during and following injection of a knee joint with kaolin and carrageenan. A basal level of immunoreactive neurokinin A was detected prior to any noxious stimuli. Innocuous mechanical joint stimuli (flexion or pressure) did not alter this basal level of release. However, on injection of kaolin and carrageenan into a knee joint, evidence of release into the ipsilateral spinal cord was immediately observed. Initially, immunoreactive neurokinin A was detected in 2 regions: one at the dorsal surface of the spinal cord and the other centred on the superficial dorsal horn. Within 1 h of joint injection, however, immunoreactive neurokinin A was detected throughout the dorsal horn and the adjacent white matter. The extensive spread and persistence of immunoreactive neurokinin A in the spinal cord may underlie some of the prolonged excitability changes evoked by brief noxious stimuli and peripheral inflammation reported by other laboratories.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arthritis; Autoradiography; Carrageenan; Cats; Disease Models, Animal; Kaolin; Molecular Probes; Neurokinin A; Spinal Cord; Stress, Mechanical

Recordings were made from 16 ascending tract cells in the spinal cords of anaesthetized, spinalized cats before and after an acute arthritis was produced by injection of kaolin and carrageenan into the knee joint. The responses tested routinely were to passive flexion of the knee, an innocuous movement. In some cases, responses to other movements were also tested, and changes in background discharge rates were monitored. Control recordings for a period of 1 h or in 3 cases of 3 h indicated that the responses to flexion were reasonably stationary. Four tract cells that initially showed little or no response to flexion of the knee joint developed large responses within 1 to 2 h after inflammation of the joint. Another 9 cells were tested that had responses to flexion of the knee joint prior to inflammation. In 6 cases, inflammation produced enhanced static or transient responses. In 2 cases, the effect of flexion was initially inhibitory or variable, but after inflammation these cells showed large excitatory responses. In the other case, inflammation had no effect. Background discharges were increased by inflammation in 6 of these 9 cells. The effect of inflammation of the knee joint was tested on 3 tract cells that had no clearly defined receptive field in the knee. In 1 case, a response developed to knee flexion after acute inflammation was produced. In the other 2 cases, there were initially responses to knee flexion, but these were unchanged by inflammation. Two of the cells tested had bilateral receptive fields in or around the knee joints. Inflammation of one knee joint enhanced the responses to flexion of the same but not of the contralateral knee in one case but greatly increased the responses to flexion of both knees in the other case. Injections of prostaglandin (PGE2) caused an enhancement of the responses to knee flexion beyond that caused by inflammation in 5 of 7 cases. One cell whose responses to flexion of the knee were unaffected by inflammation showed inhibitory responses to prostaglandin injections into the inflamed knee joint. The effects of inflammation on the responses of ascending tract cells of the spinal cord appear to serve as a useful neural model of the events responsible for the development of arthritic pain.

Topics: Acute Disease; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Arthritis; Carrageenan; Cats; Dinoprostone; Kaolin; Knee Joint; Nociceptors; Pain; Prostaglandins E; Spinal Cord

Experimental pleurisy was induced by intrapleural injection of carrageenin or kaolin in three strains of rat: Brown Norway-Katholiek (B/N-Ka), Brown Norway-Kitasato (B/N-Ki) and Sprague-Dawley (SD). B/N-Ka rats (kininogen-deficient) showed significantly less pleural fluid accumulation and exudation rate than SD rats or than B/N-Ki rats (normal). The result indicates the involvement of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in these pleurisies and a role of high-molecular-weight kininogen is suggested.

Topics: Acute Disease; Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Carrageenan; Inflammation; Kallikreins; Kaolin; Kininogens; Kinins; Organ Size; Pleurisy; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Species Specificity; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum Compounds; Aluminum Silicates; Female; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Kaolin; Lung; Magnesium Compounds; Male; Middle Aged; Paraquat; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Renal Dialysis; Silicates; Suicide, Attempted; Superoxide Dismutase

The bentonite and kaolin oedemas were simultaneously induced in the rat hind paws and their courses and morphological patterns were observed under the conditions of the same biological background. Gross examination has confirmed the former experience that the kaolin oedema has a more pronounced acute phase (maximum after five to seven hours) followed by subsequent spontaneous regression of the oedema, while the bentonite oedema has its acute phase less pronounced, attains its peak only on the second day, maintaining this same size over several weeks without substantial changes. The courses of the two oedemas were in correlation with the results of histological evaluation (oedematous exudation, polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration and the phagocytic activity of the latter). Resorption of kaolin in the newly-developed non-specific granulation tissue was much faster than that of bentonite (after about three weeks, while bentonite was not resorbed even after six weeks). Further, pharmacological and histological examination was performed of the effects on the bentonite oedema of sodium salicylate and Prednisone during the first 24 hours. Both substances suppressed the oedema, sodium salicylate delayed both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltration, Prednisone delayed only mononuclear infiltration. The presence of mononuclear population was confirmed also by means of the positive activity of non-specific esterase and the negative activity of alkaline phosphatase. The bentonite rat-paw oedema has thus been proved to be a suitable model of inflammatory reaction for testing anti-inflammatory drugs not only in short-term (acute) tests, but also in long-term ones, where it yields a uniform picture of non-specific foreign-body low-turnover granuloma.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bentonite; Edema; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Foot Diseases; Hindlimb; Inflammation; Kaolin; Male; Neutrophils; Phagocytes; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Cell-Free System; Hematopoiesis; Immunity; Inflammation; Kaolin; Latex; Leukocyte Count; Mice; Microspheres; Monocytes; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Chloride; Time Factors; Titanium

Lomotil liquid in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day has been compared with plain mist kaolin in controlling acute diarrhoea in young children aged 6 weeks to 2 years. Lomotil was found to stop the diarrhoea faster and significantly shorten the period of hospital admission than kaolin (P less than 0.05) in children whose diarrhoea was complicated by moderate dehydration. In those with mild dehydration lomotil had no advantage over kaolin. Children with severe dehydration treated with lomotil spent on the average much shorter period in hospital than those on kaolin, but the numbers were too small to allow for useful comparison. There was no adverse effect observed in any of subjects at the dose of lomotil used.

Topics: Acute Disease; Dehydration; Diarrhea, Infantile; Diphenoxylate; Female; Humans; Infant; Isonipecotic Acids; Kaolin; Male

Topics: Acute Disease; Carbon; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Kaolin; Pectins

A quantitative model of stasis-type of venous thrombosis in rats is described. The ligated bowel loop was used after provocation by an injection of kaolin. The mesenteric vessels of the loop were cut in a dish filled with distilled water and the extinction of escaped haemoglobin was measured photometrically. Heparin was highly effective in this model. Vessel wall lesion may be used or inducing thrombosis instead of kaolin.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hemoglobins; Heparin; Kaolin; Ligation; Rats; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Acute Disease; Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adult; Aged; Blood Platelets; Collagen; Epinephrine; Female; Fibrin; Humans; Kaolin; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Platelet Adhesiveness; Remission, Spontaneous; Thrombin

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Cats; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Chronic Disease; Ependyma; Extracellular Space; Hydrocephalus; Kaolin; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Time Factors

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Carrageenan; Formaldehyde; Immunization; Inflammation; Kaolin; Mice; Propionates; Saponins; Staphylococcus; Toxins, Biological

Topics: Acute Disease; Candida; Child; Child, Preschool; Enteritis; Feces; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kaolin; Mouth; Neomycin; Pectins