isoflurane and Pain, Postoperative studies

Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" One patient in the propofol group developed delirium compared to zero in desflurane."	9.24	The effect of desflurane versus propofol anesthesia on postoperative delirium in elderly obese patients undergoing total knee replacement: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. ( Goodman, S; Huddleston, J; Lemmens, HJ; Maloney, W; Sommer, BR; Tanaka, P, 2017)
"Remifentanil-based anaesthesia appeared well suited for primary cleft palate repair in young infants."	9.10	Remifentanil infusion for cleft palate surgery in young infants. ( Dagher, C; Desjeux, L; Gall, O; Murat, I; Roulleau, P, 2003)
"We compared propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group P) with isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group I) on the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine."	9.09	[Comparison of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine]. ( Mashimo, T; Matsubara, Y; Matsumura, Y; Uchida, I; Yoshiya, I, 2000)
"To determine the efficacy of oral granisetron in preventing postoperative vomiting (POV) following strabismus repair in children."	9.09	Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children. ( D'Errico, CC; Lauder, GR; Munro, HM; Tait, AR; Voepel-Lewis, T; Wagner, DS, 1999)
" We conducted this multicenter study to examine the hemodynamic response and recovery profile of premedicated children undergoing strabismus repair who were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatment drugs (remifentanil, alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol) along with nitrous oxide and oxygen for maintenance of anesthesia."	9.08	A randomized multicenter study of remifentanil compared with alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery. ( Coté, CJ; Davis, PJ; Henson, LG; Landsman, I; Lerman, J; McGowan, FX; Suresh, S, 1997)
"Sixty-two patients undergoing LH were randomized to receive either isoflurane-N2O or propofol-N2O anesthesia."	9.08	Recovery and outcome after propofol and isoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. ( Eriksson, H; Korttila, K; Nelskylä, K; Soikkeli, A, 1997)
"F 13640 is a newly discovered high-efficacy 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist that produces exceptional analgesia in animal models of tonic and chronic, nociceptive and neuropathic pains by novel molecular and neuroadaptive mechanisms."	7.73	The novel analgesic, F 13640, produces intra- and postoperative analgesia in a rat model of surgical pain. ( Bardin, L; Colpaert, FC; Degryse, AD; Gomez de Segura, IA; Kiss, I, 2005)
"In patients undergoing thyroidectomy under general anesthesia using sevoflurane or desflurane, except for dizziness on the day of surgery, no other manifestation of postoperative pain and discomfort was influenced by the type of inhaled anesthetic."	5.51	Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on the severity score of postoperative pain and discomfort after thyroidectomy: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled study. ( Park, JM, 2022)
"Isoflurane was also included in stress parameter analysis."	5.43	Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. ( Hamann, M; Hüske, C; Kershaw, O; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2016)
" One patient in the propofol group developed delirium compared to zero in desflurane."	5.24	The effect of desflurane versus propofol anesthesia on postoperative delirium in elderly obese patients undergoing total knee replacement: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. ( Goodman, S; Huddleston, J; Lemmens, HJ; Maloney, W; Sommer, BR; Tanaka, P, 2017)
"Propofol and isoflurane requirements and preoperative pain scores were not different between groups."	5.17	Comparison of perioperative analgesic efficacy between methadone and butorphanol in cats. ( Bauquier, SH; Beths, T; Holm, M; Warne, LN, 2013)
"Fifty Caucasian women undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign ovarian cysts were randomized to receive inhaled anesthesia with desflurane (DES group; N."	5.17	Desflurane versus sevoflurane: a comparison on stress response. ( Bevilacqua, F; Colicci, S; Di Stasio, E; Marana, E; Polidori, L; Russo, A; Viviani, D, 2013)
"Remifentanil-based anaesthesia appeared well suited for primary cleft palate repair in young infants."	5.10	Remifentanil infusion for cleft palate surgery in young infants. ( Dagher, C; Desjeux, L; Gall, O; Murat, I; Roulleau, P, 2003)
"We compared propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group P) with isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia (Group I) on the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine."	5.09	[Comparison of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by epidural morphine]. ( Mashimo, T; Matsubara, Y; Matsumura, Y; Uchida, I; Yoshiya, I, 2000)
"To determine the efficacy of oral granisetron in preventing postoperative vomiting (POV) following strabismus repair in children."	5.09	Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children. ( D'Errico, CC; Lauder, GR; Munro, HM; Tait, AR; Voepel-Lewis, T; Wagner, DS, 1999)
" Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide (60%) in oxygen (40%) and a variable concentration of isoflurane."	5.08	[Decrease in isoflurane requirements and of postoperative pain with preanesthetic intrathecal morphine]. ( Bárcena, A; Cañizal, JM; de la Torre, J; Martín-Larrauri, R; Mestre, C, 1995)
"Propofol-fentanyl seems to be a better anesthetic than isoflurane-fentanyl in reducing the incidence of nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery."	5.08	Propofol-based anesthesia as compared with standard anesthetic techniques for middle ear surgery. ( Fowles, S; Jellish, WS; Leonetti, JP; Murdoch, JR, 1995)
"05 mg kg(-1) +droperidol 20 microg kg(-1) was given as prophylaxis for postoperative pain and emesis, respectively."	5.08	Desflurane versus propofol maintenance for outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Aasbø, V; Buanes, T; Grøgaard, B; Mjåland, O; Raeder, JC, 1998)
" We conducted this multicenter study to examine the hemodynamic response and recovery profile of premedicated children undergoing strabismus repair who were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatment drugs (remifentanil, alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol) along with nitrous oxide and oxygen for maintenance of anesthesia."	5.08	A randomized multicenter study of remifentanil compared with alfentanil, isoflurane, or propofol in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective strabismus surgery. ( Coté, CJ; Davis, PJ; Henson, LG; Landsman, I; Lerman, J; McGowan, FX; Suresh, S, 1997)
"Sixty-two patients undergoing LH were randomized to receive either isoflurane-N2O or propofol-N2O anesthesia."	5.08	Recovery and outcome after propofol and isoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. ( Eriksson, H; Korttila, K; Nelskylä, K; Soikkeli, A, 1997)
"In two prospective, randomized studies the frequency of headache, nausea, vomiting, and analgesic requirement during the first postoperative 24 h was observed in order to study differences between the sexes and the inhalation anesthetics halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, or balanced anesthesia with enflurane/alfentanil."	5.06	[Complaints in the postoperative phase related to anesthetics]. ( Fritz, T; Guggenberger, E; Guggenberger, H; Heuser, D; Warth, H; Wittkowski, KM, 1988)
"In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of desflurane and sevoflurane on postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain in patients receiving opioid-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) after thyroidectomy."	3.85	Comparison of effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in patients receiving opioid-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after thyroidectomy: Propensity score matching analysis. ( Baek, CW; Choi, GJ; Jung, YH; Kang, H; Lee, S; Park, YH; Woo, YC; Yoon, IJ, 2017)
" Rats were randomly allocated to one of four groups: isoflurane anesthesia without surgery (group C), isoflurane anesthesia with laparotomy (group IL), and isoflurane anesthesia with laparotomy plus postoperative analgesia with ketoprofen or morphine."	3.80	Effects of ketoprofen for prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats. ( Eguchi, S; Imori, S; Iwata, H; Kawano, T; Kumagai, N; Morikawa, A; Takahashi, T; Tamura, T; Waki, S; Yamazaki, F; Yokoyama, M, 2014)
"Dexmedetomidine prevented surgical stress and pain-related tachycardia and hypertension, and it attenuated the reduction of the microcirculatory blood flow intensity in intestinal mucosa (1100 ± 185 perfusion units [PU] vs 800 ± 105 PU, P = 0."	3.78	Dexmedetomidine prevents alterations of intestinal microcirculation that are induced by surgical stress and pain in a novel rat model. ( Chan, WS; Fan, SZ; Ko, WJ; Lin, TY; Sun, WZ; Tsai, JC; Yeh, YC, 2012)
"F 13640 is a newly discovered high-efficacy 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist that produces exceptional analgesia in animal models of tonic and chronic, nociceptive and neuropathic pains by novel molecular and neuroadaptive mechanisms."	3.73	The novel analgesic, F 13640, produces intra- and postoperative analgesia in a rat model of surgical pain. ( Bardin, L; Colpaert, FC; Degryse, AD; Gomez de Segura, IA; Kiss, I, 2005)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by the UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista)-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale and the Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale up to 8 hr post-extubation."	3.30	A comparison of intra and postoperative analgesic effects of sacrococcygeal and lumbosacral epidural levobupivacaine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ( Bruno, TDS; Cassu, RN; Giuffrida, R; Nicácio, GM; Segatto, CZ; Zahra, JOL; Zanelli, GR, 2023)
"Total dose of morphine needed to treat postoperative pain in first 48 hours, intraoperative isoflurane concentrations, intra- and postoperative epidural infusion rates all were significantly lower in group D (P<0."	3.11	The role of duloxetine in reducing opioid consumption after thoracotomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial. ( Abdelghafar, EM; Elrawas, MM; Kilany, AM; Othman, AH; Shaker, EH, 2022)
"The secondary endpoints were postoperative pain intensity, postoperative complications, patient satisfaction assessed using the QoR-40 questionnaire and the financial cost of anesthesia."	3.11	The efficacy and safety of an adapted opioid-free anesthesia regimen versus conventional general anesthesia in gynecological surgery for low-resource settings: a randomized pilot study. ( Bengono Bengono, RS; Metogo, JM; Minkande, JZ; Ndikontar, R; Ngouatna, S; Ntock, FN; Tochie, JN, 2022)
"Isoflurane consumption was significantly less in pregabalin group (7."	2.94	Role of preoperative pregabalin in reducing inhalational anesthetic requirements in abdominal hysterectomy: randomized controlled trial. ( Abdel Rahman, RA; Dobal, NM; El-Refai, NA; Elbadawy, AM; Farrag, TA; Gamaleldin, TM; Kamal, AF; Lotfy, A; Mohamed, AA; Shafik, YM; Shehata, JH, 2020)
"Flunixin meglumine was administered before sedation with medetomidine and followed by ketamine/diazepam intravenously (i."	2.87	Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release. ( Abass, M; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R; Garzón, JFG; Kühnle, C; Picek, S; Zaghlou, A, 2018)
"The control group had higher postoperative pain scores (median [interquartile range]) at 2 h (3 [1."	2.80	Analgesic effects of maxillary and inferior alveolar nerve blocks in cats undergoing dental extractions. ( Aguiar, J; Chebroux, A; Leece, EA; Martinez-Taboada, F, 2015)
"Sixty patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery were prospectively randomized to receive GA with desflurane alone (group C) or in combination with a preoperative ISB by either bupivacaine 0."	2.80	Bispectral index-guided general anaesthesia in combination with interscalene block reduces desflurane consumption in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a clinical comparison of bupivacaine versus levobupivacaine. ( Albayrak, T; Kanbak, O; Kesimci, E; Ozturk, L, 2015)
" Dosage of analgesic medication consumption was retrieved from patients' charts."	2.79	Combined spinal and general anesthesia vs general anesthesia for robotic sacrocervicopexy: a randomized controlled trial. ( Awad, N; Lowenstein, L; Mustafa, S; Nasir, H; Segal, D, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by: the pain on awakening (0-10, verbal rating scale, VRS(awake)) in the post-anaesthetic care unit; pain on activity at 20-24 h after operation (VRS(d1A)); and the rate of morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) usage over the first 24 h."	2.79	Randomized controlled trial of the effect of depth of anaesthesia on postoperative pain. ( Chaddock, M; Jacobson, GM; Kluger, M; Law, CJ; Scott, M; Sleigh, JW, 2014)
"Postoperative pain was evaluated using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale."	2.77	Effects of a constant rate infusion of magnesium sulphate in healthy dogs anaesthetized with isoflurane and undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ( Dzikiti, BT; Fosgate, G; Goddard, A; Rioja, E; Schoeman, JP; Stegmann, FG, 2012)
"Sevoflurane has been extensively used in neurosurgical patients."	2.74	A comparison between sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial intracranial surgery. ( Magni, G; Melillo, G; Rosa, G; Rosa, IL; Savio, A, 2009)
"In studies evaluating postoperative pain, the effect of general anesthetics on analgesic requirements has not been considered except for one recent study suggesting that propofol anesthesia provides better analgesia after surgery than isoflurane."	2.73	Postoperative pain and analgesic requirements after anesthesia with sevoflurane, desflurane or propofol. ( Fassoulaki, A; Melemeni, A; Paraskeva, A; Sarantopoulos, C; Siafaka, I, 2008)
"However, postoperative nausea vomiting (PONV) is a commonly observed phenomenon after laparoscopic procedures."	2.73	Anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: comparative evaluation--desflurane/sevoflurane vs. propofol. ( Dikmen, B; Erdogan, G; Erk, G; Sahin, F; Taspinar, V, 2007)
"Nicotine was not analgesic in this trial."	2.73	Anesthesia matters: patients anesthetized with propofol have less postoperative pain than those anesthetized with isoflurane. ( Cheng, SS; Flood, P; Yeh, J, 2008)
"Systemic hypertension is a major drawback associated with fast tracking, which may predispose to formation of intracranial hematoma."	2.73	Planning for early emergence in neurosurgical patients: a randomized prospective trial of low-dose anesthetics. ( Bhagat, H; Bithal, PK; Chouhan, RS; Dash, HH; Pandia, MP, 2008)
"Methadone was injected with the dogs in sternal recumbency; the observer was unaware of the administration route."	2.72	A comparison of extradural and intravenous methadone on intraoperative isoflurane and postoperative analgesia requirements in dogs. ( Jones, RS; Leibetseder, EN; Mosing, M, 2006)
"Tramadol was used for postoperative analgesia."	2.71	Oral ketamine premedication can prevent emergence agitation in children after desflurane anaesthesia. ( Kararmaz, A; Kaya, S; Ozyilmaz, MA; Turhanoglu, S, 2004)
"piritramide was used for treatment of postoperative pain and recorded for 90 min in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU)."	2.70	Recovery profile and side effects of remifentanil-based anaesthesia with desflurane or propofol for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ( Bach, F; Bauer, M; Becker, S; Grundmann, U; Kleinschmidt, S; Larsen, B; Silomon, M, 2001)
"during the procedure to prevent early postoperative pain."	2.70	Use of remifentanil in combination with desflurane or propofol for ambulatory oral surgery. ( Kabongo, F; Pendeville, PE; Veyckemans, F, 2001)
"In remifentanil-treated patients, continuation of the infusion at 0."	2.70	Remifentanil and fentanyl during anaesthesia for major abdominal and gynaecological surgery. An open, comparative study of safety and efficacy. ( Appelgren, L; Camu, F; Doenicke, A; Helmers, JH; Holgersen, O; Mann, C; Noronha, D; Sneyd, JR; Upadhyaya, BK, 2001)
"SSA patients had significantly less postoperative pain than DES patients (P < 0."	2.70	Small-dose selective spinal anesthesia for short-duration outpatient laparoscopy: recovery characteristics compared with desflurane anesthesia. ( Henderson, C; Lennox, PH; Martin, L; Mitchell, GW; Vaghadia, H, 2002)
"Sevoflurane has become a popular agent for day-case surgery despite little evidence of clear advantages over current alternatives."	2.70	Sevoflurane vs. isoflurane: a clinical comparison in day surgery. ( Elcock, DH; Sweeney, BP, 2002)
"Anaesthetic duration, postoperative pain and emesis as well as discharge time did not differ between groups."	2.70	Inhalation anaesthesia is cost-effective for ambulatory surgery: a clinical comparison with propofol during elective knee arthroscopy. ( Anderson, RE; Cannerfelt, R; Dolk, A; Jakobsson, J, 2002)
"The purpose of this cardiac fast-track study was to evaluate the use of remifentanil (R) combined with intrathecal (IT) morphine as an alternative to sufentanil (S) during desflurane anesthesia with respect to postoperative pain control."	2.69	Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: use of remifentanil combined with intrathecal morphine as an alternative to sufentanil during desflurane anesthesia. ( Bossard, R; Chi, L; Douning, LK; Latham, P; Morse, L; Shi, C; White, PF; Zarate, E, 2000)
"The remifentanil infusion rate was reduced by 50%, 5 min after tracheal intubation."	2.69	Comparison of remifentanil in combination with isoflurane or propofol for short-stay surgical procedures. ( Jolliffe, D; Jones, RM; Lang, G; Morris, RW; Nolan, JP; Peacock, JE; Rowbotham, DJ; Sneyd, JR; Speedy, HM, 1998)
"Because the intensity of postoperative pain in end-stage kidney insufficiency patients can be modified by the type of received anaesthesia, it was decided to analyze the influence of standardized general anaesthesia on postoperative morphine consumption."	2.69	The influence of the type of anaesthesia on postoperative pain after kidney transplantation. ( Lazowski, T, 2000)
"Morphine was initially titrated to need by postanesthesia care nurses blinded to group assignment."	2.69	Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. ( Alfonsi, P; Bossard, AE; Chauvin, M; Coste, C; Fletcher, D; Guignard, B; Lebrault, C; Sessler, DI, 2000)
"Propofol, 2 mg/kg, was administered intravenously for induction of anesthesia and followed by propofol, 50 to 250 micrograms/kg/min, for maintenance anesthesia."	2.68	Propofol-based anesthesia as compared with standard anesthetic techniques for middle ear surgery. ( Fowles, S; Jellish, WS; Leonetti, JP; Murdoch, JR, 1995)
"Sevoflurane patients were less likely to have complications during induction (P < 0."	2.68	Sevoflurane versus isoflurane: induction and recovery characteristics with single-breath inhaled inductions of anesthesia. ( Conard, PF; Gross, JB; Karsunky, PK; Sloan, MH, 1996)
"Buprenorphine requirements were significantly reduced in the TCES group versus the control group (2."	2.68	Transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation (Limoge's currents) decreases early buprenorphine analgesic requirements after abdominal surgery. ( Desmonts, JM; Guischard, F; Laudenbach, V; Limoge, A; Mantz, J; Mignon, A, 1996)
"Desflurane is a new inhalation anaesthetic with a low blood/gas solubility which should allow a fast emergence from anaesthesia."	2.68	Anaesthesia during laparoscopic gynaecological surgery: a comparison between desflurane and isoflurane. ( Jakobsson, J; Rane, K; Ryberg, G, 1997)
"Midazolam was associated with impairment of performance on the TDT and DSST after premedication administration and 15 (TDT and DSST) and 30 (DSST) min after postanesthesia care unit (PACU) arrival."	2.68	Midazolam premedication increases sedation but does not prolong discharge times after brief outpatient general anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. ( Hussain, A; Richardson, MG; Wu, CL, 1997)
"Every pretreatment prevented fasciculations better than did saline (P less than 0."	2.67	Effects of precurarisation on suxamethonium-induced postoperative myalgia during the first trimester of pregnancy. ( Erkola, O, 1990)
"Mechanical allodynia induced by plantar incision peaked at 1 hr and lasted for 3 days after incision."	1.51	Propofol attenuates postoperative hyperalgesia via regulating spinal GluN2B-p38MAPK/EPAC1 pathway in an animal model of postoperative pain. ( Cheung, CW; Gu, P; Li, Q; Qiu, Q; Sun, L; Wang, XM; Wong, SS, 2019)
"Isoflurane was also included in stress parameter analysis."	1.43	Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. ( Hamann, M; Hüske, C; Kershaw, O; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2016)
"Therefore, we examined the impact of postoperative pain on cognitive functions in aged animals."	1.39	Postoperative pain impairs subsequent performance on a spatial memory task via effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in aged rats. ( Chi, H; Eguchi, S; Iwata, H; Kawano, T; Kumagai, N; Takahashi, Y; Tamura, T; Yamazaki, F; Yokoyama, M, 2013)
"The pentobarbital effect was significant within 3 days of surgery and persisted through the remainder of the testing period."	1.37	Deleterious impact of a γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor preferring general anesthetic when used in the presence of persistent inflammation. ( Boegel, K; Gold, MS; Gyulai, FE; Moore, KK, 2011)
"This process has been shown to ablate tumors in animal studies."	1.36	Irreversible electroporation: a new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. ( Ball, C; Kavnoudias, H; Thomson, KR, 2010)
"Analgesic management of postoperative pain associated with thoracic surgery remains a difficult clinical challenge."	1.33	Upregulation of cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral prostaglandin E2 in a rat postoperative pain model. ( Buvanendran, A; Kroin, JS; Saha, C; Tuman, KJ; Watts, DE, 2006)
"We discuss the general features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and its implications for management and monitoring during major abdominal surgery."	1.33	[Patient with right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, ascites and ulcerative colitis: anesthetic management during major abdominal surgery]. ( García-Montoto, F; Martínez Torrente, F; Orts Castro, A; Pérez-Cerdá, F, 2005)
" The use of the LMA had no effect on this dose-response curve."	1.31	Investigations using logistic regression models on the effect of the LMA on morphine induced vomiting after tonsillectomy. ( Anderson, BJ; Holford, NH; McGann, JE; Newson, AJ; Pearce, S, 2000)
"Postoperative respiratory depression did not occur in patients who received less than one micrograms."	1.28	Low-dose sufentanil in major surgery. ( Baillargeon, R; Perreault, L; Roberts, K; Vézina, D, 1990)

Research

Studies (149)

Authors

Clinical Trials (31)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	5 (3.36)	18.7374
1990's	47 (31.54)	18.2507
2000's	57 (38.26)	29.6817
2010's	34 (22.82)	24.3611
2020's	6 (4.03)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Abdelghafar, EM	1
Othman, AH	1
Elrawas, MM	1
Kilany, AM	1
Shaker, EH	1
Tochie, JN	1
Bengono Bengono, RS	1
Metogo, JM	1
Ndikontar, R	1
Ngouatna, S	1
Ntock, FN	1
Minkande, JZ	1
Park, JM	1
Zahra, JOL	1
Segatto, CZ	1
Zanelli, GR	1
Bruno, TDS	1
Nicácio, GM	1
Giuffrida, R	1
Cassu, RN	1
Nashibi, M	1
Sezari, P	1
Safari, F	1
Teymourian, H	1
Asgari, S	1
Mottaghi, K	1
El-Refai, NA	1
Shehata, JH	1
Lotfy, A	1
Elbadawy, AM	1
Abdel Rahman, RA	1
Gamaleldin, TM	1
Dobal, NM	1
Mohamed, AA	1
Farrag, TA	1
Shafik, YM	1
Kamal, AF	1
Snyder, LB	1
Snyder, CJ	1
Hetzel, S	1
Yoon, IJ	1
Kang, H	1
Baek, CW	1
Choi, GJ	1
Park, YH	1
Jung, YH	1
Woo, YC	1
Lee, S	1
Tanaka, P	1
Goodman, S	1
Sommer, BR	1
Maloney, W	1
Huddleston, J	1
Lemmens, HJ	1
Abass, M	1
Picek, S	1
Garzón, JFG	1
Kühnle, C	1
Zaghlou, A	1
Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R	1
Altıparmak, B	1
Çelebi, N	1
Canbay, Ö	1
Toker, MK	1
Kılıçarslan, B	1
Aypar, Ü	1
Wong, SS	1
Sun, L	1
Qiu, Q	1
Gu, P	1
Li, Q	1
Wang, XM	1
Cheung, CW	1
Kopyeva, T	1
Sessler, DI	3
Weiss, S	1
Dalton, JE	1
Mascha, EJ	1
Lee, JH	1
Kiran, RP	1
Udeh, B	1
Kurz, A	1
Segal, D	1
Awad, N	1
Nasir, H	1
Mustafa, S	1
Lowenstein, L	1
Warne, LN	1
Beths, T	1
Holm, M	1
Bauquier, SH	1
Özkiris, M	1
Kapusuz, Z	1
Öztürk, S	1
Bolat, E	1
Saydam, L	1
Ida, KK	1
Fantoni, DT	1
Ibiapina, BT	1
Souto, MT	1
Zoppa, AL	1
Silva, LC	1
Ambrósio, AM	1
Chi, H	1
Kawano, T	2
Tamura, T	2
Iwata, H	2
Takahashi, Y	1
Eguchi, S	2
Yamazaki, F	2
Kumagai, N	2
Yokoyama, M	2
Law, CJ	1
Jacobson, GM	1
Kluger, M	1
Chaddock, M	1
Scott, M	1
Sleigh, JW	1
Frazílio, Fde O	1
DeRossi, R	1
Jardim, PH	1
Marques, BC	1
Martins, AR	1
Hermeto, LC	1
Ghoneim, AA	1
Azer, MS	1
Ghobrial, HZ	1
El Beltagy, MA	1
Takahashi, T	1
Morikawa, A	1
Imori, S	1
Waki, S	1
Aguiar, J	1
Chebroux, A	1
Martinez-Taboada, F	1
Leece, EA	1
Yilmaz, ÖT	1
Toydemir, TS	1
Kirşan, İ	1
Dokuzeylul, B	1
Gunay, Z	1
Karacam, E	1
Purwar, B	1
Ismail, KM	1
Turner, N	1
Farrell, A	1
Verzune, M	1
Annappa, M	1
Smith, I	1
El-Gizawy, Z	1
Cooper, JC	1
Han, SS	1
Do, SH	1
Kim, TH	1
Choi, WJ	1
Yun, JS	1
Ryu, JH	1
Ozturk, L	1
Kesimci, E	1
Albayrak, T	1
Kanbak, O	1
Nakagawa, Y	1
Kinomoto, M	1
Fujii, A	1
Hara, Y	1
Hüske, C	1
Sander, SE	1
Hamann, M	1
Kershaw, O	1
Richter, F	1
Richter, A	1
Medina-Vera, AJ	1
Novoa, LM	1
Rowley, TJ	1
Payappilly, J	1
Lu, J	1
Flood, P	2
Bhagat, H	1
Dash, HH	1
Bithal, PK	1
Chouhan, RS	1
Pandia, MP	1
Fassoulaki, A	1
Melemeni, A	1
Paraskeva, A	1
Siafaka, I	1
Sarantopoulos, C	1
Bilotta, F	1
Doronzio, A	1
Cuzzone, V	1
Caramia, R	1
Rosa, G	2
Magni, G	1
Rosa, IL	1
Melillo, G	1
Savio, A	1
Leslie, K	1
Sleigh, J	1
Paech, MJ	1
Voss, L	1
Lim, CW	1
Sleigh, C	1
Elhakim, M	1
Abdelhamid, D	1
Abdelfattach, H	1
Magdy, H	1
Elsayed, A	1
Elshafei, M	1
Ball, C	1
Thomson, KR	1
Kavnoudias, H	1
Masters, OW	1
Thies, KC	1
Boegel, K	1
Gyulai, FE	1
Moore, KK	1
Gold, MS	1
McSweeney, PM	1
Martin, DD	1
Ramsey, DS	1
McKusick, BC	1
Yeh, YC	1
Sun, WZ	1
Ko, WJ	1
Chan, WS	1
Fan, SZ	1
Tsai, JC	1
Lin, TY	1
Rioja, E	1
Dzikiti, BT	1
Fosgate, G	1
Goddard, A	1
Stegmann, FG	1
Schoeman, JP	1
Adami, C	1
Veres-Nyéki, K	1
Spadavecchia, C	1
Rytz, U	1
Bergadano, A	1
McMillan, MW	1
Seymour, CJ	1
Brearley, JC	1
Marana, E	1
Russo, A	1
Colicci, S	1
Polidori, L	1
Bevilacqua, F	1
Viviani, D	1
Di Stasio, E	1
Cohen, IT	2
Drewsen, S	1
Hannallah, RS	2
Wilder-Smith, OH	3
Tassonyi, E	2
Crul, BJ	1
Arendt-Nielsen, L	2
Yli-Hankala, A	1
Yasan, H	1
Doğru, H	1
Przybylo, HJ	1
Martini, DR	1
Mazurek, AJ	1
Bracey, E	1
Johnsen, L	1
Coté, CJ	2
Roulleau, P	1
Gall, O	1
Desjeux, L	1
Dagher, C	1
Murat, I	1
Laberg, GO	1
Leirvåg, JP	1
Leeuwenberg, J	1
Bergamaschi, R	1
Kararmaz, A	1
Kaya, S	1
Turhanoglu, S	1
Ozyilmaz, MA	1
Chaaben, K	1
Marret, E	1
Lamonerie, L	1
Lembert, N	1
Bonnet, F	1
Reurer, M	1
Hueppe, M	1
Klotz, KF	1
Beckhoff, M	1
Hennig, J	1
Netter, P	1
Schmucker, P	1
Grottke, O	1
Dietrich, PJ	1
Wiegels, S	1
Wappler, F	1
Luginbühl, M	1
Petersen-Felix, S	1
Zbinden, AM	1
Schnider, TW	1
Kozian, A	1
Schilling, T	1
Tiede, T	1
Huth, C	1
Hachenberg, T	1
Kiss, I	1
Degryse, AD	1
Bardin, L	1
Gomez de Segura, IA	1
Colpaert, FC	1
Cruickshank, ME	1
Anthony, GB	1
Fitzmaurice, A	1
McConnell, D	1
Graham, W	1
Alexander, DA	1
Tunstall, M	1
Ross, JA	1
Martínez Torrente, F	1
Orts Castro, A	1
García-Montoto, F	1
Pérez-Cerdá, F	1
Röhm, KD	1
Piper, SN	1
Suttner, S	1
Schuler, S	1
Boldt, J	1
Leibetseder, EN	1
Mosing, M	1
Jones, RS	1
Feld, JM	1
Hoffman, WE	1
Stechert, MM	1
Hoffman, IW	1
Ananda, RC	1
Seitsonen, ER	1
Yli-Hankala, AM	1
Korttila, KT	2
Kroin, JS	1
Buvanendran, A	1
Watts, DE	1
Saha, C	1
Tuman, KJ	1
Demeere, JL	1
Merckx, Ch	1
Demeere, N	1
Kim, TW	1
Chan, CC	1
Hemmerling, T	1
Olivier, JF	1
Le, N	1
Prieto, I	1
Bracco, D	1
Baldini, G	1
Bagry, H	1
Carli, F	1
Erk, G	1
Erdogan, G	1
Sahin, F	1
Taspinar, V	1
Dikmen, B	1
Shafer, SL	1
Nekhendzy, V	1
Mathews, DM	1
Gaba, V	1
Zaku, B	1
Neuman, GG	1
Cheng, SS	1
Yeh, J	1
Schulz, C	1
Ritzmann, M	1
Palzer, A	1
Otten, W	1
Heinritzi, K	1
Heid, F	1
Grimm, U	1
Roth, W	1
Piepho, T	1
Kerz, T	1
Jage, J	1
Harukuni, I	1
Yamaguchi, H	1
Sato, S	1
Naito, H	1
Kelly, WB	1
Howie, MB	1
Romanelli, VA	1
Duarte, JA	1
Rezaei, H	1
McSweeney, TD	1
Jellish, WS	3
Leonetti, JP	3
Murdoch, JR	2
Fowles, S	2
Inagaki, Y	1
Mashimo, T	2
Kuzukawa, A	1
Tsuda, Y	1
Yoshiya, I	2
Segerdahl, M	2
Ekblom, A	1
Sandelin, K	1
Wickman, M	1
Sollevi, A	2
Hendolin, H	1
Kansanen, M	1
Koski, E	1
Nuutinen, J	1
Kowalewski, RJ	1
MacAdams, CL	1
Eagle, CJ	1
Archer, DP	1
Bharadwaj, B	1
Martín-Larrauri, R	1
Mestre, C	1
Bárcena, A	1
Cañizal, JM	1
de la Torre, J	1
Oikkonen, M	1
Green, G	1
Jonsson, L	1
Shir, Y	1
Raja, SN	1
Frank, SM	1
Abram, SE	1
Yaksh, TL	1
Sabaté, A	1
Sloan, MH	1
Conard, PF	1
Karsunky, PK	1
Gross, JB	1
Senly, C	1
Otten, P	1
Van den Berg, AA	1
Savva, D	1
Honjol, NM	1
Prabhu, NV	1
Mignon, A	1
Laudenbach, V	1
Guischard, F	1
Limoge, A	1
Desmonts, JM	3
Mantz, J	1
Philip, BK	1
Samsó, E	1
Vallés, J	1
Pol, O	1
Gallart, L	1
Puig, MM	1
Tobias, JD	1
Jakobsson, J	2
Rane, K	1
Ryberg, G	1
Nelskylä, K	1
Eriksson, H	1
Soikkeli, A	1
Korttila, K	3
Davis, PJ	1
Lerman, J	1
Suresh, S	1
McGowan, FX	1
Landsman, I	1
Henson, LG	1
Irestedt, L	1
Richardson, MG	1
Wu, CL	1
Hussain, A	1
Juvin, P	2
Servin, F	1
Giraud, O	1
Woodward, WM	1
Barker, I	1
John, RE	1
Peacock, JE	2
Fournier, R	1
Van Gessel, E	1
Gaggero, G	1
Boccovi, S	1
Forster, A	1
Gamulin, Z	1
Raeder, JC	1
Mjåland, O	1
Aasbø, V	1
Grøgaard, B	1
Buanes, T	1
Gonzalez, MI	1
Field, MJ	1
Holloman, EF	1
Hughes, J	1
Oles, RJ	1
Singh, L	1
Fujii, Y	1
Toyooka, H	1
Tanaka, H	1
Freye, E	1
Sundermann, S	1
Rowbotham, DJ	1
Jones, RM	1
Speedy, HM	1
Sneyd, JR	2
Morris, RW	1
Nolan, JP	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
General Anesthesia Usiing Fentanyl Plus Propofol Plus Rococuronium Plus Isoflurane Versus Ketamime Plus Magnesium Sulphate Plus Lidocaine Plus Clonidine Plus Propofol Plus Rococuronium Plus Isoflurane in Gynaecology Surgery[NCT04737473]		36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-06	Recruiting
The Effect of Continuous Femoral Nerve Block With Modulation of Depth of Anesthesia on Prognosis of Patients Receiving Total Knee Arthroplasty[NCT02576015]		380 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Guiding Dreaming During Anaesthesia by Means of Communication Through Suggestions. What Influences Our Suggestions? What do Our Suggestions Influence?[NCT01839201]		270 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Dreaming and EEG Changes During Anaesthesia Maintained With Propofol or Desflurane[NCT00446212]	Phase 4	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Anaesthesia During IRE Procedures for Solid Tumours[NCT02044224]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Studio Clinico Pilota Con Uso di Elettroporazione Irreversibile (IRE) Nel Trattamento di Lesioni Neoplastiche Epatiche Con Localizzazione ad accessibilità Limitata o ad Alto Rischio[NCT01442324]		5 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Recruiting
Effect Of Dexmedetomidine Infusion On Sublingual Microcirculation In Patients Undergoing On Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery[NCT02714725]	Phase 4	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Ketamine Treatment for Pediatric-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)[NCT02422290]	Phase 1/Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
The Effects of Propofol vs. Sevoflurane Administered During Anesthesia Maintenance on Early and Late Recovery After Gynecological Surgery[NCT01755234]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Opioid Free Versus Opioid Balanced Anesthesia in Middle Ear Surgery.[NCT03809949]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-16	Completed
Influence of Dexmedetomidine and Lidocaine on Opioid Consumption, Cognitive Function and Incidence of Neuropathic Pain in Laparoscopic Intestine Resection[NCT02616523]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
Comparison of Lidocaine, Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine in Multimodal Analgesia Management Following Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial[NCT04836819]		78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-08	Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin on Acute Pain and PONV in Bariatric Surgical Patients[NCT00886236]		62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
The Use of Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant for Perioperative Pain Management in Morbidly Obese Adolescents Undergoing Bariatric Surgery[NCT02880540]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Prospective Randomised Controled Trial: Comparison of Volatile Anaesthetics Sevoflurane vs. Isoflurane for Low-Flow General Anaesthesia for Abdominal Surgery[NCT00521612]		82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Dex vs Dazzle: Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Intraoperative Sedation[NCT02878837]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Recovery Profiles of Elderly Patients[NCT01851005]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Placebo Controlled Trial; Does Pre and Postoperative Dextromethorphan Reduce Post-tonsillectomy Pain in Children?[NCT02727491]	Phase 4	85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Alvimopan in Major Spine Surgery[NCT02789111]	Phase 4	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-01	Completed
A Prospective Study Comparing Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil vs. Propofol and Dexmedetomidine in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion and Instrumentation[NCT06096181]	Phase 2	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Beta Blockade on Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in Humans[NCT01222091]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Ketamine on Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia Using Filaments, an Algometer, and Interleukins: a Double-blind, Randomized Study[NCT01301079]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
Effect of Ultra-low Dose Naloxone on Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia[NCT03066739]	Phase 2	105 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-25	Recruiting
Effect of Remifentanil on the Recovery Profile After Prolonged Head and Neck Surgery[NCT02416752]		222 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-08-31	Completed
Can Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia be Prevented by Gradual Dose Reduction vs. Abrupt Withdrawal of Remifentanil?[NCT01702389]	Phase 4	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
A Comparison of Cerebral Oximetry After Propofol-Based Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing LSG: a Prospective, Single-Blinded, Randomized, Parallel-Group Study.[NCT03946657]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-20	Completed
Dyphenhidramine Effect on Prevention of Sevoflurane Induced Post Anesthesia Agitation in Pediatric[NCT02463929]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Does a Single Intravenous Dose of Ketamine Reduce the Need for Supplemental Opioids in Post-Cesarean Section Patients?[NCT00486902]		188 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Dexmedetomidine in the Analgesic Prophylaxis , in Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery: Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT05079672]	Phase 4	102 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-07	Recruiting
The Power of Healing Statements on Post Operative Pain Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02502357]		32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Completed
Study of the Effect of Intraoperative Positive Messages on Postoperative Outcomes[NCT02765750]		5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to The primary investigator was transferred to another hospital)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The CY-BOCS is a semi-structured measure of OCD severity with excellent inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. It is validated in those starting at age 7 and used in studies up to age 20. The CYBOCS differs from the adult YBOCS only in its use of simpler language. The CY-BOCS consists of 10 items which are summed up to derive the total CY-BOCS score. The total score ranges from 0-40 with higher scores indicating greater severity of OCD symptoms. (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 7, Day 17, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

Clinical Global Impressions - Severity Scale (CGI-S)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	CY-BOCS Baseline	CY-BOCS Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	29.00	26.20

The CGI-S is a clinician rated 7-point rating scale for the severity of a participant's illness relative to the clinician's experience of working with this particular population. The score ranges from 1-7 with higher scores indicating greater illness severity. (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 7, Day 17, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

OCD Visual Analogue Scale (OCD-VAS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	CGI-S Baseline	CGI-S Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	5.80	5.00

"The OCD-VAS is a one-item unipolar scale to assess OCD symptoms over a rapid time frame (No obsessions to Constant obsessions). The scale ranges from 0-10 with higher scores indicating higher presence of obsessions." (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 1-14, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Challenge Scale (Y-BOCCS)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	OCD-VAS Baseline	OCD-VAS Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	5.00	5.00

"The Y-BOCCS is self-report scale which assesses OCD symptoms on a 5-point likert scale (None to Extreme). It consists of 10 items which are summed up to derive the total Y-BOCCS score. The total score ranges from 0-40 with higher scores indicating higher prevalence of OCD symptoms." (NCT02422290)
Timeframe: Screening, Baseline, Day 1-14, 3-Month; Baseline and Day 14 pre-specified to be reported

Mg of Morphine Equivalents (IV)

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Y-BOCCS Baseline	Y-BOCCS Day 14
Ketamine Treatment Group	18.25	16.50

Total opioid use in the post operative care unit (Mg of morphine equivalents) (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: PACU admission to discharge

Opioid Use Discharge From Post Anesthesia Care Unit to 24 Hours After PACU Discharge.

Intervention	miligrams of morphine equivalents (Median)
Sevoflurane	9
Propofol	9.4

Opioid use in mg of morphine equivalents from discharge from the post anesthesia care unit to 24 hours after PACU discharge. (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: Discharge from PACU to 24 hours post operative after PACU discharge.

Pain in Post Anesthesia Care Unit

Intervention	mg morphine equivalents (Median)
Sevoflurane	30
Propofol	25

"Numeric rating scale for pain on a scale of 0-10 (0 is no pain and 10 is high pain) versus time curve in the post anesthesia care unit ( score * min). A higher value indicates more pain and time in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit.~The range is 0 pain to x time in minutes x 1 hour to 5 hour ( 60-300 minutes) . The pain scores were collected at 15 minute intervals from the time of admission to the PACU. The area under the NRS pain scale versus time curve was calculated using the trapezoidal method as an indicator of pain burden during early recovery (Graph Pad Prism ver 5.03, Graph Pad Software INC." (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: Time in the post anesthesia care unit

Quality of Recovery Score 24 Hours Post Operative

Intervention	Pain Score * minutes in PACU (Median)
Sevoflurane	270
Propofol	240

Quality of recovery score 24 hours after the surgical procedure.Score of 40 is poor recovery and a score of 200 is good recovery. (NCT01755234)
Timeframe: 24 hours after the surgical procedure

Consumption of Fentanyl

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Sevoflurane	175
Propofol	176

consumption of fentanyl (mg) during the procedure (NCT02616523)
Timeframe: time of the operation

Consumption of Piritramide

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	41
Lidocaine	50
Placebo	58

consumption of piritramide (mg) in the recovery room (NCT02616523)
Timeframe: one hour after the operation

Neuropathic Pain (Pain Questionnaire) dn4

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	4.63
Lidocaine	5.25
Placebo	4.25

Pain questionnaire dn4 will be send to participants after two months of surgery to evaluate the neuropathic pain. There are minimum 0 points and maximum 10 points. If the score is 4 or higher then the pain is likely to be neuropathic pain. (NCT02616523)
Timeframe: two months after the surgery

Evaluate Incidence of Respiratory Depression as Evidenced by Pulse Oximetry Data

Evaluate the Amount of Diluadid Given Postoperatively

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Dexmedetomidine	0.11
Lidocaine	0.00
Placebo	0.45

Intervention	% oxygen saturation (Mean)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid	93
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid	94
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid	95

The amount of intraoperative and postoperative opioids used will be collected and analyzed for the three different arms. (NCT00886236)
Timeframe: 120 hours

Number of Participants Who Experience Incidence of Postoperative Nausea.

Pain Scores (Numerical Rating Scale 0-10) Using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised

Intervention	ml (Mean)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid	11.035
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid	8.7
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid	12.4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid	12
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid	11
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid	12

"Average pain scores during the day of surgery using the FPS-R rates pain on a scale from 1-10, with 0 representing no pain and 10 very much pain. Each level accompanies a facial expression, ranging from content to distress." (NCT02880540)
Timeframe: From surgery until discharge from the hospital, an average of 48 hours.

Time to First Bowel Movement

Intervention	Units on a scale (Median)
Control Group	5
Dexmedetomidine Treated	3.4

time to first bowel movement after surgery (NCT02789111)
Timeframe: Time to event( up to 7 days); From date of day of surgery until the date of first documented bowel movement

Time to Resumption of PO Intake

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Alvimopan	50
Placebo	64

time to resumption oral intake after surgery (NCT02789111)
Timeframe: time to event ( up to 7 days); From date of day of surgery until the date of first documented PO intake

Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OOWS)

Intervention	hours (Median)
Placebo	17
Alvimopan	14.5

OOWS: Is a 13-item instrument of documenting physically observable signs of withdrawal, which are rated as present (1) or absent (0) during the observation period. Maximum score = 13, minimum score = 0. Lower scores correspond to fewer symptoms. (NCT01222091)
Timeframe: Pretreatment [90 min prior to 60-min REM infusion]; 30 min prior to 60-min REM infusion; 15 and 40 min after start of 60-min REM infusion; 5, 15, and 75 minutes after finish of 60-min REM infusion)

Percent Change From Baseline in Size (Area) of Secondary Hyperalgesia After Cessation of Remifentanil Infusion, a Measure of Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia (OIH).

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Pretreatment	30 min prior to REM infusion	15 min after start of REM infusion	40 min after start of REM infusion	5 minutes after finish of REM infusion	15 minutes after finish of REM infusion	75 minutes after finish of REM infusion
Placebo	1.1	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.8	2.1	1.6
Propranolol	1.2	1.1	0.1	0.8	3	2.8	1.7

A slightly modified version of a previously described model of secondary hyperalgesia was used. Two copper wires contained in a microdialysis catheter were inserted in parallel over a length of 5 mm into the dermis of the right volar forearm. The wires were connected to a constant current stimulator controlled by a pulse generator to deliver rectangular and monophasic pulses with a duration of 0.5 mg at 2 Hz. Over a period of 15 min, the current was increased by targeting a pain rating of 5 on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain and 10 = maximum tolerable pain) until the hyperalgesic area surrounding the stimulation site was fully established. Once the area was established, the current was held constant. Percent change from baseline in size (area) of secondary hyperalgesia after cessation of remifentanil infusion was calculated per group. (NCT01222091)
Timeframe: Baseline; 15 min post remifentanil (REM) infusion; 60 min post REM infusion

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Periumbilical Region 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	percentage of change (Number)
	15 min post remifentanil infusion	60 min post remifentanil infusion
Placebo	-34	141.5
Propranolol	-28	-19

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed 2-3 cm from the incision in the periumbilical region (where the large trocar was placed) 24 h after the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Periumbilical Region Before the Procedure

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	0

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed 2-3 cm from the incision in the periumbilical region (where the large trocar was placed) before the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Thenar Eminence 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	0

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed in the thenar eminence of the non dominant hand 24 h after the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Allodynia as Detected With a Soft Brush in the Thenar Eminence Before the Procedure

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	3

The evaluations using the soft brush were performed in the thenar eminence of the nondominant hand before the procedure (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Extension of Hyperalgesia

Intervention	participants (Number)
Ketamine	1
Saline	0

The 300-g filament was used 24 hours after the operation to induce a stimulus and delineate the extent of hyperalgesia from the periumbilical region. The stimulus was started outside the periumbilical region, where no pain sensation was reported, and continued every 0.5 cm until the 4 points of the periumbilical scar were reached (top, right side, left side, and bottom). The first point where the patient complained of pain was marked. If no pain sensation was reported, the stimulus was terminated 0.5 cm from the incision. The distance of each point from the surgical incision was measured, and the sum of the distances of the points was determined. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 hours after the procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	centimeter (Mean)
Ketamine	10.61
Saline	11.82

The mechanical pain threshold was evaluated using an algometer. The pressure was increased by 0.1 kgf/second until the patient complained of pain. The mean of three determinations was calculated. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	3.5
Saline	3.7

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	0.56
Saline	0.51

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in the periumbilical region in the postoperative period (24h after the procedure). The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24h after the procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Postoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	248
Saline	205

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in thenar eminence in the postoperative period (24 hours after procedure). The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 hours after procedure

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	290
Saline	247

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Algometer in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	3.6
Saline	3.9

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in the Periumbilical Region

Intervention	kilogram force/second (Mean)
Ketamine	2.51
Saline	2.19

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in the periumbilical region in the preoperative period. The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Hyperalgesia in the Preoperative Period as Measured With Monofilaments in Thenar Eminence

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	279
Saline	269

The pain threshold was assessed using six von Frey monofilaments (0,05 g; 0,2 g; 2 g; 4 g; 10 g e 300 g) in thenar eminence in the preoperative period. The use of different von Frey monofilaments, starting with the lightest and ending with the heaviest, was separated by at least 30 seconds to reduce any anticipated responses due to a new stimulation that was performed too soon after the preceding stimulation. Three assessments were made for each monofilament, and this was considered positive when the patient responded to two of the determinations for each monofilament. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Before the procedure (Baseline)

Morphine Consumption Within 24 h

Pain 12 Hours

Intervention	gram (Mean)
Ketamine	300
Saline	300

Intervention	milligram (Mean)
Ketamine	27.40
Saline	27.70

The scale measure pain after 12 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 12 hours

Pain 120 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.6
Saline	1.4

The scale measure pain after 120 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

Pain 150 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	2.2
Saline	2.0

The scale measure pain after 150 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 150 minutes

Pain 18 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.4
Saline	1.4

The scale measure pain after 18 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 18 hours

Pain 180 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.5
Saline	1.3

The scale measure pain after 180 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 180 minutes

Pain 210 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.1
Saline	1.3

The scale measure pain after 210 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 210 minutes

Pain 24 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	0.9
Saline	1.2

The scale measure pain after 24 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain 240 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.4
Saline	0.8

The scale measure pain after 240 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 240 minutes

Pain 30 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	1.0
Saline	1.1

The scale measure pain after 30 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

Pain 6 Hours

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	5.5
Saline	6.2

The scale measure pain after 6 hours (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 6 hours

Pain 60 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	0.9
Saline	0.7

The scale measure pain after 60 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Pain 90 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	4.6
Saline	5.1

The scale measure pain after 90 minutes (0 - without pain and 10 worst pain possible). The individual can choose any number between 0 - 10. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 90 minutes

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-10 24 h After the Procedure

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine	3.4
Saline	3.4

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 24 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-6 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-10 5h After the Procedure

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Ketamine	8.6
Saline	5.0

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 5 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-10 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 5h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-10 Before the Procedure

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes before the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-6 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Baseline (Before the procedure)

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-6 24 h After the Procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-6 5 h After the Procedure

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 5 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-6 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 5 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-6 Before the Procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-8 24 h After the Procedure

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 24 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-8 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 24 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-8 5 h After the Procedure

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes 5 h after the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-8 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: 5 h after the procedure

Serum Level of Interleukin (IL)-8 Before the Procedure

Blood samples were drawn in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes before the surgery. The blood was centrifuged to separate the plasma and was stored at -70°C. IL-8 was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology. (NCT01301079)
Timeframe: Baseline (Before the procedure)

Time to First Morphine Supplementation

Cumulative Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Supplemental Analgesia to Treat Breakthrough Pain

Cumulative hydrocodone/acetaminophen for supplemental analgesia to treat breakthrough pain for 72 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Disturbing Dreams

Number of subject reporting disturbing dreams at 72 hours post cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Number of Subjects Requiring Supplemental Analgesia in the First 24 Hours Following Cesarean Delivery

Request for oral hydrocodone/acetaminophen for pain not controlled by around the clock non-steroidal antiflammatory drugs in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Pain Score (0-10) at 2 Weeks Following Cesarean Delivery

Numeric rating for pain score (0 to 10) reported at 2 weeks following cesarean delivery. Zero is no pain and 10 is worst pain imaginable. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Postoperative Nausea

Number of subjects reporting nausea in first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postoperative Vomiting

Number of subjects that vomited in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Postperative Pruritus

Number of subjects with pruritus in the first 24 hours following cesarean delivery (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Verbal Pain Scores (0 to 10) at First Analgesia Request

Numeric rating of pain scores (NRS) scale (0 to 10) at time of supplemental analgesia request. Zero is no pain and 10 is worst pain imaginable. (NCT00486902)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Article	Year
Effects of Buprenorphine Added to Bupivacaine Infraorbital Nerve Blocks on Isoflurane Minimum Alveolar Concentration Using a Model for Acute Dental/Oral Surgical Pain in Dogs. Journal of veterinary dentistry, 2016, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Bupivacaine; Buprenorphine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Isoflurane; Nerve Block	2016
Comparison of effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in patients receiving opioid-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after thyroidectomy: Propensity score matching analysis. Medicine, 2017, Volume: 96, Issue:16 Topics: Adult; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Desflurane; Femal	2017
Propofol attenuates postoperative hyperalgesia via regulating spinal GluN2B-p38MAPK/EPAC1 pathway in an animal model of postoperative pain. European journal of pain (London, England), 2019, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Guanine Nucleoti	2019
Effects of volatile anesthetic choice on hospital length-of-stay: a retrospective study and a prospective trial. Anesthesiology, 2013, Volume: 119, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Female; Humans	2013
Effect of postoperative xylazine administration on cardiopulmonary function and recovery quality after isoflurane anesthesia in horses. Veterinary surgery : VS, 2013, Volume: 42, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Ar	2013
Postoperative pain impairs subsequent performance on a spatial memory task via effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in aged rats. Life sciences, 2013, Dec-18, Volume: 93, Issue:25-26 Topics: Age Factors; Amides; Anesthetics; Animals; Hippocampus; Isoflurane; Male; Maze Learning; Memantine;	2013
Effects of ketoprofen for prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats. Journal of anesthesia, 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Cognition; Isoflurane; Ketoprofen; Male; Memory; Morphine; Pain Measurement; Pa	2014
Effects of surgical wound infiltration with bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing bilateral mastectomy. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 2014, Volume: 76, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Animals; Atropine; Bupivacaine; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Humans; Isoflurane; M	2014
[Desflurane Anesthesia in a Morbidly Obese Patient with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea]. Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 2015, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Desflurane; Femoral Fractur	2015
Towards optimized anesthesia protocols for stereotactic surgery in rats: Analgesic, stress and general health effects of injectable anesthetics. A comparison of a recommended complete reversal anesthesia with traditional chloral hydrate monoanesthesia. Brain research, 2016, 07-01, Volume: 1642 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Chloral Hydrate; Female; Fentanyl; Injections; Isoflurane; Male; M	2016
The antinociceptive response to nicotinic agonists in a mouse model of postoperative pain. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 107, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Isoflurane; Ligands; Mice; N	2008
Irreversible electroporation: a new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2010, May-01, Volume: 110, Issue:5 Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; A	2010
Irreversible electroporation: a new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2010, May-01, Volume: 110, Issue:5 Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; A	2010
Irreversible electroporation: a new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2010, May-01, Volume: 110, Issue:5 Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; A	2010
Irreversible electroporation: a new challenge in "out of operating theater" anesthesia. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2010, May-01, Volume: 110, Issue:5 Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; A	2010
TAP block and low-dose NCA for major upper abdominal surgery. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2011, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Abdominal Cavity; Androstanols; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Female; Humans; Inf	2011
Deleterious impact of a γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor preferring general anesthetic when used in the presence of persistent inflammation. Anesthesiology, 2011, Volume: 115, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, General; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Exc	2011
Dexmedetomidine prevents alterations of intestinal microcirculation that are induced by surgical stress and pain in a novel rat model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2012, Volume: 115, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood P	2012
Evaluation of peri-operative epidural analgesia with ropivacaine, ropivacaine and sufentanil, and ropivacaine, sufentanil and epinephrine in isoflurane anesthetized dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), 2012, Volume: 194, Issue:2 Topics: Amides; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia; Animals; Dogs; Epinephrine; Intraoperative Care; Isoflurane	2012
Will enough isoflurane during surgery replace morphine after surgery? Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2003, Volume: 47, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Electroencephalography; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Is	2003
Effect of infraorbital nerve block under general anesthesia on consumption of isoflurane and postoperative pain in endoscopic endonasal maxillary sinus surgery by Higashizawa and Koga. Journal of anesthesia, 2003, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Endoscopy; Humans; Isoflurane; Maxillary Sinus; Nerve	2003
[Increase in bispectral index induced by antihyperalgesic dose of ketamine]. Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2004, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhal	2004
Detection of causal relationships between factors influencing adverse side-effects from anaesthesia and convalescence following surgery: a path analytical approach. European journal of anaesthesiology, 2004, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics; Cau	2004
[Open heart tricuspid valve replacement in a heroin addict Anaesthesiological management]. Der Anaesthesist, 2005, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adult; Amides; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, In	2005
The novel analgesic, F 13640, produces intra- and postoperative analgesia in a rat model of surgical pain. European journal of pharmacology, 2005, Oct-31, Volume: 523, Issue:1-3 Topics: Analgesia; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Analysis of Variance; Anesthetics, Inhalati	2005
[Patient with right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, ascites and ulcerative colitis: anesthetic management during major abdominal surgery]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 2005, Volume: 52, Issue:10 Topics: Adenomatous Polyps; Adult; Analgesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, Epidural; Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricul	2005
Upregulation of cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral prostaglandin E2 in a rat postoperative pain model. Anesthesia and analgesia, 2006, Volume: 103, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Bupivacaine; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Iso	2006
Local anesthetic infiltration of the wound for supplemental postoperative pain management in a pediatric liver transplant patient. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacai	2007
Anesthesia matters: statistical anomaly or new paradigm? Anesthesia and analgesia, 2008, Volume: 106, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anes	2008
[Changes in the concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline before and after castration of piglets with and without isoflurane anesthesia]. DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 2007, Volume: 114, Issue:12 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Epinephrine;	2007
Anaesthesia for coronary artery bypass surgery supplemented with subarachnoid bupivacaine and morphine: a report of 18 cases. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1994, Volume: 41, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alfentanil; Analgesics; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Bupiva	1994
Morphine, but not inhalation anesthesia, blocks post-injury facilitation. The role of preemptive suppression of afferent transmission. Anesthesiology, 1993, Volume: 78, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Injections, Spinal; Isoflurane; Male; Morphine; Naloxone; Neurons,	1993
[Reduction of the need for isoflurane and of postoperative pain with preanesthetic intrathecal morphine]. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion, 1995, Volume: 42, Issue:8 Topics: Analgesia, Epidural; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Hemodynamics; Humans; Injections, S	1995
The use of remifentanil in clinical anesthesia. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1996, Volume: 109 Topics: Alfentanil; Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Loca	1996
Evaluation of PD 154075, a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in a rat model of postoperative pain. European journal of pharmacology, 1998, Mar-05, Volume: 344, Issue:2-3 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Isoflurane; Male; Pain Threshold; Pain, Pos	1998
Investigations using logistic regression models on the effect of the LMA on morphine induced vomiting after tonsillectomy. Paediatric anaesthesia, 2000, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Analgesics, Opioid; Area Under Curve; Child; Child, Pres	2000
Volatile anesthesia in bariatric surgery. Obesity surgery, 2001, Volume: 11, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Biliopancreatic Diversion; Heart Rate; H	2001
Low-dose sufentanil in major surgery. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 1990, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Blood Pre	1990
Nalbuphine: a supplement to isoflurane and enflurane anaesthesia. Current medical research and opinion, 1987, Volume: 10, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, General; Blood Pressure; Enflurane; Female; Humans; Isoflurane; Male; Middl	1987

isoflurane and Pain, Postoperative